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Journal articles on the topic 'Pit latrine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Mubatsi, Johnson B., Solomon Tsebeni Wafula, Samuel Etajak, et al. "Latrine characteristics and maintenance practices associated with pit latrine lifetime in an informal settlement in Kampala, Uganda." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 4 (2021): 657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.032.

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Abstract This study assessed latrine characteristics and maintenance practices associated with an extended pit latrine lifetime in an informal settlement in Kampala, Uganda. Data were obtained from 306 respondents on sociodemographic characteristics, their private pit latrine characteristics and latrine lifetime. A modified Poisson regression was used to model the latrine characteristics and maintenance practices associated with the pit latrine lifetime. All analyses were performed using Stata 14 software. Approximately 23.5% of the pit latrines had a lifetime of less than 2 years, and most la

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2

ifeuzu, Ugwu Francis, and Prof Agunwamba Jonah Chukwuemeka. "Development of Models for the Rational Design of Different Shapes of Pit Latrine." Indian Journal of Environment Engineering 1, no. 1 (2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijee.a1802.051121.

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Specific models for the rational design of pit latrines of different shapes and sizes are presently non-existent. What exist are general design models irrespective of the shape and size of latrine which may not give the actual design parameters needed. This research was limited to the derivation of models that will aid the design of the capacity of pit latrines of different shapes and dimensions for different population of users and under different soil formations and ground conditions. The objective of this research was to derive models for the rational design of pit latrines of different sha

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ifeuzu, Ugwu Francis, and Prof Agunwamba Jonah Chukwuemeka. "Development of Models for the Rational Design of Different Shapes of Pit Latrine." Indian Journal of Environment Engineering 1, no. 1 (2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijee.a1802.051121.

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Specific models for the rational design of pit latrines of different shapes and sizes are presently non-existent. What exist are general design models irrespective of the shape and size of latrine which may not give the actual design parameters needed. This research was limited to the derivation of models that will aid the design of the capacity of pit latrines of different shapes and dimensions for different population of users and under different soil formations and ground conditions. The objective of this research was to derive models for the rational design of pit latrines of different sha

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4

Ugwu, Francis ifeuzu, and Jonah Chukwuemeka Agunwamba. "Development of Models for the Rational Design of Different Shapes of Pit Latrine." Indian Journal of Environment Engineering (IJEE) 1, no. 1 (2021): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijee.A1802.051121.

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Specific models for the rational design of pit latrines of different shapes and sizes are presently non-existent. What exist are general design models irrespective of the shape and size of latrine which may not give the actual design parameters needed. This research was limited to the derivation of models that will aid the design of the capacity of pit latrines of different shapes and dimensions for different population of users and under different soil formations and ground conditions. The objective of this research was to derive models for the rational design of pit latrines of different sha

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Chiposa, Rashid, Rochelle H. Holm, Chimuleke Munthali, Russel C. G. Chidya, and Francis L. de los Reyes. "Characterization of pit latrines to support the design and selection of emptying tools in peri-urban Mzuzu, Malawi." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 1 (2017): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.096.

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The urban areas of many low-income countries must balance a rising demand for pit latrines for household sanitation provision against limitations in space, resulting in a need for pit latrine emptying services. This study was undertaken in the peri-urban neighborhood of Area 1B in the city of Mzuzu, Malawi, to examine the characteristics of household pit latrines for designing and selecting pit latrine emptying tools. We used 150 structured household surveys and field observations. From this, a subset was selected and 30 manual cone penetrometer tests were conducted at full latrines. Chemical

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J., Nyabayo C., Chemoiwa E. J., Mwamburi L., Jepkogei R. M., and Albert Kimutai. "The effects of vertical and horizontal separations between pit latrine and hand dug well on contamination water by human fecal matter in Bomachoge Borabu, Kenya." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 09 (2016): 4782. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.09.001.

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In developed world, water diseases are rare due to presence of efficient water supply and human wastes disposal systems (Jorge et al., 2010). However, in developing countries like Kenya, are characterized by inadequate basic resources such as safe drinking water and sewerage disposal facilities. This is due to rapid population growth. Consequently, use of pit latrines and hand dug wells are commonly used. There is concern that pit latrines may cause ecological and human health effects associated with pathogenic and chemical contaminations of ground water sources by hand dug wells. In Kenya, pi

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Rahman, Mahbubur, Mahfuza Islam, Solaiman Doza, et al. "Higher helminth ova counts and incomplete decomposition in sand-enveloped latrine pits in a coastal sub-district of Bangladesh." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 6 (2022): e0010495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010495.

