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Fadel, Congeta, Angela Ribas, Débora Lüders, Vinicius Fonseca, and Monica Cat. "Pitch-Matching Accuracy and Temporal Auditory Processing." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 22, no. 02 (2017): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603763.
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Introduction Pitch-matching refers to the ability to vocally reproduce an acoustic model in a corresponding tone to the presented sound. This ability, which is dependent on pitch perception ability, can vary among individuals, and some are not able to sing in the correct tune or discriminate differences between tones. Objective To correlate pitch-matching accuracy and auditory processing in individuals without musical training. Methods A Pitch-Matching Test (vocal reproduction of synthesized and human voice sounds) and two commercially available tests of auditory temporal processing (the Pitch Pattern Sequence Test and the Random Gap Detection Test) were administered to all participants. A total of 62 college students of both genders, aged between 18 and 35 years old, were divided into 2 groups, according to their performances in the Pitch-Matching Test (the accurate match group and the inaccurate match group). Results In the Pitch-Matching Test, both groups achieved better results when reproducing vocalized sounds. The accurate match group achieved a significantly higher pitch pattern sequence test performance. In the Random Gap Detection Test analysis, there were no differences between the two groups. The Pearson's chi-squared test showed a direct correlation between the Pitch-Matching Test and the Pitch Pattern Sequence Test. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest the existence of a significant relationship between temporal auditory processing and pitch-matching, through which accurate pitch-matching individuals perform better in the Pitch Pattern Sequence Test. Inaccurate pitch-matching individuals may be skilled at discriminating pitch, despite their poor performance in the Pitch-Matching Test.
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Mukari, Siti Z., C. Umat, and Nor I. Othman. "Effects of Age and Working Memory Capacity on Pitch Pattern Sequence Test and Dichotic Listening." Audiology and Neurotology 15, no. 5 (2010): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000283007.
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Balen, Sheila Andreoli, David R. Moore, and Koichi Sameshima. "Pitch and Duration Pattern Sequence Tests in 7- to 11-Year-Old Children: Results Depend on Response Mode." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 30, no. 01 (2019): 006–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16132.
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AbstractPitch pattern sequence (PPS) and duration pattern sequence (DPS) tests are frequently used in the assessment of auditory processing disorder. Current recommendations suggest alternate, interchangeable modes for responding to stimuli.The objective of the study is to evaluate the influence of response mode (i.e., humming, pointing, and labeling) and age on PPS and DPS performance of 7- to 11-year-old children.Laboratory-based testing of school children. Cross-sectional comparison of age, with repeated measures of age, test, ear, and response mode.From 452 children recruited, 228 right-handed children (109 girls) aged 7 years to 11 years 11 months (mean age 9 years 4 months) completed at least one test (PPS: 211, DPS: 198), and 181 children completed both tests. Audiology inclusion criteria include normal hearing thresholds (≤15 dB HL at octave frequencies 250–8000 Hz); word recognition in quiet ≥92%; tympanogram peak compensated static acoustic compliance 0.4–1.6 mmhos; and tympanometric peak pressure −100 to +50 daPa, all in both ears. Other inclusion criteria were Portuguese as first language; right handed; no musical training; no related, known, or observed phonological, learning, neurologic, psychiatric, or behavioral disorder; otologic history; and delayed neuropsychomotor or language development.PPS: 30 trials per ear and response condition of three consecutive 500 msec duration intermixed high (1430 Hz) or low (880 Hz) frequency tones presented monaurally at 50 dB HL. The first response condition was humming followed by labeling (naming: high or low). DPS: As per PPS except 1000 Hz tones of intermixed 500 (long) and 250 msec (short) duration. First response was pointing (at a symbolic object) followed by labeling. Trends across age and between tests were assessed using repeated measures generalized linear mixed models. Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess relations among test scores. The two-sided significance level was 0.05.Older children performed better than younger children in all tasks. Humming the tone pattern (PPS humming) produced generally better performance than either articulating the attributes of the tones (labeling) or pointing to objects representing tone duration. PPS humming produced ceiling performance for many children of all ages. For both labeling tasks and DPS pointing, performance was better on the PPS than on the DPS, for stimulation of the right than the left ear, and in boys than girls. Individual performance on the two tasks was highly correlated.Response mode does matter in the PPS and DPS. Results from humming should not be combined with or be a substitute for results obtained from a labeling response. Tasks that rely on labeling a tonal stimulus should be avoided in testing hearing in children or other special populations.
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Silva, Rosimeire da, Cristiane Moço Canhetti de Oliveira, and Ana Cláudia Vieira Cardoso. "Aplicação dos testes de padrão temporal em crianças com gagueira desenvolvimental persistente." Revista CEFAC 13, no. 5 (2011): 902–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-18462011005000045.
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OBJETIVO: caracterizar e comparar o desempenho das crianças com diagnóstico de gagueira nos testes de padrão temporal, com crianças sem queixas e/ou sinais de transtornos psiquiátricos ou neurológicos, dificuldades de fala, audição, linguagem e/ou aprendizagem. MÉTODO: participaram 30 crianças entre 9 e 12 anos de idade, de ambos os gêneros, divididas em dois grupos: GI - 15 crianças com gagueira desenvolvimental persistente; GII - 15 crianças sem queixas e/ou sinais de transtornos psiquiátricos ou neurológicos, dificuldades de fala, audição, linguagem e/ou aprendizagem. Para avaliação do processamento auditivo temporal, foi aplicado os Testes Tonais de Padrão de Frequência (PPS-Pitch Pattern Sequence Test) e Testes Tonais de Padrão de Duração (DPS - Duration Pattern Sequence Test). RESULTADOS: o grupo II apresentou desempenho superior no teste de padrão de frequência e de padrão de duração quando comparado ao grupo I. Os resultados indicaram que houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: os participantes do grupo I apresentaram desempenho alterado nos testes de padrão temporal, o que indica que existe relação entre a gagueira e o transtorno do processamento auditivo.
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Elias, Karla M. I. Freiria, Carolina Camargo Oliveira, Marina Junqueira Airoldi, et al. "Central auditory processing outcome after stroke in children." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 72, no. 9 (2014): 680–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20140107.
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Objective To investigate central auditory processing in children with unilateral stroke and to verify whether the hemisphere affected by the lesion influenced auditory competence. Method 23 children (13 male) between 7 and 16 years old were evaluated through speech-in-noise tests (auditory closure); dichotic digit test and staggered spondaic word test (selective attention); pitch pattern and duration pattern sequence tests (temporal processing) and their results were compared with control children. Auditory competence was established according to the performance in auditory analysis ability. Results Was verified similar performance between groups in auditory closure ability and pronounced deficits in selective attention and temporal processing abilities. Most children with stroke showed an impaired auditory ability in a moderate degree. Conclusion Children with stroke showed deficits in auditory processing and the degree of impairment was not related to the hemisphere affected by the lesion.
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Kelty-Stephen, Damian G., Erik P. Raymakers, and Krista M. Matthews-Saugstad. "Prosody Improves Detection of Spoonerisms Versus Both Sensible and Nonsense Phrases." Language and Speech 61, no. 1 (2017): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830917699441.
