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1
Alexander, Loveday. "A Map of Understanding: The Riskiness of Trust in the World of the Early Christians." Journal for the Study of the New Testament 40, no. 3 (February 23, 2018): 276–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142064x18755910.
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Faith is an important concept in early Christianity. But what did the word pistis (and its Latin equivalent fides) mean in the everyday language of Greeks and Romans? In her important study, Teresa Morgan rightly insists that we need to pay as much attention to the way words worked in the mentalité of the wider social world with which Christians were seeking to communicate as we do to the ways they are used in the New Testament. This article seeks to summarize Morgan’s understanding of pistis in the classical world and its impact on NT texts, focusing on the two major themes of pistis as relationship ( believing/trusting in) and pistis as propositional belief ( believing that).
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Di Piazza, Salvatore, and Claudiu Marian. "Πίστις is said in many ways." Graeco-Latina Brunensia, no. 2 (2023): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/glb2023-2-4.
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In this article, we will examine some aspects of the Greek notion of pistis (faith, persuasion, belief, confidence, trust, proof, etc.) in two very different fields: the religious one and the rhetorical and philosophical one. We will try to emphasize the rationality of religious pistis and to weaken, in a sense, the rationality of philosophical pistis. In short, we will try that: (1) the distinction between a rational/philosophical pistis (belief founded on rational arguments) and an irrational/religious pistis (belief founded on irrational arguments) is not valid from a theoretical point of view – and not applicable from a practical point of view; (2) the category rational/irrational is not useful to assess the epistemological status of a pistis/belief. To show this, we will refer to New Testament authors and Aristotle, who in some ways can be considered as representing specimens of these two (allegedly) opposite models of pistis.
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Mukodimah, Siti, and Chairani Fauzi. "COMPARISON OF TREE IMPLEMENTATION, REGRESSION LOGISTICS, AND RANDOM FOREST TO DETECT IRIS TYPES." Jurnal TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) 12, no. 2 (November 15, 2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.56327/jurnaltam.v12i2.1074.
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Iris is a genus of 260-300 species of flowering plants with striking flower colors and has a dominant color in each region. The name iris is taken from the Greek word for rainbow, which is also the name for the Greek goddess of the rainbow, Iris. The number of types of iris plants with almost the same physical characteristics, especially in the pistil and crown, causes the misdetection of iris plant types. Iris plants are deliberately used because data is already available digitally on the internet and software such as orange and is widely used as a material for classifying objects. This research was conducted to classify iris plant types using three algorithms, namely Tree algorithm, Regression Logistics, and Random Forest. Classification algorithms are a learning method for predicting the value of a group of attributes in describing and distinguishing a class of data or concepts that aim to predict a class of objects whose class labels are unknown. The results showed the largest AUC (Area Under Curve) value obtained by the Random Forest method. AUC accuracy is said to be perfect when the AUC value reaches 1,000 and the accuracy is poor if the AUC value is below 0.500. As for the precision value of the three models used Random Forest has the highest precision value. From the data tests that have been done training and testing can be seen that the level of accuracy of testing of the three models where the Random Forest model is superior as a method for classification of irises.
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Horrell, David G. "Reconfiguring Early Christian ‘Faith’." Ecclesiology 12, no. 3 (October 13, 2016): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455316-01203007.
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Teresa Morgan’s Roman Faith and Christian Faith provides a major new study of the lexicon of ‘faith’ (pistis/fides) in the early Roman Empire. This review essay provides a summary of the book’s contents as well as a critical assessment. The book begins with study of uses of pistis and fides in Greek and Roman sources, in domestic and personal relations, in military and religious contexts. It then moves to the Septuagint, before turning to the New Testament, which is considered in detail. The early Christian sources are unusual in the prominence and weight they give to pistis, but their usage nonetheless fits within the wider social and cultural matrix, in which pistis and fides primarily express the notion of trust and express the importance of trust and fidelity in a wide range of social and religious relationships. In these early Christian sources there is a heavy focus on divine-human pistis, but this creates networks of trusting and trustworthiness that are crucial to the formation and cohesion of early Christian communities. Some critical questions may be raised – for example, concerning Morgan’s heavy focus on divine-human pistis, and her arguments against the early emergence of a titular usage of pistis to denote the early Christian movement – but overall this is an important study which should reconfigure our sense of early Christian (and especially Pauline) pistis, which is less about ‘belief’, whether salvific or propositional, and more about relationships of trust, which are the foundation of community.
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Eyl, Jennifer. "Philo and Josephus on the Fidelity of Judeans." Journal of Ancient Judaism 12, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 94–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10003.
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Abstract The first century sees a substantial rise in the frequency with which Greek speaking authors discuss pistis (here, understood as fidelity, trust, confidence, proof). The authors who use pistis the most include Philo, Paul, and Josephus. This suggests that while many people are thinking about fidelity, ethnic Judeans are thinking about it disproportionately. This essay focuses on two such authors, Philo and Josephus. I argue that both Judeans claim fidelity to be a foundational national-ethnic characteristic, from the patriarchs to their own day. Furthermore, the article argues that this image of enduring Judean fidelity can be better understood within the context of living under the colonizing power of Rome – a principate that is equally preoccupied with fidelity (fides).
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Wachs, Anthony. "Platonic Rhetoric and the Art of Faith Production." Journal of Communication and Religion 41, no. 4 (2018): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jcr201841422.