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Pit latrines are the most common latrine technology in rural Bangladesh, and untreated effluent from pits can directly contaminate surrounding aquifers. Sand barriers installed around the latrine pit can help reduce contamination but can also alter the decomposition of the fecal sludge and accelerate pit fill-up, which can counteract their benefits. We aimed to evaluate whether there was a difference in decomposition of fecal sludge and survival of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) ova among latrines where a 50-cm sand barrier was installed surrounding and at the bottom of the pit, compared to l

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Zhang, Hongna, Yanxia Gao та Weishan Chang. "Comparison of Extended-Spectrumβ-Lactamase-ProducingEscherichia coliIsolates from Drinking Well Water and Pit Latrine Wastewater in a Rural Area of China". BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4343564.

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The present study was conducted to gain insights into the occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL-) producingEscherichia coli(E. coli) from drinking well water in the rural area of Laiwu, China, and to explore the role of the nearby pit latrine as a contamination source. ESBL-producingE. colifrom wells were compared with isolates from pit latrines in the vicinity. The results showed that ESBL-producingE. coliisolates, with the same antibiotic resistance profiles, ESBL genes, phylogenetic group, plasmid replicon types, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic

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Radford, J. T., and R. A. Fenner. "Characterisation and fluidisation of synthetic pit latrine sludge." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (2013): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.023.

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Half of the world's urban population will live in informal settlements or ‘slums’ by 2030. Affordable urban sanitation presents a unique set of challenges as the lack of space and resources to construct new latrines makes the de-sludging of existing pits necessary, and this is something that is currently done manually, with significant associated health risks. Various mechanised technologies have therefore been developed to facilitate pit emptying, with the majority using a vacuum system to remove material from the top of the pit. However, this results in the gradual accumulation of unpumpable

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10

Mamera, Matthew, Johan J. van Tol, Makhosazana P. Aghoghovwia, and Gabriel T. Mapetere. "Community Faecal Management Strategies and Perceptions on Sludge Use in Agriculture." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (2020): 4128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114128.

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Most people in rural areas in South Africa (SA) rely on untreated drinking groundwater sources and pit latrine sanitations. A minimum basic sanitation facility should enable safe and appropriate removal of human waste, and although pit latrines provide this, they are still contamination concerns. Pit latrine sludge in SA is mostly emptied and disposed off-site as waste or buried in-situ. Despite having knowledge of potential sludge benefits, most communities in SA are reluctant to use it. This research captured social perceptions regarding latrine sludge management in Monontsha village in the

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Anjay, Kumar Mishra, and S. Aithal P. "Cost-Effective Design of Latrine for Low Income Group." International Journal of Management, Technology, and Social Sciences (IJMTS) 7, no. 1 (2022): 306–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6463468.

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<strong>Purpose:</strong> <em>Latrine is a symbol of cleanness. It is most to have a latrine even for getting basic government facilities.  Though the country is declared ODF, in reality, it is difficult to maintain the status for long. There are pieces of evidence that the declared ODF zones have reverted to open defecation over time. It was in this context, that the study was carried out to explore appropriate latrines to be constructed in the case of Mahottari District, Nepal. </em> <strong>Design/Methodology/Approach:</strong> <em>Two communities namely Khyarmara (of Bardibas Municipa

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Njalam’mano, John Bright Joseph, Evans Martin Nkhalambayausi Chirwa, and Refilwe Lesego Seabi. "In Vitro Study of Butyric Acid Deodorization Potential by Indigenously Constructed Bacterial Consortia and Pure Cultures from Pit Latrine Fecal Sludge." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (2020): 5156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125156.

