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Nouri, Mohamed T., Daniel P. Lawrence, Leslie A. Holland, David A. Doll, Craig E. Kallsen, Catherine M. Culumber, and Florent P. Trouillas. "Identification and Pathogenicity of Fungal Species Associated with Canker Diseases of Pistachio in California." Plant Disease 103, no. 9 (September 2019): 2397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-18-1717-re.
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A survey was conducted during 2015 and 2016 in pistachio orchards throughout the San Joaquin Valley of California to investigate the occurrence of canker diseases and identify the pathogens involved. Cankers and dieback symptoms were observed mainly in orchards aged >15 years. Symptoms of canker diseases included brown to dark brown discoloration of vascular tissues, wood necrosis, and branch dieback. In total, 58 fungal isolates were obtained from cankers and identified based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses (internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-tubulin, calmodulin, actin 1, and translation elongation factor 1α) representing 11 fungal species: Colletotrichum karstii, Cytospora californica, Cytospora joaquinensis, Cytospora parapistaciae, Cytospora pistaciae, Diaporthe ambigua, Didymella glomerata, Diplodia mutila, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, Phaeoacremonium canadense, and Schizophyllum commune. Pathogenicity tests conducted in the main pistachio cultivars Kerman, Golden Hills, and Lost Hills using the mycelium-plug method indicated that all fungal species were pathogenic to Pistacia vera. All species tested caused cankers in pistachio branches, although virulence among species varied from high to moderate. Overall, N. mediterraneum and Cytospora spp. were the most widespread and virulent species associated with canker diseases of pistachio in California.
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Crespo, Maria, Daniel P. Lawrence, Mohamed T. Nouri, David A. Doll, and Florent P. Trouillas. "Characterization of Fusarium and Neocosmospora Species Associated With Crown Rot and Stem Canker of Pistachio Rootstocks in California." Plant Disease 103, no. 8 (August 2019): 1931–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-18-2012-re.
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California produces 99.1% of pistachios grown in the United States, and diseases affecting pistachio rootstocks represent a constant challenge to the industry. Field surveys of fungi associated with pistachio rootstocks with symptoms of crown rot and stem canker in three central California counties followed by phylogenetic analyses of translation elongation factor 1-α and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene fragments identified three Fusarium species (Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium proliferatum) and two Neocosmospora species (Neocosmospora falciformis and Neocosmospora solani). F. oxysporum and N. falciformis were the fungal species most frequently recovered from symptomatic pistachio trees. Inoculations of detached twigs of cultivar Kerman pistachio Pioneer Gold I and clonal University of California, Berkeley I (UCBI) rootstocks showed that all five species could colonize pistachio wood and cause vascular discolorations. Pathogenicity tests in potted pistachio trees completed Koch’s postulates and confirmed that F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, N. falciformis, and N. solani were capable of producing rot and discoloration in stems of clonal UCBI rootstocks, the most widely planted pistachio rootstock in California. To our knowledge, this study is the first to present insights into the biodiversity and biology of Fusarium and Neocosmospora species associated with pistachio trees in California.
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Chitzanidis, A. "PISTACHIO DISEASES IN GREECE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 419 (December 1995): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.419.57.
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Michailides, T. J., D. P. Morgan, D. Felts, and J. Phillimore. "First Report of Botryosphaeria rhodina Causing Shoot Blight of Pistachio in California." Plant Disease 86, no. 11 (November 2002): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.11.1273c.
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In the summers of 2000 and 2001, shoot blight was observed in pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) grown in Kern County, California. Black, necrotic lesions developed at the base of shoots originating from contaminated or partially infected buds. Infection moved upward resulting in a progressive wilting and blighting of leaves. Leaf blades on infected shoots withered, and petioles became necrotic. Symptoms have been considered characteristic of infection by Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.:Fr.) Ces. & de Not., but this pathogen causes panicle and shoot blight of pistachio (1). However, there were no symptoms of any fruit panicle infections on trees we observed. Isolations on acidified potato dextrose agar from the base of blighted shoots in both years revealed a fast-growing fungus producing pycnidia which was identified as the anamorph Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. of B. rhodina Berk. & Curt. Arx. Identification of the pathogen was based on characteristic dark brown, oval pycnidiospores with striations on the surface of the spore along the long axis. Pathogenicity tests were performed on 12 Kerman pistachio trees grown at Kearney Agricultural Center, in Parlier, CA, using three isolates recovered from pistachios grown in two locations. Six to 16 current season shoots of pistachio trees (1 to 2 shoots per tree) were wounded with a 5-mm-diameter cork borer, and a mycelial plug of 5-day-old cultures of B. rhodina was inserted in each wound. Shoots were wrapped with Parafilm to prevent desiccation of inoculum. Six other shoots (one per tree) were inoculated similarly with mycelial agar plugs of a pistachio isolate of B. dothidea and served as positive controls, while six similar shoots were inoculated with only agar plugs and served as negative controls. Wilting of lower leaves in the majority of inoculated shoots started within 4 days for B. rhodina and 7 days for B. dothidea. Depending on the isolate of B. rhodina, 1 to 5 shoots and 50 to 80% of leaves were blighted within 7 days after inoculation. All inoculated shoots were left on the trees until 3 to 4 months after inoculation, pruned and assessed again. For inoculations done in September 2001, 33 to 71% of shoots were blighted, and the rest had cankers ranging from 22.5 to 28 mm long and 13.5 to 23.5 mm wide. A majority (67 to 100%) of shoots had pycnidia of the pathogen present. For inoculations done in October 2001, none of the shoots was blighted, but cankers ranged from 5 to 55.4 mm long and 6 to 22 mm wide and 33.3 to 100% developed pycnidia. B. rhodina was isolated from all inoculated shoots but not from negative controls or those inoculated with B. dothidea. Inoculations of shoots with B. dothidea produced similar symptoms as those of B. rhodina. Shoots that served as negative controls did not develop symptoms. Because panicle and shoot blight of pistachio caused by B. dothidea has developed to epidemic levels in commercial pistachio orchards and is of concern to the pistachio industry in California, it would be of interest to monitor how much shoot blight caused by B. rhodina would eventually develop over the years in commercial pistachio orchards. A survey was initiated in 2002 to determine how widespread B. rhodina is in California pistachios. To our knowledge, this is the first report worldwide of B. rhodina causing shoot blight of pistachio. Reference: (1) T. Michailides. Panicle and shoot blight. Page 68 in: Compendium of Nut Crop Diseases in Temperate Zones. B. L. Teviotdale, T. J. Michailides, and J. W. Pscheidt, eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN 2002.
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Dufoo-Hurtado, Elisa, Ivan Luzardo, Abraham Wall-Medrano, Guadalupe Loarca-Pina, and Rocio Campos-Vega. "Bioaccessibility and Synthesis of Chronobiotics During In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) to Mitigate Diseases Linked to Chronodisruption." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab044_012.
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Abstract Objectives This research aimed to evaluate the in vitro chronobiotic potential of Phyto-melatonin (PTM) during gastrointestinal digestion, its fermentative behavior (phenolic acids and other compounds), and potential production of chronobiotics (short-chain fatty acids or SCFAs production). Methods The chemical and nutraceutical composition of dry roasted and salted pistachios with seed coat (SC) (PN + SC) and without (PN) was evaluated. Both samples were digested under static in vitro simulated physiological conditions comprising oral, gastric, intestinal, and colonic stages. The PTM bioaccessibility during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation simulation was quantified. The identification and quantification of SCFAs and other colonic metabolites were conducted using SPME-GC-MS, followed by an untargeted metabolomic analysis. Results PN + SC had significantly (p < 0.05) lower lipids (−7.9) and protein (−1.1), but higher carbohydrate (+8.4) and total dietary fiber (+4.8) content (g/100g) than PN. PN + SC had highest content of total phenols (+42%), total flavonoids (+54%), and PMT (+21%) (p < 0.05) compared to PN. The bioaccessibility was low for both pistachio samples [Oral: 1.92 and 3.41%, PN + SC and PN; gastric: 0.83 and 1.63%; intestinal [60 min]: 1.79 and 2.55; colonic [6 h]: 0.32 and 0.36%). Chemo-informatics and an in silico analysis of PTM suggest that it was absorbed when chewed by the participants. The highest SCFAs were produced at 12 h during in vitro colonic fermentation for both pistachio samples, where PN + SC displayed the highest (p < 0.05) value (51 mmol/L), followed by PN (25.9 mmol/L). SCFAs, derived from bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers, can act as chronobiotics in peripheral clocks. The SCFAs molar ratio remained almost constant for both pistachio samples: butyric > propionic > acetic. Some metabolites with chronobiotic potential (e.g., indole, benzaldehyde, phenolic acids, and aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons) were detected, sample-dependent, through the untargeted metabolomics. Conclusions Pistachio's digestion increases the bioaccessibility of PTM and the biosynthesis of colonic metabolites (SCFAs, among others), all with chronobiotic potential to mitigate diseases linked to chronodisruption. Funding Sources The funding received by CONACyT/FOPES is appreciated.