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Plato has widely been interpreted as an enemy of rhetoric. His Gorgias is especially used as evidence that he despised rhetoric as a deceitful producer of opinion (doxa) and upheld philosophy as the true art of knowledge (episteme) discovery. However, in his Theaetetus, he complicates the concept of knowledge, and can be interpreted as developing an art of persuasion that is concerned with the production of faith (pistis) rather than knowledge or opinion. The result of rereading Plato as such tempers the disciplinary narrative concerning Plato and strengthens James Kinneavy’s thesis that relates the development of Christian faith with Greek rhetoric. Reevaluating Plato’s epistemology in relation to the concept of pistis not only nuances the discipline’s understanding of Plato, but also challenges advocates of a “Christian rhetoric” to reconsider the relationship of faith and reason in relation to persuasion.
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Stubbs, David L. "The shape of soteriology and the pistis Christou debate." Scottish Journal of Theology 61, no. 2 (May 2008): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003693060800392x.
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AbstractA historic debate with great implications for theology has resurfaced in New Testament circles; however, it has not received the attention it should by theologians. It concerns how to translate and interpret approximately ten instances of the Greek phrase pistis Christou and its near equivalents in the letters of Paul. This phrase occurs within theologically crucial sections of Romans and Galatians, which have provided the foundation for the Reformation understanding of ‘justification by grace through faith’. The question is whether ‘faith’ in these phrases refers principally to the believer's ‘faith in Christ’, as traditionally understood, or should be translated and understood as ‘the faith of Christ’. In this article, I hope to introduce theologians to this debate and make a contribution to it from a theological angle, by describing the two primary ‘patterns of soteriology’ which are in play, and then examining how easily these different patterns of soteriology can be read onto what Paul writes concerning three crucial issues in his letters: salvation, the Law and the ‘righteousness of God’. I argue that the overall theological vision which includes three facets – a christologically centred understanding of the pistis Christou passages, a broader understanding of pistis, and the centring of soteriology around the concept of ‘participation in Christ’ – provides the most convincing interpretational matrix for reading Paul. I also point out implications this has for contemporary theology.
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Potter, Brent. "Eudaimonia, Faith (Pistis), and Truth (Aletheia): Greek Roots and the Construction of Personal Meaning." Journal of Constructivist Psychology 30, no. 1 (February 17, 2016): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2015.1119090.
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Arvanitogiannis, Andreas. "Greek is the word." Nature 388, no. 6637 (July 1997): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/40257.
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DAVISON, M. E. "New Testament Greek Word Order." Literary and Linguistic Computing 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/4.1.19.
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Philippaki-Warburton, Irene. "WORD ORDER IN MODERN GREEK." Transactions of the Philological Society 83, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 113–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968x.1985.tb01041.x.
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Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz. "Hystrix in Greek." Studia Ceranea 3 (December 30, 2013): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.03.13.
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Dictionaries of the Ancient Greek language distinguish only two or three different meanings of the Greek word ὕστριξ. The present author analyses all the contexts and glosses where the word in question appears. On the basis of his own analysis he assumes that dictionaries of Ancient Greek should contain as many as seven different semantems: I. ‘swine bristle’, II. ‘swine leather whip, the cat, used as an instrument of punishment’, III. ‘porcupine, Hystrix cristata L.’, IV. ‘hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus L.’, V. ‘sea urchin’, VI. ‘badger, Meles meles L.’; VII. ‘an unclearly defined animal’.
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Pugazhendhi, D. "Tamil, Greek, Hebrew and Sanskrit: Sandalwood (Σανταλόξυλο) and its Semantics in Classical Literatures." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 8, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.8-3-3.
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The Greek and Tamil people did sea trade from the pre-historic times. Sandalwood is seen only in Tamil land and surrounding places. It is also one of the items included in the trade. The Greek word ‘σανταλίνων’ is first mentioned in the ancient Greek works around the middle of the first century CE. The fact that the word is related to Tamil, but the etymologist did not acknowledge the same, rather they relate it to other languages. As far as its uses are concerned, it is not found in the ancient Greek literatures. One another type of wood ‘κέδρου’ cedar is also mentioned in the ancient Greek literature with the medicinal properties similar to ‘σανταλίνων’. In the same way the use of the Hebrew Biblical word ‘Almuggim -אַלְמֻגִּ֛ים’ which is the word used for sandalwood, also denotes teak wood. This shows that in these words, there are possibilities of some semantic changes such as semantic shift or broadening. Keywords: biblical word, Greek, Hebrew, Sandalwood, Tamil
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Schürr, Diether. "Die Mär vom griechischen und/oder wölfischen Ursprung von Lykiern, Lykaonen, Lukkā und Luwija." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 15, no. 1-2 (May 31, 2022): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v15i1-2.1303.