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The present study aims at developing an efficient bacterial consortium to biodegrade butyric acid, one of the odor-causing compounds that contribute significantly to pit latrine malodors. Six bacterial strains isolated from pit latrine fecal sludge were selected for the study. Nineteen bacterial consortia of different combinations were artificially constructed. The individual bacterial strains and bacterial consortia were compared by culturing in mineral salt medium supplemented with 1000 mg/L butyric acid as a sole carbon and energy source at pH 7, 30 °C, and 110 rpm under aerobic growth cond

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13

Kanda, Artwell, Esper Jacobeth Ncube, and Kuku Voyi. "Drivers and barriers to sustained use of Blair ventilated improved pit latrine after nearly four decades in rural Zimbabwe." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (2022): e0265077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265077.

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Background Some latrines remain unused even under conditions of high coverage in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries. Not much is known on household latrine use in the long term in the absence of an intervention. The current work assesses drivers and barriers to sustained use of a ventilated improved pit latrine (Blair VIP) design where it originated and how rural households adapt it to climate change. Methods A mixed methods study was conducted from November 2020 to May 2021 among rural households of Mbire district, Zimbabwe. A cross sectional survey of 238 households with Blair v

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Cole, Ben, John Pinfold, Goen Ho, and Martin Anda. "Investigating the dynamic interactions between supply and demand for rural sanitation, Malawi." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 4 (2012): 266–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.014.

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Formative market research is the first step in developing evidence-based sanitation marketing programs. In Malawi, the design, implementation and evaluation of rural sanitation marketing programs has been limited. This study applied a mixed methodological approach to examine the dynamic interactions between the supply and demand of sanitation in three rural districts. The supply assessment identified an extremely limited range of latrine options. Sanitation suppliers reported very low household demand for their existing latrine options. An additional constraint reported by suppliers was househ

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Ifeuzu, Ugwu Francis, and Prof Agunwamba Jonah Chukwuemeka. "Modeling the Filling Rate of Faeces in Ordinary Pit Latrines." Indian Journal of Agriculture Engineering 1, no. 1 (2021): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijae.a1503.051121.

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Faecal sludge deposited into the pit latrine is subject to biodegradation. The aim of this research was to develop model for the filling rate of faeces in ordinary pit latrine together with the effect of shape factor on such fillings to prepare the minds of users on the filling characteristics of the pit based on contents, usage and environmental factors. Consequently, faecal sludges sampled from 100 pits already filled were subjected to laboratory analyses for their physico-chemical and biological characteristics. Models for the actual filling rate of faeces in ordinary pit latrines were deri

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Ifeuzu, Ugwu Francis, and Prof Agunwamba Jonah Chukwuemeka. "Modeling the Filling Rate of Faeces in Ordinary Pit Latrines." Indian Journal of Agriculture Engineering 1, no. 1 (2021): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijae.a1503.051121.

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Faecal sludge deposited into the pit latrine is subject to biodegradation. The aim of this research was to develop model for the filling rate of faeces in ordinary pit latrine together with the effect of shape factor on such fillings to prepare the minds of users on the filling characteristics of the pit based on contents, usage and environmental factors. Consequently, faecal sludges sampled from 100 pits already filled were subjected to laboratory analyses for their physico-chemical and biological characteristics. Models for the actual filling rate of faeces in ordinary pit latrines were deri

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Ugwu, Francis Ifeuzu, and Jonah Chukwuemeka Agunwamba. "Modeling the Filling Rate of Faeces in Ordinary Pit Latrines." Indian Journal of Agriculture Engineering (IJAE) 1, no. 1 (2021): 32–44. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijae.A1503.051121.

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Faecal sludge deposited into the pit latrine is subject to biodegradation. The aim of this research was to develop model for the filling rate of faeces in ordinary pit latrine together with the effect of shape factor on such fillings to prepare the minds of users on the filling characteristics of the pit based on contents, usage and environmental factors. Consequently, faecal sludges sampled from 100 pits already filled were subjected to laboratory analyses for their physico-chemical and biological characteristics. Models for the actual filling rate of faeces in ordinary pit latrines were deri

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18

Asnake, Deres, and Metadel Adane. "Household latrine utilization and associated factors in semi-urban areas of northeastern Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0241270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241270.

