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1

Malczyk, Anna. "Games, copyright, piracy : South African gamers' perspectives." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14315.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-126).
This thesis examines video games, copyright law and gamers' attitudes to copyright infringement, with particular reference to South Africa. The work provides an overview of the debates about copyright law and digital media, and offers an analysis of attitudes expressed by South African gamers about copyright infringement, popularly termed 'piracy'. The thesis reveals that, while about 70% of the gamers in this study share content illegally, they express complex and varying motivations for doing so, and have various and conflicting means of understanding the supposed illegality of the act. Some of the issues raised by participants in this study relate to contested perspectives on Digital Rights Management (DRM). In this work, I argue that DRM erodes civil liberties and does not necessarily extend the interests of gaming corporations. In this regard, the thesis explores alternative strategies to the restrictive approaches adopted by advocates of DRM as well as prohibitive copyright laws and multilateral agreements on intellectual property. In essence, this work intends to establish middle ground between gamers, who place a high premium on usability and affordability of gaming products, and the gaming corporations, who are interested in extending market share as well as protecting what they deem to be their intellectual property.
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Chen, Ze Shang. "Piracy in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2488019.

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3

Daramaras, Konstantinos I. "Copyright and challenges to copyright : the case of 'piracy' and 'private copying'." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34585.

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Copyright represents a constant and delicately poised balance among three, often competing interests: the author's and his/her rights in a protected work; the enterpreneur's who exploit such works and his/her own rights; and finally, the public who needs to have access to these works. However, especially since the mid-twentieth century, the system of copyright, and even its existence itself, has been seriously challenged. These challenges have come from the attitude of the 'developing countries', the advent of new technologies, and the consequent changing nature of piracy and private copying. This thesis examines these challenges in particular in relation to the audio-visual industries. Findings drawn from a wide range of sources ranging from private industry sources to intergovernmental bodies are used to determine the extent of piracy and private copying and the effects of these on the copyright industries and copyright owners alike. Different ways of meeting the challenges to copyright are explored in detail including technological solutions or 'fixes', trade-oriented measures, legal remedies, and educational programmes. Detailed attention is also paid to recent steps taken by the European Union and the GATT to establish a framework of copyright protection across the world. The likely success of all these measures is addressed in the concluding chapter.
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4

Kwan, Samuel Shu Kin. "End-user digital piracy : contingency framework, affective determinants and response distortion /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ISMT%202007%20KWAN.

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5

Gunter, Whitney D. "Piracy of the new millennium an application of criminological theories to digital piracy /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 184 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885755761&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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6

Rimmer, Matthew Rhys. "The pirate bazaar the social life of copyright law." View electronic text, 2001. http://eprints.anu.edu.au/documents/disk0/00/00/08/14/index.html.

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Available via the Australian National University Library Electronic Pre and Post Print Repository. Title from title screen (viewed Mar. 28, 2003) Includes bibliographical references. Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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7

Shipman, Lori-Lin. "The movie piracy industry in China and its relationship with intellectual property rights." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?1446018.

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8

Majek, Dee. "Big Content's Big Blunders : Anti-piracy measures in the entertainment and copyright industries." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för mediestudier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-107225.

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This thesis examines the on-going anti-piracy and anti-file sharing measures taken by media conglomerates and big content as misguided attempts at addressing changing consumer expectations and social and technological norms. These measures include legislation such as the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act (PIPA), Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), and Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act (CISPA); and litigation against both extremes of the spectrum: from the world's largest file sharing search engines like The Pirate Bay, and cyberlockers like MegaUpload, to private citizens who illegally downloaded a few movies or a few songs. The manner in which the entertainment industry's largest, most expensive, and highest-profile anti-piracy measures in the recent years have been received by groups from IT corporations to human rights organizations, researchers, politicians, legal and internet experts, and millions of citizens worldwide are of focus; and how this translates into an unpopular public image is explored. Piracy is underlined as a service and distribution problem, and various international studies are presented in exploring the relationship between illegal downloading and legal purchases.
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9

Villazon, Cira H. "Software piracy an empirical study of influencing factors /." Full text available online (restricted access), 2004. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/Villazon.pdf.

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10

Bak, Brandon T. "Preventing Digital Piracy: A Change in the Business Model." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/507.

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With the arrival of the digital age, faster internet speeds, and greater storage capacities in our computers, digital piracy is on the rise. Neither the illegality of piracy nor the unethical nature of doing so has stopped people from partaking in the act. Studies show that tens of billions of dollars of pirated goods are downloaded every year, yet our policies fail to solve the issue of digital copyright infringement. The biggest issues contributing to the problem are the lack of a policy that consumers take seriously in combination with some digital goods being too expensive in their current state of distribution. This thesis is aimed at taking a direct approach to reduce digital piracy from two different angles. The first angle deals with the incentive structure of society and the need for a government backed policy that has legitimacy in the view of United States citizens and the second angle is the creation of an alternative distribution model for digital software as a service based platform.
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Cheung, Kwok-fu. "A study of copyright protection policy and the effectiveness of anti-piracy law enforcement in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31975720.

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12

So, Siu-fan Sylvia, and 蘇少芬. "Computer ethics: youth attitude and behavior in digital piracy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29960551.

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13

Wang, Jie. "Moral Judgment and Digital Piracy: Predicting Attitudes, Intention, and Behavior Regarding Digital Piracy Using a Modified Version of the Defining Issues Test." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822761/.

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Digital piracy, the illegal copying or downloading of copyrighted digital products without approval from the copyright holders, has brought great economic loss to the software and digital media industries. Previous studies using moral developmental theory have not found consistent relationships between moral judgment and attitudes towards digital piracy. While some researchers have developed individual test items to assess relationships between moral judgment and attitudes toward digital piracy, others have relied on the Defining Issues Test (DIT). However, in that the DIT represents a general measure of moral judgment based on broad social issues, it, too, may not adequately assess an individual’s reasoning specific to issues regarding digital piracy. The purpose of this study was to create a reliable instrument (i.e., DP-DIT) modeled after the DIT designed to assess moral judgment regarding digital piracy as well as to examine and compare the ability of both DP-DIT and DIT2-short to predict attitudes, intentions and behaviors regarding digital piracy of college students. Results indicated the reliability of both the DIT2-short and the DP-DIT were discounted, quite likely due to the small number of stories contained in each. DP-DIT appeared to have greater predictive ability due to its advantage in predicting attitudes toward digital piracy, especially using DP-DIT MNS. However, even though here DP-DIT MNS was the strongest predictor of attitudes toward digital piracy, it explained a limited amount of variance. Further research to improve reliability and validity of DP-DIT is warranted.
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Cheung, Kwok-fu, and 張國富. "A study of copyright protection policy and the effectiveness of anti-piracy law enforcement in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975720.

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15

Anderson, Eric. "Pimps and Ferrets: Copyright and Culture in the United States, 1831-1891." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1193529137.

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Vijayakumar, Prasad. "Thou shalt not steal, an analysis of the GATT TRIPS copyright provisions and software piracy in India." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63383.pdf.

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17

Lövgren, Alexander. "DRM - utveckling, konflikter och framtid : konsumenters reaktioner på och företags användande av DRM." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för speldesign, teknik och lärande, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207699.

