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1
Bachtiar, Zulfi Amalia, and Rizki Amalia Putria. "Penatalaksanaan Fissure Sealent Pada Gigi Anak (Laporan Kasus)." Talenta Conference Series: Tropical Medicine (TM) 1, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tm.v1i1.72.
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Permukaan oklusal dengan pit dan fisur telah dikenal sebagai daerah yang rentan akan karies, karena anatomi yang spesifik dan ketidakmampuan untuk mengeliminasi plak secara adekuat. Fissure sealant adalah suatu tindakan pencegahan karies pada gigi yang secara anatomis mempunyai pit dan fisur yang dalam yang karenanya lebih gampang terserang karies. Tujuan utama diberikannya sealant adalah agar terjadinya penetrasi bahan ke dalam pit dan fisur serta berpolimerisai dan menutup daerah tersebut dari bakteri dan debris. Kasus ini merupakan tindakan penatalaksanann fissure sealent sebagai upaya pencegahan karies pada gigi anak, teknik ini terbukti efektif mengurangi insiden karies pada pit dan fisur yang merupakan bagian yang rentan karies Pit dan fisur sering terjadi pada gigi geraham, yang memiliki peranan sangat penting yaitu untuk melakukan pengunyahan di permukaannya yang lebar untuk menghaluskan partikel makanan yang sudah kita potong dengan gigi depan, dengan diberikannya bahan penutup pit dan fisur sejak awal erupsi gigi, diharapkan dapat mencegah bakteri sisa makanan berada dalam pit dan fisur.
Occlusal surfaces with pits and fissures are claimed to be vulnerable area for caries to develop due to specific anatomy and inability to eliminate plaque adequately. Fissure sealant application is an action to prevent caries in teeth which has deep pits and fissures anatomically and more easily attacked by caries. The main purpose of applying fissure sealant to teeth is to penetrate anatomic surface pits and fissures, to polymerize, and to close the area from bacteria and debris. This case was about fissure sealant application as an effort to prevent caries on children’s teeth. This application had been proven effective in reducing the occurence of caries on the pit and fissure because pit and fissure were vulnerable for caries to develop. Caries frequently occurred on molars. Molars had a very important role in food particles mastication and softening on their wide surfaces that we had cut with our front teeth. It is expected that pit and fissure sealant applied since the tooth erupts prevent the bacteria.
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de Palacios, Paloma, Luis G. Esteban, Francisco G. Fernández, Alberto García-Iruela, María Conde, and Elena Román-Jordán. "Comparative wood anatomy of Juniperus from Macaronesia." IAWA Journal 35, no. 2 (2014): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000059.
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The wood anatomy of the three species of Juniperus occurring in Macaronesia is compared for the first time using representative samples of each species collected in its natural region of provenance: J. cedrus Webb & Berthel and J. phoenicea L. var. canariensis Guyot, in the Canary Islands, and J. brevifolia (Seub.) Antoine, in the Azores. The three species are anatomically similar, although some qualitative differences were observed: distribution of axial parenchyma very scarce in J. phoenicea compared with the other two species, presence of crassulae only in J. phoenicea, presence of torus extensions and notches on pit borders in the radial walls of J. brevifolia, and ray parenchyma end walls slightly nodular in J. cedrus as opposed to very nodular in J. phoenicea and J. brevifolia. In addition, the biometry of tracheid pit diameter in the radial walls, ray height in number of cells, and largest and smallest diameters of cross-field pits shows differences for a significance level of 95%.
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Schulte, Paul J., and Arthur C. Gibson. "Hydraulic conductance and tracheid anatomy in six species of extant seed plants." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 1073–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-153.
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Hydraulic conductance of tracheids was studied in either petioles or young stems of six species of seed plants having various types of intertracheid pitting. Measured conductances were compared with estimates based on Hagen–Poiseuille flow through ideal capillaries and with predictions from a biophysical model incorporating observed anatomical characteristics of tracheids and intertracheid pits. Conductance of the xylem, expressed as a percentage of the ideal capillary flow prediction, varied from an average of 88% for a species containing only very narrow tracheids to less than 35% for species with large-diameter tracheids. The biophysical model allowed fairly close predictions of conductance for all species except one, where an estimate of the pit membrane resistance could not be experimentally obtained. For individual tracheids, conductance was largely a function of lumen diameter, pit membrane resistivity, and the exposed area of the pit membranes, as determined by pit shape, size, and frequency. For wide tracheids, scalariform-pitted elements showed a linear increase in conductance with an increase in lumen diameter; however, for tracheids with large circular pits, the conductance increase afforded by a wider lumen declines as lumen diameter increases. These model simulations demonstrate the increasing significance of intertracheid pitting in obstructing flow as lumen diameter increases.
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Lazzarin, Martina, Alan Crivellaro, Cameron B. Williams, Todd E. Dawson, Giacomo Mozzi, and Tommaso Anfodillo. "TRACHEID AND PIT ANATOMY VARY IN TANDEM IN A TALL SEQUOIADENDRON GIGANTEUM TREE." IAWA Journal 37, no. 2 (July 7, 2016): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20160129.
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Across land plants there is a general pattern of xylem conduit diameters widening towards the stem base thus reducing the accumulation of hydraulic resistance as plants grow taller.In conifers, xylem conduits consist of cells with closed end-walls and water must flow through bordered pits imbedded in the side walls. As a consequence both cell size, which determines the numbers of walls that the conductive stream of water must cross, as well as the characteristics of the pits themselves, crucially affect total hydraulic resistance. Because both conduit size and pit features influence hydraulic resistance in tandem, we hypothesized that features of both should vary predictably with one another. To test this prediction we sampled a single tall (94.8 m) Sequoiadendron giganteum tree (giant sequoia), collecting wood samples from the most recent annual ring progressively downwards from the tree top to the base. We measured tracheid diameter and length, number of pits per tracheid, and the areas of pit apertures, tori, and margos. Tracheid diameter widened from treetop to base following a power law with an exponent (tracheid diameterstem length slope) of approximately 0.20. A similar scaling exponent was found between tracheid length and distance from tree top. Additionally, pit aperture, torus, and margo areas all increased (again with a power of ~0.20) with distance from tree top, paralleling the observed variation in tracheid diameter and length. Pit density scaled isometrically with tracheid length. Within individual tracheids, total permeable area of pits, measured as the sum of the margo areas, scaled isometrically with lumen area. Given that pores of the margo membrane are believed to increase in parallel with membrane area, from a strictly anatomical perspective, our results support the interpretation that pit resistance remains a relatively constant fraction of total resistance along the hydraulic pathway.