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The Greek name for the Trm͂mili people in Asia Minor was Λύκιοι, naturally explained by some Greek authors as from λύκος, ‘wolf’, either directly or via a personal name. This has inspired modern explanations by means of the same word. The first was that the Hittite country of Luwija was, just like Lycia, named after wolves, i.e. from a word for ‘wolf’ cognate with the Greek word, whereas the Akkadian name-form Lukku of another country have been influenced by the Greek form. The second explanation was that the Lycians, the Lycaonians and even the Hittite land of Lukkā were named after λύκος, but that this would be a word of pre-Greek origin. The third retains λύκος as a Greek word, making out that Lycians and Lycaonians, together with Lukkā, were originally Greek worshippers of a wolfish Apollo. The fourth turns the Lycians – and then also Lukkā – in the wake of the racist ‘Männerbund’ ideology, into a wolfish Greek ‘Jungmannschaft’, which became the ruling class in the later Lycia. This is certainly a fantasy without any linguistic or archaeological basis, and the explanation of Lukkā via a non-Greek but Proto-Anatolian *lukos ‛wolf’ is not a viable alternative. And there is no need to explain the name of the Bronze Age land of Luwiya via a putative Proto-Indo-European *lukwos either. Lukkā, Lykioi and Lykaones are more plausibly derived from the PIE root *leuk-/louk-/luk-, like English light. An independent attempt, which depicts the Lycians as former Aegean migrants who abandoned their Greek language, is based on two Greek loanwords, a putative link between a Lycian and a Greek word, and two phonological developments which have parallels in Greek, but are of a very different age. This is certainly not enough to corroborate that hypothesis.
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Gaeta, Livio, and Silvia Luraghi. "Gapping in Classical Greek prose." Studies in Language 25, no. 1 (October 1, 2001): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.25.1.04gae.
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The order of gapping has repeatedly been connected with the basic word order of a language. Such a view is inadequate for free word order languages, such as Classical Greek. Classical Greek allows both right- and leftward gapping; besides, some cases of bi-directional gapping are also attested. All types of gapping can occur both with VO and with OV order. The preference for rightward gapping, rather than pointing toward a certain basic word order, appears to be connected with general properties of human processing capacities, while the order of gapping of each specific occurrence can be shown to be pragmatically motivated.
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Lavidas, Nikolaos. "Word order and closest-conjunct agreement in the Greek Septuagint: On the position of a biblical translation in the diachrony of a syntactic correlation." Questions and Answers in Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 37–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/qal-2019-0003.
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Abstract Clauses can show closest-conjunct agreement, where the verb agrees only with one conjunct of a conjoined subject, and not with the full conjoined subject. The aim of this study is to examine the properties of word order and closest-conjunct agreement in the Greek Septuagint to distinguish which of them are due to the native syntax of Koiné Greek, possibly influenced by contact with Hebrew, and which of them are the result of a biblical translation effect. Both VSO and closest-conjunct agreement in the case of postverbal subjects have been considered characteristics of Biblical Hebrew. VSO becomes a neutral word order for Koiné Greek, and Koiné Greek exhibits examples of closest-conjunct agreement as well. The present study shows that VSO is the neutral word order for various types of texts of Koiné Greek (biblical and non-biblical, translations and non-translations) and that closest-conjunct agreement is also present with similar characteristics in pre-Koiné Greek. All relevant characteristics reflect a type of a syntactic change in Greek related to the properties of the T domain, and evidenced not only in translations or Biblical Greek. However, the frequencies of word orders are indeed affected by the source language, and indirect translation effects are evident in the Greek Septuagint.
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Pugazhendhi, D. "Greek, Latin, Sanskrit and Tamil: The Meaning of the Word Ἐρυθρὰν in Erythraean Sea." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 47–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.9-1-3.
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Ἐρυθρὰν of Greek and Erythraeos of Latin denote a portion of ocean. From the Greek word ἐρεύθων, it is thought that the sea is red in colour and so got its name, the Red Sea. There is also another thought that the name of the sea is not due to its colour, but the first person who crossed this sea was called Erythras, and so the sea is named after him. The research that has been done so far has taken into account the Greek and Persian language root to this word, but has not yet reached a final conclusion. Tamil Nadu also has a remarkable place in this connection. In the word Ἐρυθρὰν θάλατταν, “Ery” means “throw” both in Greek and Tamil and “thrae” means hair in Greek and “wave” in Tamil. The word “thrae” has a common meaning which is that of either a group, or in general any gathering of a small number of objects. Thus, Ἐρυθρὰν of Greek and Erythraeos of Latin has the meaning of ‘throwing ocean wave’ in Tamil. In studying the other word Περίπλους (Περί + πλους), of Περίπλους της Ερυθράς Θαλάσσης, the first part of the word, Περί, means big or long and the latter part of the word πλους, which is the metathesis of πόλεις has the meaning land or city. Thus the words Περίπλους της Ερυθράς Θαλάσσης has the meaning –“the cities or the lands of the ocean of throwing waves”. It is well known that both the Greeks and Romans had a flourishing sea trade with Tamil Nadu in the ancient period of history and there was ample possibility of words being borrowed from Tamil to Greek. Keywords: Erythraean Sea, Greek, Latin, sea trade, Tamil Nadu
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Sasseville, David. "The Lydian word for ‘prosecutor’." Kadmos 57, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2018): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kadmos-2018-0008.
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Abstract The present paper offers a contextual analysis of the Lydian title šiwraλm(i)- of unclear semantics and compares it with the Greek title προήγορος ‘advocate, prosecutor’ found in a Greek inscription from Ephesus. Both titles have in common that they refer to officials related to the cult of Artemis in Ephesus and Sardis. The comparative analysis yields new information on the cult of the goddess and contributes to our understanding of the Lydian lexicon.
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Moberly, R. W. L. "Knowing God and Knowing About God: Martin Buber's Two Types of Faith Revisited." Scottish Journal of Theology 65, no. 4 (October 9, 2012): 402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003693061200018x.