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Guldur, M. E., M. Dikilitas, and B. E. Ak. "PISTACHIO DISEASES IN THE SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIAN REGION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 912 (November 2011): 739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.912.110.
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Moral, Juan, David Morgan, Antonio Trapero, and Themis J. Michailides. "Ecology and Epidemiology of Diseases of Nut Crops and Olives Caused by Botryosphaeriaceae Fungi in California and Spain." Plant Disease 103, no. 8 (August 2019): 1809–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-19-0622-fe.
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In recent decades, the cultivated area and production of nuts and olives have increased, driven by an increasing consumer interest in healthier food. Diseases of almond, pistachio, olive, and walnut crops caused by species belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family have caused concern worldwide. Although considerable progress has been made in elucidating the etiology of these diseases, scientific knowledge of other aspects of these diseases is more limited. In this article, we present an overview of the most important diseases caused by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi affecting almond, pistachio, olive, and walnut crops by focusing on ecology and epidemiology, primarily in California and Spain.
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Michailides, T. J., D. P. Morgan, and M. A. Doster. "DISEASES OF PISTACHIO IN CALIFORNIA AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 419 (December 1995): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.419.56.
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Mohammadi, Hamid, Mehdi Sarcheshmehpour, and Ebrahim Mafi. "Fungal trunk pathogens associated with wood decay of pistachio trees in Iran." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 2 (May 29, 2015): e1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015132-6560.
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Over the growing seasons of 2011–2013, various pistachio (<em>Pistacia vera</em> L.) cv. Fandoghi, and wild pistachio (<em>P. atlantica </em>Desf. subsp. <em>mutica</em>) trees were inspected in Iran to determine the aetiology of trunk diseases with specific reference to species of <em>Phaeoacremonium</em> and Botryosphaeriaceae spp. Samples were collected from branches of trees exhibiting yellowing, defoliation, canker and dieback, as well as wood discoloration in cross sections. Fungal trunk pathogens were identified using morphological and cultural characteristics as well as comparisons of DNA sequence data of the ITS and TEF-1α (for Botryosphaeriaceae species) and β-tubulin gene (for <em>Phaeoacremonium</em> species) regions. <em>Phaeoacremonium parasiticum</em> was the dominant species followed by <em>Phaeoacremonium aleophilum</em>, <em>Botryosphaeria dothidea</em>,<em> Neofusicoccum parvum</em>,<em> </em><em>Phaeoacremonium</em> <em>cinereum, Phaeoacremonium viticola</em> and <em>Dothiorella viticola</em>. Pathogenicity tests were undertaken to determine the role of these species on pistachio under field conditions. <em>Neofusicoccum parvum</em> and <em>Pm. aleophilum</em> caused the longest and smallest lesions respectively. This study represents the first report on the occurrence and pathogenicity of <em>Phaeoacremonium </em>species on <em>P. vera</em> cv. Fandoghi. This also represents the first report of <em>Pleurostomophora </em>sp. on pistachio and <em>Pm. parasiticum</em> and <em>D</em>.<em> viticola</em> on wild pistachio.
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Holtz, Brent A. "Plant Protection for Pistachio." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.626.
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Pistachio (Pistacia vera) was successfully introduced into California and initially touted as a tree nut crop with no disease or insect pests. Unfortunately, these expectations were dashed as a number of diseases and pests followed commercial plantings, making plant protection practices integral to production. Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) devastated early plantings but is now controlled with the use of resistant rootstocks. Botryosphaeria blight (Botryosphaeria dothidea) and alternaria late blight (Alternaria alternata) are recently arrived foliar fungal diseases that blight fruit clusters and defoliate trees, respectively, and multiple fungicide applications are needed for control. The conversion to low volume irrigation systems, specifically to drip or buried drip, has reduced disease. Pruning out botryosphaeria blight infections has reduced overwintering inoculum and disease, while current research aims at accurately predicting infection events to increase fungicide efficacy. A number of hemipteran insect pests have been associated with epicarp lesion: spring treatments have been replaced with dormant carbaryl and oil applications which are less toxic to beneficial insects while controlling phytocoris (Phytocoris californicus and P. relativus) and soft scale pests. Early season insect damage can be tolerated because trees compensate by maturing a higher percentage of remaining fruit kernels. Some mirid (Calocoris spp.) pests can be effectively reduced by eliminating alternate hosts in an effective weed control program. If lygus (Lygus hesperus) populations are present, weeds should not be disturbed from bloom until shell hardening to prevent movement by insects into the trees where feeding can result in epicarp lesion. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and leaffooted bugs (Leptoglossus clypealis and L. occidentalis) can penetrate the hardened shell and cause internal nut necrosis along with epicarp lesion. Trap crops are used to monitor pest populations in order to develop treatment thresholds. Degree-day based timing of treatments increase insecticide efficacy for the control of navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) and obliquebanded leafroller (Choristonuera rosaceana), but navel orangeworm populations are more effectively managed by destroying unharvested over wintering fruit. Bacillus thuriengiensis sprays, liquid-lime-sulfur, and biological control show promise in controlling obliquebanded leafroller.
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Mehrnejad, M. Reza. "Arthropod pests of pistachios, their natural enemies and management." Plant Protection Science 56, No. 4 (September 18, 2020): 231–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2019-pps.
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Commercial pistachio cultivation and production began about a century ago in Iran. The size of this industry has gradually increased and the pistachio nut production in Iran is now the largest worldwide, although it has declined over last few years due to long periods of harsh drought, the mismanagement of water resources and the impact of climate change. Research on pests and diseases was started in the 1940s due to the demands of the growers who were facing economic damage by herbivorous insects. Much research has been undertaken over the last 75 years to improve production procedures and the present article summarises the available information on pistachio pests, their natural enemies and management.
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Jamshidi, Sanaz, Najmeh Hejazi, Mohammad-Taghi Golmakani, Nader Tanideh, and Mina Heidari Esfahani. "Preventive Effect of Different Wild Pistachio Oils on Oxidative Stress Markers, Liver Enzymes, and Histopathological Findings in a Metabolic Syndrome Model." Galen Medical Journal 8 (January 1, 2019): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v0i0.1238.
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Background: Wild pistachio (Pistacia Atlantica mutica) species with wide distribution in Iran have different nutrition properties and may have therapeutic effects in metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome, as a prevalent health problem, is a main risk factor for different chronic diseases such as diabetes, fatty liver and cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the preventive effects of mixture, kernel, and hull oil of wild pistachio (WP) on oxidative stress markers, liver function and histopathological findings in metabolic syndrome induced rats. Materials and Methods: After oil extraction by cold press method and chemical analysis, rats were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 received normal saline; group 2 received 2cc fructose solution and 0.5cc normal saline; and groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 received 2 cc fructose solution and 0.5 cc sunflower oil, mixture, hull and kernel oils of WP for 10 weeks, respectively. Then, glycemic indices, oxidative stress, liver enzymes and histopathological examination were determined using standard laboratory tests. Results: WP Kernel and mixture oils notably decreased the fasting blood sugar and insulin resistance compared with the fructose group. Insulin level was significantly increased in the kernel oil group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in oxidative stress, liver enzymes and histopathology parameters among the groups. Conclusion: Kernel oil of WP improved hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and insulin secretion, but the changes in oxidative stress markers, liver enzymes and histopathologic results were not significant among the groups. [GMJ.2019;In press:e1238]
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Terzo, Simona, Flavia Mulè, Gaetano Felice Caldara, Sara Baldassano, Roberto Puleio, Maria Vitale, Giovanni Cassata, Vincenzo Ferrantelli, and Antonella Amato. "Pistachio Consumption Alleviates Inflammation and Improves Gut Microbiota Composition in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010365.
