Relevant bibliographies by topics / Piston ring

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Piston ring'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Piston ring"

1

Higashimachi, Takao, Takahide Nakayama, Takenori Hirakawa, and Hisato Sasahara. "Structural Analysis of a Universal Holding Mechanism for Piston Rings." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 13, no. 3 (2001): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2001.p0245.

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By fixing pistons of different diameters with 6 gripping nails, we clarified deformation of piston rings and stress during tightening by simulation based on the finite element method (FEM) as part of development of a universal holding mechanism to insert it into the cylinder block automatically. Nonlinear FEM was used to analyze slidingat contact parts between the ring and the gripping nail when fastening the piston ring. Final defohnation of the piston ring and stress on different parts were verified in detail. We confirmed that insertion of the piston by this method is possible.
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Ye, Zi Bo, Sheng Guan Qu, Yong Hu, and Guang Hong Wang. "Study on Wear Mechanism of Chromium Carbide Coating Reinforced Cast Iron Cylinder Sleeve." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.124.

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In tribological system of internal combustion engine, cylinders and pistons were in high temperature, pressure and load working status. An SRV IV wear tester was used to measure dynamic coefficient of friction by simulating working condition of cylinder liner and piston ring. The worn surface topography was observed through scanning electron microscope and metallography. The results show that loads had little effect on the friction coefficient under oil lubrication. Cylinder with the high-chromium carburizing ring in pairs displayed wear in the form of plastic deformation, while cylinder with
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Matveev, Yuriy Ivanovich, Sergey Yur'evich Kuritsyn, Sergey Sergeevich Kazakov, and Rafik Rafailevich Zhamalov. "Bench tests of the new sealing of parts of the cylinder piston group of the marine internal combustion engine." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2024, no. 2 (2024): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2024-2-48-56.

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The engine consists of a large number of parts, each of which is responsible for a specific function of its efficient operation. The reliability of a marine diesel engine is largely determined by the resource of its individual components and parts. Therefore, in order to increase the engine life, it is necessary to allocate the most responsible parts in it, which are subject to greater wear and find solutions to increase their durability. Such details include piston rings, which affect not only the technical and economic performance of the engine, but also its reliability and environmental per
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Kuritsyn, Sergey Y., and Yuri I. Matveev. "The complete set of pistons of marine diesel engines with a new o-ring seal during repair." Russian Journal of Water Transport, no. 82 (March 13, 2025): 76–86. https://doi.org/10.37890/jwt.vi82.559.

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The vast majority of high-speed engines are equipped with aluminum alloy pistons, and since these engines occupy a leading position in shipbuilding, the issue of restoring the piston as the most stressed and wear-prone part is relevant today. Aluminum alloy has a large number of positive qualities that determine their use for high-speed engines. These include low weight, which is necessary to reduce inertial loads, high thermal conductivity, due to which the piston does not overheat during normal operation, and a low coefficient of friction. But for all the advantages of an aluminum alloy, it
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Zavos, Anastasios, and Pantelis George Nikolakopoulos. "Waviness and straightness of cylinder and textured piston ring tribo pair." International Journal of Structural Integrity 6, no. 2 (2015): 300–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-07-2013-0014.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review and to provide a dipper understanding of what happens to piston rings and cylinder surfaces when manufacturing errors depicted, such as waviness and straightness. The mechanism of friction and the piston ring structural integrity, due to the surface irregularities, are analyzed either for smooth ring surface or for artificial textured, while piston ring floats into the piston groove or not. Design/methodology/approach – In this work two tribological models of a piston ring- cylinder package are presented using CFD analysis. Initially, the piston
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Chen, Tingkun, Lin Wang, Jin Xu, et al. "Effect of Groove Texture on Deformation and Sealing Performance of Engine Piston Ring." Machines 10, no. 11 (2022): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10111020.

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During the present study, a double groove texture was designed on the surface of a piston ring to improve the sealing performance between the piston ring and cylinder liner. The experimental design method was used to fabricate the test plan according to the groove width, depth, and spacing. By using the thermal–structural coupling analysis method, the finite element analysis of the standard piston ring and the textured piston ring was carried out to simulate the deformation state of the cylinder liner system of the piston ring group during the working stroke. The piston rings with different pa
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Sukmara, Sony. "ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK RING PISTON ORIGINAL DAN RING PISTON LOKAL PADA MOBIL DAIHATSU S-38." Jurnal Konversi Energi dan Manufaktur 2, no. 1 (2015): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jkem.2.1.3.