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Luo, Junji, Rong Liu, Shuqin Zhang, Caiping Lian, Feng Yang, and Benhua Fei. "Comparative culm anatomy of metaxylem vessel pits in three different types of bamboo rhizome." IAWA Journal 41, no. 2 (May 12, 2020): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00002110.
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Abstract Not only are vessel pits vital for the passage of sap into adjacent cells, but their anatomical morphology is also used as a tool to identify bamboo species. However, detailed studies comparing the pits’ structural parameters in culms of species with three rhizome types: sympodial bamboo, amphipodial bamboo, and monopodial bamboo, are lacking. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations were conducted to obtain the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of vessel pits in sympodial, amphipodial and monopodial bamboos, from twelve bamboo species in eight genera. Sympodial bamboos possess small and ovoid bordered pits, whereas amphipodial bamboos contain an abundance of slit-like pits, with the greatest pit membrane length occurring in the vessel wall. Both minute and large pit sizes can be found in monopodial bamboos. This study identified the first compound pits ever to be found in a bamboo species and these were found to occur more frequently in amphipodial and monopodial bamboos than in sympodial bamboos. Using the distribution frequency of the pit chamber’s horizontal diameter, we were able to determine pit size as being either small, medium or large. The striking differences in the vessel pits’ qualitative and quantitative characteristics could be the result of different climate and environmental factors.
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Ayup, Mubarek, Ya-Ning Chen, Maina John Nyongesah, Yuan-Ming Zhang, Vishnu Dayal Rajput, and Cheng-Gang Zhu. "XYLEM ANATOMY AND HYDRAULIC TRAITS OF TWO CO-OCCURRING RIPARIAN DESERT PLANTS." IAWA Journal 36, no. 1 (March 18, 2015): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000086.
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Populus euphratica Oliv. and Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. are the dominant riparian plants in desert ecosystems in China, where they play a significant role in maintaining ecological balance. To obtain a better insight into the ecological adaptations of xylem structure and hydraulic traits in desert phreatophytes to extremely drought-stressed environments, we investigated various quantitative features of the vessels and intervessel pits, as well as the xylem hydraulic efficiency (Ks(max)) and native embolism rate (PLC, %), in the woody shoots and lateral roots (all c. 2–4.5 mm in diameter) of P. euphratica and T. ramosissima from natural populations in the Heihe River Basin, northwestern China. The relationships between xylem anatomy and hydraulic traits are also discussed. There were significant anatomical differences between lateral root and woody shoot xylem within individual species. For lateral roots , arithmetic, hydraulic and maximum vessel diameter (D, Dh, Dmax), average vessel area (Va), intervessel wall thickness (Tvw), intervessel pit membrane and pit aperture areas (APM, APA), and intervessel pit membrane and pit aperture diameters (DPM, DPA), were larger than in woody shoots (P < 0.05).The mean Ks(max) values in lateral roots were 6–11 times greater than in woody shoots for P. euphratica and T. ramosissima, respectively (P < 0.01). Woody shoots of T. ramosissima had higher native PLC values (68%) than P. euphratica (39%).The different vessel grouping patterns in the two species seemed to be related to their different native embolism level. It is possible that the lateral roots of these two riparian desert plants could be more resistant to embolism than the woody shoots, and that cavitation resistance in the root xylem of T. ramosissima is higher than that of P. euphratica.
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de Pernía, Narcisana Espinoza, and José Luis Melandri. "Wood Anatomy of the Tribe Caesalpinieae (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) in Venezuela." IAWA Journal 27, no. 1 (2006): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000140.
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We studied the microscopic wood anatomy of 8 genera and 30 species in the tribe Caesalpinieae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, with a focus on the identification and comparative anatomy of these genera. Characters suitable for reliable identification include intervessel pit size, fibre wall thickness, septate fibres, storied structure, ray type, ray width, and silica bodies. A table of diagnostic characters, generic descriptions, and photomicrographs provide tools for identification and descriptive information for comparative and phylogenetic studies.
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Geerts, Albert, Luc Bouwens, and Eddie Wisse. "Ultrastructure and function of hepatic fat-storing and pit cells." Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 14, no. 3 (March 1990): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060140306.
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Liang, Deng, and Pieter Baas. "The Wood Anatomy of the Theaceae." IAWA Journal 12, no. 3 (1991): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001258.
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A general wood anatomical description of the Theaceae is given on the basis of a previous study of species from China (Deng ' Baas 1990) and additional observations on genera and species outside China. The wood anatomy of Archboldiodendron, Balthasaria, Ficalhoa, Franklinia, Freziera, and Visnea are described separately. Although the Theaceae in the delimitation followed here (Table 1) are wood anatomically relatively homogeneous, the recognition of three subfamilies Camellioideae, Ternstroemioideae and Sladenioideae is supported by anatomical features (vessel grouping, bar number, type of vessel-ray pits, intervessel pit arrangement; cf. Table 4). The controversial position of Ficalhoa is discussed; its wood anatomy closely resembles that of the Camellioideae.
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Nakatani, Kazuki, Kenji Kaneda, Shuichi Seki, and Yuji Nakajima. "Pit cells as liver-associated natural killer cells: morphology and function." Medical Electron Microscopy 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00795-003-0229-9.
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Romero-Bascones, David, Maitane Barrenechea, Ane Murueta-Goyena, Marta Galdós, Juan Carlos Gómez-Esteban, Iñigo Gabilondo, and Unai Ayala. "Foveal Pit Morphology Characterization: A Quantitative Analysis of the Key Methodological Steps." Entropy 23, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23060699.
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Disentangling the cellular anatomy that gives rise to human visual perception is one of the main challenges of ophthalmology. Of particular interest is the foveal pit, a concave depression located at the center of the retina that captures light from the gaze center. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studying the morphology of the foveal pit by extracting geometrical features from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Despite this, research has devoted little attention to comparing existing approaches for two key methodological steps: the location of the foveal center and the mathematical modelling of the foveal pit. Building upon a dataset of 185 healthy subjects imaged twice, in the present paper the image alignment accuracy of four different foveal center location methods is studied in the first place. Secondly, state-of-the-art foveal pit mathematical models are compared in terms of fitting error, repeatability, and bias. The results indicate the importance of using a robust foveal center location method to align images. Moreover, we show that foveal pit models can improve the agreement between different acquisition protocols. Nevertheless, they can also introduce important biases in the parameter estimates that should be considered.
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Angyalossy-Alfonso, Veronica, and Regis B. Miller. "WOOD ANATOMY OF THE BRAZILIAN SPECIES OF SWARTZIA AND CONSIDERATIONS WITHIN THE TRIBE SWARTZIEAE." IAWA Journal 23, no. 4 (2002): 359–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000310.