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With the digital revolution within video games, the need for Digital Rights Management (DRM) has increased significantly, alongside with the increasing problem of copyright pirates. To counter pirates, DRM was created to prevent illegal copying of software, this to ensure that the Distributors received an income for their work. DRM has, since the start of its use, been getting, a lot of bad criticism from the users of the software protected by DRM.  The main function of this paper is to describe the creation and development of DRM by analysis of the vision of different groups on this phenomenon. The main questions are as follows, is it possible to define the very reason for why DRM was created and if so, can its development through time be defined too? What differences in opinions are there when it comes to DRM, counting the two major groups of creators, sellers, distributors (referred to as distributors) versus individual users (referred to as consumers)? In what way will the research results suggest that the future DRM will develop? The development has gone from solving puzzles in a handbook to start the game each time the user wants to play, to serial numbers that is needed during the installation of the game. Even more extreme measures has been taken, consisting of the installation of an external software to verify the license key and ensure that no illegal actions were taken.  Distributors have shown through the years that the use of DRM is a must to protect their games from piracy. With the years that gone by, the DRM-system has developed into a more advanced software protection system and with this more problems have begun to emerge affecting the legal consumers, like errors preventing the users from playing the game. At the same time Distributors show little interest to remove or lower the usage of DRM. Users believe that the removal of DRM is the perfect solution, but discard the fact that a software without any kind of copy protection would risk not to generate any income at all for the developers.  When we consider now and then, we can see distinct patterns of continuing development of DRM-methods that do not create the same amount of issues for the consumers. The problem however previously addressed by DRM to stop illegal copies has now shifted to whether the consumers have the right to modify or change their purchased games.
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Lai, Ka-ying, and 黎家盈. "Profiling internet pirates." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46606920.

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Podgornaia, Kseniia. "Ruská a česká specifika ochrany autorského práva v oblasti audiovize." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-204968.

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The significant part of the diploma thesis is oriented on the aspects of audiovisual content copyright law and the illegal usage in two countries, such as Czech Republic and Russia. The main task is to concentrate on pros and cons of their copyright law protection against content rights infringing, i.e. piracy. For deeper analysis, Czech and Russian laws investigation in details is to be made in relation to the law enforcement to the audiovisual content. Then the comparison of the punishments for the copyright law infringement is to be provided and the results of antipiracy activities within appropriate organizations in mentioned countries is to be considered. Subsequently the theoretical part is to be applied in concrete cases of court practices and finally the conclusion of the whole work is to be made. The value of the diploma thesis lies in the attempt of answering the questions, why piracy still exists in the chosen countries. This question is connected to antipiracy actions and their possible obstructions.
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20

Andersson, Jonas. "Peer-to-peer-based file-sharing beyond the dichotomy of 'downloading is theft' vs. 'information wants to be free': how Swedish file-sharers motivate their action." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523114.

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This thesis aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of peer-to-peer-based file-sharing by focusing on the discourses about use, agency and motivation involved, and how they interrelate with the infrastructural properties of file-sharing. Peer-to-peer-based file-sharing is here defined as the unrestricted duplication of digitised media content between autonomous end-nodes on the Internet. It has become an extremely popular pastime, largely involving music, film, games and other media which is copied without the permission of the copyright holders. Due to its illegality, the popular understanding of the phenomenon tends to overstate its conflictual elements, framing it within a legalistic 'copyfight'. This is most markedly manifested in the dichotomised image of file-sharers as 'pirates' allegedly opposed to the entertainment industry. The thesis is an attempt to counter this dichotomy by using a more heterodox synthesis of perspectives, aiming to assimilate the phenomenon's complex intermingling of technological, infrastructural, economic and political factors. The geographic context of this study is Sweden, a country characterised by early broadband penetration and subsequently widespread unrestricted file-sharing, paralleled by a lively and well-informed public debate. This gives geographic specificity and further context to the file-sharers' own justificatory discourses, serving to highlight and problematise some principal assumptions about the phenomenon. The thesis thus serves as a geographically contained case study which will have analytical implications outside of its immediate local context, and as an inquiry into two aspects of file-sharer argumentation: the ontological understandings of digital technology and the notion of agency. These, in turn, relate to particular forms of sociality in late modernity. Although the agencies and normative forces involved are innumerable, controversies about agency tend to order themselves in a more comprehensive way, as they are appropriated discursively. The invocation to agency that is found in the justificatory discourses - both in the public debate and among individual respondents - thus allows for a more productive and critically attentive understanding of the phenomenon than previously
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Jacobsson, Tony. "Piratkopiering: en ekonomisk-teoretisk granskning av marknaden för dataspel." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-716.

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This essay analyzes the market for entertainment software by identifying and explain the products typical properties, in addition i clarifies the behavior of consumers and producers. One of the most important property related to software is the ease with which it can be reproduced. When such reproduction is done illicit it´s called piracy. The software industry often claims that piracy leads to big losses for the companies as well as in welfare, the essay clarifies that this doesn´t has to be the case. On the contrary the possibility to cheap production and distribution may lead to an increased welfare. The paper questions todays copyright law and suggests that a different legislation would lead to an increase in welfare.

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22

Jinkerson, Jeremy. "DOES MUSIC PIRACY INFLUENCE PURCHASE INTENTION?: ADAPTING AJZEN'S THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR MODEL." MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06202008-234405/.

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The Recording Industry Association of America claims to lose millions of dollars each year from music piracy (RIAA, 2007). However, instead of causing loss, digital music piracy may activate norms of reciprocity in music pirates. When pirating music, people may feel some obligation to reciprocate by purchasing music or related merchandise. The theory of planned behavior was used to investigate such a possibility and to provide a framework for scale development. Reliable scales were developed for all measured constructs. Regarding piracy, the RIAAs claim may have some merit. Specifically, previous piracy was associated with decreased reported likelihood to purchase music. However, previous piracy was associated with increased intent to make future music-related purchases. Reciprocity partially mediated this relationship.
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Pang, Sam I. "The rhythm of everyday life : a study on the impact of illegal music downloading and the life of adult women in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2006. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1874193.

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Kubešová, Eliška. "Aktuální právní otázky využití a zneužití záznamů hudebního díla." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197997.

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This diploma thesis identifies the most important changes in legislation and submitted proposals in the area of copyright between years 2012 and 2013 and in the beginning of 2014 in the Czech Republic, the EU and the USA. These changes are evaluated from a legislative point of view and also from the point of view of a music consumer. For thorough understanding, the thesis contains also an overview of the current Czech legislation of copyright. Furthermore, it evaluates the current situation in a broader context of law, history, technology, culture and consumer behaviour and defines it as opposed to previous periods. It describes the history of music piracy and its current situation and features some of the most important cases of copyright enforcement of the period 2012 to 2014. The thesis contains also a research performed in the Czech Republic and Sweden, which describes past and present habits of music listeners. Following the identification of previous development and current trends, the thesis discovers future development and suggests future solutions to the problem of copyright in music.
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Савицька, І. В., Надія Володимирівна Глущенко, Надежда Владимировна Глущенко, and Nadiia Volodymyrivna Hlushchenko. "Піратство у медіа-галузі в Україні." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2019. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/78896.

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Питання піратства в Україні завжди стояло гостро, адже ця сфера, на нашу думку, майже не регулюється законодавством нашої держави. На жаль, висока актуальність такого напрямку злочинності і мінімальний супротив з боку законодавчого сектору ставить під сумнів міжнародну співпрацю з країнами, які активно сприяють та контролюють сферу авторського права стосовно усіх його проявів. У всіх пост-авторитарних країнах, які стають на шлях демократії, медіа-сектор відіграє одну з найважливіших ролей для політико-соціальної комунікації – дає можливість висвітлювати події, які стають суспільним консенсусом та формують нові правила або рамки, що регулюють економічну, правову та інші сфери [1]. Законодавство України визначає телеканали, які виступають організаціями мовлення, як первинні суб‘єкти суміжних прав та власники виключних майнових суміжних прав на передачі/програми, трансляцію яких вони здійснюють. Безпосередніми об‘єктами права є телепередача (телерадіопередача) та програма (телерадіопрограма) [2]. Усі
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Battista, Martina <1989&gt. "Into the Wired: Digital Freedom or Piracy? The ECJ's "Nintendo v. PC Box" Case Law as an Emblematic Example of Copyright Contradictions in the Information Society." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/5546.