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High-fat diet (HFD) induces inflammation and microbial dysbiosis, which are components of the metabolic syndrome. Nutritional strategies can be a valid tool to prevent metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if the chronic intake of pistachio prevents obesity-associated inflammation and dysbiosis in HFD-fed mice. Three groups of male mice (four weeks old; n = 8 per group) were fed for 16 weeks with a standard diet (STD), HFD, or HFD supplemented with pistachios (HFD-P; 180 g/kg of HFD). Serum, hepatic and adipose tissue inflammation markers were analyzed in HFD-P animals and compared to HFD and STD groups. Measures of inflammation, obesity, and intestinal integrity were assessed. Fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota analysis. Serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly reduced in HFD-P compared to HFD. Number and area of adipocytes, crown-like structure density, IL-1β, TNF-α, F4-80, and CCL-2 mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in HFD-P subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues, compared to HFD. A significant reduction in the number of inflammatory foci and IL-1β and CCL-2 gene expression was observed in the liver of HFD-P mice compared with HFD. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was reduced in HFD-P mice in comparison to the HFD group. A pistachio diet significantly increased abundance of healthy bacteria genera such as Parabacteroides, Dorea, Allobaculum, Turicibacter, Lactobacillus, and Anaeroplasma, and greatly reduced bacteria associated with inflammation, such as Oscillospira, Desulfovibrio, Coprobacillus, and Bilophila. The intestinal conductance was lower in HFD-P mice than in the HFD mice, suggesting an improvement in the gut barrier function. The results of the present study showed that regular pistachio consumption improved inflammation in obese mice. The positive effects could be related to positive modulation of the microbiota composition.
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Bozorgi, Mahbubeh, Shekoufeh Nikfar, Mohammad Abdollahi, and Roja Rahimi. "Effect of pistachio on plasma lipids concentration: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." Medicinal Plant Communications 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37360/mpc.21.4.1.01.
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Dyslipidemia and lipoprotein metabolism disorder are involved in pathogenesis of many important diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, acute pancreatitis, and malignancies. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of pistachio on plasma lipids. Electronic databases including Scopus, Pubmed, Science Direct, and Cochrane library were searched with the keywords “lipoprotein”, “blood lipid”, “dyslipidemia” or “hyperlipidemia” with “Pistachio” until June 2019. Two review authors independently checked eligibility and extracted data using a standard form. Information extracted included characteristics of the patients, dose of treatment, trial duration, quality score, and trial outcomes. Four randomized clinical trials with 213 subjects worked on the effect of pistachio on blood lipids were included. Comparison of pistachio rich diet with control yielded a significant effect size of -2.6 (95% CI:-4.4 –-0.7, p=0.006) for mean reduction in total cholesterol, a significant effect size of 5.1 (95% CI: 1.8 –8.3, p=0.002) for mean increase in HDL-cholesterol, a non-significant effect sizeof -0.3 (95% CI: -0.8 –0.3, p=0.4) for mean reduction in LDL-cholesterol and a non-significant effect size of -1.3 (95% CI: -4.4 –1.7, p=0.4) for mean reduction in triglyceride from baseline. The results demonstrated significant effect of pistachio on reducing total cholesterol and increasing HDL-cholesterol; however, its effect on lowering LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride was not significant. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm whether pistachio consumption for a certain period of time can significantly influence blood lipids.
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Nouri, M. T., L. A. Holland, D. Doll, C. E. Kallsen, T. J. Michailides, and F. P. Trouillas. "Investigating canker and soil borne diseases of pistachio in California." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1219 (October 2018): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1219.45.
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Michailides, Themis J., and David P. Morgan. "Association of Botryosphaeria Panicle and Shoot Blight of Pistachio with Injuries of Fruit Caused by Hemiptera Insects and Birds." Plant Disease 100, no. 7 (July 2016): 1405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-15-1077-re.
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Panicle and shoot blight of pistachio caused by species of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi remains one of the major diseases of pistachio in California, with the highest potential for crop destruction because buds and fruit clusters (panicles) are killed. Pistachio fruit can also be damaged by various insect pests. For instance, hemipteran insects are considered major pests of pistachio and can attack maturing fruit, causing necrotic areas on the fruit epicarp (epicarp lesion). Surveys in pistachio orchards showed a putative association of punctures of pistachio fruit with infection by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi, resulting in panicle and shoot blight. This study was undertaken to determine any association of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi with fruit bearing epicarp lesions and whether hemipteran insects can actively carry propagules of the pathogens to healthy fruit and cause disease. Three large insects of the order Hemiptera (Thyanta pallidovirens, Acrosternum hilare, and Leptoglossus clypealis) were used in pathogen-spread and infection experiments. The most frequently isolated species of the family Botryosphaeriaceae in pistachio, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, was used in these transmission experiments. Significantly higher incidence of fruit infected by N. mediterraneum was recorded when pistachio clusters were sprayed with a spore suspension of N. mediterraneum and caged with the above insects than the level of infected fruit sprayed similarly with the pathogen but caged without any insects. Furthermore, increasing the number of insects caged with pistachio clusters resulted in an increase of insect feeding punctures and, subsequently, disease incidence. Similarly, increasing the number of wounds per fruit made with a needle, simulating injuries caused by the insect’s stylet, resulted in significantly higher incidence of infected fruit than for wounded fruit with fewer injured sites. In addition, bird-injured fruit were also associated with higher incidence of panicle blight than fruit not injured by birds, especially in orchards with high disease incidence. In laboratory experiments, wounding or applying fruit sap to nonwounded fruit resulted in significantly higher incidence of infected fruit than in nonwounded fruit without sap. In field experiments, wounding of fruit before or after inoculation with N. mediterraneum resulted in higher disease incidence than nonwounded and inoculated fruit. Additionally, fruit sap enhanced initial mycelial growth of N. mediterraneum. Protecting fruit clusters from injuries by hemipteran insects or birds using mesh cages significantly reduced the incidence of panicle and shoot blight. The association of wounding by hemipteran insects and birds with high incidence of infected pistachio fruit may explain partially the broad distribution of Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight among pistachio orchards of the central San Joaquin Valley, even in areas where inoculum sources are not nearby.
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Taghizadeh, Seyedeh Faezeh, Gholamhossein Davarynejad, Javad Asili, Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani, Seyed Hossein Nemati, and Gholamreza Karimi. "Chemical composition, antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic evaluation of the essential oil from pistachio (Pistacia khinjuk) hull." Microbial Pathogenesis 124 (November 2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.039.
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Nafea Alnema, Ammar, and Mazin Nazar Fadhel. "Investigation about contamination of some food items in local markets, Mosul, Iraq." Bionatura 3, no. 3 (August 15, 2021): 2027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.23.
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Results of enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), which was conducted on 58 samples of dried fruits and nuts available in the local market in Mosul city that there were samples that are contaminated with aflatoxins with rates higher than the tolerated level permitted by the European Union (4 parts per billion) in the human-consumed foodstuff products as the percentages were 40%, 40, 70% and 10% for almond, cashew, pistachio, and walnut respectively, which are beyond the permitted level. At the same time, the percentages were 66% and 10% for dried apricot and figs, respectively, and more than the permitted level. The average quantity of aflatoxins in the nuts samples was (1.6, 3.8. 4.1 and 6.1 ppb) for walnut, cashew, almond, and pistachio, respectively, while in the dried fruits (3.3, 1.4, and 6.9 ppb) for raisin, figs, and apricot respectively.
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Fotoohiyan, Zeinab, Saeed Rezaee, Gholam Hosein Shahidi Bonjar, Amir Hossein Mohammadi, and Mohammad Moradi. "Biocontrol potential of Trichoderma harzianum in controlling wilt disease of pistachio caused by Verticillium dahliae." Journal of Plant Protection Research 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2017-0025.
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Abstract Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most devastating diseases in pistachio orchards in the world including Iran. In search for an effective non-chemical strategy for the management of this disease, we evaluated the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma harzianum isolates obtained from the rhizosphere of healthy pistachio trees in different locations of the Kerman province of Iran against V. dahliae under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Dual culture tests in the laboratory were conducted in a completely randomized design using 72 T. harzianum isolates. Twenty isolates showed the highest in vitro antagonistic activity. The results indicated that all 20 isolates were capable of inhibiting the mycelial growth of V. dahliae significantly. Among them, isolates Tr8 and Tr19 were the most effective by 88.89% and 85.12% inhibition, respectively. Extracted cell free metabolites of all effective isolates also inhibited the growth of V. dahliae in the culture medium significantly. According to the results, isolates Tr4 and Tr6 inhibited fungal pathogen growth by 94.94% and 88.15% respectively, through production of non-volatile metabolites. In the evaluation of volatile metabolites, isolates Tr5 and Tr4 were the most effective by 26.27% and 24.49% growth inhibition, respectively. Based on the results of the in vitro experiments, the five most effective isolates were selected for evaluation under greenhouse conditions for their biocontrol potential in controlling Verticillium wilt of pistachio. Results of the greenhouse, (in vivo) experiments were positive and indicated that the occurrence of wilt disease in plants treated with the antagonists alone or in combination with pathogenic fungus was lower than in plants inoculated with pathogen alone. The overall results of this study suggest that Trichoderma fungal antagonist may be an effective biocontrol agent for the control of Verticillium wilt of pistachio.