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Fifty-one Brazilian species and varieties of Swartzia Schreber and eight other genera from the tribe Swartzieae were examined. Features with the greatest diagnostic value for the tribe are intervascular pit size, ray width and frequency, storied structure, axial parenchyma strand length, parenchyma band width, and vessel diameter. We analyzed the wood anatomical data using average linkage cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis. With weighted features, cluster analysis grouped the species and varieties of Swartzia into four distinct groups and tribe Swartzieae into seven groups. With unweighted features for both Swartzia and Swartzieae, the canonical discriminant analysis showed that linear combinations of the variables storied structure, number of tiers per millimetre, axial parenchyma strand length, ray height, intervascular pit size, and exclusively uniseriate rays were good discriminators among the groups. We discuss the grouping of the species of Swartzia and compare other genera within the tribe Swartzieae to the four groups of Swartzia.
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Carlquist, S., E. L. Schneider, and R. B. Miller. "Wood and Bark Anatomy of Argemone (Papaveraceae)." IAWA Journal 15, no. 3 (1994): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000603.
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Wood anatomy of Argemone fruticosa, sole shrubby species of the genus, is distinctive in having growth rings, thick-walled libriform fibres, thick-walled ray cells with large intercellular spaces, vessels with grooves interconnecting pit apertures, and restriction of vessels to central portions of fascicular areas. Most of these features are related to the xeric ecology of this species. Argemone turnerae is an herbaceous perennial with large roots and sterns, the wood of which exhibits features distinctively related to this habit, including succulence (axial parenchyma substitutes for libriform fibres). Both species of Argemone share such features as storied wood structure and absence of uniseriate rays, which are infrequent in dicotyledons at large but common in other Papaveraceae. Wood data are not decisive in indicating whether the ancestors of Argemone or Papaveraceae were woody or herbaceous, but several features indicative of paedomorphosis can be found in the wood. Bark of Argemone is briefly described.
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Baas, Pieter, and Zhang Xinying. "Wood Anatomy of Trees and Shrubs from China. I. Oleaceae." IAWA Journal 7, no. 3 (1986): 195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000987.
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The wood anatomy of 34 species belonging to nine genera of Oleaceae, native or commonly cultivated in China, is described in detail, and a key to the identification of the genera is given. The diversity in wood structure supports the grouping of genera as based on a worldwide wood anatomical survey of the family by Esser and Van der Westen (1983) and Esser et al. (in preparation). Characters to separate these groups are type of imperforate tracheary elements (libriform fibres or fibre-tracheids), vessel distribution and grouping (mainly solitary or mainly in multiples; in an oblique to dendritic pattern or not), presence or absence of vascular tracheids, presence or absence of parenchyma bands (mostly marginal), and vessel wall sculpturing and intervessel pit size.
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Lee, E. R. "Dynamic histology of the antral epithelium in the mouse stomach: III. Ultrastructure and renewal of pit cells." American Journal of Anatomy 172, no. 3 (March 1985): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001720305.
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Heady, R. D., and P. D. Evans. "Wood Anatomy of Actinostrobus (Cupressaceae)." IAWA Journal 26, no. 1 (2005): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001603.
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The wood anatomy of the Western Australian species Actinostrobus arenarius (Cupressaceae) is described for the first time and its features are compared with those of the two other species in the genus: A. acuminatus and A. pyramidalis. Mature heartwood in A. arenarius is light-brown in colour and has an air-dry density of 0.56 g/cm3. Average tracheid length is 4.3 mm. A very prominent warty layer, with individual warts commonly greater than one micron in height and large enough to be visible to light microscopy, lines the inner walls of tracheids. Callitroid thickening is commonly present in narrow (latewood) tracheids, but is absent from wide ones (earlywood). Axial parenchyma cells with dark-red resinous inc1usions are tangentially zonate in earlywood. Bordered pitting in earlywood and latewood is uniseriate. Pit borders are circular and there is a raised torus. Average ray height is low. Cross-field pitting is cupressoid and the number of pits per cross field ranges from two to five, with a mean of 3.1. Average ray heights, ray frequencies, ray volumes, and numbers of pits present in cross fields are higher in A. arenarius than in A. pyramidalis, thus supporting the classification of A. arenarius as aseparate species within Actinostrobus. Veins of distorted xylem cells, similar in appearance to 'frost rings' occur sporadically in the sterns of a11 three species. If such rings are confined to Actinostrobus, then the combination of a very prominent warty layer, and the common occurrence of frost rings could provide a means of separating Actinostrobus from Callitris. Validation of this scheme requires further research to determine if such rings commonly occur in Callitris.
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Erşen Bak, Funda, and Derya Cesur. "Comparative wood anatomy of Atraphaxis taxa in Turkey." BioResources 16, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 835–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.835-845.
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The wood anatomy of four Atraphaxis taxa that have natural distribution in Turkey—Atraphaxis billardieri Jaub. & Spach, Atraphaxis billardieri subsp. tournefortii (Jaup. & Spach) Lovelius, Atraphaxis spinosa L., and endemic Atraphaxis grandiflora (Willd.)—were compared in this study. The wood samples were sectioned according to standard techniques. Samples were macerated with Schultze’s method. Tangential and radial vessel diameters, intervessel pit diameters, vessel wall thickness, vessel elements length, dimensions of libriform fibres (lengths, widths, cell wall thickness and, lumen diameter), and uniseriate and biseriate ray heights were measured, and the number of vessels per mm2, number of rays per mm, and number of vessels per group were counted. The qualitative features such as growth rings, vessel grouping, presence of helical thickening and storied structure, vestured pits, type of perforation plate, and arrangement of axial parenchyma were determined. These four species of Atraphaxis shrubs differ in some wood characteristics such as growth rings, vessel grouping, vestured pits, height and density of rays, number of vessels per mm2, and the dimensions of the vessel.
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Kaneda, Kenji, and Kenjiro Wake. "Pit cells in extrahepatic organs of the rat." Anatomical Record 211, no. 2 (February 1985): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092110211.
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Lian, Caiping, Shuqin Zhang, Xianmiao Liu, Junji Luo, Feng Yang, Rong Liu, and Benhua Fei. "Uncovering the ultrastructure of ramiform pits in the parenchyma cells of bamboo [Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) J. Houz.]." Holzforschung 74, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0166.
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AbstractPits are the main transverse channels of intercellular liquid transport in bamboo. Ramiform pits are a special type of simple pit with two or more branches. However, little is known about the morphology and physiological functions of ramiform pits. The anatomy of plants can provide important evidence for the role of cells. To better understand the ultrastructure and the structure-function relationship of ramiform pits, their characteristics need to be investigated. In this study, both qualitative and quantitative features of ramiform pits were studied using field-emission environmental scanning electron microscopy (FE-ESEM). The samples included the native structures and the replica structures obtained by resin castings. The results show that the ramiform pits have a diverse morphology that can be divided into main categories: type I (the primary branches) and type II (the secondary branches). The distribution of ramiform pits is different in ground parenchyma cells (GPCs) and vascular parenchyma cells (VPCs). The number, the pit aperture diameter and the pit canal length of ramiform pits in the VPCs were, respectively, greater (3-fold), larger (2–3-fold) and shorter (1.3-fold) than those in the GPCs.