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Ring piston adalah komponen yang sangat penting yang merupakan bagian dari suatu sistem motor bakar torak.Ring piston selain berguna untuk merapatkan kedudukan piston dengan dinding silinder sehingga proses kompresidapat berlangsung dengan baik, juga untuk mencegah terjadinya kebocoran-kebocoran kompresi. Ring piston harusterbuat dari material yang sesuai dan mempunyai sifat-sifat yang memenuhi kriteria diantaranya harus mempunyaidaya pegas, tahan panas, tahan aus dan tidak mudah terdeformasi.Dalam penelitian ini dibandingkan dua buah ring piston, yaitu ring piston original dan ring piston lok
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WAKURI, Yutaro, Tatsumi KITAHARA, Toshiro HAMATAKE, Mitsuhiro SOEJIMA, and Osami OONO. "Characteristics of Piston Ring Friction. Influences of Piston Ring Specifications." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 62, no. 599 (1996): 2811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.62.2811.

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Matveev, Yuriy Ivanovich, Mikhail Yurievich Khramov, Vladimir Viktorovich Kolyvanov, and Sergey Yur'evich Kuritsyn. "Improving efficiency of seals of parts of cylinder piston group of marine diesel engines." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2023, no. 3 (2023): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2023-3-49-55.

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During the engine operation, the piston rings wear out and the grooves under the piston rings are destroyed, as a result of which there is a decrease in the sealing of the combustion chamber. This problem has been usually solved by replacing the old, spent piston and rings with new ones. There is considered a method of extending the life of the cylinder piston group. The proposed method consists in changing the composition and design of the upper piston ring, which is primarily responsible for sealing the combustion chamber. It is proposed to bore the groove of the upper piston ring, until all
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Sun, Jun, Xiao Zhang, Jianxiong Zhu, et al. "On the lubrication characteristics of piston ring under different engine operation conditions." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 1 (2019): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-06-2019-0220.

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Purpose Currently, lubrication analysis of piston ring is generally done under engine rated operating condition. However, the engine (such as the vehicle engine) does not always operate in rated operating condition, and its operating condition changes frequently in actual use. In addition, the lubrication status of piston ring is generally assumed as the flooded lubrication or a certain form of poor lubrication in most of the lubrication analysis. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, based on the equations about the flow rate of lubricating oil and the variation of control volume, the fl
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Piston ring"

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Liao, Kai Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Factors affecting piston ring friction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82499.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013.<br>This thesis was scanned as part of an electronic thesis pilot project.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-156).<br>The piston ring pack friction is a major contributor to the internal combustion engine mechanical friction loss. The oil control ring decides the oil supply to the top two rings in addition to being the major friction contributor in the ring pack. This work concentrated on the oil control ring friction. A large range of ring l
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Johansson, Pontus. "New piston ring solution for Stirling engines." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75236.

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Ostovar, Pendar. "Fluid aspects of piston-ring lubrication." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324316.

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Dhunput, Ashvin. "Oil transport in piston ring assemblies." Thesis, City University London, 2009. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/11916/.

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The interface between the piston, piston-rings and the cylinder liner represents one of the most hostile environments the crankcase lubricant experiences in reciprocating engines. The role of piston rings is also becoming more complex in line with the increasing requirements for lower oil consumption and friction. A test rig has been developed to simulate under idealised conditions the lubrication action between the piston-ring and the cylinder-liner in reciprocating engines. This approach attempts to separate the tribological conditions from some of the fundamental and unsteady conditions occ
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Söderfjäll, Markus. "Friction in Piston Ring - Cylinder Liner Contacts." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-62155.