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Background Latrine utilization is the actual behavior in a practice of regularly using existing latrines for safe disposal of excreta. Latrine utilization is a common problem in semi-urban areas of developing countries, including Ethiopia. Since the status of latrine utilization and associated factors among semi-urban areas of northeastern Ethiopia, including Alansha in South Wollo Zone is unknown, local data is needed in order to assess the need for planning of intervention programs for the improvement of latrine utilization to support consistent and sustained latrine utilization. This study

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Changara, M. C., C. Bangira, W. T. Sanyika, and S. N. Misi. "Characterisation of pit latrine sludge from shackleton, a peri-urban residential area of Zimbabwe." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 3 (2018): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.041.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to characterise the physical and chemical properties of human faecal sludge from various pit latrines in relation to the differences in usage and management practices of each pit over time. Physico-chemical parameters were measured from the sludge collected from the top layers of six different pit latrines that were sampled six times at an interval of 40 days. Data were also collected on pit user habits and management practices. Multivariate statistical analyses were carried out to determine the variations in sludge physico-chemical characteristics amon

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Ndoziya, Alfonse Tapera, Zvikomborero Hoko, and Webster Gumindoga. "Assessment of the impact of pit latrines on groundwater contamination in Hopley Settlement, Harare, Zimbabwe." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 3 (2019): 464–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.179.

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Abstract A study was conducted to assess the water quality of the groundwater sources and possible impacts of pit latrines on the groundwater for selected boreholes and wells. The City of Harare's peri-urban settlement of Hopley predominantly uses pit latrines for excreta disposal. This puts groundwater at risk to contamination thereby threatening human health. Pit latrine density around groundwater points was assessed using a Geographical Information System (GIS). The pit latrine density ranged from 0 to 5 latrines in a 15 m radius to 3–63 latrines in a 100 m radius. From the analysis of the

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Hinton, Rebekah G. K., Christopher J. A. Macleod, Mads Troldborg, Modesta B. Kanjaye, and Robert M. Kalin. "The Status of Sanitation in Malawi: Is SDG6.2 Achievable?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 15 (2023): 6528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156528.

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Ensuring access to adequate and equitable sanitation and ending open defecation by 2030 is the focus of Sustainable Development Goal 6.2 (SDG6.2). We evaluated Malawi’s progress towards SDG 6.2 (specifically the goal to end open defecation), presenting the results of a national survey of over 200,000 sanitary facilities and evaluating their management. Based on non-linear population dynamics, we used a linear model to evaluate the reduction in open defecation between 1992–2018, and to project whether Malawi can meet the SDG target to end open defecation by 2030 under multiple scenarios of popu

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Capone, Drew, Petros Chigwechokha, Francis L. de los Reyes, et al. "Impact of sampling depth on pathogen detection in pit latrines." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (2021): e0009176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009176.

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Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) is increasingly used to provide decision makers with actionable data about community health. WBE efforts to date have primarily focused on sewer-transported wastewater in high-income countries, but at least 1.8 billion people in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) use onsite sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks. Like wastewater, fecal sludges from such systems offer similar advantages in community pathogen monitoring and other epidemiological applications. To evaluate the distribution of enteric pathogens inside pit latrines–which cou

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Couderc, A. A. L., K. Foxon, C. A. Buckley, et al. "The effect of moisture content and alkalinity on the anaerobic biodegradation of pit latrine sludge." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 7 (2008): 1461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.449.

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This study investigated the effect of additional moisture and/or alkalinity on the rate of anaerobic digestion in samples of material obtained from pit latrines. In modified serum bottle tests it was shown that poor gas production rates were observed from all experiments with material collected at the lower part of one pit. Using material from the top layer of a second pit it was shown that experimental bottles produced significant amounts of gas for all treatments. Analysis of data indicated that treatment with additional alkalinity had no discernible effect on anaerobic gas production rates,

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Reddy, Olivia, Mostaquimur Rahman, Anisha Nijhawan, Maria Pregnolato, and Guy Howard. "Infiltrated Pits: Using Regional Groundwater Data to Estimate Methane Emissions from Pit Latrines." Hydrology 10, no. 5 (2023): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10050114.

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On-site sanitation systems (OSS), such as pit latrines, are an important source of methane (CH4), with emissions increasing when they are wet, and this occurs when anaerobic conditions dominate. This paper presents the development of a model, which uses seasonal changes in groundwater to account for the fluctuating inundation of pit latrines, and, therefore, the associated CH4 emissions from varying degrees of anerobic conditions are examined. Given that observed timeseries of groundwater table depth at high enough spatial and temporal resolutions are often difficult to obtain in low- and midd

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Obeng, Peter Appiah, Panin Asirifua Obeng, and Eric Awere. "Design and construction of household ventilated improved pit latrines: gaps between conventional technical guidelines and construction practices in Cape Coast, Ghana." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 4 (2019): 825–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.067.