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Lorusso, Massimo, Roberta Zito, Luisa Micelli Ferrari, Eleni Nikolopoulou, Maria Vittoria Cicinelli, Enrico Borrelli, Giuseppe Querques, and Tommaso Micelli Ferrari. "Spontaneous resolution of optic pit maculopathy: an OCT report." Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 12 (January 2020): 251584142095084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515841420950843.
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The separation of the vitreous from the optic nerve head and the macula plays a primary role in the spontaneous resolution of optic disc pit (ODP) maculopathy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) helps in the non-invasive monitoring of this condition, when treated conservatively. The aim of this report was to describe a pediatric case of spontaneously resolved ODP maculopathy, managed conservatively and monitored by means of spectral domain (SD)-OCT. A 14-year-old girl presented with severe visual loss in the right eye (RE). Fundus examination demonstrated a temporal ODP with altered foveal reflex. The SD-OCT B-scans revealed severe intraretinal schisis-like changes, broad vitreal adhesion in the optic nerve head area, posterior hyaloid thickening, and vitreal entrapment in the premacular space. The patient was managed conservatively. Spontaneous resolution of ODP maculopathy took place over 3 months, with vision improved up to 1.0 (Snellen charts). The macular schisis progressively resolved after posterior vitreous detachment. In conclusion, in our report, a complete restoration of the foveal anatomy was achieved without any surgical intervention. This OCT-based report confirms the role of the vitreomacular abnormalities in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Leung, Christopher C. K., Boonlert Cheewatrakoolpong, and Cai-Lou Yan. "Teratogenic antibodies are directed against a coated-pit glycoprotein." Anatomical Record 223, no. 4 (April 1989): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092230403.
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Davies, D. T. "Assessment of rodent thyroid endocrinology: Advantages and pit-falls." Comparative Haematology International 3, no. 3 (September 1993): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00186098.
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Vivero, Richard J., and Soham Roy. "S255 – Treatment of Complicated and Uncomplicated Preauricular Pits." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.431.
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Objectives 1) To review our experience with complicated and uncomplicated preauricular pits requiring surgical excision. 2) To review relevant embryology, anatomy, and surgical technique. Methods A retrospective chart review from 2002 to 2007 was conducted at a tertiary care university hospital to identify patients less than 18 years old undergoing surgical excision of a preauricular pit. Charts were reviewed for patient age, presentation, complications, treatment algorithm, and outcome. Results 13 patients underwent surgical excision of a preauricular pit. The indication for excision was either recurrent infection or recurrent drainage in all cases. 3 of 13 patients had a pre-surgical complication of the infection, including localized cellulitis of the preauricular skin or infection of the helical cartilage. These patients were treated with a prolonged course of antibiotics prior to surgical excision. All 13 patients were treated with wide surgical excision; in the 3 patients with pre-excision complications, careful attention was paid to meticulous surgical excision of all involved tissue. There were no postoperative complications. No recurrences were noted at up to 3-year follow-up. Parents were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome in all cases. Conclusions Preauricular pits are an important entity due to their potential for significant infectious morbidity. Appropriate diagnosis and management with wide local excision, especially in the context of a complicated presentation, can result in excellent cosmesis with minimal risk of recurrence. Relevant embryology, anatomy, and surgical technique will be reviewed.
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Strait, Suzanne G. "Molar microwear in extant small-bodied faunivorous mammals: An analysis of feature density and pit frequency." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92, no. 1 (September 1993): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330920106.
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Carlquist, Sherwin. "Wood and Stem Anatomy of Petiveria and Rivina (Caryophyllales); Systematic Implications." IAWA Journal 19, no. 4 (1998): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000659.
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Petiveria and Rivina have been placed by various authors close to each other within Phytolaccaceae; widely separated from each other but both within Phytolaccaceae; and within a segregate family (Rivinaceae) but still within the order Caryophyllales. Wood of these monotypic genera proves to be alike in salient qualitative and even quantitative features, including presence of a second cambium, vessel morphology and pit size, nonbordered perforation plates, vasicentric axial parenchyma type, fiber-tracheids with vestigially bordered pits and starch contents, narrow multiseriate rays plus a few uniseriate rays, ray cells predominantly upright and with thin lignified walls and starch content, and presence of both large styloids and packets of coarse raphides in secondary phloem. Although further data are desirable, wood and stern data do not strongly support separation of Petiveria and Rivina from Phytolaccaceae. Quantitative wood features correspond to the short-lived perennial habit ofboth genera, and are indicative ofaxeromorphic wood pattern.
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Lachenbruch, Barbara. "Physical Models as an Aid for Teaching Wood Anatomy." IAWA Journal 32, no. 3 (2011): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000059.
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Student activities and instructor-made models are described to facilitate and encourage other instructors to develop their own appropriate activities and models for teaching the three-dimensional structure of wood. The teaching activities include making several annual rings with straws pushed into clay, drawing wood’s structure onto a piece of paper that is folded to resemble a wedge, and assigning students to make an anatomical model to present in class. Plans are given for instructor-made models (1:500 scale) of tracheids, vessel elements, and a hardwood ‘fiber’ to demonstrate their relative dimensions and geometries. These models also include a set of outerwood and corewood tracheids onto which the microfibril angle is traced, and one tracheid on which bordered and cross-field pitting are shown. Plans are then given for a bordered pit pair with its membrane (1:6300 scale). The last model demonstrates the Hagen-Poiseuille equation with an array of 16 conduits that together have the same potential flow as one conduit of two times their diameter. The use of these models has enlivened the classroom and helped students to more readily grasp wood anatomy and function.
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Pothier, David, Hank A. Margolis, Jean Poliquin, and Richard H. Waring. "Relation between the permeability and the anatomy of jack pine sapwood with stand development." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-238.