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Prosody is the pattern of inflection, pitch, and intensity that communicates emotional meaning above and beyond the individual meanings of lexical items and gestures during spoken language. Research has often addressed prosody extending most clearly across multiple speech chunks and carrying properties specific to individual speakers and individual intents. However, prosody exerts effects on intended meaning even for relatively brief speech streams with minimal syntactic cues. The present work seeks to test whether prosody may actually clarify the intended meaning of a two-word phrase even when the basic phonemic sequence of the words is distorted. Thirty-eight undergraduate participants attempted to correctly categorize auditorily presented two-word phrases as belonging to one of three categories: nonsensical phrases; sensible phrases; and spoonerisms. Mixed Poisson modeling of cumulative accuracy found a significant positive interaction of prosody with phrase type indicating that conversational prosody made participants 8.27% more likely to accurately detect spoonerisms. Prosody makes spoken-language comprehension of two-word phrases more robust to distortions of phonemic sequence.
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Riahi, Mohammad, Mohammad Sedighi, and Hassan Rahmanian. "State of the art automated chasing and repoussé through utilization of magnetic hammering." Rapid Prototyping Journal 22, no. 4 (2016): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2015-0010.
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Purpose The paper aims to design a process to mechanize traditional chasing and repoussé which is the art of creating an artistic pattern on a sheet metal by making high and low points through utilization of hammer and chisel. In scientific literature, it is a kind of incremental sheet metal forming. Design/methodology/approach In the designed process, a magnetic actuator is used as a hammer which converts electric energy into kinetic reciprocal impact energy, and hammering sequence is completely controlled via the designed software. The sheet is bound not to move easily. Then, a hammering mechanism is connected to the numerical control machine. As the magnetic hammer is moved gradually along the defined path, the sheet is chased gradually by controlling the consecutive impacts. Different methods of test sheet entanglement are also discussed to reduce noise and undesired deformations of sheet, and indents are also clarified. Findings The designed mechanism enables the user to form desired art patterns faster with more precision via the automated process. The hammering sequence is controlled via computer successfully. The designed magnetic actuator could be commercialized easily. Experiments show that the pitch under sheet is the best. Typical art patterns are chased successfully. Originality/value In incremental sheet metal punching, there was no control on hammering sequence before. In this process, the designed magnetic hammer is quite controllable. Also, it is easily attached to the computerized numerical control (CNC) and is suitable for commercial use. Furthermore, the stuff under sheet was not taken into consideration before.
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Mehta, Anahita H., Nori Jacoby, Ifat Yasin, Andrew J. Oxenham, and Shihab A. Shamma. "An auditory illusion reveals the role of streaming in the temporal misallocation of perceptual objects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1714 (2017): 20160114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0114.
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This study investigates the neural correlates and processes underlying the ambiguous percept produced by a stimulus similar to Deutsch's ‘octave illusion’, in which each ear is presented with a sequence of alternating pure tones of low and high frequencies. The same sequence is presented to each ear, but in opposite phase, such that the left and right ears receive a high–low–high … and a low–high–low … pattern, respectively. Listeners generally report hearing the illusion of an alternating pattern of low and high tones, with all the low tones lateralized to one side and all the high tones lateralized to the other side. The current explanation of the illusion is that it reflects an illusory feature conjunction of pitch and perceived location. Using psychophysics and electroencephalogram measures, we test this and an alternative hypothesis involving synchronous and sequential stream segregation, and investigate potential neural correlates of the illusion. We find that the illusion of alternating tones arises from the synchronous tone pairs across ears rather than sequential tones in one ear, suggesting that the illusion involves a misattribution of time across perceptual streams, rather than a misattribution of location within a stream. The results provide new insights into the mechanisms of binaural streaming and synchronous sound segregation. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Auditory and visual scene analysis’.
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Stroiek, Susan, Lenita da Silva Quevedo, Carla Hernandez Kieling, and Ana Carolina Lago Battezini. "Treinamento auditivo nas alterações do processamento auditivo: estudo de caso." Revista CEFAC 17, no. 2 (2015): 604–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-021620157914.
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O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a eficácia de um programa de Treinamento Auditivo comparando o desempenho inicial, nos testes de avaliação do processamento auditivo, com o desempenho após o treinamento auditivo. Para este estudo de caso, desenvolvido na clínica de Fonoaudiologia da Universidade de Passo Fundo, foi selecionado um indivíduo que apresentava alterações de linguagem, queixas compatíveis com alterações de processamento auditivo, avaliação audiológica básica normal e avaliação do processamento auditivo alterada. Para isso, foram utilizados os testes Pediatric Speech Intelligibility, Staggered Spondaic Word, Dicótico de Dígitos, Random Gap Detection Test, Masking Level Difference e Pitch Pattern Sequence. Os resultados obtidos na reavaliação com os testes de Processamento Auditivo após oito sessões de treinamento auditivo apontaram melhoras na decodificação e codificação que se encontravam alteradas, persistindo um leve prejuízo na organização. A evolução do indivíduo de grau severo para leve comprova a eficácia do Treinamento Auditivo.
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Maimon, Neta B., Dominique Lamy, and Zohar Eitan. "Crossmodal Correspondence Between Tonal Hierarchy and Visual Brightness: Associating Syntactic Structure and Perceptual Dimensions Across Modalities." Multisensory Research 33, no. 8 (2020): 805–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10006.
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Abstract Crossmodal correspondences (CMC) systematically associate perceptual dimensions in different sensory modalities (e.g., auditory pitch and visual brightness), and affect perception, cognition, and action. While previous work typically investigated associations between basic perceptual dimensions, here we present a new type of CMC, involving a high-level, quasi-syntactic schema: music tonality. Tonality governs most Western music and regulates stability and tension in melodic and harmonic progressions. Musicians have long associated tonal stability with non-auditory domains, yet such correspondences have hardly been investigated empirically. Here, we investigated CMC between tonal stability and visual brightness, in musicians and in non-musicians, using explicit and implicit measures. On the explicit test, participants heard a tonality-establishing context followed by a probe tone, and matched each probe to one of several circles, varying in brightness. On the implicit test, we applied the Implicit Association Test to auditory (tonally stable or unstable sequences) and visual (bright or dark circles) stimuli. The findings indicate that tonal stability is associated with visual brightness both explicitly and implicitly. They further suggest that this correspondence depends only partially on conceptual musical knowledge, as it also operates through fast, unintentional, and arguably automatic processes in musicians and non-musicians alike. By showing that abstract musical structure can establish concrete connotations to a non-auditory perceptual domain, our results open a hitherto unexplored avenue for research, associating syntactical structure with connotative meaning.
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Marshall, Emily K., and Alisha L. Jones. "Evaluating test data for the duration pattern test and pitch pattern test." Speech, Language and Hearing 20, no. 4 (2017): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2050571x.2016.1275098.
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Mourad, Mona, Mona Hassan, Manal El-Banna, Samir Asal, and Yasmeen Hamza. "Screening for Auditory Processing Performance in Primary School Children." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 26, no. 04 (2015): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.26.4.4.