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AbstractInitially I briefly expound Martin Buber's Two Types of Faith so as to clarify Buber's sharp contrast between Jewish faith (Hebrew Emunah) and Christian belief (Greek Pistis). I suggest that Buber's polarisation of Emunah, a trust and existential engagement with God, over against Pistis, an intellectual acknowledgement which lacks immediacy with God, has certain resonances with Wilfred Cantwell Smith's distinguishing between ‘faith’ and ‘belief’ in his attempt to overcome the Enlightenment tendency to reduce religious faith to propositional belief. I also acknowledge that Buber's conceptually alert and religiously constructive engagement with the Bible in its own way embodies many of the concerns in the current attempts to bring Bible and theology together via ‘theological interpretation’ or ‘a canonical approach’. However, Buber's account of the Old Testament overlooks the presence of the idiom ‘to know that’ (Hebrew yada( ki), which points to the importance of cognitive content in relation to knowing Israel's God. I consider a number of narratives which feature the deuteronomic idiom ‘to know that Yhwh is God’ (or closely comparable formulations) – Elijah on Mount Carmel (1 Kings 18), Rahab (Joshua 2), Naaman (2 Kings 5) and David and Goliath (1 Samuel 17) – and consider the function of ‘knowing that Yhwh is God’ in each passage. By way of conclusion I reflect on the complementarity of ‘knowing God’ and ‘knowing about God’ and the problematic nature of tendencies, represented by Buber, to set these over against each other. I also suggest that there is fruitful work to be done through a comparative and synthetic biblical and theological study of the relationship between the Old Testament concern that people should ‘know that Yhwh is God’ and the New Testament concern that people should ‘believe that Jesus Christ is Lord’.
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Ivanova, Karina, Oleh Sadovnikov, and Yana Balabay. "MYTHICAL WORD AND MYTH IN ANCIENT GREEK TRADITION." Sophia. Human and Religious Studies Bulletin 16, no. 2 (2020): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/sophia.2020.16.10.
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The term "myth" is a category of our thinking, used to combine the attempts to explain natural phenomena, creations of oral literature, philosophical constructions and cases of linguistic processes in the mind of the subject. Myth is a living word, myth was experienced, and this experience determined the essence of the myth for man in the period of transformation of thinking from figurative into conceptual. Man of ancient times didn't separate himself from society, both society from nature and cosmos as an embodiment of various and numerous gods. "Myth" was used to confirm the existence of something unknown or something that couldn't be verified, but there is trust in this unknown, based on translation. "Logos" was used to denote a word generated by mind, as a word referred to some higher, metaphysical one. The word "epic" was understood as an objective metrical narrative, in which a poetic illusion, an appropriate deception, illogicality were allowed. "Myth", "logos" and "epic" were filled with different semantic meanings. The semantic nuances in the word "myth" appeared in periods of weakening the power of myth and lately, when myth, as a sacred word, was opposed to religion, science and philosophy. The mythical word weakened by religious dogmas and definitions, empirical data of science and the logic of philosophical constructions, which created a new attitude to the myth and its definition. According to the Greek tradition the word "myth" was formed as a multifaceted concept with a number of semantic nuances. The word itself was less understood, while more felt, reflecting the irrational aspects of human perception of the world or some parts. The myth was determined not by the word itself, but by the attitude to the description of experiences or events conveyed by him, formed in stories, with the addition of emotions, signs and symbols, combining verbal and nonverbal means of information.
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Schiller, Diane, and Mary Charles. "Moving Forward and Backward with Palindromes." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 10, no. 2 (September 2004): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.10.2.0076.
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What is a palindrome? It is a number, word, or phrase that reads the same backward or forward. The Greek word palindromos means “running back again.” The Greek poet Sotades is generally credited with creating the first word palindrome around 300 BC. The earliest references to a numeric palindrome, 12345654321, are found in Indian Sanskrit mathematical literature written around AD 850.
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Hatzigeorgiu, Nick, George Mikros, and George Carayannis. "Word Length, Word Frequencies and Zipf’s Law in the Greek Language." Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 8, no. 3 (December 2001): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jqul.8.3.175.4096.
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Sayeed, Ollie. "Hauchumsprung and the historical phonology of Greek *h." Indo-European Linguistics 7, no. 1 (December 2, 2019): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125892-00701005.
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Abstract Ancient Greek underwent a sporadic sound change that copied an *h from the second syllable of a word to the first syllable, applying when the first syllable was vowel-initial, and perhaps also when it was stop-initial; this complements the analyses proposed so far in Greek historical phonology, particularly Sturm (2016, 2017), in accounting for the various sources of Proto-Greek *h. This change, Hauchumsprung, is unusual among recorded sound changes for involving the copying of a consonant over intervening material. Hauchumsprung, the φρουρᾱ́ rule, and Grassmann’s Law can be unified as three different footprints of a single sound change: one that copied aspiration from the middle of a word to the beginning of a word in early Greek.
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Koraka, Marianthi. "On word order in Greek Sign Language." FEAST. Formal and Experimental Advances in Sign language Theory 4 (December 9, 2021): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31009/feast.i4.09.
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Aronson, J. "When I use a word . . . : Medical Greek." BMJ 316, no. 7134 (March 14, 1998): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7134.845.