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Abstract This study was conducted to identify the gaps that exist between ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine construction practices in Cape Coast, Ghana, and conventional technical guidelines, and to assess how any non-compliance with technical guidelines influences the users' perception of odour and fly nuisances. An inspection guide was used to assess 127 VIP latrines, while a questionnaire survey was used to obtain feedback from 211 users of the latrines on their perception of odour and fly nuisance. Not a single latrine was found to be fitted with a vent pipe that satisfied the recommen

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Smith, Savanna K., Benjamin B. Risk, Rochelle H. Holm, et al. "Microbial community function and bacterial pathogen composition in pit latrines in peri-urban Malawi." PLOS Water 2, no. 10 (2023): e0000171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000171.

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Despite the widespread global reliance on pit latrines as improved sanitation systems, the decomposition of waste within pit latrines is poorly understood. One area needing elucidation is the characterization and function of microbial communities within pit latrines. To address this gap, we characterized the microbial communities of 55 lined pit latrines at three sampling layers from two communities in peri-urban Malawi. The microbial communities of the fecal sludge samples were analyzed for beta diversity, pathogen presence, and functional profiling. Household surveys were conducted and used

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Awuah, Frank. "Application of microorganisms to determine the impact of infiltration layer and season on pit latrine groundwater contamination." Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability 8, no. 3 (2024): 357–67. https://doi.org/10.22515/sustinere.jes.v8i3.425.

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This study was necessitated as a result of the frequent cases of diarrhoea observed among the students of the researcher. The researcher employed faecal indicator bacteria to assess the impact of the infiltration layer and seasonal variations on groundwater contamination from pit latrines in the municipalities where the students reside. The main experimental materials consisted of water samples collected from 15 randomly selected wells in the Tano Districts of Ghana. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and enterococci were used as faecal indicators. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method was emp

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Huda, Tarique Md Nurul, Tania Jahir, Sushobhan Sarker, et al. "Formative Research to Design a Child-Friendly Latrine in Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (2021): 11092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111092.

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In low- and middle-income countries, most latrines are not accessible to young children. We explored how to modify existing pit latrines to make them child friendly. We conducted four focus group discussions with mothers to explore barriers to child latrine use. We then enrolled 20 households with a child aged 3–7 years old to test six enabling technologies developed based on the identified barriers. Two to three weeks after installing the selected enabling technologies in each household, researchers conducted 19 in-depth interviews with caregivers to explore the technologies’ acceptance and f

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Dzwairo, Bloodless. "Multi-date trends in groundwater pollution from pit latrines." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 4 (2018): 607–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.177.

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Abstract This paper provides a multi-date review of trends in groundwater pollution from pit latrine sanitation structures using global, regional and South African cases. The paper focuses on three parameters which are microorganisms, nitrate and phosphorus, which are aligned with the challenge of waterborne diseases, and generally linked to poor water quality, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene. Poor sanitation and hygiene open up transmission routes for ingestion of faecal matter, which as at 2018 continue to pose risks of diarrhoea, opportunistic infections, and consequent malnutrition.

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van Eekert, Miriam H. A., Walter T. Gibson, Belen Torondel, et al. "Anaerobic digestion is the dominant pathway for pit latrine decomposition and is limited by intrinsic factors." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 12 (2019): 2242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.220.

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Abstract In vitro methods were used to assess the full potential for decomposition (measured as biogas formation) from pit latrine samples taken from the top layer of 15 Tanzanian latrines. We found considerable variability in the decomposition rate and extent. This was compared with decomposition in the same latrines, measured by comparing top layer composition with fresh stools and deeper (older) layers, to assess whether this potential was realised in situ. Results showed a close match between the extent of organic material breakdown in situ and in vitro, indicating that anaerobic digestion

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Awere, Eric, and K. B. M. Edu-Buandoh. "REDUCING SLUDGE VOLUME IN PIT LATRINES: CAN LATRINE ADDITIVES IN GHANA HELP?" International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 8 (2016): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/1221.