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The research aims to analyze the impact of the digital era on copyright law’s issues. Born to protect products of the analogue world within national boudaries, copyright law turned against an enemy who knows no borders and potentially no limits: the digital menace. Considering the possibilities and the effectiveness of a national legislation convergence scenario, where the EU system represents a unique example, the present work tries to determine if law can still stand as the most efficient instrument in the copyright protection/divulgation dichotomy dilemma.
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Berg, Suzanne Valerie Loen. "Knowledge, Cultural Production, and Construction of the Law: An Ideographic Rhetorical Criticism of Copyright." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1383594033.

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Gemrik, Sevil Aytemiz Levent. "Fikri mülkiyet hakları bağlamında korsan yayıncılığın ekonomi politiği /." Isparta : SDÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2008. http://tez.sdu.edu.tr/Tezler/TS00667.pdf.

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Latson, Christopher Craig. "Contemporary Pirates: An Examination of the Perceptions and Attitudes Toward the Technology, Progression, and Battles that Surround Modern Day Music Piracy in Colleges and Universities." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4595/.

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The pilot study used in this thesis examined the attitudes and perceptions of a small group of students at the University of North Texas. The participants in this pilot study (n=22) were administered an online music file sharing survey, a Defining Issues Test (DIT), and participated in a small focus group. This thesis also outlined the history and progression of online music piracy in the United States, and addressed four research questions which aimed to determine why individuals choose to engage in the file sharing of copyrighted music online.
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Rosén, Jimmy. "Hyperdistribution and the future of copyright economics : A study of the contemporary Nordic Gaming industry." Thesis, Linköping University, Culture, Society and Media Production, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-18648.

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This interdisciplinary study shows that because of the changing demands from consumer caused by the growing influence of the internet and file-sharing the Nordic Gaming industry is going through an economic evolution. This result was derived by using qualitative questionnaires directed towards Gaming industry decision makers in the Nordic region combined with critical discourse analysis based on the methodology of Norman Fairclough, using theories of different characters to understand the field.

In this thesis the case of the Nordic Gaming industry is used to assert that because of changing demands of consumers and an ever growing piracy movement, societies are evolving into transitional economies where it is increasingly harder to sell products consisting of pure information.

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Fisk, Nathan W. "Social learning theory as a model for illegitimate peer-to-peer use and the effects of implementing a legal music downloading service on peer-to-peer music piracy /." Online version of thesis, 2006. https://ritdml.rit.edu/dspace/handle/1850/2737.

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Paula, Fernando Shimidt de. "Dos crimes de violação de direitos de autor." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8800.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Shimidt de Paula.pdf: 1504181 bytes, checksum: 0c669bf02428b719fbbc3408513de691 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-20
The aim of this paper is to expose the evolution of the penal treatment that is given to the violation of the copyright in Brazil. Considering some historical events emphasizing Brazilian penal legislation since the Portuguese Ordinations , an effort was made to show how the harmful practices against the intellectual property occurred, the way society has treated them and how the social and political life in Brazil was also affected. Since the increase given by Queen Anne of England in 1710 until the present period it is possible to notice that from the confiscation to the penalty prison, the counterfeiters deserve more attention from the legislators, due to the human development and the international conventions about this issue, where Brazil takes part of. Concerning some items on authorial right issues, (it is important to consider that authorial does not mean author s right in this case) about counterfeits and the public dominion and also several doctrine manifestations about law of these institutes and its crimes, going through the analyses of the constitutional and infra-constitutional treatment of the subject, emphasizing the article 184 of the Penal Code, a basic rule about the issue and the aim of this study, considering what the Laws number 9.279/96 and 9.609/98 say about violation of trade mark and invention rights, as well as computer programs. Finally, a connection was made between piracy - a commercial form of counterfeit and the economical activities of crime organization, and also some efficient forms of fighting against this modality of crime, bringing some statistics up
Este trabalho tem por objetivo expor a evolução no tempo do tratamento penal dado às violações aos direitos de autor no país. Através de um breve escorço histórico, relatando eventos desde a Antiguidade, com ênfase para a legislação penal brasileira a partir das Ordenações Portuguesas, procurou-se apresentar de que forma as práticas nocivas à propriedade intelectual acontecem e, com mais destaque, como foram tratadas pela sociedade e influenciaram a vida político-social do Brasil. Do incremento dado pela Rainha Ana da Inglaterra em 1710 até os dias atuais observa-se que, dos confiscos às penas de reclusão, os contrafatores vêm merecendo atenção cada vez maior dos legisladores, devido ao desenvolvimento humano e as convenções internacionais sobre o tema, das quais a Nação é signatária. Expostos alguns conceitos de direito autoral, distinguindo-o do direito de autor, sobre o plagiato e o domínio público e, também, reveladas várias manifestações doutrinárias acerca da natureza jurídica desses institutos e dos crimes respectivos, passou-se à análise do tratamento constitucional e depois do tratamento infra-constitucional da matéria, com ênfase para o disposto no artigo 184 do Código Penal, norma básica sobre o assunto e foco deste trabalho, sem se olvidar do que consta nas Leis nºs 9.279/96 e 9.609/98, no que tange aos crimes de violação aos direitos sobre marca e invenção, bem como dos direitos sobre os programas de computador, respectivamente. Por fim, foi exposta uma correlação entre a pirataria - forma comercial de contrafação - e as atividades econômicas das organizações criminosas, bem como citadas algumas maneiras encontradas de combate eficiente a essa modalidade delituosa, com a apresentação de algumas estatísticas
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Bazarsky, Jason. "The effect of illegal music downloading and iTunes Store on CD collection size." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1569.

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Smith, Virgínia Luna. "Plágio, pirataria, fair use e a (des)criminalização da violação de direito autoral." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6074.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Virginia Luna Smith.pdf: 1052710 bytes, checksum: ce8b674b93927135478af1483976d7a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-04
The aim of this doctoral thesis is to instigate the debate on the criminalization of the most usual forms of copyright violation, considering the standoff between the defenders of a stricter legislation to fight piracy and plagiarism and the liberals who believe in the legitimate use of intellectual creations. The impacts of technological improvements on the market, society, communication and on the body of laws will be examined using the Tridimensional Theory of Law, developed by Miguel Reale, to assess to which extent the current facts that would consist in violation of intellectual property are mutually entangled with the penal norms that impose sanctions against violating behaviors and the values present in a society that is becoming more global, connected and computerized every day
Este trabalho tem por objetivo instigar o debate acerca da criminalização das mais usuais formas de violação ao direito autoral, considerando o impasse que se verifica entre os defensores de uma legislação de combate mais rígida ao plágio e à pirataria, e os liberais que sustentam o uso justo das criações intelectuais. Os impactos promovidos pelos avanços tecnológicos no mercado, na sociedade, na comunicação e no ordenamento jurídico serão examinados utilizando como matriz teórica a Teoria Tridimensional do Direito, desenvolvida por Miguel Reale, para avaliar em que medida se implicam mutuamente os fatos atuais que consistiriam em violação aos direitos de autor, as normas penais que impõem sanções para as condutas violadoras, e os valores presentes em uma sociedade a cada dia mais globalizada, conectada e informatizada
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Filho, Rubens Araujo Menezes de Souza. "Os donos das ideias: história e conflitos do direito autoral, do copyright e das patentes na crise contemporânea do capital: da rodada Uruguai (1986) aos partidos piratas (2006)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-12122014-184858/.