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The anatomical characteristics of sapwood from the base of the live crown of trees from 11 jack pine stands (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) of different age and site quality were related to the patterns of change of longitudinal sapwood permeability (k) previously observed to occur among these stands. Tracheid length (Lt) increased rapidly from a minimum of 1.9 mm to a plateau of around 3.6 mm as stand age and site quality (productivity class) increased. Sapwood relative water content (Rs) measured before saturation ranged from 78 to 85% for the majority of trees. Samples taken from trees growing on poor sites, however, exhibited significantly lower values of Rs, which probably resulted in their remaining below saturation during the determination of sapwood permeability. The lower Rs values were assumed to be reflective of more adverse water balances during the growing season associated with rapidly drained and (or) shallow soils. Tracheid lumen diameter (Dl) was positively correlated with k within age-classes 15 and 35, but not thereafter. The initial relation between Dl, and k is thought to be associated with corresponding increases in the area of pit membranes, which determines the number of pores within a pit membrane. Values of k were never more than 60% of the values calculated by Poiseuille's law for ideal capillaries (kc) and were generally less than 40%. Values of k tended to approach kc with increasing Lt and decreasing Dl. Overall, Poiseuille's law by itself could not explain the changes in the hydraulic properties of jack pine sapwood with stand development. However, Lt and Rs could together account for 72% of the variation in k. Young stands that had different k depending on site quality generally had corresponding differences in Lt, Rs, and (or) Dl. Mature stands that had reached maximum k on all quality sites no longer showed differences in Lt, Rs, or Dl.
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Malagon, M. M., J. C. Garrido, C. Dieulois, C. Hera, J. L. Castrillo, P. M. Dobado-Berrios, and F. Gracia-Navarro. "Expression of the pituitary transcription factor GHF-1/PIT-1 in cell types of the adult porcine adenohypophysis." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 44, no. 6 (June 1996): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/44.6.8666747.
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We describe the expression of the transcription factor GHF-1/PIT-1 in adult porcine adenohypophysis by a nonradioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) method using a digoxigenin-labeled cDNA probe corresponding to the entire coding region of rat GHF-1. GHF-1 transcripts were found in 71.7% of adenohypophyseal cells. We also report the simultaneous detection of GHF-1 mRNA and pituitary hormones by combined ISH and immunocytochemistry (IC) in dispersed adenohypophyseal cells, detected with an alkaline phosphatase-NBT/BCIP technique and with an immunoperoxidase-3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) method, respectively. The combination of the two techniques neither abolished nor diminished their sensitivity or specificity. GHF-1 is expressed in all five of the cell types in the adult porcine adenohypophysis, showing that this method is suitable for simultaneous detection of transcripts and proteins at the single-cell level.
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Heady, R. D., J. G. Banks, and P. D. Evans. "WOOD ANATOMY OF WOLLEMI PINE (WOLLEMIA NOBILIS, ARAUCARIACEAE)." IAWA Journal 23, no. 4 (2002): 339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000309.
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The wood anatomy of the recently-discovered conifer Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi pine) is described for the first time. Its mature heartwood is light brown in colour and has an air dry density of 0.57 g /cm3. Growth ring boundaries are distinct and the transition from earlywood to latewood is gradual. Average tracheid length is ~ 3.4 mm. Bordered pits are one-, two- or three-seriate and the double and triple rows of pits are ‘alternate’. In the bordered pits there is a flat transition from torus to margo. A warty layer lines tracheid walls and pit cavity surfaces. Resin plugs are common in tracheids that are adjacent to rays. Helical thickenings and crassulae are absent. Rays are uniseriate, low, and are composed entirely of parenchyma cells whose walls are thin and unpitted. Cross-field pitting is ‘araucaroid’ and the number of pits per cross-field ranges from 3–11 (av. 7). Resin canals and axial parenchyma cells are absent. The differences between normal mature wood compared to compression and juvenile wood are consistent with those of most other conifer genera. The anatomical features of wood of W. nobilis strongly support its classification as a member of the Araucariaceae, but show no major differences that distinguish it as a monotypic genus. On the basis of its wood anatomy, it is not possible to state whether W. nobilis is more closely related to Agathis or to Araucaria.
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Maggiano, N., M. Piantelli, R. Ricci, L. M. Larocca, A. Capelli, and F. O. Ranelletti. "Detection of growth hormone-producing cells in human thymus by immunohistochemistry and non-radioactive in situ hybridization." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, no. 10 (October 1994): 1349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.10.7930517.
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It is well recognized that growth hormone (GH) may act as a growth and differentiation factor for the thymus gland. Recently, it has been reported that Pit-1/GHF-1 transcription factor, which controls the expression of both GH and prolactin, is expressed in stromal (not lymphoid) cells of human thymus. Here, we demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization the presence of distinct GH-producing epithelial cell subsets in human thymus. The cells positive for GH mRNA and GH-immunoreactive substance are both located in the same thymus compartments, i.e., along the thymus capsule, in the subcapsular cortex, and within the septa. Local concentration of GH higher than systemic ones, in combination with other factors, may be important in regulating the thymic microenvironment necessary for T-lymphocyte differentiation.
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Oskolski, Alexei A., Anna V. Stepanova, Luliang Huang, and Jianhua Jin. "Wood anatomy of Bischofia: notes on fossil woods referred to this genus." IAWA Journal 39, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170207.
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ABSTRACTThe taxonomic position of fossil woods suggested to be related to Bischofia is reassessed based on the examination of the wood anatomy of recently collected samples of its two modern species (B. javanica and B. polycarpa). Woods of B. palaeojavanica from the middle Pliocene of India, and B. javanoxyla from the early Miocene of northern Taiwan have features of extant B. javanica. In contrast, the Eocene Bischofia maomingensis (South China) differs from Bischofia in a number of features and we propose a new combination Chadronoxylon maomingensis (Feng et Jin) Oskolski, Stepanova, Huang et Jin. Bischofia palaeojavanica from the latest Cretaceous–earliest Paleocene Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India, and all other pre-Miocene woods assigned to Bischofia differ from extant Bischofia in vessel diameters, vessel element lengths, intervessel pit sizes, position of vessel-ray pits, and/or abundance of sheath cells in rays. Therefore, their generic position must be reconsidered, and there is no reliable record of Bischofia wood older than Miocene.
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Nguyen, Chieuda, Ashley Andrews, Pieter Baas, Jason E. Bond, Maria Auad, and Roland Dute. "Pit membranes and their evolution in the Oleinae of the Oleaceae." IAWA Journal 38, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170168.
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Chionanthus retusus and most Osmanthus spp. possess torus-bearing intervascular pit membranes in their woods. Because the genera involved are thought to be closely related and are members of the subtribe Oleinae, we hypothesized that torus morphology should be similar across taxa. A study combining light, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopy indicates that tori in both genera comprise a bipartite thickening containing a central pustular region and an encircling corona. Removal of incrusting material from the torus exposes subtending sets of parallel microfibrils. We hypothesize that the torus structures of C. retusus and Osmanthus spp. (as represented by O. armatus) have the same morphology. Optimizing torus-bearing pits on published molecular phylogenies of the subtribe Oleinae indicates parallel evolution as an explanation for torus similarity between these two groups, although a robust and well-resolved phylogeny of the Oleaceae is still lacking. A brief study of the wood anatomy of Olea dioica was also undertaken. This species is a member of the subgenus Tetrapilus and thought to be closely related to torus-bearing genera of the Oleaceae. Despite the close relationship, no tori were observed in O. dioica.