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Madikizela, Phindile, Shafick Hoossein, Richard K. Laubscher, et al. "Disaster Risk Management, Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines, and Sanitation Challenges in South Africa." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (2022): 6934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116934.

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The current paper provides a review and meta-analysis of the practical implications of disaster risk management related to the ventilated improved latrines in South Africa. This technology is evaluated through its legacy and novel challenges of disaster risk reduction. In the current article, the methodology adopted was a literature review and meta-analyses. The results indicate that the in-situ treatment and breakdown of faecal sludge in the ventilated improved pit latrines is not always taking place and that anaerobic digestion might not always be feasible. New strategies are proposed to man

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McDaniel, Maggie, Emerson Prebil, Robert Swap, et al. "Community-Led Sanitation in Simoonga, Zambia." International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 6, no. 2 (2011): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v6i2.3544.

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This paper describes a sustainable sanitation project conducted by students from the University of Virginia and the University of Georgia. The team partnered with village council members and local experts in the village of Simoonga, Zambia, to design and build communal latrines using appropriate technologies and to create a village sanitation committee. The authors present the process of project development, including project topic, team dynamics, evaluation of alternatives, and the decision to build a Ventilated Improved Pit latrine. In preparation for arrival in Zambia, the team designed, de

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Munamati, Muchaneta, Innocent Nhapi, and Shepherd N. Misi. "Types and distribution of improved sanitation technologies in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 2 (2017): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.123.

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Access to improved sanitation technologies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is very low. Despite the importance of improved sanitation technologies in sanitation monitoring, little attention has been given towards the types and distributions of improved sanitation technologies used in SSA. This paper presents an analysis of the distribution of improved sanitation technologies in SSA, with particular emphasis on factors influencing their distribution. Study data were derived from demographic health surveys, multiple indicator cluster surveys and World Bank Development Indicators. Results showed that

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Mamera, Matthew, Johan J. van Tol, Makhosazana P. Aghoghovwia, et al. "Potential Use of Biochar in Pit Latrines as a Faecal Sludge Management Strategy to Reduce Water Resource Contaminations: A Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (2021): 11772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411772.

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Faecal sludge management (FSM) in most developing countries is still insufficient. Sanitation challenges within the sub-Saharan region have led to recurring epidemics of water- and sanitation-related diseases. The use of pit latrines has been recognised as an option for on-site sanitation purposes. However, there is also concern that pit latrine leachates may cause harm to human and ecological health. Integrated approaches for improved access to water and sanitation through proper faecal sludge management are needed to address these issues. Biochar a carbon-rich adsorbent produced from any org

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Nurussabil, Andi Ahmadiyah, T. Samsul Hilal, and Ahmad Husaini. "Faktor Yang Berhubungan dengan Penggunaan Jamban Di Desa Sugai Terap Kecamatan Kumpeh Ulu Kabupaten Muaro Jambi." KESMAS UWIGAMA: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 7, no. 1 (2021): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/kujkm.v7i1.1182.

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Background: The use of latrines in the village is still unhealthy because of the habits of the people who use pit latrines in the river. The impact of not using latrines is causing diseases, causing odor , and cause pollution. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to to determine the relationship between education, clean water facilities, the role of health workers, the role of community leaders, knowledge of using latrines Research Metodes:  This type of research is descriptive analytic with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used simple random

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Ngasala, Tula M., Mantha S. Phanikumar, and Susan J. Masten. "Improving safe sanitation practices using groundwater transport modelling and water quality monitoring data." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 10-11 (2021): 3311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.428.

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Abstract In many developing countries, poorly constructed pit latrines are the primary source of groundwater contamination. Approaches are needed to identify site-specific separation distances between domestic wells and pit latrines. In this study, tracer transport simulations are combined with water quality monitoring data to identify separation distances in peri-urban Dar es Salaam. Bivariate correlation and linear regression models were used to find the relationships between (1) simulated tracer and distances from the wells to the nearest pit latrines (2) simulated tracer and observed conta

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Marks, R. F. "Appropriate Sanitation Options for Southern Africa." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (1993): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0003.