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Com a análise histórica da chamada propriedade intelectual, em especial das patentes, copyright e direitos autorais, esta tese trata da crise do capitalismo contemporâneo, e analisa a tendência dissimulada de ascensão de Estados, que com o uso da tecnologia informática e o recrudescimento das legislações, se tornam cada vez mais autoritários e avançam sobre direitos e liberdades civis. Para isso é reconstituída a história dos computadores, da Internet, do Movimento do Software Livre, dos Partidos Piratas, do movimento do Software Livre no Brasil, das legislações de propriedade intelectual no mundo ocidental e da globalização do comércio e das finanças
Through the historical analysis of the \"intellectual property\", in particular patents, copyright and authors rights, this thesis deals with the crisis of contemporary capitalism, and analyzes the covert increasing trend of states, that with the use of computer technology and the intensification of laws, become increasingly authoritarian, eroding civil rights and liberties secured by populations long ago. To reach this objective the history of computers, the Internet, the Free Software Movement, the Pirate Parties, the Free Software movement in Brazil, the intellectual property laws in the Western world and the globalization of trade and finance are reconstituted
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Lundström, Justus, Jonas Widriksson, and Viktor Zaunders. "Changes in media consumption and file sharing : The impact of legislation and new digital media services." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Informatics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12534.

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In this study we investigate how the attitude and behaviour concerning illegal file shar-ing have changed among the young population in Sweden. The study will analyze the impact of the IPRED law that was introduced in April 2008 and new digital media ser-vices that have emerged in the last couple of years. It is also evaluated which of these have had the most impact on the attitude and behaviour of the selected population.

The main part of our research consists of a quantitative survey handed out to a sample population among high school students (ages 16-20) in Jönköping, Sweden. This pri-mary data is later compared to secondary data from a similar study that was done on the same demographics two years prior to this research in order to measure the change in behaviour and attitude. The previous study was conducted prior to the IPRED law im-plementation by one of the authors. We also used prior research within this subject and related fields to further understand and interpret our data.

What we have discovered through our research is that there has been a decrease in ille-gal file sharing, especially when considering music, however this decrease is much more an effect of the adopting of new media services then it can be attributed to the IPRED law. Furthermore, the attitudes towards file sharing have remained unchanged and a large number of young adults do not feel that file sharing should be illegal.

It is also concluded that good legal alternatives to file sharing have a large market po-tential if these services can fulfil consumers demand on availability and price. Addition-ally we have found that good legal alternatives are important if the public is to refrain from returning to their old file sharing habits once the initial scare from new legislation has worn off.

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Björk, Moa-Lisa. "Fel eller rätt med upphovsrätt : En kritisk diskursanalys av den svenska debatten om upphovsrätten." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för ABM, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352852.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate how the view on copyright emerges in the media debate, and the overall research question is what possible explanations there might be for the view being different depending on whom the writer is and whom s/he represents. The theoretical framework is Fairclough's critical discourse analysis and the method used is the analytic model in three stages that he presents in his book Language and Power (2001). The empirical material was selected through an initial search in Media Retriever, followed by a manual se-lection process, which resulted in a final selection of eight articles, all published in Swedish daily newspapers between the years 2006 and 2014. In the analysis, two main discourses were identified – the producer discourse and the consumer discourse – in which all the texts could be placed. The producer discourse puts the interests of the author first, and holds the view that copyright law must be strong to protect the authors' rights. The consumer discourse on the other hand puts the interest of the consumer first, and their view is that the public has the right to access the world's collect-ed knowledge and culture. This paper also examines the members' resources that authors bring to the texts in the form of common sense, and also in the form of a motive for entering in the debate. Furthermore, this paper also looks at the fact that power relations between the participants in the texts are complicated as they form a com-plex web of formal and informal power relations. The conclusion is that the main explanation for the different ways of viewing copyright is the two afore-mentioned discourses, and that the members' resources the authors bring to the texts are very ideological. The ideological arguments and the complex power relations result in very rigid positions in the debate. This is a two years master's thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.
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Rimmer, Matthew. "The Pirate Bazaar: The Social Life of Copyright Law." Thesis, The Faculty of Law, The University of New South Wales, 2001. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/86581/1/fulltext.pdf.

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This thesis provides a cultural history of Australian copyright law and related artistic controversies. It examines a number of disputes over authorship, collaboration, and appropriation across a variety of cultural fields. It considers legal controversies over the plagiarism of texts, the defacing of paintings, the sampling of musical works, the ownership of plays, the co-operation between film-makers, the sharing of MP3 files on the Internet, and the appropriation of Indigenous culture. Such narratives and stories relate to a broad range of works and subject matter that are protected by copyright law. This study offers an archive of oral histories and narratives of artistic creators about copyright law. It is founded upon interviews with creative artists and activists who have been involved in copyright litigation and policy disputes. This dialogical research provides an insight into the material and social effects of copyright law. This thesis concludes that copyright law is not just a ‘creature of statute’, but it is also a social and imaginative construct. In the lived experience of the law, questions of aesthetics and ethics are extremely important. Industry agreements are quite influential. Contracts play an important part in the operation of copyright law. The media profile of personalities involved in litigation and policy debates is pertinent. This thesis claims that copyright law can be explained by a mix of social factors such as ethical standards, legal regulations, market forces, and computer code. It can also be understood in terms of the personal stories and narratives that people tell about litigation and copyright law reform. Table of Contents Prologue 1 Introduction A Creature of Statute: Copyright Law and Legal Formalism 6 Chapter One The Demidenko Affair: Copyright Law and Literary Works 33 Chapter Two Daubism: Copyright Law and Artistic Works 67 Chapter Three The ABCs of Anarchism: Copyright Law and Musical Works 105 Chapter Four Heretic: Copyright Law and Dramatic Works 146 Chapter Five Shine: Copyright Law and Film 186 Chapter Six Napster: Infinite Digital Jukebox or Pirate Bazaar? Copyright Law and Digital Works 232 Chapter Seven Bangarra Dance Theatre: Copyright Law and Indigenous Culture 275 Chapter Eight The Cathedral and the Bazaar: The Future of Copyright Law 319
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Steedman, Sam, and sam steedman@gmail com. "Change and Growth of Australian Music Value Chains." RMIT University. Architecture and Design, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20091029.161558.

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The Australian music industry is growing and developing yet specific information about the ways in which distribution systems develop is limited. In this study I examined the growth and change of the Australian music value chain. This includes the development of digital distribution systems and the effect that peer-to-peer technology has on system development, specifically the disintermediation between consumers and artists to the detriment of the multinational value chains. The drivers of this change are broken into social and technical elements in order to describe the growth and change occurring. The method used included a comprehensive literature review and use of secondary data from key music industry associations. The Australian music industry is a subset of the global industry and is led by foreign markets and their methods in which music content moves from the creators to the consumers. The consumption patterns of Australian music consumers are changing. The overall value of the music industry is dropping as the new digital downloads market emerges and the overall volume of sales increases; this reflects similar trends in foreign markets. CD single sales have dropped and digital single sales (in MP3 format) have increased. However, there needs to be a balance in the future development of Australian music distribution systems between the needs of music consumers and the sustainability of music companies, where there is both connectivity and steady revenue flow. There are technical elements that have caused a movement away from the traditional forms of music distribution as new technologies facilitate the change, such as Apple's iPod and broadband Internet connections. Advancement of distribution systems has increased piracy levels and the response has been the implementation of digital rights management (DRM), which prevents connectivity. There are also social elements that affect growth and change such as connectivity, or the consumers freedom to choose when, where and how to listen to their music. When music product has a restriction placed upon it its value to the consumer drops. Multinational music companies have failed to recognise the value users place on the freedom to pick and choose and have tried to control rather than to co-develop systems that meets both parties needs.
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Labská, Julie. "Vliv technologií na hudební průmysl z hlediska distribuce hudby." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162616.