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With today’s striving towards reduction of fuel consumption it is moreimportant than ever to understand the function of different componentsin the internal combustion engine. There is a need to develop and usetools to investigate and predict the result of specific design changesmade on the components. In this work, the mechanics and the tribologyof the power cylinder unit and more specifically the operation of thepiston rings was investigated both numerically and experimentally. Theobjectives of the numerical part of this thesis were to develop simulationtools that can be used to quantify desi
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Nataraja, H. S. "Improvement Of Piston Ring Quality : A Case Study." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/198.

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Automobiles have become an integral part of our daily life as more and more mopeds, motor cycles, cars, trucks, busses and trains are being used for transport. The main parts of an automotive engine are cylinder, piston assembly, connecting rod and crank shaft. The piston assembly consists of Piston, Piston rings and Piston Pin. Piston rings are important parts of a piston assembly. Any non-conformance in any quality characteristic of the piston ring leads to deterioration of engine performance. M/S Goetze (India) Limited a medium scale industry and a sister concern of engineering giant M/S
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Nataraja, H. S. "Improvement Of Piston Ring Quality : A Case Study." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/198.

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Automobiles have become an integral part of our daily life as more and more mopeds, motor cycles, cars, trucks, busses and trains are being used for transport. The main parts of an automotive engine are cylinder, piston assembly, connecting rod and crank shaft. The piston assembly consists of Piston, Piston rings and Piston Pin. Piston rings are important parts of a piston assembly. Any non-conformance in any quality characteristic of the piston ring leads to deterioration of engine performance. M/S Goetze (India) Limited a medium scale industry and a sister concern of engineering giant M/S E
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Esmaili, Mahyar. "Development and implementation of an apparatus for polymeric piston-ring performance tests in controlled environment." Ohio : Ohio University, 1993. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175286117.

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Grice, Neil. "An experimental and theoretical study of piston ring lubrication." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1990. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20520/.

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The work presented in this thesis is concerned with developing a greater understanding of piston ring lubrication and consists of both experimental and theoretical components. It begins with a review of piston ring and ring pack lubrication studies, describing how the understanding of the operation of piston rings has progressed since the late 19th Century. A well-established method of analysing the hydrodynamic lubrication of a single piston ring, utilizing coordinate data to describe the ring face profile, is then presented. Calculation of mixed/boundary friction, when the lubricant film thi
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Pyke, Edward A. "Investigation of piston ring lubrication using laser induced fluorescence." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325773.

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Books on the topic "Piston ring"

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A, Tomazic William, United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Vehicle and Engine Research and Development., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Hot piston ring tests. U.S. Dept. of Energy, Conservation and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle and Engine R&D, 1988.

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A, Tomazic William, United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Vehicle and Engine Research and Development., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Hot piston ring tests. U.S. Dept. of Energy, Conservation and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle and Engine R&D, 1988.

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Bush, Graham Peter. An investigation into piston ring blowby and its effect on biogas engines. Leicester Polytechnic, 1986.

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Gulzar, Mubashir. Tribological Study of Nanoparticles Enriched Bio-based Lubricants for Piston Ring–Cylinder Interaction. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8294-8.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Test method to evaluate cylinder liner-piston ring coatings for advanced heat engines. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Test method to evaluate cylinder liner-piston ring coatings for advanced heat engines. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Thompson, Neil Duncan. Effect of engine operating variables and piston and ring parameters on crevice hydrocarbon emissions. National Library of Canada, 1993.

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Cupples, Simon David. Lubricant condition in the upper piston ring zone of single cylinder diesel engines under operating conditions. De Montfort University, 1992.

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Thomson, Andrew Lee. An accelerated method to assess lubricant degradation in the piston ring zone of spark ignition engines. De Montfort University, 1995.

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M, Petrichenko R., та Leningradskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ tekhnicheskiĭ universitet, ред. Trenie i teploperedacha v porshnevykh kolʹt͡s︡akh dvigateleĭ vnutrennego sgoranii͡a︡: Spravochnoe posobie. Izd-vo Leningradskogo universiteta, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Piston ring"

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Jung, Jae-Youn, Ihn-Sung Cho, Il-Hyun Beak, Hyun-Il Shin, Jae-Cheon Jo, and Lu Hong. "A Study on Lubrication Characteristics between Piston Ring and Cylinder Bore of Bent-Axis Type Piston Pump." In Advanced Tribology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03653-8_45.