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Chitiri, Helena-Fivi, and Dale M. Willows. "Bilingual word recognition in English and Greek." Applied Psycholinguistics 18, no. 2 (April 1997): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009942.
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ABSTRACTThe word recognition processes of proficient bilinguals were examined in their mother tongue (Greek) and in English in relation to the linguistic and syntactic characteristics along which the two languages differ. Their processes were then compared with those of monolingual readers.The following issues were addressed: the nature of bilingual functioning, whether it is language specific, and the factors that affect second language reading development. These issues were examined within the context of a letter cancellation paradigm. The results indicated that bilingual readers performed differently in each of their two languages, conforming more the monolingual patterns in their mother tongue than to those in their second language. This discrepancy was interpreted as a lack of coordination of different word recognition skills in the second language.
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Kuibida, Khrystyna, and Rocksolyana Olishchuk. "WORD-FORMATION IN MODERN GREEK: THE PECULIARITIES OF SUFFIXATION." Studia Linguistica, no. 16 (2020): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2020.16.86-100.
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The article analyzes the main features of the affixation as one of the ways of the Greek word formation, of suffixation in particular. In order to reveal the complete historical picture concerning the processes of appearance or loss of specific suffixes, besides the synchronic, the diachronic approach was used in the work. Firstly, the history of the development of linguistic traditions of the Greek language is mentioned, the main theoretical concepts are defined, such as: a word-forming type as the main classification unit of a word-forming paradigm, a word-forming meaning and a word-forming category. The Greek suffixes were divided into two types: those that add an emotional tone to the word (diminutive, augmentative), and give a new meaning to the word. Diminutive suffixes are are of substantival and adjective nature, while augmentative suffixes might also be added to the verb bases. It is noted that the augmentatives are used exclusively in masculine and feminine genders, while diminutives are used in three genders (of which the neuter prevails). Suffixes of the second type transfer the creative basis into another grammatical category, changing the meaning. In the system of Modern Greek nouns several word-forming categories were singled out, on the basis of which word-forming models and meanings of suffixal derivatives are demonstrated. Adjective suffixation is briefly examined. The most common verb and adverb suffixes are listed. The main data on the Greek suffixation are systematized in the article: the general features of MG suffixes, the main differences between the features of AG and MG suffixations, the evolution of MG suffixation is analyzed on the basis of four types of suffixes, the borrowed MG suffixes are classified by origin.
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Kuibida, Khrystyna. "WORD-FORMATION IN MODERN GREEK: THE PECULIARITIES OF PREFIXATION." Studia Linguistica, no. 19 (2021): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2021.19.88-102.
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The article analyzes the features of Greek prefixation as one of the ways of affix word formation. In order to reveal the complete picture concerning the origin of specific prefixes, their morphological and semantic changes in comparison with the ancient Greek language, and to reveal the emergence of new affixes, besides the synchronic the diachronic approach was used in the work. On the basis of the main theoretical concepts of word-forming paradigmatics several word-forming types and paradigms, possible structural models of derivatives in Greek are considered. Greek prefixes are divided into two types: inseparable and autonomous in origin (homonymous prepositions or adverbs that function independently in Greek). Among the autonomous units prefixes of prepositional origin are the most numerous. The process of prefixization is divided into pure prefixation and prefixation-suffixational / inflectional method. Greek pure prefixation is identified with compounding due to the same formal and functional features. Derivatives formed by the other method usually transmit the forming base into another grammatical category with the appropriate lexical meaning. The process of prefixization depends on both prefixes and the forming stem. Greek forming stems of prefixational derivatives are classified into free and bound. Prefixes can be combined with different classes of words. The greatest variety of prefixes of prepositional origin, as noted in the paper, is combined with verbs, and inseparable particles – mostly with noun bases. Due to the secondary derivation a double prefixation of the forming stem can take place. Besides the systematization of the main features of Greek prefixes, the article analyzes the evolution of prefixization on the basis of five types of prefixes. In the result of reconsideration, as noted in the paper, prefixes or prefixoids were formed on the basis of both grammatical and lexical elements.
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CHONDROGIANNI, Vasiliki, and Richard G. SCHWARTZ. "Case marking and word order in Greek heritage children." Journal of Child Language 47, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 766–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000849.
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AbstractThis study examined the linguistic and individual-level factors that render case marking a vulnerable domain in English-dominant Greek heritage children. We also investigated whether heritage language (HL) children can use case-marking cues to interpret (non-)canonical sentences in Greek similarly to their monolingual peers. A group of six- to twelve-year-old Greek heritage children in New York City and a control group of age-matched monolingual children living in Greece participated in a production and a picture verification task targeting case marking and (non-)canonical word order in Greek. HL children produced syncretic inflectional errors, also found in preschool monolingual children. In the comprehension task, HL children showed variable performance on the non-canonical OVS but ceiling performance on the SVO conditions, which suggests influence from English. Linguistic factors such as case transparency affected comprehension, whereas child-level factors such as proficiency and degree of (early) use of Greek influenced performance on both modalities.
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Talli, Ioanna, and Polyxeni Emmanouil. "Reading and Non-word Repetition Skills in Bilingual Developmental Dyslexia: The Case of a Greek - Italian Bilingual Dyslexic Adult." International Journal of Education 12, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ije.v12i2.17010.