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Diploma thesis deals with the influence of technologies on the music industry in terms of music distribution. In the first part the two major issues are discussed for deeper understanding of the topic. The change of perception and creation of music over certain period of time and the development of technologies related to music in historical context. Following chapters are mainly focused on current technologies, digitalization and the internet, and global turnovers which have had impact on distribution of music as a consequence of technological spread. In addition to this, the issue of legal aspects related to sharing and downloading music via internet is described. The strategies have been created and adopted by the music industry representatives as a response to the situation of increasing intensity of infringing copyright law by unauthorized sharing and decreasing number of physical media sales. The goal of these strategies has been aimed at support expansion of online music services and raising of public copyright awareness. The work analyses and assesses above mentioned strategies and estimates the possible future development of music industry. Assumptions are created on the basis of historical background and current situation. The partial objective is to evaluate whether the sales of physical media have future as a main source of income for music industry or not.
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Troilo, Maurizio. "Web 2.0, contenuti aperti e produzione tra pari: analisi economica delle possibili sinergie." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/1201/.

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Analisi in chiave economica e sociale dell'evoluzione di Internet, delle tecnologie legate al Web 2.0, dei fenomeni della pirateria, del software libero ed open source, del copyleft, dei contenuti aperti e della produzione tra pari. Introduzione dei concetti di economia del gratis ("freeconomics") e di coda lunga. Consigli manageriali pratici per i nuovi mercati digitali e per la competizione nella rete Internet.
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Ebadi, Solmaz, and Mirja Johansson. "Music File Sharing : Genius Technology or Copyright Infringement?" Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7598.

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Today’s technology of music file sharing in peer-to-peer networks is genius. Peer-to-peer are networks composed of several computers enabling files to be shared among users. A substantial part of the files shared constitute unlawful copies; uploading and downloading of such files infringes copyright legislation. File sharing through peer-to-peer networks is therefore both a genius technology and a copyright infringement.

Peer-to-peer technology has been subject to heavy debate in media, both nationally and internationally. The issue of illegal downloads of music is an international dilemma since music is a global commodity. Sweden has been accused of being file sharers’ haven by organisations such as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Internet access and broadband capacity is very high in Sweden, which is a reason why many Swedes engage in file sharing. The Swedish company, The Pirate Bay, is the creator of one of the most popular file sharing websites in the world, using the BitTorrent application. The website offers free downloading of inter alia music, films and software. Like most peer-to-peer networks the Pirate Bay website includes copyrighted material, which often is published without the consent of copyright holders. As a result The Pirate Bay is facing a lawsuit on behalf of numerous organisations and companies in the music and film industry.

The Pirate Bay is accused of contributory infringement and of preparation to commit a copyright infringement according to the Swedish Copyright Act (SwCA).  Contrary to the American copyright legislation, the SwCA does not contain any explicit provisions regarding contributory infringement. The SwCA refers to the Swedish Criminal Code, which states that preparation to copyright infringement and contributing to such infringement is illegal and punishable. There is currently a lack of Swedish case law regarding copyright infringement and there are no cases concerning contributory infringement. One reason is that the field of law is constantly changing; the copyright legislation is adjusted to the technological developments. The lack of case law causes unpredictability of the SwCA, which may be harmful to the rule of law. International organisations, such as the RIAA, consider the SwCA to be somewhat ineffective and that it needs to be amended in order to uphold the fundamental purpose of copyright.

Copyright is a partly harmonised area of law from a global perspective. However, since the Internet and file sharing through peer-to-peer networks is an international phenomenon, copyright legislation needs further harmonisation internationally. At the time there is an ongoing process of implementing the European Union (EU) Enforcement Directive into the SwCA, which grants greater rights to copyright holders. The Directive contains provisions that simplify the process of taking action against an alleged infringer, which may in the long run increase the amount of case law in Sweden. At the same time the implementation of the Enforcement Directive has been criticised as being too far reaching and intruding people’s privacy.

File sharing through peer-to-peer networks benefits consumers by offering easy access to a wide range of music for a low cost, at the same time enabling artists to reach out to a larger audience. Consumers are vital for the music industry, since they purchase the music. However, the fundamental aim of copyright is to reward copyright holders and function as an incentive to encourage creativity. Consequently, without economic rights the incentive to create is forfeit and music production might decrease. Even if the justification of copyright is primarily to protect creators of a work, it is also essential to emphasise the consumer aspect. Therefore it is of importance to balance the interests of all parties involved.

In order to uphold the purpose of copyright and interests of the general public, it is necessary to promote and develop more legal file sharing alternatives. Music in digital formats has to some extent replaced the traditional Compact Disc (CD) format. Therefore the music industry must cooperate with among others Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in order to embrace the digital developments of music and offer better solutions to consumers. Simultaneously, there is a lack of knowledge of copyright among the Swedish population, which is why more education is required. In conclusion, advertisement and education could decrease illegal file sharing and enhance all the parties’ interests.


Dagens fildelningsteknologi i peer-to-peer nätverk är genial. Peer-to-peer är nätverk bestående av flera sammankopplade datorer som möjliggör fildelning mellan användare. En betydande mängd av de delade filerna utgör dock olagliga kopior; uppladdning och nedladdning av sådana filer bryter mot upphovsrättslagstiftningen. Fildelning genom peer-to-peer nätverk är därför både genial teknologi och upphovsrättsintrång.

Peer-to-peer teknologin har väckt stor debatt i media, både nationellt och internationellt. Frågan kring illegal nedladdning av musik är ett internationellt dilemma eftersom musik är en global handelsvara. Sverige har kritiserats av organisationer som Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) för att vara en frizon för fildelare. Tillgången till internet och bredband är väldigt hög i Sverige, vilket är en anledning till varför många svenskar fildelar. Det svenska företaget The Pirate Bay som använder sig av BitTorrent protokollet, är skapare till en av världens populäraste fildelningssajter. Webbsidan erbjuder gratis nedladdning av bland annat musik, film och programvara. I likhet med de flesta peer-to-peer nätverk innehåller The Pirate Bay’s hemsida upphovsrättsskyddat material som ofta har blivit tillgängliggjort utan upphovsrättshavarens medgivande. Till följd av detta har ett flertal organisationer och företag inom musik- och filmindustrin ingett en stämningsansökan mot The Pirate Bay.        

The Pirate Bay är åtalade för medhjälp och förberedelse till brott mot upphovsrättslagen. I motsats till den amerikanska lagen om upphovsrätt innehåller inte den svenska upphovsrättslagen några uttryckliga bestämmelser rörande medhjälp till brott mot upphovsrätt. Upphovsrättslagen hänvisar istället till brottsbalken som stadgar att förberedelse och medverkan till brott är olagligt och straffbart. I dagsläget finns endast ett fåtal svenska rättsfall angående upphovsrättsintrång men inga fall kring medhjälp till upphovsrättsintrång. En bidragande faktor kan vara att rättsområdet ständigt ändras; upphovsrättslagstiftningen anpassas kontinuerligt till den tekniska utvecklingen. Bristen på svenska rättsfall leder till att upphovsrättslagens tillämpning blir oförutsägbar, vilket kan vara skadligt för rättsäkerheten. Internationella organisationer som exempelvis RIAA anser att den svenska upphovsrättslagen är ineffektiv och att ändringar behöver göras för att upprätthålla upphovsrättens grundläggande syfte.      

Upphovsrätten är till viss del en harmoniserad lagstiftning ur ett globalt perspektiv. Eftersom internet och fildelning genom peer-to-peer nätverk är ett internationellt fenomen behöver upphovsrättslagen ytterligare harmonisering på ett internationellt plan. I dagsläget pågår en implementering av Europeiska Unionens (EU:s) sanktionsdirektiv som tillerkänner större rättigheter till upphovsrättshavare. Direktivet innehåller bestämmelser som förenklar möjligheten för rättighetshavare att vidta åtgärder mot personer som begår upphovsrättsintrång, vilket på sikt kan komma att bidra till en ökad mängd rättsfall. Sanktionsdirektivet har samtidigt kritiserats för att vara alltför långtgående och inskränker människors rätt till privatliv.

