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Loeber, Rolf, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, David P. Farrington, Benjamin B. Lahey, Kate Keenan, and Helene R. White. "Editorial introduction three longitudinal studies of children's development in Pittsburgh: the Developmental Trends Study, the Pittsburgh Youth Study, and the Pittsburgh Girls Study." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 12, no. 1 (2002): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.483.
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Jolliffe, Darrick, David P. Farrington, Rolf Loeber, and Dustin Pardini. "Protective factors for violence: Results from the Pittsburgh Youth Study." Journal of Criminal Justice 45 (June 2016): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.007.
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Jolliffe, Darrick, David P. Farrington, Ian Brunton-Smith, Rolf Loeber, Lia Ahonen, and Anna Paula Palacios. "Depression, anxiety and delinquency: Results from the Pittsburgh Youth Study." Journal of Criminal Justice 62 (May 2019): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.08.004.
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Loeber, Rolf, Lia Ahonen, Rebecca Stallings, and David P. Farrington. "Violence de-mystified: Findings on violence by young males in the Pittsburgh Youth Study." Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 58, no. 4 (2017): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cap0000110.
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Levenson, Jessica, Kristin Ray, Dan Lavage, Edward Wehrer, and Elizabeth Miller. "186 Sleep among Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Differences between Summer and School-Year." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (2021): A75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.185.
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Abstract Introduction Insufficient sleep is highly prevalent among school-age youth and adolescents, which has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is unclear whether sleep during COVID-19 varies based on whether school is in session. We examined the sleep of school-age youth and adolescents during COVID-19 and described changes in rates of insufficient sleep from summer (Time 1) to school year (Time 2). We further examined whether insufficient sleep is associated with mental health service utilization. Methods Adults in Southwestern Pennsylvania with children under 18 years old in their household completed a repeated cross-sectional electronic survey. The survey was designed to assess usage of, and unmet need for, health and social service resources, among other health behaviors. As responses were anonymous with no longitudinal linking, we used descriptive statistics and Chi-Square tests to examine our aims at each time point. Insufficient sleep was operationalized as <9 hours (school-age youth) and <8 hours (adolescents) of sleep duration, per National Sleep Foundation standards. Results Data were analyzed from n=97 school-age youth and n=83 adolescents at Time 1, and n=77 school-age youth and n=82 adolescents at Time 2. Most school-age youth (76.3%) obtained sufficient sleep at Time 1, which was maintained at Time 2. However, while 75.6% of adolescents obtained sufficient sleep at Time 1, that number fell to 63.3% at Time 2. Youth with insufficient sleep were more likely to utilize mental health services than those obtaining sufficient sleep at a borderline level of statistical significance (p-value = 0.097), after controlling for age group. Conclusion The rate of insufficient sleep among adolescents during COVID-19 is meaningfully higher than non-COVID, school-year rates recently reported among adolescents. Youth with insufficient sleep are more likely to utilize mental health services, though the direction of causality in that association is unknown. Future work should focus on strategies for increasing access to sleep promotion programs that support sleep health and mental health during a time of great stress. Support (if any) Supported in part by funding to the Pittsburgh Study (Grable Foundation, Shear Family Foundation, University of Pittsburgh Department of Pediatrics, and UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Foundation). Dr. Levenson was supported by K23HD087433.
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Farrington, David P., Rolf Loeber, Rebecca Stallings, and Maria M. Ttofi. "Bullying perpetration and victimization as predictors of delinquency and depression in the Pittsburgh Youth Study." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 3, no. 2 (2011): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17596591111132882.
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Li, Yiyan. "Book review: Offending from Childhood to Young Adulthood---- Recent Results from the Pittsburgh Youth Study." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 5, no. 1 (2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc-rcessc.v5i1.152.
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Li, Yiyan. "Book review: Offending from Childhood to Young Adulthood---- Recent Results from the Pittsburgh Youth Study." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 5, no. 1 (2016): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v5i1.3740.
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The author of the book review briefly introduces the content of the book Offending from Childhood to Young Adulthood. This book provides valuable account of the continuity of criminal career from childhood to adulthood.
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Bushover, Brady, Elizabeth Miller, Megan Bair-Merritt, Kaleab Abebe, and Alison Culyba. "Physical environment and violence perpetration among male youth in Pittsburgh: a spatial analysis." Injury Prevention 26, no. 6 (2019): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043356.