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Background: A deficit in the processing of auditory information may underlie problems in understanding speech in the presence of background noise, degraded speech, and in following spoken instructions. Children with auditory processing disorders are challenged in the classroom because of ambient noise levels and maybe at risk for learning disabilities. Purpose: 1) Set up and execute screening protocol for auditory processing performance (APP) in primary school children. 2) Construct database for APP in the classroom. 3) Set critical limits for deviant performance. Our hypothesis is that screening for APP in the classroom identifies pupils at risk for auditory processing disorders. Research Design, Sample, and Methods: Study consisted of two phases. Phase 1: 2,015 pupils were selected from fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-graders using stratified random sampling with the proportional allocation method. Male and female students were equally represented. Otoscopic examination, screening audiometery, and screening tests for auditory processing (AP) abilities (Pitch Pattern Sequence Test [PPST], speech perception in noise [SPIN] right, SPIN left, and Dichotic Digit Test) were conducted. A questionnaire emphasizing auditory listening behaviors (ALB) was answered by classroom teacher. Phase 2 included 69 pupils who were randomly selected based on percentile scores of phase 1. Students were examined for the corresponding full version AP tests in addition to Auditory Fusion Test-Revised and masking level difference. Intelligence quotient and learning disabilities were evaluated. Results: Phase 1: Results are displayed in frequency polygons for10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles score for each AP test. Fourth-graders scored significantly lower than fifth- and sixth-graders on all tests. Males scored lower than females on PPST. A composite score was calculated to represent a summed score performance for PPST, SPIN right ear, SPIN left ear, and Dichotic Digit Test. Scores <10th percentile were chosen to describe the poorest performance on screening. Performance was graded from 0 to 4 according to composite score; a score of 4 refers to scores <10th percentile on all four tests, while a 0 score designates performance ≥ the 10th percentile on all tests. ALB questionnaire scores of the sample screened varied significantly with sex and grade. Statistical analysis of phase 2 showed no statistical difference between mean score for Group 0 and clinic norms on all AP tests. Group 1 showed consistent poor performance in both the screening and full version SPIN test. Group 2 scored significantly lower on all screening tests, but not significantly different in some of the full version tests. Groups 3 and 4 showed significantly worse performance than clinic norms on all screening and full version tests. Auditory Fusion Test-Revised mean thresholds were statistically higher for groups with composite scores from 1 to 4. Masking level difference mean score was only significantly different for Group 4. ALB questionnaire results correlated to composite score categories. Dyslexia was a comorbid condition with Groups 2–4. Conclusion: AP skills in primary education maybe classified as robust abilities that endure challenging listening conditions, vulnerable abilities that manifest in challenging conditions, and poor abilities that manifest in even the best listening conditions. Composite score concept provides adequacy in grading AP skills.
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Anta, J. Fernando. "Pitch." Music Perception 32, no. 4 (2015): 413–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2015.32.4.413.
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Two experiments investigated the role of pitch-related information in tonality induction. In both experiments, participants were asked to: 1) identify (sing) the tonic of either an original sequence of tones or a distorted version in which pitch class distribution was preserved but pitch class ordering, pitch contour, and/or pitch proximity were altered; and 2) rate how confident they were in the tonic they identified. In Experiment 2, the sequences were presented with an isochronous rhythm, in order to eliminate the potential confounding effects of time-related information. The results of both experiments showed that participants’ ability to identify the tonic of the sequences, as well as their confidence in the tonic they identified, decreased when pitch class ordering was distorted, and also when pitch proximity was reduced. This suggests that tonality induction not only involves the identification of abstract pitch class structures, but it also acts as a pattern-matching process.
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Hwang, Sung Wook, Jin Hyuk Han, Ki Duck Sung, and Sang Kwon Lee. "The Study of Tire Pattern Noise by Using Wavelet Transform." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.267.
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Tire noise is classified by pattern noise and road noise in a vehicle. Especially pattern noise has impulsive characteristics since it is generated by impacting of tire’s block on the road. Therefore, a special signal process is needed other than traditional Fourier Transform, because the characteristic of signal is varying with time. On the other hand, the pattern noise is a kind of non-stationary signal and is related to the impulsive train of pitch sequence of a block. In this paper, Wavelet Transform is applied to verify the impulse signal caused by impact of block and groove and to verify the relationship between the pattern noise and the train of pitch sequence.
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Bregman, Micah R., Aniruddh D. Patel, and Timothy Q. Gentner. "Songbirds use spectral shape, not pitch, for sound pattern recognition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 6 (2016): 1666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515380113.
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Humans easily recognize “transposed” musical melodies shifted up or down in log frequency. Surprisingly, songbirds seem to lack this capacity, although they can learn to recognize human melodies and use complex acoustic sequences for communication. Decades of research have led to the widespread belief that songbirds, unlike humans, are strongly biased to use absolute pitch (AP) in melody recognition. This work relies almost exclusively on acoustically simple stimuli that may belie sensitivities to more complex spectral features. Here, we investigate melody recognition in a species of songbird, the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), using tone sequences that vary in both pitch and timbre. We find that small manipulations altering either pitch or timbre independently can drive melody recognition to chance, suggesting that both percepts are poor descriptors of the perceptual cues used by birds for this task. Instead we show that melody recognition can generalize even in the absence of pitch, as long as the spectral shapes of the constituent tones are preserved. These results challenge conventional views regarding the use of pitch cues in nonhuman auditory sequence recognition.
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Hwang, Juen-Haur, Jin-Cherng Chen, Wei-Shiung Yang, and Tien-Chen Liu. "Waist circumference is associated with pitch pattern sequence score in older male adults." International Journal of Audiology 51, no. 12 (2012): 920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2012.721933.
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Lesch, Raffaela, Kurt Kotrschal, Iris Schöberl, Andrea Beetz, Judith Solomon, and W. Tecumseh Fitch. "Talking to Dogs: Companion Animal-Directed Speech in a Stress Test." Animals 9, no. 7 (2019): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9070417.
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Companion animal-directed speech (CADS) has previously been investigated in comparison to infant-directed speech and adult-directed speech. To investigate the influence of owner caregiving, attachment pattern, and personality on CADS, we used the Ainsworth strange situation procedure. It allowed us to assess voice source parameters of CADS across different contexts. We extracted speech parameters (voicing duration, voice pitch, pitch range, and jitter) from 53 dog owners recorded during the procedure. We found that owner personality and gender but not caregiving/attachment behavior affect their voice’s pitch, range, and jitter during CADS. Further, we found a differential and context-specific modification of pitch and range, consistent with the idea that pitch communicates affect, whereas range is more of an attention-getting device. This differential usage, and the increased pitch, emphasize and support the parallels described between CADS and infant-directed speech. For the first time, we also show the effect of personality on CADS and lay the basis for including jitter as a potentially useful measure in CADS.
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Reifinger, James L. "An Analysis of Tonal Patterns Used for Sight-Singing Instruction in Second-Grade General Music Class." Journal of Research in Music Education 57, no. 3 (2009): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429409343099.