Fildelning genom peer-to-peer nätverk är förmånligt för konsumenter genom att utbudet av musik är stort, lättillgängligt och till en låg kostnad; samtidigt ger nätverken artister möjligheten att nå ut till en bredare publik. Konsumenter är nödvändiga för musikindustrin eftersom de inhandlar musiken. Dock är det viktigt att upprätthålla det fundamentala syftet med upphovsrätt, vilket är att ersätta upphovsrättshavaren för sitt verk och fungera som ett incitament till att stimulera skapade. Utan de ekonomiska rättigheterna skulle uppmuntran att skapa nya alster gå förlorad, och musikproduktionen skulle minska. Trots att upphovsrätten rättfärdigas genom att skydda rättighetshavare så är det även angeläget att understryka värdet av konsumenterna. Det är därför av stor vikt att balansera samtliga parters intressen.

Det är nödvändigt att marknadsföra och utveckla fler lagliga fildelningsalternativ för att upprätthålla upphovsrättens syfte och samhällets intresse. Digital musik har till viss del ersatt det traditionella Compact Disc (CD) formatet. Musikindustrin måste därför samarbeta med bland annat internetleverantörer för att ta till sig den digitala utvecklingen av musik och erbjuda bättre lösningar till konsumenter. För närvarade har den svenska befolkningen otillräckliga kunskaper inom upphovsrätt, varför mer utbildning behövs. Avslutningsvis, skulle marknadsföring och utbildning kunna bidra till en minskning av den illegala fildelningen och gynna alla parters intressen.       

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Salami, Shahnaz. "Enjeux et perspectives de la politique du droit d'auteur en Iran à l'heure de la globalisation et à la lumière du droit français et international : exemple du cinéma." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2112.

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La reconnaissance du droit d’auteur en Iran rencontre d’importantes difficultés à l’heure de la globalisation où la standardisation du droit d’auteur au niveau international se heurte aux problématiques nationales : telle est l’idée principale de la première partie de cette thèse. Dans un premier temps, une étude du droit d’auteur en République Islamique d’Iran montre que la politique culturelle iranienne en matière de propriété littéraire et artistique s’inspire de l’approche française du droit d’auteur. Dans un deuxième temps, une analyse du droit positif international permet de constater les enjeux socioculturels, politiques et économiques qui expliquent la tendance du législateur iranien à instaurer un équilibre entre le particularisme iranien et le droit positif international par le biais d’une série de réformes. Cette partie illustre enfin les difficultés auxquelles le législateur iranien doit faire face afin de trouver une harmonisation entre les conventions internationales d’une part, et le niveau de développement du pays d’autre part. La deuxième partie de cette thèse analyse le développement du piratage cinématographique, l’essor du marché noir du film et l’évolution des réseaux de l’économie informelle de la communication qui constituent autant d’obstacles à la volonté de conformer le droit d’auteur iranien au droit d’auteur international. Le piratage des films mérite d’être vu comme étroitement imbriqué dans l’environnement social, politique, culturel et économique de l’Iran d’aujourd’hui. Telle est l’idée sur laquelle est fondée cette deuxième partie. Traversant l’histoire technologique, économique, sociale et politique du cinéma iranien, cette étude tente de découvrir les raisons du développement de l’activité pirate en Iran, ses conséquences sur l’industrie du cinéma iranien et sur la société iranienne. À travers cette analyse sur le piratage, cette thèse présente enfin ce phénomène comme une voie souterraine et méconnue par laquelle opère dans l’ombre la mondialisation culturelle en Iran. Cette analyse montre en filigrane comment les réseaux du marché pirate de films donnent corps à une « économie souterraine » organisant une mondialisation culturelle "underground" en Iran
The recognition of copyright in Iran encounters significant difficulties in globalization times when international standardization of copyright clashes with national issues : such is the assumption that we will endeavor to check in the first part of our thesis. First, a study of copyright in Iran will show that the Iranian cultural policy concerning literary and artistic property is inspired by the French approach to copyright. Secondly, an analysis of international positive law will see cultural, political and economic issues that explain why the Iranian legislator tends to strike a balance between the Iranian distinctiveness and international positive law through a series of reforms. Finally, this study will illustrate the difficulties the Iranian legislator has to face in order to find a harmonization between international conventions on the one hand, and level of development of the country on the other. The second part of this thesis analyzes the development of film piracy and counterfeiting, the rise of black market and network evolution in the informal economy of communication, that all impede the efforts to comply the Iranian copyright with international copyright. Film piracy deserves to be seen as closely interwoven into the social, political, cultural and economic environment of today's Iran. This is the idea on which this part of our thesis is based. Through the technological, economic, social and political history of Iran's cinema, this study aims at discovering the reasons for the development of pirate activity in Iran, its consequences for the Iranian film industry and Iranian society. Through this analysis on piracy, this thesis finally presents it as an underground and misunderstood way of developing cultural globalization in Iran in the shadows. In filigree, this analysis shows how business network which pirate market films embody an « underground economy » organizing an underground cultural globalization in Iran
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Cohen, Véronique-Déborah. "La spécificité des contrats liés aux technologies issues du numérique. Quelles singularités ces contrats présentent-ils, comparés à ceux du monde analogique ?" Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020083/document.

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Les technologies issues du numérique ont donné naissance à des contrats qui nécessitent une approche particulière et qui posent parfois des difficultés de mise en oeuvre, d’application, d’interprétation, et même de qualification, tant leur existence ne peut désormais plus être ignorée dans le paysage juridique. A cela, s’ajoute le fait qu’ils répondent à un réel besoin, à la fois de la part des praticiens du droit et des acteurs de ces contrats. C’est sans compter qu’ils se démarquent des conventions issues du monde analogique en de nombreux points, sachant que néanmoins, ils s’inscrivent dans le cadre d’une évolution logique et naturelle du droit. C’est ainsi que depuis quelques années, le droit voit se profiler des contrats imposant au législateur d’élaborer de nouveaux textes, en raison des lacunes juridiques encore grandes en la matière. La question qui se pose d’emblée est alors de savoir quelle est leur place dans la vie juridique, et surtout, comment ils sont perçus et analysés par rapport à ceux plus « classiques » issus du monde analogique. Dès lors, d’autres interrogations s’enchaînent : dans quel type d’environnement évoluent-ils ? Quels sont les critères qui caractérisent le mieux les contrats liés aux technologies issues du numérique ? Et surtout, qu’est-ce qui les rend si spécifiques et si inédits par rapport aux autres contrats, et qu’est-ce qui fait leur essence même ? On en vient alors à se demander si la dématérialisation de leur objet et leur orientation tournée vers les technologies influencent leur mode de formation et leur exécution. Autrement dit, quel est leur impact sur l’équilibre contractuel et quelles sont leurs implications juridiques concrètes ? Une chose est sûre : si ces contrats font appel à un vocabulaire technique propre au monde numérique et que leur objet peut sembler de prime abord inédit et complexe, en réalité, il en est autrement, les prestations auxquelles ils renvoient étant au final, très proches de celles qui nous entourent depuis toujours
Over the last decades, the fast-evolving technologies and the information and communication technologies (I.C.T) have been widespread in the current analogical world. They are engendered agreements which need a particular approach and which can’t be ignored today, because of their difficulties of application, interpretation, and even of qualification. The analogical world failed to offer a legal framework to that innovative and dynamic digital world creating tremendous legal uncertainty. Consequently, the emerging lack of appropriate agreements forced policymakers, regulators and legislators to elaborate new governance, new regulation and new acts to respond to those needs and expectations issued of the Information Society. The purpose is also to answer to the real needs of the lawyers and the professors of Law. These agreements are very different of the agreements of the analogical world in numerous points, but are inscribed in a logical and natural evolution of the Right of contracts. That’s why, it’s necessary to know what is their place in the legal life, and above all, how they are perceived and analyzed regarding the more "classical" contracts of the analogical world. Furthermore, other questions may be asked : in which kind of environment they evolve? What is characterizing the contracts linked to the information and communication technologies? What makes them so specific and so particular compared with the other agreements? The dematerialization of technology centered object can influence their way of formation, their execution and the balance of the agreements? What are their legal implications? If these agreements make reference to an specific and technical terminology of I.C.T., to the digital world, and if their object may be complex, in reality, the services generated by the Information Society are surrounding us in our daily life and are not different of the services we know since ever
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45

Jansizian, George. "Medhjälpare till brott mot URL? : Vem och när anses man vara medhjälpare?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15246.