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Boura, Anaïs, Timothée Le Péchon, and Romain Thomas. "Wood anatomy of the Mascarene Dombeyoideae: Systematic and ecological implications." IAWA Journal 32, no. 4 (2011): 493–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000073.
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The Dombeyoideae (Malvaceae) are one of the most diversified groups of plants in the Mascarene Islands. Species of Dombeya Cav., Ruizia Cav. and Trochetia DC. are distributed in almost all parts of the archipelago and show a wide diversity in their growth forms. This study provides the first wood anatomical descriptions of 17 out of the 22 Mascarene species of Dombeyoideae. Their wood anatomy is similar to that of previously described species: wide vessels, presence of both apotracheal and paratracheal parenchyma, and storied structure. In addition, we also found a second wood anatomical pattern with narrower vessels, high vessel frequency and thick-walled fibres. The two aforementioned wood patterns are considered in a phylogenetic context and used to trace the evolutionary history of several wood anatomical features. For example, the pseudoscalariform pit arrangement supports a sister group relationship between Trochetia granulata Cordem. and T. blackburniana Bojer ex Baker and may be a new synapomorphy of the genus Trochetia. Finally, wood variability is evaluated in relation to geographic, climatic and biological data. Despite the juvenile nature of some of the specimens studied, we discuss how the habit, but also factors related to humidity, influence the variability observed in the Mascarene Dombeyoideae wood structure.
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Shin, Nari, Hong-Jae Jo, Woo-Kyung Kim, Won-Young Park, Jeong-Hee Lee, Dong Hun Shin, Kyung Un Choi, et al. "Gastric Pit Dysplasia in Adjacent Gastric Mucosa in 414 Gastric Cancers." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 35, no. 7 (July 2011): 1021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pas.0b013e31821ec495.
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Turner, Christy G. "Cannibalism in Chaco Canyon: The charnel pit excavated in 1926 at Small House ruin by Frank H.H. Roberts, Jr." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 91, no. 4 (August 1993): 421–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330910403.
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Aiso, Haruna, Tokiko Hiraiwa, Futoshi Ishiguri, Kazuya Iizuka, Shinso Yokota, and Nobuo Yoshizawa. "ANATOMY AND LIGNIN DISTRIBUTION OF “COMPRESSION-WOOD-LIKE REACTION WOOD” IN GARDENIA JASMINOIDES." IAWA Journal 34, no. 3 (2013): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000022.
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Anatomical characteristics and lignin distribution of ‘compression-wood-like reaction wood’ in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis were investigated. Two coppiced stems of a tree were artificially inclined to form reaction wood (RW). One stem of the same tree was fixed straight as a control, and referred to as normal wood (NW). Excessive positive values of surface-released strain were measured on the underside of RW stems. Anatomical characteristics of xylem formed on the underside of RW and in NW stems were also observed. The xylem formed on the underside exhibited a lack of S3 layer in the secondary fibre walls, an increase of pit aperture angle in the S2 layer, and an increase in lignin content. Some of the anatomical characteristics observed in the underside xylem resembled compression wood in gymnosperms. These results suggest that the increase of microfibril angle in the secondary wall and an increase in lignin content in angiosperms might be common phenomena resembling compression wood of gymnosperms.
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Hiraiwa, Tokiko, Haruna Aiso, Futoshi Ishiguri, Yuya Takashima, Kazuya Iizuka, and Shinso Yokota. "ANATOMY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA STEMS INCLINED AT DIFFERENT ANGLES." IAWA Journal 35, no. 4 (December 6, 2014): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000078.
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The anatomical and chemical characteristics of reaction wood (RW) were investigated in Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. Stems of seedlings were artificially inclined at angles of 30 (RW-30), 50 (RW-50) and 70° (RW-70) from the vertical, and compared with normal wood (NW) from a vertical seedling stem. The smallest values for the wood fibre length and vessel number were observed in RW-50. The pit aperture angle was less than 10° in RW-30 and RW-50, in which reduced lignin content was observed in the S2 layer of the wood fibres. An increase in the glucose content and a decrease in the lignin and xylose content was observed in RW-50. The stem inclination angle affected the degree of RW development with regard to anatomical and chemical characteristics: the severest RW was observed in RW-50, followed by RW-30. RW-70 was similar in anatomical and chemical characteristics to NW, apparently because the inclination was too strong to enable recovery of its original position. In this case a vertical sprouting stem was formed to replace the inclined stem.
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Saganuwan, Saganuwan Alhaji. "Calculation of effective dose fifty (ED50) of antivenom for American pit viper envenomation." Comparative Clinical Pathology 27, no. 5 (June 12, 2018): 1321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2742-1.
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Walsh, Kerry B., Russell C. Sky, and Sharon M. Brown. "The anatomy of the pathway of sucrose unloading within the sugarcane stalk." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 4 (2005): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04102.
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The physical path of sucrose unloading in the sugarcane stalk is described. About 50% of the vascular bundles in the internodes were located within 3 mm of the outside of the stalk. These bundles were inactive in long distance sucrose transport, as assessed by dye tracers of phloem flow. A sheath of fibres isolates the phloem apoplast from that of the storage parenchyma. In bundles associated with long distance transport (i.e. in the central region), the fibre sheath is narrowest to either side of the phloem fibre cap, and consists of living cells with plasmodesmata within pits in the secondary wall. Plasmodesmata were also arranged into pit fields between cells of the storage parenchyma. Since the vascular apoplast is isolated from the apoplast of the storage parenchyma, sucrose must move through the symplast of the fibre sheath. The calculated flux of sucrose through plasmodesmata of this cell layer was at the low end of reported values in the literature. Sucrose unloading within the storage parenchyma may also follow a symplastic route, with unloading into the apoplast of the storage parenchyma occurring as part of a turgor mechanism to increase sink strength.
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Dengler, Nancy G., Ronald E. Dengler, and Douglas J. Grenville. "Comparison of photosynthetic carbon reduction (Kranz) cells having different ontogenetic origins in the C4 NADP – malic enzyme grass Arundinella hirta." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 1222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-154.