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Studies of bilinguals with developmental dyslexia learning to read in two alphabetic orthographies have shown that they demonstrate similar reading and phonological short-term memory (STM) deficits in both their languages. The present study aimed at exploring whether dyslexia in adults affects similarly decoding skills in two transparent languages, Greek and Italian, whether there are similar deficits in phonological STM and whether the dominance of one of the two languages affects the manifestation of the deficits. We compared the performance of a young Greek-Italian bilingual dyslexic adult (exposed to Italian from birth, L1: Greek) to that of a young monolingual Greek dyslexic adult, a young Greek-Italian typically developing (TD) bilingual adult (exposed to Italian from birth, L1: Greek) and a young Greek monolingual TD adult. We assessed them in word and non-word reading and non-word repetition. Results showed that bilingual dyslexic adult performed significantly poorer than the bilingual TD adult on all tasks in both languages, suggesting that dyslexia affects similarly decoding and phonological STM across languages. On reading, bilingual outperformed monolingual dyslexic, while monolingual outperformed bilingual TD adult. On phonological STM, both bilinguals outperformed monolinguals. A positive effect of bilingualism was found for reading skills only for dyslexics, while it was found for phonological STM for both dyslexic and TD adults. Finally, the dominance of L1 affected bilinguals' performance in reading but not in non-word repetition, where they showed better performance in Italian, perhaps due to the phonotactic complexity of the Greek orthography compared to Italian.
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Vatri, A., and B. McGillivray. "The Diorisis Ancient Greek Corpus." Research Data Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24523666-01000013.
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The Diorisis Ancient Greek Corpus is a digital collection of ancient Greek texts (from Homer to the early fifth century ad) compiled for linguistic analyses, and specifically with the purpose of developing a computational model of semantic change in Ancient Greek. The corpus consists of 820 texts sourced from open access digital libraries. The texts have been automatically enriched with morphological information for each word. The automatic assignment of words to the correct dictionary entry (lemmatization) has been disambiguated with the implementation of a part-of-speech tagger (a computer programme that may select the part of speech to which an ambiguous word belongs).
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PAPAELIOU, CHRISTINA F., and LESLIE A. RESCORLA. "Vocabulary development in Greek children: a cross-linguistic comparison using the Language Development Survey*." Journal of Child Language 38, no. 4 (May 17, 2011): 861–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500091000053x.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigated vocabulary size and vocabulary composition in Greek children aged 1 ; 6 to 2 ; 11 using a Greek adaptation of Rescorla's Language Development Survey (LDS; Rescorla, 1989). Participants were 273 toddlers coming from monolingual Greek-speaking families. Greek LDS data were compared with US LDS data obtained from the instrument's normative sample (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000). Vocabulary size increased markedly with age, but Greek toddlers appeared to get off to a slower start in early word learning than US children. The correlation between percentage word use scores in Greek and US samples was moderate in size, indicating considerable overlap but some differences. Common nouns were the largest category among the fifty most frequent words in both samples. Numbers of adjectives and verbs were comparable across languages, but people and closed-class words were more numerous in the Greek sample. Finally, Greek late talkers showed similar patterns of vocabulary composition to those observed in typically developing Greek children.
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Keizer, Heleen M. "‘Eternity’ Revisited: A Study of the Greek Word αἰών." Philosophia Reformata 65, no. 1 (December 17, 2000): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90000603.
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The Greek word afi≈n (aiôn) has a wide-ranging meaning as well as a wideranging history: it is most commonly translated as ‘eternity’ but has as its first meaning ‘life’ or ‘lifetime’; it has its place in Greek literature and philosophy, but also in the Greek Bible, where it represents the Hebrew word ‘olâm. In this article I intend to sketch the history of the meaning and interpretation of aiôn from the word’s first attestation in Homer up until the beginning of the Christian era. The expanded version of this study was defended as a doctoral dissertation, entitled Life Time Entirety: A Study of AIVN in Greek Literature and Philosophy, the Septuagint and Philo, on 7 September 1999 at the University of Amsterdam.
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Ploumidi, Eirini. "The acquisition of the final coda position in the speech of a Greek-acquiring child." Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics 24, no. 2 (2022): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/bwpl.24.2.3.
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This case study investigates the acquisition of the word-final coda in child Greek. The data show that the child has acquired the CVC syllabic form word-finally and that the acquisition process of the final coda consonant involves intra-child variation. Initially, the child realizes a Stop word-finally, instead of the target sibilant /s/, which is a morphological marker in Greek. We claim that the realization of [t] word-finally is morphologically driven and is not attributed to input frequency effects since Stops are prohibited as codas in Greek. We argue that the child’s grammar prohibits a marked segment for continuancy in the prosodically weak coda position. Therefore, Positional Neutralization occurs resulting in the realization of the unmarked [−continuant] [t]. Later, [ts] and [tθ] occur word-finally, before the child’s realizations become adult-like. We argue that as long as a final coda consonant occurs, the morphological information is evident in the child’s realizations.
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Lin, Lijuan. "A Winged Word on Marriage." Oriens 48, no. 3-4 (February 28, 2020): 251–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18778372-04801100.
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Abstract A foreign saying on marriage became widely known in China through Qian Zhongshu’s 1947 novel Fortress Besieged. As the novelist tells us, this saying has its source in both English and French literature, and in its different versions, marriage is either likened to a besieged fortress or a bird cage. This paper examines the origin and transmission of the saying in Greek, Arabic and Syriac sources, and argues that this saying originated in the so-called literature of the Christianized Socratic-Cynic philosophy, which once flourished in Syria. It became popular in the Byzantine and Arabic world after having been included into several famous Greek and Arabic gnomologies. Then it was introduced into modern languages, developed into different versions, finally came to China and became a household word among Chinese people.