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PurposeExamine associations between features of the built environment and violence perpetration among male youth.MethodsWe enrolled 866 male adolescents, ages 13–19 years, as part of a violence prevention study in 20 lower-resource neighbourhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Exposure to built environmental features was defined using participants’ neighbourhood study site. Violence perpetration was measured by three survey items: physical fighting, threatening someone with a weapon, and injuring someone with a weapon. Logistic regression models examined associations between each environmental feature and violence perpetration.ResultsBetter neighbourhood walkability was associated with significantly lower odds of fighting (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.86, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.99). Alcohol and tobacco outlets were associated with slightly lower odds of violence perpetration (AORs=0.89–0.96).ConclusionsThis work extends previous studies from large urban centres to a mid-sized city context and suggests that walkable neighbourhoods create opportunities for social interactions and may serve as a protective factor in youth violence.
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Zhang, Shunqing, Cheng Chang, Juan Zhang, Bo Song, Hui Fang, and YuMing Xu. "Correlation Analysis of Sleep Quality and Youth Ischemic Stroke." Behavioural Neurology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/246841.
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Objective. To study risk factors related to ischemic stroke (IS) in youth and the influence of sleep quality on youth ischemic stroke incidence.Methods. 223 patients aged 18 to 45 years who were admitted to Puyang People’s Hospital from June 2011 to February 2013 with a first-ever ischemic stroke were selected as the research cases. 158 young people with a normal physical examination were selected as the control group. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire was used to analyse the correlation between sleep quality and youth IS incidence. The US National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (MRS) scores were used to assess cases’ state of illness and prognosis three months after IS.Results. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the association of these risk factors with youth IS incidence, from highest to lowest, was hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, smoking history, high homocysteine, the quality of sleep, family history of stroke, and alcoholism. Poor sleep quality ranked fifth among all risk factors and was positively correlated with poor prognosis for youth IS patients.Conclusion. The results of this study showed that sleep quality is an important factor in the pathogenesis and prognosis of youth IS.
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Kaufman, Erin A., Sarah E. Victor, Alison E. Hipwell, and Stephanie D. Stepp. "Reciprocal Influences of Parent and Adolescent Borderline Personality Symptoms Over 3 Years." Journal of Personality Disorders 34, Supplement B (2020): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2020_34_483.
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Leading etiological theories implicate the family environment in shaping borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although a substantive literature explores familial aggregation of this condition, most studies focus on parent influence(s) on offspring symptoms without examining youth symptom influence on the parent. The current study investigated reciprocal relations between parent and adolescent BPD symptoms over time. Participants were 498 dyads composed of urban-living girls and their parents enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study (Pittsburgh Girls Study). The authors examined BPD severity scores assessed yearly when youth were ages 15-17 years in a series of cross-lagged panel models. After controlling for autoregressive effects, a measure of parent-child conflict, and an indicator of socioeconomic status, evidence of parental influence on adolescent symptoms did not emerge. However, adolescent BPD symptoms at age 16 predicted greater parent BPD symptoms at age 17 above the influence of depression. Results highlight the importance of considering the influence of youth BPD on parental symptoms.
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van Wijk, Anton, Rolf Loeber, Robert Vermeiren, Dustin Pardini, Ruud Bullens, and Theo Doreleijers. "Violent Juvenile Sex Offenders Compared with Violent Juvenile Nonsex Offenders: Explorative Findings From the Pittsburgh Youth Study." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 17, no. 3 (2005): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107906320501700306.
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Loeber, Rolf, Barbara Menting, Donald R. Lynam, et al. "Findings From the Pittsburgh Youth Study: Cognitive Impulsivity and Intelligence as Predictors of the Age–Crime Curve." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 51, no. 11 (2012): 1136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.019.
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Wijk, Anton, Rolf Loeber, Robert Vermeiren, Dustin Pardini, Ruud Bullens, and Theo Doreleijers. "Violent Juvenile Sex Offenders Compared with Violent Juvenile Nonsex Offenders: Explorative Findings From the Pittsburgh Youth Study." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 17, no. 3 (2005): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11194-005-5062-3.
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Suppiah, Haresh T., Richard Swinbourne, Jericho Wee, Vanes Tay, and Paul Gastin. "Sleep Characteristics of Elite Youth Athletes: A Clustering Approach to Optimize Sleep Support Strategies." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 9 (2021): 1225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0675.