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This research examined characteristics of a select group of tonal patterns to identify features that may affect the initial acquisition of skill in sight-singing pitch. Second graders ( N = 193) individually read and sang 25 tonal patterns on a sight-singing pretest, posttest, and retention test. Between the pre- and posttest, the students practiced 15 of the patterns during general music classes, with one new pattern introduced and all previously presented patterns reviewed each session.Ten patterns not included in the instruction were read and sung only during tests. No pattern practice occurred for 8 weeks between the posttest and retention test. Sight-singing performance was assessed for pitch accuracy and contour accuracy. Pattern difficulty indices and difficulty rankings were determined on the basis of the results. Specific pattern features are considered in relation to these data, with some characteristics affecting accuracy with pitch and contour differently.
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Lau, Joseph C. Y., Patrick C. M. Wong, and Bharath Chandrasekaran. "Context-dependent plasticity in the subcortical encoding of linguistic pitch patterns." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 2 (2017): 594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00656.2016.
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We examined the mechanics of online experience-dependent auditory plasticity by assessing the influence of prior context on the frequency-following responses (FFRs), which reflect phase-locked responses from neural ensembles within the subcortical auditory system. FFRs were elicited to a Cantonese falling lexical pitch pattern from 24 native speakers of Cantonese in a variable context, wherein the falling pitch pattern randomly occurred in the context of two other linguistic pitch patterns; in a patterned context, wherein, the falling pitch pattern was presented in a predictable sequence along with two other pitch patterns, and in a repetitive context, wherein the falling pitch pattern was presented with 100% probability. We found that neural tracking of the stimulus pitch contour was most faithful and accurate when listening context was patterned and least faithful when the listening context was variable. The patterned context elicited more robust pitch tracking relative to the repetitive context, suggesting that context-dependent plasticity is most robust when the context is predictable but not repetitive. Our study demonstrates a robust influence of prior listening context that works to enhance online neural encoding of linguistic pitch patterns. We interpret these results as indicative of an interplay between contextual processes that are responsive to predictability as well as novelty in the presentation context. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Human auditory perception in dynamic listening environments requires fine-tuning of sensory signal based on behaviorally relevant regularities in listening context, i.e., online experience-dependent plasticity. Our finding suggests what partly underlie online experience-dependent plasticity are interplaying contextual processes in the subcortical auditory system that are responsive to predictability as well as novelty in listening context. These findings add to the literature that looks to establish the neurophysiological bases of auditory system plasticity, a central issue in auditory neuroscience.
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Kagaris, Dimitri, Rajesh Aakuthota, and Anila Verma. "Maximum sequence test pattern generators with irreducible characteristic polynomials." Microprocessors and Microsystems 30, no. 2 (2006): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2005.05.002.
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Kim, Han-Gyu, Gil-Jin Jang, Jeong-Sik Park, Ji-Hwan Kim, and Yung-Hwan Oh. "Particle filtering based pitch sequence correction for monaural speech segregation." International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology 23, no. 1 (2013): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ima.22039.
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ZAHNER, KATHARINA, MUNA SCHÖNHUBER, and BETTINA BRAUN. "The limits of metrical segmentation: intonation modulates infants' extraction of embedded trochees." Journal of Child Language 43, no. 6 (2015): 1338–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000915000744.
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AbstractWe tested German nine-month-olds’ reliance on pitch and metrical stress for segmentation. In a headturn-preference paradigm, infants were familiarized with trisyllabic words (weak–strong–weak (WSW) stress pattern) in sentence-contexts. The words were presented in one of three naturally occurring intonation conditions: one in which high pitch was aligned with the stressed syllable and two misalignment conditions (with high pitch preceding vs. following the stressed syllable). Infants were tested on the SW unit of the WSW carriers. Experiment 1 showed recognition only when the stressed syllable was high-pitched. Intonation of test items (similar vs. dissimilar to familiarization) had no influence (Experiment 2). Thus, German nine-month-olds perceive stressed syllables as word onsets only when high-pitched, although they already generalize over different pitch contours. Different mechanisms underlying this pattern of results are discussed.
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Balant, Anne, Heather Lai, and Vayda M. Wilson. "Pitch strength and annoyance of acoustic analogs of flutter echo - a pilot study." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 4 (2021): 2145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2062.
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The impetus for this pilot study was the observation of flutter echoes on the aisle of a church with a barrel-vaulted ceiling. When source and receiver height were comparable, the flutter echoes consisted of a 39-msec repeating pattern of three short pulses that persisted for reverberation times of up to 5 sec. The disruptive quality of these echoes perceptually was striking. It was hypothesized that the perception of a sequence of rapidly alternating periodicity pitches might be the source of this disruptive quality. A pilot study was conducted to assess the perceived pitch, pitch strength, and annoyance of isochronous and anisochronous synthetic pulse trains involving up to three different inter-pulse intervals per pattern. Intervals of the anisochronous pulse trains were controlled to create harmonic and inharmonic relationships among the intervals, which ranged from 5-20 msec. Twelve adult college students participated in the study remotely via videoconferencing due to social distancing requirements. A modified category scaling method was used. Participants positioned a slider on a graphical user interface to reflect their ratings of pitch strength and annoyance and used a slider to adjust the frequency of a reference tone for pitch matching. Results and implications for further research will be presented.
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Scarborough, Donna Moxley, Shannon E. Linderman, Javier E. Sanchez, and Eric M. Berkson. "Baseball Pitchers’ Kinematic Sequences and Their Relationship to Elbow and Shoulder Torque Production." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7_suppl5 (2019): 2325967119S0042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00429.
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Objectives: Ball velocity is generated during the overhead baseball pitch via efficient force transmission up the kinetic chain, from the lower body up and outward to the throwing hand. The kinematic sequence, or the sequential timing pattern of peak angular velocities of body segments during a pitch, provides insight to segment position and motion control that drives the kinetic chain (Putnam CA, 1993). Previous publications report an ideal kinematic sequence (KS) where the timing of each body segment’s peak angular velocity occurs in a proximal-to-distal (PDS) pattern resulting in greater ball velocity and reduction in throwing arm injury risk (Fortenbaugh D, et.al, 2009). A recent study revealed that baseball pitchers perform a variety of KSs (Scarborough DM et.al, 2018). There is no known investigation of the relationship of kinematic sequences and throwing arm joint torques. The purpose of this study was to 1) identify the number of different KSs performed by each pitcher and 2) compare elbow valgus and shoulder external rotation (ER) and extension (Ext) torques between the 3 primary KSs performed during the fastball pitch. Methods: Fourteen collegiate baseball pitchers (20.57 ± 1.91 yr) underwent 3D biomechanical pitch analysis using 20 motion-capture Vicon MX™ cameras (360 Hz). A total of 119 fastball pitches with an average of 8.5 ± 2.71 pitches per player were analyzed. Elbow valgus and shoulder external rotation and extension torques were calculated. The timing of peak angular velocities for the pelvis, trunk, arm, forearm and hand body segments were recorded to generate each pitch’s KS. KSs were then divided into groups based on similarities to the ideal PDS pattern. ANCOVA statistical analyses were performed to compare joint torques across these KS groups with ball velocity as a covariate. Results: A total of 13 different KSs were observed across the 14 pitchers resulting in an average of 3 ± 1.41 different KSs per pitcher. Three different primary KS groups were identified: (1) PDS group: with a KS closest to the ideal PDS pattern (2) the Altered Distal Upper Extremity segment: with the forearm peaking after the hand (the most common group) and (3) Altered Proximal Upper Extremity segment order with the arm segment peaking after the hand (2nd most common). Across these three primary KS patterns, statistically significant differences were noted for elbow valgus torque [F(62,2) = 8.785, ɳ2 = .221, p < 0.00], shoulder external rotation (ER) torque [F(62,2) = 14.127, ɳ2 = .313, p < 0.00] and shoulder extension (Ext) torque [F(62,2) = 13.237, ɳ2 = .299, p < 0.00] (Figure 1). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that collegiate baseball pitchers performed an average of 3 different kinematic sequence patterns during fastball pitching. This is the first study to demonstrate a relationship between KSs and elbow and shoulder torque production. As anticipated, the PDS KSs produced the least torque across the elbow and shoulder joints. Alterations in Distal Upper Extremity KS was most common and generated the greatest shoulder Ext torques. Alterations in the Proximal Upper Extremity KS demonstrated the greatest elbow valgus and shoulder ER. Further study of the influence of kinematic sequence on joint torques in the baseball pitch may provide insight into pitching injuries and injury avoidance programs.