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Matić, Dejan. "Topic, focus, and discourse structure." Studies in Language 27, no. 3 (November 27, 2003): 573–633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.27.3.05mat.
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It is commonly assumed that word order in free word order languages is determined by a simple topic – focus dichotomy. Analysis of data from Ancient Greek, a language with an extreme word order flexibility, reveals that matters are more complex: the parameters of discourse structure and semantics interact with information packaging and are thus indirectly also responsible for word order variation. Furthermore, Ancient Greek displays a number of synonymous word order patterns, which points to the co-existence of pragmatic determinedness and free variation in this language. The strict one-to-one correspondence between word order and information structure, assumed for the languages labelled discourse configurational, thus turns out to be only one of the possible relationships between form and pragmatic content.
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Iliadou, Vassiliki, Marios Fourakis, Angelos Vakalos, John W. Hawks, and George Kaprinis. "Bi-syllabic, Modern Greek word lists for use in word recognition tests." International Journal of Audiology 45, no. 2 (January 2006): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14992020500376529.
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BERGREN, THEODORE A. "GREEK LOAN-WORDS IN THE VULGATE NEW TESTAMENT AND THE LATIN APOSTOLIC FATHERS." Traditio 74 (2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2019.12.
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Early Latin Christian documents translated from Greek (e.g., Latin translations of the Greek New Testament) contain a large number of Greek loan-words. This article attempts to collect and catalogue the Greek loan-words found in the Vulgate New Testament and the early Latin versions of the Apostolic Fathers. In this literature I have identified some 420 loan-words. The purpose of this article is to systematically categorize, analyze, and comment on these loan-words. In the main section of the article the loan-words are divided into discrete content groups based on their origin and/or meaning. These groups include: (1.) words that originated in Hebrew or Aramaic Vorlagen and that were then transliterated into Greek and then Latin; (2.) words with biblical or ecclesiological orientation that are found exclusively or predominantly in early Christian Latin writings; (3.) words that fall into distinct categories of items, persons or places (e.g., “animals,” “items of clothing,” “gems and minerals,” “human occupations”); and (4.) words of a general character that do not fit in any of the above categories. In this section of the article are listed, for each loan-word: first, the Latin word; second, the Greek Vorlage; third, the meaning(s) of the Latin word; and fourth, one example of a passage in the Vulgate New Testament or the Latin Apostolic Fathers in which the Latin word may be found. Loan-words with special characteristics (e.g., Latin hapax legomena) are commented on individually.
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Fotiou, Constantina. "Debunking a myth: The Greek language in Cyprus is not being destroyed. A linguistic analysis of Cypriot Greek–English codeswitching." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 6 (July 25, 2018): 1358–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918786466.
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Aims and objectives:This paper examines Cypriot Greek–English codeswitching practices by Cypriot-born Greek Cypriots and investigates its linguistic forms, functions and codeswitching types. It also assesses the frequency of English in the data.Methodology:The data consist of authentic, informal conversations. Codeswitching is regarded as the use of two languages by one speaker in a single conversation, so established borrowings were excluded from the analysis. For assessing frequency, a word-count was conducted and for data analysis the distinction between insertions and alternations was used.Data and analysis:Forty hours of naturally occurring conversations among Greek Cypriots were studied. Data are categorised according to codeswitching types, linguistic forms and functions of English.Findings/conclusions:Quantitatively, English use is limited. Thus claims for excessive use of English are unfounded. Structurally, codeswitching mainly takes the form of English insertions in a Cypriot Greek grammatical structure. Most codeswitching is intra-sentential, with mostly English nouns and noun phrases used. Single-word switching is more frequent than multi-word switching.Originality:This study, to the author’s knowledge, is the first thorough documentation of oral Cypriot Greek–English codeswitching by Greek Cypriots born and raised in Cyprus and the first study addressing the assertions for the ‘destruction of the Greek language in Cyprus’ using a large sample of empirical data.Significance/implications:As Greek Cypriots’ native language but not the standard official language of the state, Cypriot Greek has been accused of being ‘susceptible’ to a heavy use of English because it supposedly lacks the richness of Standard Modern Greek. This work shows that such heavy use is only in the mind of purists and that claims about Cypriot Greek speakers’ linguistic deficit on the basis of purported dense codeswitching are unfounded.
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ŞENGÜL, Fatih. "Ares: A Greek God of Turkic Origin." Journal of Old Turkic Studies 7, no. 1 (January 27, 2023): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35236/jots.1223101.
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The naming Ares, which is the god of war in Greek Mythology and seems to be of the Scythian, occurs in the work of Homeros before the Scythians arrived in the Eastern Europea. This fact confirms that the mentioned word belongs to the language of an indigeneous Scythian community. In this paper, the present-day remnants and equivalents of the Scythian word in Turkic and Slavic languages will be shown.
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Manousakis, Nikos. "The Very First Written Word in Literary Greek." Hermes 149, no. 2 (2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/hermes-2021-0012.
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Davydov, T. G. "Ancient Greek words violating the word end rule." Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology XXIV (2020): 964–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/ielcp230690152461.