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The C4 grass Arundinella hirta is characterized by unusual leaf blade anatomy: photosynthetic carbon reduction takes place both within the chlorenchymatous bundle sheath cells of the longitudinal veins and within longitudinal strands of "distinctive cells" that form part of the leaf mesophyll and are often completely isolated from vascular tissue. Although they are equivalent physiologically, these two cell types have different ontogenetic origins: bundle sheath cells are delimited from procambium early in leaf development, whereas distinctive cells differentiate from ground meristem at a later developmental stage. Although the two cell types share numerous cytological features (large chloroplasts with reduced grana, thick cell walls with a suberin lamella), we also found significant differences in cell lengths, length to width ratios, cell cross-sectional areas, organelle numbers per cell cross section, phenol content of the cell walls, and numbers of pit fields in the longitudinal cell walls. The size and shape of bundle sheath cells are likely a direct consequence of procambial origin. The thicker walls of bundle sheath cells (in major veins) and their greater lignification may reflect the inductive effect of cell differentiation in the proximity of sclerenchyma and vascular tissues. Differences between major and minor vein bundle sheath cells may reflect differences in the timing of initiation of procambial strands. Our analysis of cell wall characteristics has also shown the presence of numerous primary pit fields in the transverse walls between adjacent distinctive cells in a file; plasmodesmata in these pit fields form a pathway for longitudinal symplastic transport not previously known to exist.
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Lindorf, Helga. "Eco-Anatomical Wood Features of Species from a Very Dry Tropical Forest." IAWA Journal 15, no. 4 (1994): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001370.
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In 19 species of a very dry forest in Venezuela vessel diameter, vessel frequency, vessel grouping, vessel element length, and intervessel pit size, were studied and compared with data from other habitats. A predominance of characters that presumably contribute to hydraulic safety was observed: numerous grouped vessels of small diameter, short vessel elements, and minute intervessel pits. In some species, a xeromorphic wood anatomy coexists together with adaptations such as deciduousness, xeromorphic foliage, deep or superficially-extended roots, and succulence. In other species studied, the presence of xerophytic adaptations such as assimilating stems, succulence, and deep roots, seem to mitigate the xeromorphic wood appearance and, to some extent, lend it a mesomorphic character.
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Koyama, Masamichi, Samuel S. Spicer, and Bradley A. Schulte. "Distribution of IκB Proteins in Gastric Mucosa and Other Organs of Mouse and Gerbil." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 48, no. 2 (February 2000): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540004800204.
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The NF-κB/IκB complex is a major transcription regulator of inflammatory and immune responses. Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic inflammation in gastric mucosa by inducing dissociation of the inhibitory IκB protein from the complex with a resulting increased expression of interleukin (IL)-8. To clarify which of several known IκB proteins could be involved in this inflammatory response, we undertook immunohistochemical examination of normal mouse stomach as well as other murine tissues for comparison, using polyclonal antibodies specific for α-, β-, γ-, and ∊-isoforms of IκB. The results showed strong immunoreactivity for the α-isoform in parietal cells and for the β-isoform in pit cells of the stomach, along with the presence of these proteins in various other sites. Comparative staining revealed a similar but not identical distribution of IκB proteins in the Mongolian gerbil, a rodent model for H. pylori infection. The findings suggest that the α- and β-iso-forms are dominant IκB proteins in gastric parietal and foveolar cells, respectively, and point to a role for these transcription regulators in modulating pathological responses in stomach and other organs.
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Iida, H., and Y. Shibata. "Delivery of lectin-labeled membrane to the trans-Golgi network and secretory granules in cultured atrial myocytes." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 12 (December 1989): 1885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.12.2479675.
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To examine whether and how internalized plasma membrane components are routed to the compartment of the biosynthetic-exocytic pathway in cultured atrial myocytes, the plasma membrane labeled with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was traced electron microscopically by cytochemical detection of HRP. The WGA-HRP label was internalized via a coated pit-small vesicle pathway and reached vacuoles and endosomes by 3 min. Labeled endosomes comprised vacuoles and tubular elements containing reaction product. By 15 min, similar tubular structures containing reaction product accumulated in the area of the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The labeled TGN consisted of interconnected tubular elements, which often connected to atrial granules containing reaction product. In contrast, neither native HRP nor Lucifer Yellow reached Golgi elements or atrial granules. These results suggest that a proportion of the plasma membrane labeled with WGA-HRP is delivered to endosomes, from which tubules might bud off to transfer the tracer molecules to the TGN, where the lectin conjugate and associated membranes are packaged into atrial granules.
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Norman, David B. "Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188, no. 1 (November 29, 2019): 1–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz074.
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Abstract Scelidosaurus harrisonii is an early (Late Sinemurian) armoured ornithischian dinosaur whose remains have, to date, only been recovered from a restricted location on the south coast of Dorset (Charmouth), England. This dinosaur has been known since 1859, but only on the basis of a partial description found in two articles published in the early 1860s by Richard Owen. The original material, discovered in 1858, comprised the majority of the skull and its associated postcranial skeleton, and represents the first ever, more or less complete dinosaur discovered. In addition to the original material, a number of further discoveries have been made at Charmouth; these latter supplement the information that can be gleaned from the original specimen. This article describes the skull of Scelidosaurus. The external surface of individual skull bones in ontogenetically relatively mature individuals displays exostoses, a patina of fibrous or granular-textured bone that anchored an external shielding of keratinous scales. There is a small, edentulous rostral beak, behind which is found a row of five heterodont premaxillary teeth. There is a minimum of 22 maxillary teeth and 27 dentary teeth in jaws of the largest well-preserved individuals known to date. Both dentitions (upper and lower) are bowed medially and are sinuous longitudinally. Maxillary and dentary crowns are tilted lingually on their roots, trapezoidal in outline and have crenellate (coarsely denticulate) margins. Adjacent crowns of teeth have mesiodistally (anteroposteriorly) expanded bases that overlap slightly and are consequently arranged en echelon. The dentitions are flanked by deep cheek pouches. Tooth abrasion is usually discontinuous along the dentition. In one individual nearly all teeth seem to be fully emerged and there is little evidence of abrasion. There is no physical evidence of a predentary, but the presence of this (typically ornithischian) element may be inferred from the structure of the symphyseal region of the dentary. The external narial and antorbital fenestrae are comparatively small, whereas the orbit and temporal fenestrae are large and open. A sclerotic ring was undoubtedly present and supported the eyeball, but it is too poorly preserved to allow it to be reconstructed with accuracy. A prominent supraorbital brow ridge overhangs the orbit. There are three osteoderms: palpebral, middle supraorbital and posterior supraorbital, sutured to the dorsal margin of the orbit. The occiput provides an area for attachment of a pair of curved, keratin-sheathed, osteodermal horns. Epistyloid bones project from the ventrolateral region of the braincase; their distal ends flank the anterolateral region of the neck. Rugose facets on either side of the basioccipital are suggested to have provided attachment sites for the epistyloid bones. Internally, the skull has a deeply vaulted snout and the nasal chambers are roofed by what are here named epivomer bones that appear to have been sutured to the dorsolateral edges of the vomers. Unusually, among dinosaurs generally, an epipterygoid is preserved attached to the dorsolateral surface of the pterygoid; there is no obvious point of articulation for the epipterygoid against the lateral wall of the braincase. A deep pit on the posterior surface of the quadrate of an immature specimen is suggestive of the existence of a remnant of cranial pneumatism. This pit becomes occluded in larger, more mature specimens.