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Regev, Tamar I., Israel Nelken, and Leon Y. Deouell. "Evidence for Linear but Not Helical Automatic Representation of Pitch in the Human Auditory System." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 5 (2019): 669–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01374.
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The perceptual organization of pitch is frequently described as helical, with a monotonic dimension of pitch height and a circular dimension of pitch chroma, accounting for the repeating structure of the octave. Although the neural representation of pitch height is widely studied, the way in which pitch chroma representation is manifested in neural activity is currently debated. We tested the automaticity of pitch chroma processing using the MMN—an ERP component indexing automatic detection of deviations from auditory regularity. Musicians trained to classify pure or complex tones across four octaves, based on chroma—C versus G (21 participants, Experiment 1) or C versus F# (27, Experiment 2). Next, they were passively exposed to MMN protocols designed to test automatic detection of height and chroma deviations. Finally, in an “attend chroma” block, participants had to detect the chroma deviants in a sequence similar to the passive MMN sequence. The chroma deviant tones were accurately detected in the training and the attend chroma parts both for pure and complex tones, with a slightly better performance for complex tones. However, in the passive blocks, a significant MMN was found only to height deviations and complex tone chroma deviations, but not to pure tone chroma deviations, even for perfect performers in the active tasks. These results indicate that, although height is represented preattentively, chroma is not. Processing the musical dimension of chroma may require higher cognitive processes, such as attention and working memory.
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Nichols, Bryan E., and Sijia Wang. "The effect of repeated attempts and test-retest reliability in children’s singing accuracy." Musicae Scientiae 20, no. 4 (2016): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864916638914.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of repeated attempts at singing accuracy tasks. Test-retest reliability of singing accuracy was examined in a second administration of the test. A secondary purpose was to analyze individual variability in children’s singing accuracy. Test stimuli were designed using five attempts each at a single pitch, interval, and four-note pattern, and song singing. Children aged 6–11 were given the one-on-one singing accuracy test, and an identical form of the test was administered again within 1–6 weeks. Pitch matching items were scored by measuring the deviation in Hertz from the stimuli. The song singing item was scored by singing teachers using an 8-point scale with acceptable inter-rater reliability ( r = .86). Participants’ individual best attempt out of five was equally distributed, with overall performance increasing across subsequent attempts measured in signed cent deviation. A repeated-measures ANOVA with the task type (single, interval, and pattern) and attempt (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) as the within-subjects variables indicated no main effect for task type ( p = .129), but a significant main effect for attempt ( p < .001, [Formula: see text] = .087). Test-retest reliability was considered high ( r = .69).
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Broussous, Lucile, D. Krejcirova, K. Courouble, et al. "TiN Hard Mask Cleans with SC1 Solutions, for 64nm Pitch BEOL Patterning." Solid State Phenomena 219 (September 2014): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.219.209.
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Titanium Nitride metal hard mask was first introduced for BEOL patterning at 65 nm [1] and 45 nm nodes [2]. Indeed, in this “Trench First Hard Mask” (TFHM) backend architecture, the dual hard mask stack (SiO2 & TiN) allows a minimized exposure of ULK materials to damaging plasma chemistries, both for line/via etch sequence, and lithography reworks operations. This integration scheme was successfully used for a BEOL pitch down to 90 nm for the 28 nm node, however, for the 14 nm technology node, 64 nm BEOL minimum pitch is required for the first metal levels. Because it is unable to resolve features below 80 nm pitch in a single exposure, conventional 193 nm immersion lithography must be associated with dual patterning schemes, so called Lithography-Etch-Lithography-Etch (LELE) patterning [3] for line levels and self-aligned via (SAV) process [4] for via patterning. In both cases, 2 lithography/etch/clean sequences are necessary to obtain one desired pattern, and associated reworks also become more challenging since first pattern is exposed to resist removal processes (plasma + wet clean). The reference wet cleans that were developed for 65 to 28 nm TiN hardmask patterning, utilizes commonly used chemistry for BEOL post-etch cleans, i.e. diluted hydrofluoric acid (dHF) followed by deionized water Nanospray (DIWNS) on 300 mm single wafer tool.
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Voyiatzis, Ioannis. "A Low-Cost BIST Scheme for Test Vector Embedding in Accumulator-Generated Sequences." VLSI Design 2008 (March 17, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/680157.
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Test set embedding built-in self test (BIST) schemes are a class of pseudorandom BIST techniques where the test set is embedded into the sequence generated by the BIST pattern generator, and they displace common pseudorandom schemes in cases where reverse-order simulation cannot be applied. Single-seed embedding schemes embed the test set into a single sequence and demand extremely small hardware overhead since no additional control or memory to reconfigure the test pattern generator is required. The challenge in this class of schemes is to choose the best pattern generator among various candidate configurations. This, in turn, calls for a need to evaluate the location of each test pattern in the sequence as fast as possible, in order to try as many candidate configurations as possible for the test pattern generator. This problem is known as the test vector-embedding problem. In this paper we present a novel solution to the test vector-embedding problem for sequences generated by accumulators. The time overhead of the solution is of the order O(1). The applicability of the presented method for embedding test sets for the testing of real-world circuits is investigated through experimental results in some well-known benchmarks; comparisons with previously proposed schemes indicate that comparable test lengths are achieved, while the time required for the calculations is accelerated by more than 30 times.
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Bruzzone, P., B. Stepanov, R. Wesche, et al. "Test Results of a ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ Cable-in-Conduit Conductor With Variable Pitch Sequence." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 19, no. 3 (2009): 1448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2009.2018762.
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Prince, Jon B. "The Integration of Stimulus Dimensions in the Perception of Music." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, no. 11 (2011): 2125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.573080.