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Hoffmann, R. "DIK, HELMA: Word Order in Greek Tragic Dialogue." Kratylos 55, no. 1 (2010): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29091/kratylos/2010/1/35.
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Valério, Miguel. "Λαβύριθος and word-initial lambdacism in Anatolian Greek." Journal of Language Relationship 15, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2017): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/jlr-2017-151-209.
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George, Coulter H. "Helma Dik: Word Order in Greek Tragic Dialogue." Gnomon 81, no. 6 (2009): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/0017-1417_2009_6_481.
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Allan, Rutger J. "Clause Intertwining and Word Order in Ancient Greek." Journal of Greek Linguistics 12, no. 1 (2012): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156658412x649733.
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AbstractIn Ancient Greek complex sentences consisting of a main and complement clause, constituents which semantically and syntactically belong to the complement clause can be placed in a position preceding or interrupting the main clause. This phenomenon is referred to as clause or sentence intertwining. This paper examines the pragmatic factors involved in the preposing of contituents in sentences containing an in initival complement clause. It will be argued that the specific pragmatic function of the preposed constituents is Theme (left dislocation), new/contrastive topic or narrow focus. Preposing can be analyzed as a device to pragmatically highlight the involved constituents. The paper also addresses the position of new, contrastive and given topics and of adverbs and clauses with Setting function.
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Bakhouche, Béatrice. "Les expressions de l’essence dans la traduction et le commentaire du Timée par Calcidius (IVe siècle)." Chôra 18 (2020): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/chora2020/202118/196.
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Expressing ‘essence’ in the translation and commentary of Timaeus by Calcidius (4th c. p.D.) depends on Platonist terminology which is not completely stabilised. We will see how, in his translation, Calcidius translated Greek words as οὐσία or φύσις, but also how he used the word substantia whereas there was no expression of essence in the Greek text. The Latin commentator used both essentia and substantia, but the latter quite often. However, in doing so, he weakened the meaning of the word substantia. Lastly, Calcidius translated into Latin and used Greek no‑Platonist expressions with a very specific signification of ‘essence’.
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Azize, Joseph, and Ian Craigie. "Putative Akkadian Origins for the Greek Words Κίναιδος and Πυγή." Antichthon 36 (November 2002): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066477400001337.
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The purpose of this note is to suggest Semitic, specifically Akkadian, etymologies for two Greek nouns, and thus for words derived from these. The first noun in question is κίναιδος, for a person participating in certain male homosexual acts. The authors suggest that this word is ultimately derived from the Akkadian noun ‘qinnatu’, meaning anus, or more generally, the rear. This noun was productive in Greek, and also passed into Latin as ‘cinaedus’.The second Greek noun for which we suggest an etymology is πυγή denoting buttocks. Our hypothesis is that this word is derived from the Akkadian ‘pūqu’ meaning cleft or buttocks. Within the Greek language itself, the noun καταπύγων was developed from the noun πυγή by use of a prefix.
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Yearta, Lindsay Sheronick, and Pamela D. Wash. "Digital Vocabulary: Greek and Latin Root Study in the 21st Century." Georgia Journal of Literacy 38, no. 2 (October 30, 2015): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56887/galiteracy.97.
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Traditional word walls displayed in the elementary classroom are typically posted by the teachers and left alone (Jackson & Narvaez, 2013). Since vocabulary instruction is best when students are actively engaged in the process, the authors of this article present the digital word wall as an active method of instruction for students to use in the acquisition of Greek and Latin roots. Students who participate in the construction of digital word walls have access to 21st century technological tools such as online dictionaries, Greek and Latin root websites, and image gathering sites such as Creative Commons.
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Efimova, Valeriya. "Old Church Slavonic Multi-Word Nominations versus Compounds." Slavic Almanac, no. 3-4 (2023): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2023.3-4.08.
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The article is devoted to the study of the lexical inventory of the Old Church Slavonic language. The author proceeds from the idea of the lexical fund of the language as consisting not only of words but also phrases. The lexical inventory of the Old Church Slavonic language was created by the elite circle of literati in the process of translation (mainly from Byzantine Greek). Although the Old Church Slavonic language was based on the folk Slavic speech of the time, most of the Old Church Slavonic compounds and multi-word names were created by Slavic bookmen themselves. Many of these names appeared in the Old Church Slavonic lexicon due to the need to nominate concepts related to Christianity and “medieval encyclopedism”. The basis for the formation of these new names was the morphemic and phraseological calquing of Greek counterparts, which interacted with the mechanisms of nomination in the Slavic folk speech. The article demonstrates that the Old Church Slavonic nominations with multi-word names and compounds reveal “spheres of intersection”. As the author believes, these “spheres of intersection” were caused by the main and most difficult task that Slavic bookmen solved in translating both Greek compounds (or derivatives from compounds) and Greek multi-word names – the transfer of semantics of significant roots. Even within the epoch of the existence of the Old Church Slavonic language proper (i. e. 9th–11th centuries), there are variants of the translation of the same Greek compounds by both Old Church Slavonic multi-word names and Old Church Slavonic compounds. The occasionalisms that arose in the process of word-creation of bookmen in the form of compounds and multi-word names could subsequently be fixed in the usus of the language, but they could also remain hapax both within a certain text and within the entire corpus of Old Church Slavonic texts, which is not completely closed and has been studied extremely insufficiently.