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Müller, Anke, Lisa Schmölz, Maria Wallert, Martin Schubert, Wiebke Schlörmann, Michael Glei, and Stefan Lorkowski. "In Vitro Digested Nut Oils Attenuate the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in Macrophages." Nutrients 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2019): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11030503.
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Nut consumption is known for its health benefits, in particular in inflammatory diseases. A possible mechanism for these effects could be their beneficial fatty acid composition. Nuts mainly contain mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties. However, studies investigating the effects of nut extracts on inflammatory processes on the molecular level are rare. We therefore prepared oily nut extracts after in vitro digestion and saponification of the fat-soluble constituents. Besides chromatographic analysis, cell culture experiments were performed using murine macrophages (RAW264.7) to study the capacity of different nut extracts (hazelnut, almond, walnut, macadamia, and pistachio) to modulate inflammatory processes. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid in hazelnut, almond, macadamia, and pistachio extracts. Both oily nut extracts and pure oleic acid significantly reduced the LPS-induced expression of iNos, Cox2, Tnfα, Il1β, and Il6 mRNAs. iNos protein expression was down-regulated followed by reduced nitric oxide formation. Thus, nut extracts at concentrations achievable in the digestive tract inhibit the expression and formation of inflammatory mediators in macrophages. Hence, a beneficial contribution of nut consumption to inflammatory diseases can be assumed. We are convinced that these results provide new insights on the molecular mechanisms involved in the health-beneficial effects of nuts.
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Ashworth, Jr., L. J. "Nutritional Diseases of Pistachio Trees: Potassium and Phosphorus Deficiencies and Chloride and Boron Toxicities." Phytopathology 75, no. 10 (1985): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-75-1084.
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Ghasemynasabparizi, M., A. Ahmadi, and SM Mazloomi. "A review on pistachio: Its composition and benefits regarding the prevention or treatment of diseases." Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.johe.4.1.57.
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Nazarova, O. J., and O. T. Khujaev. "Fungal diseases in pistachio trees caused by cylindrosporium concentricum pathogen: A case study of Uzbekistan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 614 (December 18, 2020): 012104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/614/1/012104.
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French, J. M., R. J. Heerema, E. A. Gordon, and N. P. Goldberg. "First Report of Septoria Leaf Spot of Pistachio in New Mexico." Plant Disease 93, no. 7 (July 2009): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-7-0762c.
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In September of 2008, a Septoria sp., the causal agent of Septoria leaf spot of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) was isolated from leaf lesions in an orchard in southern New Mexico. Tree fruit and nut crops including pistachios are becoming an increasingly important part of New Mexico's agricultural industry with total cash receipts of $103 million in 2007 (3). This preliminary positive for Septoria prompted a survey of pistachio-growing counties in the state. The surveyed orchards accounted for approximately 30% of the pistachio acreage in New Mexico. Results indicated that all five pistachio-growing counties had orchards infected with a Septoria sp. Isolates of Septoria from leaf lesions were identified as Septoria pistaciarum Caracc. based on the following symptoms and morphological characteristics of the fungus: leaf lesions were usually circular, 0.5 to 3 mm in diameter, and contained many pycnidia per lesion; pycnidia were dark, ostiolate, and measured 101 to 255 × 69 to 133 μm; and conidia were hyaline, filiform, contained 3 to 9 septa, and measured 3 to 4 × 60 to 149 μm. Most orchards were only mildly affected. In severe cases, hundreds of leaf lesions were present on diseased leaves; large sections of the leaves turned tan and some trees defoliated prematurely. This widespread occurrence of Septoria leaf spot in New Mexico in 2008 suggests that the disease had already been present in the state for several years. A higher average rainfall in the summer of 2008 provided excellent conditions for disease development. Because of the high amounts of inoculum currently present in New Mexico orchards, Septoria leaf spot may emerge as a recurring disease problem for pistachio producers. This disease was first reported in the United States in Texas in 1971 and was also reported in Arizona in 1989 (1,2,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Septoria leaf spot of pistachio in New Mexico. References: (1) A. Chitzandis. Ann. Inst. Phytopathol. Benaki 10:29, 1956. (2) J. L. Maas et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 55:72, 1971. (3) New Mexico Agricultural Statistics, Department of Agriculture, 2007. (4) D. J. Young and T. Michailides. Plant Dis. 73:775, 1989.
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Torabi, Abdollah, Gholam Hosein Shahidi Bonjar, Roohollah Abdolshahi, Mostafa Pournamdari, Ismail Saadoun, and Essaid Ait Barka. "Biological control of Paecilomyces formosus, the causal agent of dieback and canker diseases of pistachio by two strains of Streptomyces misionensis." Biological Control 137 (October 2019): 104029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104029.
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Mila, Asimina L., and Themis J. Michailides. "Use of Bayesian Methods to Improve Prediction of Panicle and Shoot Blight Severity of Pistachio in California." Phytopathology® 96, no. 10 (October 2006): 1142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-1142.
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Panicle and shoot blight, caused by a Fusicoccum sp., is one of the major aboveground diseases of pistachio in California. The effects of temperature, number of continuous rainy days in April and May, irrigation system, and incidence of latent infection of the Fusicoccum sp. on severity of panicle and shoot blight of pistachio leaves and fruit have been quantified previously, using data collected from 1999 through 2001. A predictive model for leaves and another model for fruit with good explanatory power were generated. In 2003 and 2004, newly collected data were used to evaluate the two models with non-Bayesian and Bayesian methods. The 95% credible (i.e., confidence) intervals of initial (before modification with non-Bayesian and Bayesian methods) and updated parameter estimates were used to investigate their prognostic validity. In 2003, the non-Bayesian analysis resulted in all parameter estimates, with the exception of cumulative daily mean temperature from 1 June until harvest, having different 95% confidence intervals than the parameter estimates of the original models. In addition, the parameter estimates for drip irrigation for the leaf infection and the parameter estimates for drip irrigation and number of continuous rainy days in April and May for fruit infection were not statistically significant. With Bayesian methods, the reestimated model parameters had overlapping 95% credible intervals with the initial estimated parameters, except for the number of continuous rainy days in April and May. When the two sets of modified parameter estimates were used to predict disease severity, statistically significant (α = 0.05) differences between observed and predicted disease severities were found with non-Bayesian analysis for leaf infection in three locations and with Bayesian analysis for fruit infection in one orchard. The parameter estimates were modified again at the end of the 2004 season and were all statistically significant with both non-Bayesian and Bayesian methods. Both sets of parameter estimates gave predictions that were not significantly different from observed disease severity on leaves and fruit in all monitored orchards in 2004. In summary, Bayesian methods gave more consistent results when used to update parameter estimates with new information and yielded predictions not statistically different from observed disease severity in more cases than the non-Bayesian analysis.
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Moeini, Reihaneh, Zahra Memariani, Farideh Asadi, Mahbubeh Bozorgi, and Narjes Gorji. "Pistacia Genus as a Potential Source of Neuroprotective Natural Products." Planta Medica 85, no. 17 (October 11, 2019): 1326–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1014-1075.
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AbstractNeuroprotective agents are able to defend the central nervous system against acute or chronic neuronal injuries. Even with the progress made over the last decades, most of the medications prescribed for the management of neurodegenerative diseases can only reduce their symptoms and slow down their progression. Based on natural product research, there are potential effective medicinal plants and phytochemicals for modulating neuronal functions and protecting against neurodegeneration. Plants in the genus Pistacia are also among valuable natural resources for neuroprotection research based on experiences in traditional medicine. Studies have supported the value of bioactive compounds of the genus Pistacia for central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimerʼs, Parkinsonʼs, multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, depression, and anxiety. Related literature has also revealed that most of the evidence on neuroprotection in the genus Pistacia is in the form of preliminary studies, mainly including models of behavior, motor function, and memory impairments in animals, neural toxicity, cerebral ischemia and seizure models, evaluation of their effects on antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers, amyloid β aggregation, and acetylcholinesterase as well as investigations into some cellular pathways. Along with the phytonutrients in kernels such as pistachios, various phytochemicals, mostly terpenes, and phenolic compounds have also been identified in different plant parts, in particular their oleoresins, of species in the genus Pistacia. In this review, the pharmacology of neurological effects and related molecular mechanisms of the plants belonging to the genus Pistacia and its active constituents, as well as pharmacokinetics aspects, are discussed.