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An overview is given of the present types of sanitation systems used in both rural and urban areas in Southern Africa, with particular reference to Zimbabwe. On-site and off-site dry sanitation methods are described, including different types of pit latrines, with special reference to the Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine. Wet systems with on or off-site disposal methods are briefly described, and details are given of two methods of off-site disposal which are widely used in Zimbabwe, viz Waste Stabilisation Ponds (WSP) and the Modified Activated Sludge (MAS) system for biological nutrient

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Dey, Digbijoy, A. T. M. Ridwanul Haque, Babar Kabir, and Sharmin Farhat Ubaid. "Fecal indicator and Ascaris removal from double pit latrine content." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 6 (2016): 972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.214.

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Since May 2006, the BRAC Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Programme in Bangladesh has enabled more than 30 million people to achieve hygienic sanitation, contributing to an increase in sanitation coverage from 33 to 83% in programme areas and rapid progress towards universal access. In rural areas, most families have single pit latrines that need to be emptied when full. Since 2007, BRAC has promoted the use of hygienic double-pit latrines. Use of double-pit latrines, where appropriate, is also recommended in the Bangladeshi Draft National Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy. More than 80

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Brands, Jordan, Leandra Rhodes-Dicker, Wali Mwalugongo, Ruthie Rosenberg, Lindsay Stradley, and David Auerbach. "Improving management of manually emptied pit latrine waste in Nairobi’s urban informal settlements." Waterlines 40, no. 1 (2021): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.20-00003.

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Sanergy has offered reliable, non-sewered sanitation services in Nairobi, Kenya through the implementation of container-based, urine-diverting dry toilets. However, there remains a large volume of untreated faecal waste in urban informal settlements due to poorly managed pit latrines. With limited space in the settlements to bury old pits and dig new ones, management of faecal sludge requires manual pit emptying and safe discharge. Sanergy piloted the Mtaa Fresh project in the settlement of Mukuru Kwa Njenga, establishing a waste transfer station where manual pit emptiers could safely and reli

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Andi Ahmadiyah Nurussabil, T. Samsul Hilal, and Ahmad Husaini. "Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Penggunaan Jamban Di Desa Sungai Terap Kecamatan Kumpeh Ulu Kabupaten Muaro Jambi." KESMAS UWIGAMA: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 7, no. 1 (2021): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/kujkm.v7i1.1138.

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Background: The use of latrines in the village is still unhealthy because of the habits of the people who use pit latrines in the river. The impact of not using latrines is causing diseases, causing odor , and cause pollution. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to to determine the relationship between education, clean water facilities, the role of health workers, the role of community leaders, knowledge of using latrines Research Metodes:  This type of research is descriptive analytic with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used simple random

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Hey, Mei-Li, Harrison Schmachtenberger, and Mikaya LD Lumori. "Portable pit latrine seats to increase sanitation for disabled individuals in Lira, Uganda." South Sudan Medical Journal 15, no. 1 (2022): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v15i1.5.

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This paper presents a viable solution that evolved over several years of research to mitigate the sanitation problems faced by individuals in rural areas of Uganda, particularly those with disabilities, addressed in our first paper (Schmachtenberger et al.). The solution is based on interviews and contacts with affected individuals in Lira, Northern Uganda, where the most commonly used sanitation facility is a pit latrine. To that end three types of design considerations and requirements for effective pit latrine assistive devices were adopted in the development of the technology discussed in

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Letah Nzouebet, Wilfried Arsène, Ives Magloire Kengne Noumsi, and Andrea Rechenburg. "Prevalence and diversity of intestinal helminth eggs in pit latrine sludge of a tropical urban area." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 4 (2016): 622–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.074.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and diversity of helminth eggs in pit latrine sludge in Yaounde, Cameroon. A total of 30 faecal sludge samples were collected in various latrines and analysed for physico-chemical parameters and helminth eggs' characterization was undertaken using standard protocols. Effects of physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, salinity, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand for 5 days, nitrogen ammonia, dry matter (DM), moisture content) on the parasite eggs were addressed. The total helminth egg concentrat

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Mchenga, Joshua, and Rochelle H. Holm. "Can a precast pit latrine concrete floor withstand emptying operations? An investigation from Malawi." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 1 (2018): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.096.