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A central aim of cognitive psychology is to explain how we integrate stimulus dimensions into a unified percept, but how the dimensions of pitch and time combine in the perception of music remains a largely unresolved issue. The goal of this study was to test the effect of varying the degree of conformity to dimensional structure in pitch and time (specifically, tonality and metre) on goodness ratings and classifications of melodies. The pitches and durations of melodies were either presented in their original order, as a reordered sequence, or replaced with random elements. Musically trained and untrained participants (24 each) rated melodic goodness, attending selectively to the dimensions of pitch, time, or both. Also, 24 trained participants classified whether or not the melodies were tonal, metric, or both. Pitch and temporal manipulations always influenced responses, but participants successfully emphasized either dimension in accordance with instructions. Effects of pitch and time were mostly independent for selective attention conditions, but more interactive when evaluating both dimensions. When interactions occurred, the effect of either dimension increased as the other dimension conformed more to its original structure. Relative main effect sizes (| pitch η2 – time η2 |) predicted the strength of pitch–time interactions (pitch × time η2); interactions were stronger when main effect sizes were more evenly matched. These results have implications for dimensional integration in several domains. Relative main effect size could serve as an indicator of dimensional salience, such that interactions are more likely when dimensions are equally salient.
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Tenani, Luciani, Geovana Soncin, and Larissa Berti. "Phonologic representation and speech perception: The role of pause." Diacrítica 33, no. 2 (2019): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.401.
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We investigate the perception of pauses at intonational phrase (IP) boundaries in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and addresses the discussion about the relation between speech production and perception. Twenty adult subjects, native speakers of BP, with no language disorders and no hearing complaints, took part in an experimental pause identification test. We used auditory stimuli in which the IP-boundary was marked by a combination of pause and pitch variation or pitch variation only. The results are the following: (i) when stimuli consisted of a combination of pause with pitch variation in the IP-boundary, pauses were identified significantly (ii) when the stimuli did not have pitch variation on IP-boundaries, pauses were not identified significantly, (iii) when only pitch variation occurred, without pause production, pauses were identified in the tested boundary. These results support the argument that speech perception does not depend entirely on recovering an acoustic pattern and provide evidence for the importance of phonologic representation for the perception and organization of the perceived auditory stimulus. Based on the results, we argue that pause perception would result from the perceptual illusion marked by the combination of different types of linguistic information, at a phonetic-acoustic and representational level.
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Laden, Bernice. "Melodic Anchoring and Tone Duration." Music Perception 12, no. 2 (1994): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285651.
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Bharucha (1984) defined a cognitive principle, melodic anchoring, that outlines the conditions under which tones are perceived as stable points in a melody. He found that temporal order can determine which of two tones is perceived as being more stable. The experiment described in this article extends Bharucha's work by examining melodic anchoring when melody tones are of unequal duration. Listeners (novices and musicians) heard short, tonally ambiguous melodies that were followed by a musical chord. The listener's task was to rate how well the chord seems to fit the melody. A chord by durational pattern interaction was found. The results indicate that although temporal order is a primary factor in melodic anchoring, duration can facilitate or weaken its effect, depending on how the durational pattern aligns with the pitch sequence of the melody.
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Lamvik, M. K., and L. L. Klatt. "The staining pattern of the tropomyosin sequence is displayed in a new paracrystal." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100142372.
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Tropomyosin paracrystals have been used extensively as test specimens and magnification standards due to their clear periodic banding patterns. The paracrystal type discovered by Ohtsuki1 has been of particular interest as a test of unstained specimens because of alternating bands that differ by 50% in mass thickness. While producing specimens of this type, we came across a new paracrystal form. Since this new form displays aligned tropomyosin molecules without the overlaps that are characteristic of the Ohtsuki-type paracrystal, it presents a staining pattern that corresponds to the amino acid sequence of the molecule.
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Nisa, Aulida Kholifatun. "Belief Adjustment Model Test in Investment Decision Making: Experimentation of short information Series." Indonesian Accounting Review 7, no. 1 (2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14414/tiar.v7i1.943.
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The aims of this study are examine the difference judgement given by investor using belief adjustment model to consider the pattern of presentation, the order of information and the tpye of information. This study using experimental design 2x2x2 mixed design, include: the pattern of presentation (Step by Step and End of Sequence), the order of information good news followed by bad news (++--) and bad news followed by good news (--++), and the type of information (accounting and non accounting). The hypothesis in this study were tested with Independence Sample T-test and Mann Whitney U. The participants were students STIE Perbanas Surabaya bachelor degree majoring in Accounting and Management who have knowlegde related to investment management and capital market or investment portfolio management and financial statements analysis. The result of this study showed that occurs recency effect while the pattern of information of Step by Step (SbS) and the type of information accounting and non accounting. This also occurs while the pattern of presentation of End of Sequence (EoS) and the type of acounting information occurs recency effect, wheares there was no order effect on the type of non accounting information.
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Postek, Michael T., Andras E. Vladar, Samuel N. Jones, and William J. Keery. "Scanning Electron Microscope magnification calibration interlaboratory study." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 776–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100149714.
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The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is in the process of developing a new scanning electron microscope (SEM) magnification calibration reference standard useful at both high and low accelerating voltages. This standard will be useful for all applications to which the SEM is currently being used, but it has been specifically tailored to meet many of the particular needs of the semiconductor industry. A small number of test samples with the pattern were prepared on silicon substrates using electron beam lithography at the National Nanofabrication Facility at Cornell University. The structures were patterned in titanium/palladium with maximum nominal pitch of approximately 3000 μm scaling down to structures with minimum nominal pitch of 0.4 μm. Several of these samples were sent out to a number of university, research, semiconductor and other industrial laboratories in an inter-laboratory study. The purpose of the study was to test the SEM instrumentation and to review the suitability of the sample design.
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Anand, Kruthika, Kishan Madikeri Mohan, and Krishna Yeraguntla. "Auditory processing abilities in amateur musicians." International Journal on Disability and Human Development 16, no. 1 (2017): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijdhd-2016-0038.
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Abstract Music has important consequences on the anatomo-functional organization of the brain. Learning and listening to music has various advantages beginning with relaxation, mind training and neural strengthening. Learning music when young has a wide influence on cognion, attention and listening thereby resulting in better performance in most tasks. Currently the practice of parents exposing their children from the womb through their children’s early years has not been researched and explored. Method: School going children who are undergoing music training for more than 2 years and an non-musical control group were tested for auditory processing abilities for pitch perception, gap detection and auditory processing performance scale. Result: The children in the school going amateur musical group out performed the non-musical trained group in the pitch pattern test, the random gap detection test and in the child auditory processing performance scale. Conclusion: Music training results in better temporal processing which can be shown in classroom activities. The improvement observed in amateur musicians over a short training duration, can be attributed to the pitch, loudness, and duration of the acrobatics that the musicians undergo. Studying these aspects and reporting the benefits help in designing training modules for children with various developmental disorders.
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Dewitt, Lucinda A., and Robert G. Crowder. "Recognition of Novel Melodies after Brief Delays." Music Perception 3, no. 3 (1986): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285336.