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Internettjänsten The Pirate Bay fälldes av Svea hovrätt den 26 november 2010 för medhjälp till brott mot URL med motiveringen att denna tjänst främjat fildelning av upphovsrättsligt skyddat material utan upphovsmännens samtycke. Bestämmelsen i 23 kap 4 § 2 st. BrB lyder, ”ansvar som i denna balk är föreskrivet för viss gärning skall ådömas inte bara den som utfört gärningen utan även annan som främjat denna med råd eller dåd. Detsamma skall gälla beträffande i annan lag eller författning straffbelagd gärning, för vilken fängelse är föreskrivet.” I dagsläget finns ett flertal tjänster av liknande karaktär såsom söktjänsten Google och videotjänsten Youtube. Dessa har inte prövats av svensk rätt men åtnjuter skydd av E-handelslagen trots att de i praktiken kan anses fungera som The Pirate Bay. Skillnaden är att dessa aktivt handlar för att förebygga förekomsten av upphovsrättsligt skyddat material utan upphovsmännens samtycke. Trots detta förekommer en betydande mängd upphovsrättsligt skyddat material som med stor sannolikhet inte gjorts tillgängligt för allmänheten med upphovsmännens samtycke. Dessa aktörer kan teoretiskt sätt upprätta en policy mot spridning av olovligt material som är tillräcklig för att väga upp den skadan som tillförs upphovsmännen, på så sätt åtnjuter de titeln informationssamhällets tjänst, de vill säga samhällsnyttan väger över den tillförda skadan enligt E-handelslagen. Hovrättens deldom i Pirate Bay-målet är nu en milstolpe för dessa aktörer avseende tolkningen av medhjälpsbegreppet i BrB, men det är ändock av vikt att HD samt EU-domstolen klargör den diffusa gränsen mellan definitionen informationssamhällets tjänst och tolkningen av ordalydelsen i 23 kap 4 § 2 st. BrB (medhjälpsbegreppet).
The Pirate Bay was convicted by the Svea Court of Appeals in November 26, 2010 for aiding in crime against Swedish Copyright Law on the grounds that this service promoted the sharing of copyright material without the authors’ consent. The wording in chapter 23, paragraph 4, part 2 of the Swedish Criminal Code reads, "responsibilities in this section are prescribed for a specific act, it shall be imposed not only on those who carried out the deed, but also the one that facilitated this by giving advice or carrying out deeds. The same shall apply in relation to another law or constitutional criminal offense for which imprisonment is prescribed." Nowadays there are several services of similar nature such as the search engine Google and the video streaming service Youtube. These services have not been tested by Swedish law, since they are protected by the Swedish E-Commerce Law. Google and Youtube actively take actions to prevent the occurrence of copyrighted material without the authors' consent. However, there is a considerable amount of copyright material, which most probably has been made available to the public without the authors' consent. These companies can in theory establish a policy against the proliferation of unauthorized materials in an amount sufficient to offset the damage which affects the copyright owners, but still enjoy the title of information society services in the E-Commerce Law, since the social benefits are larger than the caused injury. The Swedish Court of Appeal's judgement is now a landmark for similar services when it comes to the interpretation of aiding crime against the Swedish copyright law. It is nevertheless important that the Supreme Court of Sweden and the EU-court defines the cloudy boundary between the definition information society services and the interpretation of the wording in the 23 chapter 4 § 2 part, Swedish penal code.
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46

Rytinki, M. (Markus). "Musiikkialan tekijänoikeuksien kesto, ansaintalogiikat ja digitaalisen aineiston saatavuus internetissä." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526221182.

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Abstract This study addresses the justifications of the duration of copyright, the revenue-generating models in the music business, and the availability of digital music in Finland. The first goal was to understand how different stakeholders in the music industry relate to copyright and how they justify what they consider the optimal duration. The second goal was to map out the revenue-generating models in the music industry at a time when the consumption of music has changed from analogue to digital formats, from physical products to streaming services. The third goal was to find out the different ways in which digital music is available on the internet in Finland. The research material consists of survey research, half-structured theme interviews and documentary material. The applied research methods are theory- and material-based content analysis. The theoretical approaches utilized are the theory of justice by John Rawls, the theory of hegemony by Antonio Gramsci, the classical communication model by Roman Jakobson, and power theory by Lawrence Lessig. It uses as its interpretational theory the model of justification of copyright by Laura Leppämäki. The results state the following: The most common justification provided for the optimal duration of copyright is utilitarianism – advantage to society as a whole. The same justification is given by stakeholders who want to keep the duration as it stands, and also by those who wish to shorten it. Another common justification is to see copyright as a natural item of ownership, claimed by work, and especially as a subject of inheritance, preferably for two subsequent generations. The problems concerning the revenue-generating models in the digital world tend to focus on distribution of income on three different levels: record contracts; the distribution models of the streaming companies; and contracts between content sharing companies, record companies and rights organizations. The authors and artists have the weakest bargaining position in the negotiations. The results on availability of digital music show that digital music can be discovered via public services (music libraries), commercial services (streaming companies), and ad hoc societal services (peer-to-peer networks). The role of music libraries as a content provider has decreased since the majority of music consumption has altered to digital services
Tiivistelmä Tutkimus käsittelee musiikin tekijänoikeuden keston perusteluja, musiikkialan ansaintalogiikoita ja digitaalisten musiikkiaineistojen saatavuutta Suomessa. Tarkoituksena oli hahmottaa, miten musiikkiteollisuuden eri osapuolet suhtautuvat tekijänoikeuteen ja miten ne perustelevat tekijänoikeuksien optimaalista kestoa. Tavoitteena oli myös kartoittaa musiikkialan ansaintalogiikat, jotka ovat muuttuneet siirryttäessä analogisesta musiikin kulutuksesta digitaaliseen musiikin kulutukseen, ennen kaikkea suoratoistopalveluihin. Kolmantena tehtävänä oli selvittää, millä tavoilla digitaalista musiikkia on saatavilla internetin välityksellä Suomessa. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu kyselytutkimuksesta, puolistrukturoiduista teemahaastatteluista sekä dokumenttiaineistosta. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin sekä teoria- että aineistolähtöistä sisällönanalyysia. Tutkimuksessa sovellettuja teorioita ovat John Rawlsin oikeudenmukaisuusteoria, Antonio Gramscin hegemoniateoria, Roman Jakobsonin klassinen kommunikaatiomalli ja Lawrence Lessigin valtateoria. Tutkimus käyttää tekijänoikeuksia koskevan tutkimuskysymyksen kohdalla tulkintateoriana Laura Leppämäen esittämää mallia oikeuksien perusteluista. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on, että sekä tekijänoikeuden nykyistä kestoa että sen lyhentämistä perustellaan ennen kaikkea utilitarismilla. Toinen keskeinen perustelukeino oli työn kautta teoksiin saatava omistusoikeus ja tämän omistusoikeuden kautta tarjoutuva mahdollisuus oikeuksien jättämiseen perintönä tekijän jälkipolville. Ansaintalogiikoiden kohdalla esiin nousi digitaalisesta myynnistä generoituvien tulojen jakamiseen liittyvät ongelmat, joita esiintyy niin musiikintekijöiden ja levy-yhtiöiden välisissä sopimuksissa, suoratoistopalvelujen sisäisissä maksumalleissa kuin internetin alustapalveluiden ja oikeudenhaltijoiden sekä heitä edustavien järjestöjen välisissä sopimuksissa. Heikoimmassa asemassa sopimuksia koskevissa neuvotteluissa ovat musiikintekijät ja artistit. Digitaalisen musiikkiaineiston saatavuuden kohdalla keskeisenä tuloksena on, että aineistoa on saatavilla julkisen palvelun eli yleisten musiikkikirjastojen, kaupallisten palveluiden eli suoratoistopalveluiden ja yhteisöllisten palveluiden eli vertaisverkkojen välityksellä. Musiikkikirjastojen rooli aineistojen tarjoajana on pienentynyt siirryttäessä analogisen musiikin kulutuksesta digitaalisen musiikin kulutukseen
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47

Lu, Jia. "Software Copyright and Piracy in China." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-08-3258.