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Abstract For fecal sludge from households in low- and middle-income countries to be treated offsite it needs to be removed, which can be greatly affected by the pit latrine floor design. However, it is unclear whether precast pit latrine concrete floors (latrine slabs) can withstand emptiers and their equipment. To investigate this issue, 28 prefabricated latrine slabs were purchased in two cities of Malawi. They were first visually evaluated, and then their compression strength was tested. Additionally, each seller was asked a series of questions to better understand their business, training,

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Harper, James, Angela Bielefeldt, Amy Javernick-Will, Toeur Veasna, and Chris Nicoletti. "Context and intentions: practical associations for fecal sludge management in rural low-income Cambodia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 2 (2020): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.103.

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Abstract Finite storage capacities of household pit latrines make safely managing fecal sludge a recurring challenge for 2.7 billion people globally. Frequently without guidance from standards or regulation, rural latrine owners choose how to manage their own fecal sludge. However, their intentions – what behavioral science says are the best predictors of future behaviors – when pits fill are poorly understood, inhibiting the development of safe fecal sludge management (FSM) solutions and deteriorating public and environmental health. Using survey data commonly measured by development practiti

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F.I. Ugwu and J.C. Agunwamba. "Using Biodegradability of Sewage in Ordinary Pit Latrines to Assess their Agricultural Potentials." Indian Journal of Agriculture Engineering 4, no. 2 (2024): 11–20. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijae.a1502.04021124.

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This research investigated the use of biodegradability of sewage in ordinary pit latrines to assess the performance of such sewage for agricultural purposes. The objective of this paper therefore was to study the biodegradability of faeces in selected pit latrines that would lead to the assessment of the performance of such pits. Both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of pit sludges were thus measured. Samples of fresh faecal sludges collected from pit latrines in selected households in Aku community were subjected to laboratory analyses for their physico-chemical and biological character

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Madikizela, Phindile, Chidinma Iheanetu, Richard Laubscher, Jonathan Britton, and Roman Tandlich. "Assessment of Alkali Modified Coal Fly Ash As a Potential Pit Latrine Additive for Elimination of Pathogens Using Synthetic Faeces As Proxy." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 48, no. 1 (2022): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.75.

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In this study, alkali modified coal fly ash (MFA) and unmodified coal fly ash (unMFA) were applied, as pit latrine additives to eliminate faecal coliforms from synthetic faeces (SF), which were used as a proxy for real pit latrine waste. The X-ray diffractogram spectrum showed that mullite and quartz were converted into hydroxysilicate. Two separate studies were run over a period of seven weeks. The first study had the treatment combinations of SF: MFA, SF: unMFA, SF: MFA: synthetic greywater (SGW), SF: unMFA: SGW, SF: MFA: synthetic urine (SU), SF: unMFA: SU and SF (as a control) while the se

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O'Reilly, Kathleen, Elizabeth Louis, Evan Thomas, and Antara Sinha. "Combining sensor monitoring and ethnography to evaluate household latrine usage in rural India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 3 (2015): 426–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.155.

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This paper advances research on methods used to evaluate sanitation usage and behavior. The research used quantitative and qualitative methods to contribute to new understanding of sanitation practices and meanings in rural India. We estimated latrine usage behavior through ethnographic interviews and sensor monitoring, specifically the latest generation of infrared toilet sensors, Portland State University Passive Latrine Use Monitors (PLUMs). Two hundred and fifty-eight rural households in West Bengal (WB) and Himachal Pradesh, India, participated in the study by allowing PLUMs to be install

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Kalulu, Khumbo, Bernard Thole, Theresa Mkandawire, and Grant Kululanga. "Application of Process Intensification in the Treatment of Pit Latrine Sludge from Informal Settlements in Blantyre City, Malawi." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (2020): 3296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093296.

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Many developing countries lack the infrastructure needed for the treatment of fecal sludge. One limitation in implementing available treatment options is the limited availability of land in the urban areas of these countries. This paper investigated the application of process intensification as a way of reducing the land area required to dewater and sanitize pit latrine sludge from informal settlements in Blantyre City, Malawi. The intensification of the sludge treatment process was achieved by enhancing dewatering through the application of additives and by combining the dewatering and saniti

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Bond, Tom, Queenie Tse, Clementine L. Chambon, et al. "The feasibility of char and bio-oil production from pyrolysis of pit latrine sludge." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 4, no. 2 (2018): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ew00380c.

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