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Noble, Andrew E., Todd S. Rosenstock, Patrick H. Brown, Jonathan Machta, and Alan Hastings. "Spatial patterns of tree yield explained by endogenous forces through a correspondence between the Ising model and ecology." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 8 (February 7, 2018): 1825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618887115.
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Spatial patterning of periodic dynamics is a dramatic and ubiquitous ecological phenomenon arising in systems ranging from diseases to plants to mammals. The degree to which spatial correlations in cyclic dynamics are the result of endogenous factors related to local dynamics vs. exogenous forcing has been one of the central questions in ecology for nearly a century. With the goal of obtaining a robust explanation for correlations over space and time in dynamics that would apply to many systems, we base our analysis on the Ising model of statistical physics, which provides a fundamental mechanism of spatial patterning. We show, using 5 y of data on over 6,500 trees in a pistachio orchard, that annual nut production, in different years, exhibits both large-scale synchrony and self-similar, power-law decaying correlations consistent with the Ising model near criticality. Our approach demonstrates the possibility that short-range interactions can lead to long-range correlations over space and time of cyclic dynamics even in the presence of large environmental variability. We propose that root grafting could be the common mechanism leading to positive short-range interactions that explains the ubiquity of masting, correlated seed production over space through time, by trees.
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Nouri, Mohamed T., Daniel P. Lawrence, Craig E. Kallsen, and Florent P. Trouillas. "Macrophomina Crown and Root Rot of Pistachio in California." Plants 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020134.
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In this study, declining pistachio rootstocks were detected in newly planted commercial pistachio orchards in Kern County, California. Symptoms were characterized by wilted foliage combined with crown rot in the rootstock. From diseased trees, 42 isolates were obtained, and all had similar cultural and morphological characteristics of Macrophomina phaseolina. Analyses of nucleotide sequences of three gene fragments, the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2), partial sequences of β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) confirmed this identification, and 20 representative isolates are presented in the phylogenetic study. Testing of Koch’s postulates showed that M. phaseolina, when inoculated to stems and roots of the pistachio rootstocks using mycelial plugs or a microsclerotial suspension, is indeed pathogenic to this host. The widely used clonal University of California Berkeley I (UCBI) rootstock appeared highly susceptible to M. phaseolina, suggesting that this pathogen is an emerging threat to the production of pistachio in California. This study confirmed the association of M. phaseolina with the decline of pistachio trees and represents the first description of this fungus as a crown rot-causing agent of pistachio in California.
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Yang, S. Y., S. C. Su, T. Liu, G. Fan, J. Wang, and P. S. Leng. "First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Pistachio (Pistacia vera) in China." Plant Disease 95, no. 10 (October 2011): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-11-0269.
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In the 1990s, pistachio (Pistacia vera L. ‘Kerman’ and ‘Peters’) was introduced in China. They are found in many orchards in Beijing and Gansu and Hebei provinces, northern China. In 2009, a new disease was observed on leaves, stems, and fruits in pistachio orchards in Gansu Province. Disease incidence in 8- to 12-year-old orchards was 30%. Yield losses reached 25%. Symptoms began as discrete, sunken, black spots, approximately 10 mm in diameter, followed by circular lesions that eventually coalesced with tissue death recorded and orange fructifications developed on lesions. Pieces of diseased leaves, stems, and fruits were surfaced sterilized and placed on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C. A fungus was consistently isolated. After 10 days, cultures on PDA showed aerial, white mycelium that turned gray to grayish black with a salmon-to-orange conidial mass at 25°C and a 12-h photoperiod. Brown, 80 to 120 μm long setae were observed in the acervulus. Conidia were hyaline, fusiform to nearly straight, and averaged 12 to 18 × 3 to 5 μm. On the basis of morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. (2). On PDA, 0.5 μg/ml of benomyl was applied for the sensitivity test (3). Benomyl completely inhibited the growth of the fungus. Mycelial DNA was extracted, PCR amplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers for the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, and sequenced. The DNA sequence was recorded in GenBank as No. HQ631378. The DNA sequence was blasted showing 99% identity with Accession Nos. GQ144454 and GU004376, for C. gloeosporioides. Pathogenicity tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions at 25°C. Three replicates of 2-year-old ‘Kerman’ plants were inoculated with mycelial PDA plugs placed on 0.5-cm2 stem wounds and then wrapped with Parafilm. Controls were inoculated with PDA plugs without the fungus. After 3 weeks, stem cankers were observed on inoculated plants. Control plants remained healthy. Pathogenicity was also tested on injured leaves and fruits. A 10-μl drop of a spore suspension of 104 conidia/ml was applied on ‘Kerman’ and ‘Peters’ leaves and ‘Kerman’ fruits and placed on plates with a wet filter paper at 25°C. Small, black lesions were observed at 2 days after inoculation. At 7 days, necrotic lesions covered the entire surface. C. gloeosporioides was reisolated from necrotic lesions. Controls did not develop symptoms. C. acutatum has been reported on pistachio in Australia (1), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides on pistachio. References: (1) G. J. Ash and V. M. Lanoiselet. Australas. Plant Pathol. 30:365, 2001. (2) J. Y. Lu. Plant Pathogenic Mycology. China Agricultural Press, Beijing, 2001. (3) N. A. R. Peres et al. Plant Dis. 86:620, 2002.
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Mirzaee, M. R., B. Asgari, R. Zare, and M. Mohammadi. "Association of Microascus cirrosus (Microascaceae, Ascomycetes) with Brown Leaf Spot of Pistachio in Iran." Plant Disease 94, no. 5 (May 2010): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-5-0642b.
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Iran is the largest pistachio-producing and exporting country in the world with an annual production of approximately 200,000 t. In July 2009, brown spots were noticed on the leaves of an unknown cultivar of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in the Mazhan Region of Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran. Nearly 20% of the trees in the surveyed area (1 ha) showed irregularly shaped leaf spots that were mainly on the abaxial surface, measured 4 to 6 mm in diameter, and were initially pale brown but progressively became dark brown. Lesions were cut from diseased tissues, surface sterilized, and placed on acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA). An anamorphic fungus was consistently isolated from the tissues. The fungus was identified as Microascus cirrosus Curzi (1,4). Colonies on PDA at 25°C reached 9 mm in diameter in 7 days and appeared olivaceous brown and zonate, and perithecia developed in 14 days. Perithecia were black, superficial or partially immersed, spherical, 110 to 200 μm in diameter, with cylindrical necks measuring up to 60 μm long by 25 to 35 μm broad; asci were globose to ovate, eight spored, and 9 to 11 × 8 to 10.5 μm; ascospores were pale reddish brown, variable in shape, ranging from concavo-convex, sometimes plano-convex to oval, and 4.5 to 6 × 3 to 4 μm. The associated anamorph on PDA was a Scopulariopsis sp. with annellophores borne singly or in groups of two or three, 10 to 16 × 2.5 to 3.5 μm, with abruptly narrowed apices; conidia were produced in chains, globose to subglobose, basally truncate, pale olive to fuscous, and 4 to 5 × 3 to 4 μm; chlamydospores were globose to pyriform, terminal or intercalary, and 8.5 to 17.5 μm in long axis. Pathogenicity of two isolates was tested using the filter-paper method of Takahashi et al. (3). Mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) as well as filter papers containing conidia were placed on five needle-wounded or nonwounded attached leaves of pistachio cv. Kale-Ghuchi in triplicate. The leaves were covered with a translucent plastic bag for 4 days. Inoculated detached and inoculated wounded attached leaves showed symptoms after 6 and 9 days on 5-month-old and 2-month-old leaves, respectively. Control leaves (five in triplicate) remained symptomless. The pathogen was frequently reisolated from the margins of the lesions. To our knowledge, this is the first record of M. cirrosus occurring on pistachio as well as the first report of a member of this genus from Iran. The same fungus has been reported as the causal agent of stored corn deterioration in the United States (1). M. cirrosus also produced a dimorphic yeast phase on PDA but not on malt extract agar or water agar. Cultures with partial reversion developed chlamydospore-like cells. Higher temperatures (25 to 30°C) and surface-sterilized pistachio leaves placed on PDA accelerated the reversion of the yeast phase to hyphal phase. Although dimorphism has been reported in other plant pathogenic fungi (2), this is the first report of dimorphism in this fungus and of a dimorphic fungus attacking pistachio. Further investigations are needed to determine the relation between dimorphism and pathogenicity. A culture (IRAN 1497 C) of the fungus is preserved by R. Zare. References: (1) G. L. Barron et al. Can. J. Bot. 39:1609, 1961. (2) M. Nadal et al. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 284:127, 2008. (3) W. Takahashi et al. J. Plant Pathol. 91:171, 2009. (4) J. A. von Arx. Persoonia 8:191, 1975.