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Three experiments on the recognition of short melodies investigated the influence of contour and interval information (respectively, the pattern of changes in pitch direction and the ordered sequence of pitch distances in a melody). Subjects rated pairs of melodies as "same" or "different" on a five-point scale. Six conditions were defined by two delays (short, 1 sec; and long, 30 sec) and three item types (target, related, and lure). In Target pairs, the second melody retained the contour and interval information of the first melody, being an exact transposition to another key. In Related pairs, only the contour information was retained, while in the Lure pairs neither contour nor interval information was retained. In conformity with the reports of Dowling and Bartlett (1981), the results indicated that contour information had a larger influence on recognition at short delays, whereas interval information had a relatively larger influence at long delays. The results are also consistent with an alternative interpretation stressing the importance of tonality/modality information in melody recognition at long delays.
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Wang, Xinlu, Ahmed A. F. Saif, Dayou Liu, Yungang Zhu, and Jon Atli Benediktsson. "A novel optimal multi-pattern matching method with wildcards for DNA sequence." Technology and Health Care 29 (March 25, 2021): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-218012.
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BACKGROUND: DNA sequence alignment is one of the most fundamental and important operation to identify which gene family may contain this sequence, pattern matching for DNA sequence has been a fundamental issue in biomedical engineering, biotechnology and health informatics. OBJECTIVE: To solve this problem, this study proposes an optimal multi pattern matching with wildcards for DNA sequence. METHODS: This proposed method packs the patterns and a sliding window of texts, and the window slides along the given packed text, matching against stored packed patterns. RESULTS: Three data sets are used to test the performance of the proposed algorithm, and the algorithm was seen to be more efficient than the competitors because its operation is close to machine language. CONCLUSIONS: Theoretical analysis and experimental results both demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods and is especially effective for the DNA sequence.
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Sun, Lijuan, Hui Jen Goh, Priya Govindharajulu, Melvin Khee-Shing Leow, and Christiani Jeyakumar Henry. "Postprandial glucose, insulin and incretin responses differ by test meal macronutrient ingestion sequence (PATTERN study)." Clinical Nutrition 39, no. 3 (2020): 950–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.04.001.
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Garma-Oehmichen, L., L. Martinez-Medina, H. Hernández-Toledo, and I. Puerari. "How the bar properties affect the induced spiral structure." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 502, no. 4 (2021): 4708–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab333.
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ABSTRACT Stellar bars and spiral arms coexist and co-evolve in most disc galaxies in the local Universe. However, the physical nature of this interaction remains a matter of debate. In this work, we present a set of numerical simulations based on isolated galactic models aimed to explore how the bar properties affect the induced spiral structure. We cover a large combination of bar properties, including the bar length, axial ratio, mass, and rotation rate. We use three galactic models describing galaxies with rising, flat, and declining rotation curves. We found that the pitch angle best correlates with the bar pattern speed and the spiral amplitude with the bar quadrupole moment. Our results suggest that galaxies with declining rotation curves are the most efficient forming grand design spiral structure, evidenced by spirals with larger amplitude and pitch angle. We also test the effects of the velocity ellipsoid in a subset of simulations. We found that as we increase the radial anisotropy, spirals increase their pitch angle but become less coherent with smaller amplitude.
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ZHONG, SHI. "SEMI-SUPERVISED SEQUENCE CLASSIFICATION WITH HMMs." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 19, no. 02 (2005): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001405004034.
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Using unlabeled data to help supervised learning has become an increasingly attractive methodology and proven to be effective in many applications. This paper applies semi-supervised classification algorithms, based on hidden Markov models, to classify sequences. For model-based classification, semi-supervised learning amounts to using both labeled and unlabeled data to train model parameters. We examine three different strategies of using labeled and unlabeled data in the model training process. These strategies differ in how and when labeled and unlabeled data contribute to the model training process. We also compare regular semi-supervised learning, where there are separate unlabeled training data and unlabeled test data, with transductive learning where we do not differentiate between unlabeled training data and unlabeled test data. Our experimental results on synthetic and real EEG time-series show that substantially improved classification accuracy can be achieved by these semi-supervised learning strategies. The effect of model complexity on semi-supervised learning is also studied in our experiments.
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Abraitis, Vidas, and Žydrūnas Tamoševičius. "Transition Test Patterns Generation for BIST Implemented in ASIC and FPGA." Solid State Phenomena 144 (September 2008): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.144.214.
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Transition delay testing of sequential circuits in a clocked environment is analyzed. There are presented two test pattern generator methods for built in self testing of the circuit implemented as Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) of Virtex family. Cellular automaton and Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) structures are used for test sequence generation. The circuits are tested as the black boxes under Transition fault model. Experimental results of the test pattern generation methods are presented and analyzed. Results compared with exhaustive test of transition faults for ASICs and programmable integrated circuits with given configuration.
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HALKIOPOULOS, CONSTANTINOS, and BASILIS BOUTSINAS. "AUTOMATIC INTERACTIVE MUSIC IMPROVIZATION BASED ON DATA MINING." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 21, no. 04 (2012): 1250016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213012500169.
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An area of focus in music improvization is interactive improvization between a human and a computer system in real time. In this paper, we present a musical interactive system acting as a melody continuator. For each musical pattern given by the user, a new one is returned by the system which is built by using general patterns for both pitch and duration stored in its knowledge base. The latter consists of data mining rules extracted from different sets of melodies for different musical styles. The proposed system uses a new music representation scheme which treats separately pitch and duration. Also, it adopts a similarity measure initially developed for clustering categorical data. Moreover, we present experimental results, using Bach's Chorales and Jazz as test inputs, for both assessing the aesthetic quality of the proposed system and comparing it to human results.
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Kano, S., H. Homma, S. Sasaki, and H. Shimura. "In situ monitoring of friction surfaces and their sequence pattern analysis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1865 (2007): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2117.
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Friction occurs between solid surfaces, and even sometimes on lubricated surfaces. To understand tribological subjects, it is important to know the changes that occur in friction surfaces. In this study, a laser strobe technique is applied to a friction surface observation. The recorded surface images were analysed using pattern-matching methods and their correlations are discussed. A test using pin-on-plate methods with carbon steels was performed using a reciprocating motion speed of 10 Hz for 4.9 N. A pulsed laser light (Nd:YAG SHG=532 nm, 5 ns per pulse) was irradiated onto the friction surface. It was induced using an optical microscope that was located just to the side of the pin. The laser pulse was synchronized with the plate motion, which was a trigger of the laser pulse. The surface image was stored for every cycle. These sequences were calculated and their correlations were analysed as a function of the surface pattern and the friction track size and shape. Analysis revealed that some groups were distinguishable as parameters of the damage size and shape.
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Bailes, Freya, and Charles Delbé. "Long-term melodic expectation: The unexpected observation of distant priming effects." Musicae Scientiae 13, no. 2 (2009): 315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102986490901300205.
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The report provides a brief account of an experiment whose control conditions produced interestingly counter-intuitive results. The method adapted priming techniques to explore whether imagining well-known melodies would facilitate perceptual discrimination of congruent compared to incongruent melodic continuations in a syllable identification task. This was shown to be the case, but in a subsequent control experiment, imagining an irrelevant lure melody also showed a priming effect. The persistent priming effect apparently related the target sequence to the aurally presented, nonadjacent opening notes, and not to the intervening mental image. A number of statistical analyses of the pitch relationships in match and mismatch targets were performed and a further experiment is reported in which participants explicitly selected between match and mismatch versions of the stimuli for fit within the prime context. It seems that the pitch proximity of the first target note to the final note of the sounded prime may be responsible for the priming effect. An outline of further research to explain the phenomenon is suggested, including experiments to test the strength of melodic priming governed by pitch proximity, by systematically varying the length of the period between prime and target.