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Yaman, Barbaros. "Comparative Wood Anatomy of Pinus Sylvestris and Its Var. Compacta in the West Black Sea Region of Turkey." IAWA Journal 28, no. 1 (2007): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001620.
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Pinus sylvestris L. subsp. hamata (Steven) Fomin var. compacta Tosun is quite different from the common form of P. sylvestris in its external morphology. The size of the needles, cones and seeds of the former are significantly smaller than those of the latter. Besides, this variety branches out beginning from the ground level, and has very dense branches and needles. The present study describes the anatomical properties of the wood of P. sylvestris var. compacta and compares them with typical P. sylvestris. The woods of these taxa have the same qualitative anatomical features, but most of the quantitative anatomical characteristics show significant differences: variety compacta has lower values than common P. sylvestris in tracheid length and diameter, ray height and bordered pit diameter.
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Dickison, William C., and Kristen D. Phend. "Wood Anatomy of the Styracaceae: Evolutionary and Ecological Considerations." IAWA Journal 6, no. 1 (1985): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000903.
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Woods of over 40 species representing nine genera of Styracaceae were studied. Features present in most taxa include growth rings, diffuse porosity, combinations of both solitaries and pore multiples, exclusively scalariform perforation plates, opposite to alternate intervessel pitting, imperforate tracheary elements with indistinctly bordered pits, both uniseriate and multiseriate heterocellular rays, and axial parenchyma distributed as a combination of diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates, and scanty. Prismatic crystals occur in species of the genera Bruinsmia, Halesia, and Styrax, and silica is present in a few Neotropical species of Styrax. The characteristic solitary pore distribution and high scalariform perforation plate bar number of Huodendron are of potential evolutionary significance. The xylem of Lissocarpa differs from the Styracaceae in possessing more highly evolved vessel elements with both simple and scalariform perforations and prominently banded axial parenchyma. The occurrence of simple perforation plates in the wider, earlywood vessel elements, along with an increased pore frequency and decreased vessel element length, in Styrax platanifolius and S. texanus is documented. Both species inhabit seasonally dry habitats of the southwestern United States, thus supporting similar specialisations observed in other plants growing in xerophytic conditions. The apparent variation in perforation plate condition within different geographic varieties of S. officinalis is discussed. Significant correlations of wood anatomical characters and latitude of provenance are present among species of Styracaceae. Increasing latitude is strongly correlated with increased pore and multiseriate ray frequency, and decreased vessel element length and wall thickness. Increasing latitude is less strongly correlated with an occurrence of decreased pore diameter, increased bar number per perforation plate, increased fibre-tracheid and intervessel pit diameter, and increased frequency of uniseriate rays. Weak correlations are also evident between increasing latitude and shorter ray height and narrower, shorter, and thinner-walled fibre-tracheids.
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Esteban, Luis García, Paloma de Palacios, Antonio Guindeo, and Francisco García Fernández. "Comparative Anatomy of the Wood of Abies Pinsapo and Its two Moroccan Varieties." IAWA Journal 28, no. 3 (2007): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001640.
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This study describes the structure of the wood of Abies pinsapo from samples taken from its three natural distribution areas in the Iberian Peninsula (Sierra de Grazalema, Sierra de las Nieves and Sierra Bermeja) and compares them with the varieties from the north of Africa, Abies pinsapo var. marocana from the Talassemtane mountains and A. pinsapo var. tazaotana from the Tazaout mountains. All the samples were collected in their regions of provenance. To put the results into perspective, a comparison was also made with the wood of Abies alba and A. numidica. The wood of the Iberian A. pinsapo and of its two varieties from the Rif mountains in Morocco is anatomically similar, and there are no qualitative differences that enable the wood to be differentiated except for the presence of resin deposits in the tracheids adjacent to the rays in the samples from Grazalema. Quantitatively, for tracheid diameter and tracheid length there are statistically significantly differences (p<0.05) between those of Spanish provenance and the Moroccan varieties, but for tracheid pit diameter, largest diameter of cross-field pits and tall ray frequency the samples from Sierra Bermeja have more in common with the African samples.
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Amemiya, Fumiaki, Tatsuo Ushiki, Richard C. Goris, Yoshitoshi Atobe, and Toyokazu Kusunoki. "Ultrastructure of the crotaline snake infrared pit receptors: SEM confirmation of TEM findings." Anatomical Record 246, no. 1 (September 1996): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199609)246:1<135::aid-ar15>3.0.co;2-q.
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Amemiya, Fumiaki, Masato Nakano, Richard C. Goris, Tetsuo Kadota, Yoshitoshi Atobe, Kengo Funakoshi, Kenji Hibiya, and Reiji Kishida. "Microvasculature of crotaline snake pit organs: Possible function as a heat exchange mechanism." Anatomical Record 254, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(19990101)254:1<107::aid-ar14>3.0.co;2-y.
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Lee, J. W., P. Sale, and N. P. Patel. "X-ray microtomography study of otic capsule deficiencies: three-dimensional modelling of the fissula ante fenestram." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 129, no. 9 (August 5, 2015): 840–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215115001607.
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AbstractBackground:The postulated sites of perilymph fistulae involve otic capsule deficiencies, in particular, at the fissula ante fenestram. Histological studies have revealed this to be a channel extending from the middle ear, and becoming continuous with the inner ear medial to the anterior limit of the oval window. The relationship between a patent fissula and symptoms of perilymph fistula is contentious.Objective:The understanding of the anatomy of the fissula ante fenestram is incomplete. Histopathology is inherently destructive to the delicate ultrastructure of the middle and inner ear. Conversely, X-ray microtomography allows non-destructive examination of the otic capsule. In this study, we used X-ray microtomography to characterise the fissula ante fenestram.Materials and methods:We imaged cadaveric temporal bones with X-ray microtomography. We used the Avizo Fire (Visualization Science Group, Merignac Cedex, France) software to perform post-processing and image analysis.Results:Three-dimensional modelling of the fissula ante fenestram allowed stratification into four forms: rudimentary pit; partial fissula; complete occluded fissula; and complete patent fissula.Conclusion:X-ray microtomography showed that the fissula ante fenestram is present in various forms from rudimentary pit to complete deficiency of the otic capsule. This understanding may have implications for otologic surgery and clinical diagnosis of perilymph fistula.