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This study is to explore how Chinese software users perceive the issues of software copyright and piracy. Tianya Community, the largest online public forum in China, was selected as a site to study users' online communication about software copyright and piracy. Data were collected over five discussion boards in which software copyright and piracy were discussed extensively to retrieve 561 posting threads with 6,150 messages ranging from March 1, 1999 to June 30, 2007. Lindlof and Taylor's (2002) qualitative communication research methods were used to locate and analyze the recurring dominant themes within the online discussion by Chinese Internet users. The study revealed two opposing discourses existing in software users? perceptions, which represent globalization and anti-globalization processes surrounding software copyright and piracy. Mittleman and Chin's (2005) theoretical framework was adopted to interpret material and spiritual tensions between human/material factors, such as software owners, software users, China, and foreign developed countries. Meanwhile, the actor-network theory was applied to map out the roles of non-human/non-material factors, such as new technology, patriotism, and Chinese culture, which function to moderate the existing confrontations between globalization and anti-globalization by preventing software users from totally falling down into either direction of supporting or opposing software piracy. As a result, both forces of conformity and resistance were found to coexist within software users' perceptions and fragment their identities. To deal with fragmented identities, Chinese software users generally adopted a flexible, discriminative position composed by a series of distinctions, between offline purchasing of pirated discs and software download, between enterprise users and individual users, between foreign and local software companies, between freeware/open-source software and copyright/pirated software, between software companies and independent software developers, and between conceptual recognition and behavioral practice. Meanwhile, traditional resistance movements of Polanyi's (1957) counter-movements and Gramsci's (1971) counter-hegemony were reduced from collective contestations with openly declared call for resistance to Scott's (1990) notion of infra-politics that was communicated among software users and expressed in their everyday practice of piracy use but not in public and government discourse.
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48

馬傲秋. "Legal Infrastructures against Copyright Piracy in Taiwan." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09403265901707736893.

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碩士
國立交通大學
科技管理研究所
92
Intangible assets has become the key resource of competitive advantages, and the related legislations of the intellectual property play the important role to protect them. The creative of culture industry, including music, movie, software and book, not only influences our life but also the international trading and image. However, those industries need integrity legal infrastructures to protect them because of the characteristics of intangible, especially in the digital time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal infrastructures of copyright piracy in Taiwan. Based on the practical experiences, the piracy was divided into two kinds, substantial piracy and internet piracy, by the techniques. This study induced the problems of piracy in tracing, judging, and legislating in Taiwan from the references and the interviews, and provided the suggestions of these problems. The problems of tracing piracy are the new model of production and marketing of piracy, the difficulty of tracing piracy in campus, the mistakes of incentive of tracing piracy, the lack of the cooperation between obligee groups, the demands of consumers, the intellectual criminal, the ring, and the piracy advocates. Form these problems, there are some suggestions, the enhancing of the tracers’ professional training, the increasing of the education in legal concept and the understanding between students and obligees, the correcting of incentive of tracing piracy, the improving of the cooperation between obligee groups, increasing the people’s understanding of copyright and propagating the concept of the criminal behavior of piracy, increasing the cost of piracy, controlling the action of the organized criminal, and respecting the different opinions and revising the business model. Besides, in the practical experience, the problem is that the number of penal judgments on piracy and civil indemnification are too low. In the penal cases, the suggestion is that the decision of the establishment of the continuing criminal system in the criminal law. However, in the civil cases, the suggestion is revising and augmenting the “punitive indemnification” copyright law for the manufacturers. As for the legislation, referring to the abroad legislation, we can legislate from the protection in technology and responsibility of traders.
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49

Spender, Lynne, University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, and Centre for Cultural Research. "Digital culture, copyright maximalism, and the challenge to copyright law." 2009. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/42615.

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The rapid diffusion of digital technologies since the 1970s has produced significant cultural change within industrialised societies and this dissertation examines the particular challenge that digital technologies and a burgeoning digital culture pose to copyright law. The hypothesis is that the international copyright regime, based on the private ownership of intellectual property, is being undermined by the collaborative and sharing dimensions of a networked digital culture. The argument is premised on evidence that digital culture is now so pervasive and so disruptive of traditional social and economic institutions that current copyright laws are no longer capable of managing the production and distribution of the knowledge, information and entertainment products that are fundamental to the operation of the global information economy. Ideological and cultural differences have led to conflict and ‘copyfights’ between the owners of copyright works and the digital creators who produce and share copyright works outside the commercial marketplace, and often, outside the law. Defending their legal rights, the owners have generally adopted a copyright maximalist approach. They have successfully argued for stricter laws to protect their valuable private property rights and have enforced the law against digital pirates and new technologies that they claim threaten their businesses and the orderly operation of the knowledge economy. The digital sharers have adopted a ‘copyleft’ approach. Demonstrating little respect for laws that inhibit digital creativity and innovation, and supportive of a public domain of accessible cultural works, they argue for less stringent legal controls over copyright works and for a new intellectual commons in which knowledge, information and entertainment products are shared, rather than privately owned. Analysis of the culture clash between owners and sharers and between their private and public interests demonstrates that the 21st century copyfights are divisive and expensive. This dissertation, as well as addressing the challenge that digital culture poses to copyright law, suggests possibilities for legal reform and opens up new terrain for further study into the question of who should own and benefit from the knowledge and information that form our cultural heritage.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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50

Fang, Chun-Ming, and 方俊明. "Fight against Online Copyright Piracy: A Case Study of Korean Film Industry." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ghe5pa.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
智慧財產權研究所
102
The meaning of intellectual property represents the rights given to people protecting creations of their minds. Hence, it may be discussed and concerned in two aspects of business model and legal concept to examine the production for creativeness and added value. The establishment of the meaning for intellectual property relies on the appropriate protection, distribution and use. It has been seen that copyright is not only the key to protect national culture and works but also forceing international cooperation and defending from piracy while entering into the global competitive market. However, copyright act has been enacted and amended continuously to adjust the international convention and commerce activities. Therefore, the progressing way of copyright for securing cultural development and benefit reveals the goal of this study. The Universal Copyright Convention signed in 1952, and one of its subject matter is the Works of Literature, Science and Art, moreover, Cinematographic Works also being categorized in this area. Especially, Cinematographic Works belong to the cultural and creative industries, with high investment capital and a great amount of added value behind. Our government declared the year of 2002 was promoting action to protect the intellectual property, reinforcing the professional training of enforcement. However, it has been controversial that Internet Service Provider should take whole responsibility or not, while users conducted illegal behavior. Hence, the thesis starts at the global cooperation and competition by knowledge economy and globalization, around on the film industry which may produce huge benefit in the copyright industries. Therefore, taking Korean Film Industry and copyright act as a study case, for the research of the public transmission and “three strikes” induced in 2009, to give comment on the amending aspect to copyright in our country.
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