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Padovani, Marina, Ingrid Gielow, and Mara Behlau. "Phonarticulatory diadochokinesis in young and elderly individuals." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 67, no. 1 (2009): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2009000100015.
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The phonoarticulatory diadochokinesis test has been recommended to evaluate neurological disorders. It is a speech task that consists of the ability to repeat at high speed a segment of speech. The purpose of this research is to analyze the diadochokinesia rate of adults from two distinct age groups. 23 young aice and speech analysis software Visi-Pitch III/Sona-Speech, KayElemetrics. Both groups presented with reduced diadochokinesia rate as the speech production became more complex. The young adults group presented with higher diadochokinesia rate in adults and 23 elderly people, both sexes participated in this study. Each participant produced the /pa/, /ta/, /ka/ syllables, the vowel /a/ and the /pataka/ sequence, as fast and as long as they could with habitual pitch and loudness. The speech samples were analyzed by using the voll speech tasks while the elderly adults group had a worse intensity control.
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Ahmadshahi, M. A., Sridhar Krishnaswamy, and S. Nemat-Nasser. "Dynamic Holographic-Electronic Speckle-Pattern Interferometry." Journal of Applied Mechanics 60, no. 4 (1993): 866–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2900995.
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The development of a nondestructive, full-field, quantitative optical technique, and its feasibility to study dynamic deformations of opaque and diffusively reflecting solids under transient loads, are discussed. The technique involves recording a sequence of dynamically changing two-beam speckle interference patterns (also called holographic speckle patterns) of a rapidly deforming body which is doubly illuminated by a laser light source. The time sequence of speckle patterns is recorded by means of a high-speed camera on an ultra-sensitive 35-mm film. The developed negatives are then digitized by a CCD camera into an image processing system. An initial speckle pattern corresponding to the undeformed state of the object is taken as the reference, and subsequent speckle patterns are digitally subtracted (reconstructed) from it to produce time- varying fringe patterns corresponding to the relative deformation of the test object. In order to gain confidence that the technique can be used to record truly transient deformation, it is tested here on a vibrating plate at resonance, thereby obtaining the evolution of the fringe pattern during 1/2 cycle of deformation corresponding to 160 μs.
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Hall, Deborah A., Doug J. K. Barrett, Michael A. Akeroyd, and A. Quentin Summerfield. "Cortical Representations of Temporal Structure in Sound." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 5 (2005): 3181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00271.2005.
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Pitch and spatial width are two sound attributes that can be coded by temporal acoustic structure. In this study, periodicity pitch was created by temporal iteration in a regular-interval noise, whereas spatial width was determined by the degree of interaural correlation. Previous results suggest that nonprimary auditory cortex, particularly lateral Heschl's gyrus (HG), plays an important role in the analysis of both acoustic properties. It has been argued that this role might reflect a common computational process. One proposed candidate is that of integrating the temporal pattern information across frequency channels. This paper reports the results of a systematic test for whether different classes of temporal structure do indeed engage a common neural architecture in the human auditory cortex by presenting both classes of sound stimuli to a single group of listeners. Activations related to the pitch and spatial width of the sound were partly co-localized in two distinct cortical regions: close to lateral HG and in planum temporale (PT). Lateral HG was more responsive to temporal pitch than to spatial width. This difference plus the variability across listeners for spatial width dispute the claim that the activity in lateral HG reflects a common neural computational step that encodes the temporal patterns associated with pitch and spatial width. Rather, the activity patterns are consistent with a role for lateral HG in perceptual analysis as opposed to temporal acoustic structure. In PT, the superadditive relationship between pitch and spatial width is also consistent with the concept that the auditory cortex plays an important role in integrating different classes of sound information to form auditory objects.
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Eitan, Zohar, and Lawrence E. Marks. "Garner’s paradigm and audiovisual correspondence in dynamic stimuli: Pitch and vertical direction." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646910.
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Garner’s speeded discrimination paradigm is a central tool in studying crossmodal interaction, revealing automatic perceptual correspondences between dimensions in different modalities. To date, however, the paradigm has been used solely with static, unchanging stimuli, limiting its ecological validity. Here, we use Garner’s paradigm to examine interactions between dynamic (time-varying) audiovisual dimensions — pitch direction and vertical visual motion. In Experiment 1, 32 participants rapidly discriminated ascending vs. descending pitch glides, ignoring concurrent visual motion (auditory task), and ascending vs. descending visual motion, ignoring pitch change (visual task). Results in both tasks revealed strong congruence effects, but no Garner interference, an unusual pattern inconsistent with some interpretations of Garner interference. To examine whether this pattern of results is specific to dynamic stimuli, Experiment 2 (testing another 64 participants) used a modified Garner design with two baseline conditions: The irrelevant stimuli were dynamic in one baseline and static in the other, the test stimuli always being dynamic. The results showed significant Garner interference relative to the static baseline (for both the auditory and visual tasks), but not relative to the dynamic baseline. Congruence effects were evident throughout. We suggest that dynamic stimuli reduce attention to and memory of between-trial variation, thereby reducing Garner interference. Because congruence effects depend primarily on within-trial relations, however, congruence effects are unaffected. Results indicate how a classic tool such as Garner’s paradigm, used productively to examine dimensional interactions between static stimuli, may be readily adapted to probe the radically different behavior of dynamic, time-varying multisensory stimuli.
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Alamgir, Arbab, Abu Khari A’ain, Norlina Paraman, and Usman Ullah Sheikh. "Adaptive random testing with total cartesian distance for black box circuit under test." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 20, no. 2 (2020): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v20.i2.pp720-726.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Testing and verification of digital circuits is of vital importance in electronics industry. Moreover, key designs require preservation of their intellectual property that might restrict access to the internal structure of circuit under test. Random testing is a classical solution to black box testing as it generates test patterns without using the structural implementation of the circuit under test. However, random testing ignores the importance of previously applied test patterns while generating subsequent test patterns. An improvement to random testing is Antirandom that diversifies every subsequent test pattern in the test sequence. Whereas, computational intensive process of distance calculation restricts its scalability for large input circuit under test. Fixed sized candidate set adaptive random testing uses predetermined number of patterns for distance calculations to avoid computational complexity. A combination of max-min distance with previously executed patterns is carried out for each test pattern candidate. However, the reduction in computational complexity reduces the effectiveness of test set in terms of fault coverage. This paper uses a total cartesian distance based approach on fixed sized candidate set to enhance diversity in test sequence. The proposed approach has a two way effect on the test pattern generation as it lowers the computational intensity along with enhancement in the fault coverage. Fault simulation results on ISCAS’85 and ISCAS’89 benchmark circuits show that fault coverage of the proposed method increases up to 20.22% compared to previous method.</p>