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Luo, Yong, Paulo S. F. Lichtemberg, Franz J. A. Niederholzer, Danielle M. Lightle, Daniel G. Felts, and Themis J. Michailides. "Understanding the Process of Latent Infection of Canker-Causing Pathogens in Stone Fruit and Nut Crops in California." Plant Disease 103, no. 9 (September 2019): 2374–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-18-1963-re.
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The Botryosphaeriaceae family is considered a fungal family that includes pathogens causing latent infection of woody plants, and a number of species were identified as causal pathogens of canker and shoot blight diseases. To better understand the process of latent infection of major canker-causing pathogens in woody tissues in different tree crops important in California, shoot and bud samples were randomly collected from four tree crops: almond, dried plum, pistachio, and walnut. The previously developed DNA primers and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay systems were applied to detect six canker-causing pathogen groups, including Botryosphaeria dothidea, and species of Cytospora, Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum, and Phomopsis. The concepts of molecular severity (MS) and latent infection index (LII) were introduced and applied to quantify the latent infection levels for these samples. Variation in incidence of latent infection among pathogen groups was observed, whereas the incidences were relatively low among species of Phomopsis and Diplodia. High incidences of Cytospora spp. were observed in two dried plum (prune) orchards. Most orchards showed high incidences of B. dothidea and Lasiodiplodia spp. and moderate incidences of Neofusicoccum spp. Variations in MS were observed among samples of the studied orchards, ranging from 4 to 8. The overall results of LII demonstrated that species of Diplodia and Phomopsis were less important in population development of canker-causing pathogens at the latent phase. Lasiodiplodia spp. were the most aggressive and had been well developed in populations among the studied tree crops. Cytospora spp. became predominant in two of the three dried plum orchards, whereas B. dothidea and Neofusicoccum spp. showed trends of increase in incidence across various tree crops. This study also demonstrated the usefulness of this sensitive qPCR approach in providing evidence of the latent phase of major canker-causing pathogens of stone fruit and nut crops at an early stage of latent infection in woody plant tissues.
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Belisario, A., M. Maccaroni, A. Coramusi, L. Corazza, B. M. Pryor, and P. Figuli. "First Report of Alternaria Species Groups Involved in Disease Complexes of Hazelnut and Walnut Fruit." Plant Disease 88, no. 4 (April 2004): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.4.426a.
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During the last 5 years, two new diseases, brown apical necrosis (BAN) and gray necrosis (GN), were observed on English walnut (Juglans regia) and hazelnut (Corylus avellana), respectively (2,3). Both diseases caused severe fruit drop resulting in yield loss often exceeding 30%. Previous work demonstrated that BAN and GN are disease complexes caused by several fungi (Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp., and a Phomopsis sp.) (2,3). In both diseases, preliminary identification of Alternaria spp. revealed they were a complex of small-spored catenulate taxa related to A. alternata. To further characterize these taxa, additional pathogenicity tests and morphological examinations were conducted with isolates obtained from each host. Single-spored isolates were prescreened for pathogenicity by inoculating detached, surface-disinfested hazelnut leaves or walnut leaflets (1). Only isolates that produced foliar lesions after 5 days were used in subsequent fruit inoculations. From this screening, 35 isolates were selected (19 from walnut and 16 from hazelnut). For each isolate, attached fruit of respective hosts were inoculated at bloom by placing 10 μl of a conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia per ml of H2O + 0.26% agar) onto the stigmas (150 fruit per isolate). Controls (150 fruit) were treated with agar solution only. After 15 days, fruit were examined for development of disease symptoms, and examination continued until fruit maturation (late July). Approximately 20 to 50% of the inoculated fruit displayed discoloration or necrosis of internal tissue, particularly the pericarp and the embryo, although symptoms were more limited than those typically seen in fully expressed BAN and GN. No differences in symptoms were evident among the isolates tested. The controls showed no symptom development initially, although 5% began to develop discoloration at fruit maturity. Fungal isolates used as inoculum were reisolated from all symptomatic fruit by surface disinfesting tissue from the margins of necrotic lesions. For each isolate, the conidial characteristics were described from cultures grown under defined conditions (4). Three distinct groups of isolates were identified. Alternata sp. group isolates produced conidial chains (8 to 20 spores) with numerous secondary and occasionally tertiary chains branching from apical and median cells. Conidia were typically ovate and often possessed a one-celled apical extension. Tenuissima sp. group isolates developed conidial chains (10 to 22 spores) with occasional branching forming secondary chains from apical and median cells. Conidia were ovate to obclavate, often with long apical extensions (10 to 35 μm). Arborescens sp. group isolates developed conidial chains (5 to 12 spores) with numerous secondary, tertiary, and quaternary short chains branching from apical cells. Conidia were typically ovate with minimal apical extensions. Of the walnut isolates, 12, 4, and 3 were from the arborescens, alternata, and tenuissima sp. groups, respectively. Of the hazelnut isolates, 7, 6, and 3 were from the arborescens, alternata, and tenuissima sp. groups, respectively. The finding that Alternaria from several distinct sp. groups can cause similar disease on a single host is consistent with previous work on pistachio, almond, and pear (4). References: (1) A. Belisario et al. Plant Dis. 83:696, 1999. (2) A. Belisario et al. Plant Dis. 86:599, 2002. (3) A. Belisario et al. Inf. Agrario 59:71, 2003. (4) B. M. Pryor et al. Phytopathology 92:406, 2002.
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Ferguson, Louise. "Alternative Production and Protection Practices for Pistachios." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 691e—691. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.691e.
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Pistachios are the single most-successful plant introduction to the United States in the 20th century. Part of this success is due to the alternative production practices that have made this crop more economical to grow. Controlled deficit irrigation (CDI) can produce 25% savings in irrigation water with no adverse effects. Reclaimed drainage water can be used for in-season irrigation up to 6 dS/m. Nitrogen applications can be adjusted for crop load and alternate bearing. Foliar sprays of boron, copper, and zinc can replace heavy ground applications to alleviated these micronutrient deficiencies. Some early season insect damage can be tolerated due to the tree's ability to compensate for the damage by filling a higher percentage of the remaining nuts, Maintaining a clean orchard floor can limit some insect pests. Mechanical pruning has been demonstrated to be cheaper and cause no loss in yield. Foliar fungal diseases can be partially controlled by limiting trajectory angle, frequency, and duration of irrigation or by using buried drip irrigation systems. Soil-borne fungal diseases and nematode damage are controlled by using resistant rootstocks.
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Benalia, Nabiha, Abdenour Boumechhour, Sergio Ortiz, Cristian A. Echague, Thorsten Rose, Bernd L. Fiebich, Smain Chemat, et al. "Identification of alkylsalicylic acids in Lentisk oil (Pistacia lentiscus L.) and viability assay on Human Normal Dermal Fibroblasts." OCL 28 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2021009.
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Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin. Its fruit oil is used in traditional medicine to treat burns, skin impairments as well as inflammatory diseases as soothing massage or internal use. An increased interest is spotted lately with several commercial brands are spun portraying the benefits of this oil but with no stringent regulations to ascertain its safe use as an edible or cosmeceutical product. This work concerned the investigation of secondary metabolites presents in Pistacia lentiscus fruits oil using both GC-MS and HPLC-DAD-MS technics, and the evaluation of cytotoxicity on human normal dermal fibroblasts to assess safety of use as cosmetic ingredient. This study stands as the first one to report the identification of alkylsalicylic acids in fruits oil and unsaponifiable fraction of Pistacia lentiscus fruit oil which calls for therefore, quantification of alkylsalicylic acids, known as skin irritants, in Pistacia lentiscus oil, used as nutraceuticals or cosmeceuticals by manufacturers.
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Mahjoub, Fatemeh, Kambiz Akhavan Rezayat, Mahdi Yousefi, Masoud Mohebbi, and Roshanak Salari. "Pistacia atlantica Desf. A review of its traditional uses, phytochemicals and pharmacology." Journal of Medicine and Life 11, no. 3 (September 2018): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25122/jml-2017-0055.