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Malathi, M., J. Herbert Mabel, and R. Rajendran. "NiP Composite Coating of Piston Ring by Plate and Bumper Method." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6619-6_43.

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Cheng, Taotao, and Xintian Liu. "Process Quality Prediction for Piston Ring Based on Improved Wavelet Elman." In Advanced Manufacturing and Automation XIII. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0665-5_89.

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Li, Wenping, and Yun Lu. "The Study of Friction and Wear Capability of Piston Ring Coatings." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3527-2_22.

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Wang, Lei, X. C. Zhou, Q. Q. Li, C. Q. Yuan, X. P. Yan, and Y. H. Chen. "Application of Metal Self-Repairing Additives on Cylinder-Piston Ring Rubbing Pairs." In Advanced Tribology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03653-8_32.

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Sutaria, B. M., and D. V. Bhatt. "Optimization of Reciprocating Friction and Wear Test Rig Operating Parameters for Segmented Piston Ring: Liner Assembly." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1656-8_18.

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Yang, Jian-guo, and Qiao-ying Huang. "Research on Magnetism Monitoring Technology of Piston Ring Wear for Marine Diesel Engine." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09507-3_61.

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Sharma, Vipin Kumar, Vinayak Goel, and Mudit Shukla. "Effect of Hard Chromium Coating on the Frictional Behavior of Piston Ring Material." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4748-5_16.

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Sun, Jianmin, and Haiqiao Wei. "Study on Wear Model for Piston Ring and Strengthened Cylinder Wall of Engine." In Advanced Tribology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03653-8_251.

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Prakash, S., C. Sasikumar, S. Aravind, V. Mohan Prasath, and C. Udhayakumar. "Surface Texturing in Piston Ring Cylinder Liner Pair for Friction Reduction: A Review." In Springer Proceedings in Materials. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8319-3_94.

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Conference papers on the topic "Piston ring"

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Okamoto, Michio, and Itsuro Sakai. "Contact Pressure Distribution of Piston Rings -Calculation Based on Piston Ring Contour -." In SAE 2001 World Congress. SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0571.

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Kimura, Yuichiro, Motoichi Murakami, Hafedh Bouassida, et al. "Development of Piston and Piston Ring Lubrication Analysis." In JSAE/SAE 2015 International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. SAE International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-2039.

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Haubner, Frank Georg. "Simulation of the Piston and Piston Ring Dynamic." In Automotive and Transportation Technology Congress and Exposition. SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3368.

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Kanemoto, Kaito, and Akemi Ito. "A Study on the Mechanism of Piston Ring Rotation of an Engine." In 2023 JSAE/SAE Powertrains, Energy and Lubricants International Meeting. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-32-0033.

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&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Engine oil consumption must be reduced because it produces particulate matter in exhaust gases and poisons the catalyst in an aftertreatment system. Oil transport upward via piston ring gaps is one of the factors for oil consumption.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;It is known that piston rings rotate circumferentially during engine operation, and that oil consumption increases when the ring gaps of multiple piston rings are close to each other. Force acting on a piston ring in the circumferential direct
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Cheng, Chao, Ali Kharazmi, and Harold Schock. "Modeling of Piston Ring-Cylinder Bore-Piston Groove Contact." In SAE 2015 World Congress & Exhibition. SAE International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1724.

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Goto, Takaharu, Shun-ichi Aoyama, Shin-ichi Nagumo, Yasuo Nakajima, and Michio Onoda. "Measurement of Piston and Piston Ring Assembly Friction Force." In Passenger Car Meeting & Exposition. SAE International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/851671.

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Abanteriba, Sylvester. "Simulation of Altitude Influence on Piston Ring Movement and Blow-By Effects in Piston Engines (Keynote)." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45688.

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The compression and oil rings of the piston engine play a very important role in the performance and reliability of the piston engine. The rings are required to accomplish three main distinct tasks: 1. Sealing the combustion chamber gas from the crankcase to eliminate blow-by phenomenon, which constitutes the flow of some of the contents of the combustion chamber into the crankcase. 2. Proper distribution of the lubricating oil film over the piston skirt and cylinder liner. 3. Transfer of heat from piston to cylinder liner. Unfortunately the piston ring pack contributes to the highest proporti
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Mahmoud, K. G., O. Knaus, T. Parikyan, and M. Patete. "Three Dimensional Ring Dynamics Modeling Approach for Analyzing Lubrication, Friction and Wear of Piston Ring-Pack." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3586.