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Pistacia atlantica is the main herbal medicine that has been widely used in the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean areas since ancient time. Pistacia atlantica has been used for multiple purposes like stomach diseases, renal disorders, wounds and coughs. The aim of this study is to review its botanical characterization, traditional applications, photochemistry effects and pharmacological activities. Data in this review article was gathered from credible pharmacopeias, electronic databases such as Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, EBSCO, Google Scholar, SID and Iran Medex and textbooks of Persian medicine such as Canon of medicine (Ibn-e Sina, 980-1037 AD) and Makhzan-al-Advia (Aghili, 18th century). The keywords were searched in Persian and English books on medicinal plants and traditional medicine. The results showed that P. atlantica has many medicinal properties such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, along with others. It can also be effective in gastrointestinal diseases. Thus, different new drugs can be formulated based on P. atlantica for the management of various diseases.
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Aidoud, Aziouz, Omar Elahcene, Zakia Abdellaoui, Karima Yahiaoui, and Ouahiba Bouchenak. "Effect of virgin olive and Pistacia Lentiscus oils fortified with tomato lycopene on biochemical parameters in Wistar rats." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 5, no. 12 (July 18, 2021): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.5.12.69-74.
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Background: Pistacia lentiscus oil (PLO) and virgin olive oil (VOO) contain a large variety of phytochemicals providing beneficial effects. Lycopene is the main carotenoid with antioxidant properties. The consumption of lycopene containing foods may fight against cardiovascular diseases. Aims: The present study aims to evaluate the effects of fortified oils (VOO and PLO) with lycopene on some biochemical parameters in Wistar rats. Material and Methods: The experimentation included 50 male Wistar rats from the Algerian Pasteur Institute for the duration of 9 weeks of treatment. Rats were divided into five experimental groups (n=10) and fed a different experimental diet each for 9 weeks: control group (C), Pistacia lentiscus oil group (PLO), lycopene-enriched Pistacia lentiscus oil group (PLO-Lyc), virgin olive oil group (VOO) and lycopene-enriched virgin olive oil (VOO-Lyc). Total Cholesterol (TC) concentration was determined by the enzymatic method CHOD-PAP, High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) with Biotrol diagnostic, the levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were calculated using the Friedewald formula (LDL-C=TC−HDL-C−TGs/5). Triglycerides (TG) were determined by the enzymatic method PAP-1000 and Serum phospholipids (PL) were determined by an enzymatic colorimetric method. The plasma atherogenic index (PAI) was calculated as (TC/HDL-C). Results: Results showed that ingestion of PLO and VOO diminished TC, LDL-C, TG, and PL levels, whereas the HDL-C levels raised in all the groups assayed. Moreover, the lowest level of plasma atherogenic index (PAI) was shown in the VOO-Lyc group after 3, 6, and 9 weeks of treatment. Conclusions: The enrichment of PLO and VOO with lycopene improved the beneficial effects derived from the consumption of both oils on serum biochemical parameters. These findings suggest that lycopene enriched PLO and VOO may be used as a natural product to defend against some cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic acquired disorders. Keywords: lycopene, Pistacia lentiscus oil, virgin olive oil, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides.
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Ambulkar, Sonali, Vidya Tale, and Shobha Khilari. "Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Traditional Medicinal Plants against Bacteria Isolated from Dental Caries." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 1204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.3.10.
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Dental caries are one of the leading infectious microbial diseases globally. Streptococcus species are the predominant causative agents for the formation of dental caries. Various antibiotics have been reported for the treatment of dental caries in humans. However, owing to the increasing evidence of microbial resistance, there is a need to develop safe and effective alternative treatments for infections. Traditional medicinal plants and their bioactive products have been explored worldwide for the treatment of various diseases and infections. These plants have great potential for creating novel medications without any side effects. The present study aimed to elucidate the antibacterial potential of medicinal plants against biofilm-forming bacteria from dental caries. Bacteria from dental caries were isolated and identified using 16S rRNA sequencing technique and the predominant bacterial isolates were Streptococcus mutans (MH889143), Enterococcus faecalis (MH793461), Rothia dentocariosa (MH824681), and Streptococcus anginosus (MH889145). The antibacterial potential of seventeen medicinal plants was determined against these bacterial isolates using the agar well diffusion method. The aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus racemosa, Ficus religiosa, Senegalia catechu, Pistacia integerrima, and Quercus infectoria showed significant inhibition against all bacterial isolates. Pistacia integerrima and Quercus infectoria showed the maximum inhibition. The present study confirmed that traditional medicinal plants could be helpful for the treatment of oral and dental ailments.
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Jeet, Kamal, and Ashish Baldi. "A Comprehensive Review on Pistacia integerrima." Current Traditional Medicine 5, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083805666181213154344.
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Pistacia integerrima J.L. Stew. Ex Brandis belonging to the family Anacardiaceae and subfamily Anacardioideae is one of the widely accepted plants used to cure a vast array of diseases. Various ethnomedicinal and traditional database of different medicinal systems revealed a diverse array of curative and protective therapeutic potential of this plant. Since ancient times different parts of the plants are still in prevalence in the formulation of herbal medicines. This plant is being used in treating various ailments like Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and respiratory tract disorders. The aim of the present review is to explore the traditional and modern knowledge including the botanical description, ethnomedicinal claims, pharmacognostic parameters, phytochemicals and pharmacological potential of P. integgerima. The comprehensive literature and relevant information regarding the plant were gathered through electronic databases including Google Scholar, Pub Med, Science direct, online open access databases and books from the college library. The review represents consolidated summary in all aspects of plant with a special emphasis on reported phytochemicals isolated from plant and their therapeutic potential. The rearranged data in the form of a single review will be essential in providing updated knowledge to the readers regarding the plant and it will act as a baseline for future exploration of P.integerrima in terms of its phytochemistry and pharmacology.
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Herzig, L., and M. Perez. "How Pistachios May Favorably Influence an Individual's Metabolic Profile and Risk for Chronic Diseases Associated with Inflammation." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110, no. 9 (September 2010): A51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2010.06.185.
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Naveen B, RajaSheker K, Anil Kumar A, and Abhilash G. "Inflammation lowering property of pistacia atlantica in cotton pellet granuloma." International Journal of Review in Life Sciences 9, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrls.v9i2.1329.
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There are few defence mechanisms by which the body identifies and recovers from any physical injuries or external damage-causing stress and stimuli. This is through inflammation wherein the pain and the healing enzymes release into the bloodstream and cause pain and swelling that causes protection from those damages. The most important of the causative factors of the inflammation is the oxidative damage and the physiological stress. There were investigations on the herbs that were used in the treatment of diseases and were claimed to contain very limited or without side effects. Thus, they gained importance these days and were used in the treatment of major diseases like cancer and heart problems. Even though their use was extended from the traditional forms to advanced medicine, their scientific establishment of the proof and validate them for their activities is utmost important. Thus there were gaining interest in the medical and research field to perform the researches on the herbs and medicinal plants to prove their activity. The plant leaves of Pistacia atlantica were extracted with ethanol and water mixture using an ultrasonication. It was tested for the anti-inflammatory potential in various doses like 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg.kg body weight in the swiss albino rats in the cotton pellet induced granuloma method and the extracts showed significant dose-dependent activity compared with the standard indomethacin drug.
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Labdelli, Zemour, Simon, Cerny, Adda, and Merah. "Pistacia Atlantica Desf., a Source of Healthy Vegetable Oil." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 2552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122552.
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Pistacia atlantica, which belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, is an important species for rural people in arid and semi-arid areas. The fruit, rich in oil, is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The oil extracted from this species growing in a northern area of Algeria and its fatty acid composition were previously studied. However, the largest areas where this species is present (traditional cultivation) is located in southern Algeria. Moreover, studies on oil fatty acid composition and essential oil were always conducted separately. This study was performed in order to assess the fatty acid and volatile organic compound composition of P. atlantica vegetable oil. The seeds were collected randomly from Djelfa (300 km South of Algiers, Algeria). Oil content and fatty acid composition were determined by Soxhlet extraction. The seeds contained high concentrations of oil (32–67%). The major fatty acids were oleic (39–49%), linoleic (23.6–31%), and palmitic (21.3–26.6%) acids. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) indicated that the content of unsaturated fatty acids was approximately three times higher than that of SFA. This ratio is widely used in epidemiological studies and research on cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. The ratios of -acids, i.e., -9/-6 and -6/-3, were 1.3–2 and 18.5–38.3, respectively. Crushed seeds were analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. More than 40 compounds were identified, mainly monoterpenes (C10H16), such as α-terpinene and terpinolene, but also sesquiterpenes (C15H24) at lower levels. The value of this species as a source of healthy oil rich in -3 acid and its effects on cardiovascular disease risk are discussed.
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Buzkan, Nihal, Michela Chiumenti, Sébastien Massart, Kamil Sarpkaya, Serpil Karadağ, and Angelantonio Minafra. "A new emaravirus discovered in Pistacia from Turkey." Virus Research 263 (April 2019): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.012.
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Bakli, Sabrina, Harzallah Daoud, Zerroug Amina, Sadrati Nouari, Bouguerra Asma, Gaamoune Soufiane, and Naili Oumaima. "Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Flavonoids Extracted from Pistacia lentiscus L., Leaves." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 1-s (February 15, 2020): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1-s.3895.
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Increasingly, the flavonoids becoming the subject of biomedical researches, and many groups have isolated and identified the structures of flavonoids possessing important biological activities. This assess investigates the antimicrobial fight and the antioxidant strengths of flavonoids extracted from Pistacia lentiscus L. leaves. The extract was first analyzed for its phenolic content, then the flavonoids were tested for their antimicrobial capacities by the method of diffusion against fourteen bacteria, two fungi and one yeast. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of flavonoids were determined using the dilution method on solid medium, however, the antioxidant activity was evaluated through the ability of the extract to scavenge DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and the reducing power essay. The results indicate that flavonoids extract contain other phenolics groups. On the other side, the Antibacterial tests exhibited different activities depending on the strains. Unlike, the MIC and the MBC showed that the flavonoids extract showed a best activity against Candida albicans and Vibrio cholerae. Concerning antioxidant activity, the results indicate a moderate capacity of the flavonoid extract. These preliminary results may justify the use of this plant in the treatment of some diseases and may be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
Keywords: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Pistacia lentiscus, flavonoids, MIC, MBC.
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Grover, Manish. "Pistacia integerrima (Shringi)- A Plant with Significant Pharmacological Activities." Journal of Phytopharmacology 10, no. 5 (September 5, 2021): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2021.10508.
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Pistacia integerrima is an important medicinal plant belongs to the family Anacardiacea. It is commonly called as Crab’s claw in English and Shani/Shringi in Hindi. It is a single-stemmed, dioecious tree widely distributed in countries like Nepal, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Armenia, North-west and West Himalayas. The plant has significant applications in the traditional systems of medications such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. In addition, the plant is also used in many folkloric cultures around the world to treat a vast array of human ailments such as diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, vomiting, skin diseases, respiratory ailments and psoriasis appetizer, hepatitis and liver related disorders. The characteristic feature of the plant is its essential oil content comprised of many important phytochemical constituents such as alpha-pinene, camphene, di-limonene, 1:8-cineol, caprylic acid, alpha-terpineol and aromadendrene. However, the plant contains many other important secondary metabolites such as steroids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenols which are associated with important pharmacological activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective, anti-cancer, antidiarrhoeal, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The aim of the present study is to summarize the recent pharmacological activities of Pistacia integerrima along with its utilization in traditional medication systems
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Sharma, Bharti, Sheezan Rasool, and Shreekar Pant. "Pistacia integrrima Stewart ex Brandis: a less known high value medicinal plant." International Journal of Phytomedicine 9, no. 3 (September 2, 2017): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.5138/09750185.2037.
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<p>The family Anacardiacea, best represented by the species <em>Pistacia integrrima </em>Stewart ex Brandis, is known worldwide for its manifold uses. It is widely used to cure various diseases like cold, cough, asthma, fever, vomiting and diarrhea, etc., and widely used in modern medicine. Therefore, an attempt has been made to assess the medicinal potential of the species both in traditional as well as in modern medicine system. These properties are supposed to be cured by different active compounds present in the plant. This paper provides the relevant information about medicinal properties of this high value medicinal plant<em>. </em></p>
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Abdelouahab, Belaidi, Beghami Yassine, Francisco Maria Vázquez, Souilah Nabila, and Bendif Hamdi. "The Phytotherapeutic Arsenal in the Guerbes-Sanhadja Wetlands Complex (North East of Algeria)." Journal of Bioresource Management 8, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35691/jbm.1202.0179.
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This study documents indigenous medicinal flora - utilization, and was carried out in the Guerbes-Sanhadja wetland complex, between January 2018 and December 2020. The detailed information was gathered from users of medicinal plants mainly based on semi-structured interviews. A total of 102 plant species distributed in 48 families were found in practice by the natives for fulfilling their daily life requirements. The most frequently cited plants are: Myrtus communis L. (158 citations), Pistacia lentiscus L. (122) and Thymus vulgaris L. (97). Most of the medicinal species listed were herbs (68.93%). The phanerophytes (33.33%) and hemicriptophytes (27.45%) were the principal species used by the local population of the complex to treat different diseases. And finally, the dependence of the local population on medicinal plants prompted the establishment of a complex management plan in order to promote and protect them through their rational use and domestication.
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Sedlak, Lech, Weronika Wojnar, Maria Zych, Dorota Wyględowska-Promieńska, Ewa Mrukwa-Kominek, and Ilona Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak. "Effect of Resveratrol, a Dietary-Derived Polyphenol, on the Oxidative Stress and Polyol Pathway in the Lens of Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes." Nutrients 10, no. 10 (October 4, 2018): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101423.
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Resveratrol is found in grapes, apples, blueberries, mulberries, peanuts, pistachios, plums and red wine. Resveratrol has been shown to possess antioxidative activity and a variety of preventive effects in models of many diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate if this substance may counteract the oxidative stress and polyol pathway in the lens of diabetic rats. The study was conducted on the rats with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes. After the administration of resveratrol (10 and 20 mg/kg po for 4 weeks), the oxidative stress markers in the lens were evaluated: activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as levels of total and soluble protein, level of glutathione, vitamin C, calcium, sulfhydryl group, advanced oxidation protein products, malonyldialdehyde, Total Oxidant Status and Total Antioxidant Reactivity. The obtained results indicate that the administration of resveratrol to the diabetic rats shows antioxidative properties. It is not a result of antiglycaemic activity but resveratrol probably directly affects the antioxidative system. Resveratrol did not affect the polyol pathway in the lens of diabetic rats. Our results may indirectly indicate benefits of consumption of foods as well as dietary supplements containing resveratrol in diminishing oxidative stress in lenses of individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus.
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Mahmood, Nasir, Ruqia Nazir, Muslim Khan, Rashid Iqbal, Muhammad Adnan, Mohib Ullah, and Hongyi Yang. "Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity and Heavy Metal Analysis of Ethnomedicinal Recipes and Their Sources Used Against Infectious Diseases." Plants 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110454.
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Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites that have been found to have medicinal properties. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical screening, antibacterial activities and heavy metal analysis of seven medicinal plants i.e., Nigella sativa (seeds), Trigonella foenum-graecum (seeds), Brassica campestris (seeds), Pistacia integerrima (galls), Linum usitatissimum (seeds), Hyssopus officinalis (flowers), Ephedra vulgaris (dry branches) and its two recipes which are used by hakims (Practitioners of local herbal medicines), against different diseases particularly respiratory tract infections. The obtained results revealed that alkaloids (30%) and flavonoids (41%) were in maximum quantity in P. integerrima (galls) while saponins (10.9%) were in maximum quantity in Recipe 1. The antibacterial activity was determined by the agar well disc diffusion method using methanol, ethanol, chloroform and deionized water extracts. Each plant extract was tested against one Gram-positive (Streptococcus pneumonia) and two Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia) bacteria. Maximum zones of inhibition in methanol, ethanol, chloroform and aqueous extract were seen in T. foenum-graecum against S. pneumonia (20.06 ± 0.16 mm), B. campestris against S. pneumonia (22.40 ± 0.24 mm), Recipe 2 against K. pneumonia (20.06 ± 0.16 mm) and N. sativa against S. pneumonia (20.23 ± 0.16 mm), respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and showed the existence of high concentration of Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr). Thus, it has been found that medicinal plants individually as well as their recipes are potentially active against various diseases particularly respiratory tract infections
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Buzkan, Nihal, Michela Chiumenti, Sébastien Massart, Kamil Sarpkaya, Serpil Karadağ, and Angelantonio Minafra. "Corrigendum to “A new emaravirus discovered in Pistacia from Turkey” [Virus Res. 263 (2019) 159–163]." Virus Research 265 (May 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.008.
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