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The automotive industry is subjected to increasing pressure in order to improve fuel efficiency and reduce the CO2 emissions of internal combustion (IC) engines. The power cylinder system (piston, piston ring, and liner) contributes significantly to the friction losses, engine oil consumption and gas leakage called blow-by. The role of cylinder bore shape in engine performance has been the subject of several studies in recent years. High bore distortion must be avoided because it can lead to ring conformability issues, which leads to inadequate sealing resulting in increased blow-by and oil co
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Xu, H., M. Kim, D. Dardal, M. D. Bryant, R. D. Matthews, and T. M. Kiehne. "Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Piston Ring Friction." In ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2005-1086.

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The influence of piston ring lubrication on internal combustion engine performance has received considerable attention for over half-century. Studies show that hydrodynamic lubrication prevails through most of engine cycles, and asperity contact only occurs near the vicinity of dead centers [1][2]. In order to solve the governing equation of lubricant, appropriate velocity and pressure boundary conditions should be incorporated into the lubrication equation - Reynolds equation. While lubricant obeys the no-slip velocity boundary condition, the pressure boundaries at the leading and trail edge
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Cheng, Chao, Ali Kharazmi, Harold Schock, Richard Wineland, and Larry Brombolich. "Three Dimensional Piston Ring-Cylinder Bore Contact Modeling." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5672.

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Increasing durability, preventing knocking combustion, improving fuel efficiency and reducing pollutant emission characterize the needs for modern internal combustion engine design. These factors are highly influenced by the power cylinder system design. In particular, the piston ring to cylinder bore contact force distribution around the circumference of the piston rings must be optimized under all running conditions. To accomplish this, the ring manufacturers make the ring curvature non-constant along the circumference. Most existing analytical tools are not able to simulate the variation al
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Reports on the topic "Piston ring"

1

Raymond, R. J., T. N. Chen, and L. DiNanno. Wear reduction systems liquid piston ring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5884274.

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Spikes, H. A. Infrared Study of a Piston Ring Temperatures in a Fired Engine. Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada230136.

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Keyes, B. L. P. Ceramics Technology Project database: September 1991 summary report. [Materials for piston ring-cylinder liner for advanced heat/diesel engines]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6856052.

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Olsen and Stevens. PR-179-14202-R01 Field Evaluation of Timed Power Cylinder Lube Oil Injection. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010906.

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A timed lube oil injection system was developed for a field engine to improve power cylinder lubrication. The injection system used advanced prototype electronic injectors. The system was installed on a Cooper GMVA-10 located in West Virginia. A total of four cylinders were included in the study, two for the timed system and two for the baseline mechanical system. Cylinder wall lubrication, cylinder wear, piston wear, and ring wear tests were planned for various engine run times. The prototype timed lube oil system operated essentially until the prototype injector end-of-life was reached at ab
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Jendrucko, R. J., T. M. Thomas, and G. P. Looby. Pollution prevention assessment for a manufacturer of combustion engine piston rings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/125045.

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Sugai, Takashi, Hideki Yoshida, Kazuhiko Ohgake, and Takeshi Yamada. Friction Reduction Effects of Narrow-Width and Low-Tension Piston Rings. SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0369.

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Olsen, Luedeman, and Lanham. PR-179-13201-R01 Cylinder Wall Lubrication for Power Cylinder Timed Lube Oil Injection. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010032.

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Abstract:
A retrofit lube oil injection system is designed with the capability of injecting oil through two lube ports on each cylinder at any time during the engine cycle. The system is installed and tested on a Cooper-Bessemer GMV4 engine. Variations in number of skip cycles, average lube rate, and injection timing are evaluated. Lube oil carry-over is quantified using a dilution tunnel and a standard particulate matter gravimetric measurement technique. Cylinder wall lubrication is quantified using a custom designed fixture that is inserted into the fuel valve port between data points when the engine
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