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Purpose: Elite athletes experience chronic sleep insufficiency due to training and competition schedules. However, there is little research on sleep and caffeine use of elite youth athletes and a need for a more nuanced understanding of their sleep difficulties. This study aimed to (1) examine the differences in sleep characteristics of elite youth athletes by individual and team sports, (2) study the associations between behavioral risk factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea and caffeine use with sleep quality, and (3) characterize the latent sleep profiles of elite youth athletes to optimize the sleep support strategy. Methods: A group (N = 135) of elite national youth athletes completed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and questions pertaining to obstructive sleep apnea, napping behavior, and caffeine use. K-means clustering was used to characterize unique sleep characteristic subgroups based on PSQI components. Results: Athletes reported 7.0 (SD = 1.2) hours of sleep. Out of the total group, 45.2% of the athletes had poor quality sleep (PSQI global >5), with team-sport athletes reporting significantly poorer sleep quality than individual-sport athletes. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that sport type significantly correlated with poor sleep quality. The K-means clustering algorithm classified athletes’ underlying sleep characteristics into 4 clusters to efficiently identify athletes with similar underlying sleep issues to enhance interventional strategies.Conclusion: These findings suggest that elite youth team-sport athletes are more susceptible to poorer sleep quality than individual-sport athletes. Clustering methods can help practitioners characterize sleep-related problems and develop efficient athlete support strategies.
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Menting, Barbara, Pol A. C. Van Lier, Hans M. Koot, Dustin Pardini, and Rolf Loeber. "Cognitive impulsivity and the development of delinquency from late childhood to early adulthood: Moderating effects of parenting behavior and peer relationships." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 1 (2015): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941500036x.
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AbstractCognitive impulsivity may increase children's risk of developing delinquent behavior. However, the influence of cognitive impulsivity may depend on social environmental risk factors. This study examined the moderating effect of late childhood parenting behaviors and peer relations on the influence of children's cognitive impulsivity on delinquency development across adolescence and early adulthood, while taking possible interactions with intelligence also into account. Delinquent behavior of 412 boys from the Pittsburgh Youth Study was measured annually from ages 13 to 29 years with official arrest records. Cognitive impulsivity (neurocognitive test scores) and intelligence were assessed at age 12–13. Parenting behaviors (persistence of discipline, positive reinforcement, and parental knowledge), peer delinquency, and peer conventional activities were assessed between ages 10 and 13 years. Results showed that, while controlling for intelligence, the influence of youths' cognitive impulsivity on delinquency depended on their parents' behaviors. An interaction was found among cognitive impulsivity, intelligence, and peer delinquency, but instead of cognitive impulsivity, the effect of intelligence on delinquency was particularly moderated. Overall, findings suggest that when there was moderation, high cognitive impulsivity and low intelligence were associated with an increased probability for engaging in delinquency predominantly among boys in a good social environment, but not in a poor social environment.
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Lynam, Donald R., Rolf Loeber, and Magda Stouthamer-Loeber. "The Stability of Psychopathy From Adolescence Into Adulthood." Criminal Justice and Behavior 35, no. 2 (2008): 228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854807310153.
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This study examines moderators of the relation between psychopathy assessed at age 13 using the mother-reported Childhood Psychopathy Scale and psychopathy assessed at age 24 using the interviewer-rated Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV). Data from more than 250 participants of the middle sample of the Pittsburgh Youth Study were used. Thirteen potential moderators were examined, including demographics (i.e., race, family structure, family socioeconomic status [SES], and neighborhood SES), parenting factors (physical punishment, inconsistent discipline, lax supervision, and positive parenting), peer delinquency, own delinquency, and other individual differences (i.e., verbal IQ, behavioral impulsivity, and cognitive impulsivity). Moderators were examined for the total psychopathy score at age 24 as well as for each of the four PCL:SV facets. After relaxing the criterion for statistical significance, 8 out of a possible 65 interactions were statistically significant. Implications of the present findings and future directions are discussed.
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Zhang, Linhao, Zehua Cui, Jeri Sasser, and Assaf Oshri. "222 COVID-19 Related Stress Intensify the Impact of Child Maltreatment on Sleep Quality." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (2021): A89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.221.
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Abstract Introduction Child maltreatment (CM) is a significant stressor that is associated with sleep problems in children and adolescents. The COVID-19 pandemic introduces new psychosocial stressors, which may be particularly harmful to youth already experiencing stress in the home environment. Using multi-dimensional (threat vs deprivation) assessments of CM, the present study aimed to test whether COVID-19 related stress intensified the association between maltreatment (abuse vs neglect) and sleep problems among youth. Methods This study utilized data from a longitudinal sample of youth (N=126; Mage at T1=12.9) assessed between January 2019 and March 2020 (T1) and after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic (May 2020; T2). Latent factors for COVID-19 related stress included three questions asking about negative changes, uncertainty about the future, and stress-induced by disruptions. CM at T1 was measured with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Multidimensional aspects of CM included a threat factor (sum of Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Abuse) and a deprivation factor (sum of Emotional and Physical Neglect). Sleep-related problems at both T1 and T2 were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score. Structural equation modeling was conducted in Mplus 8.1 to test direct and interaction effects of CM and COVID-19 related stress on sleep problems at T2 while controlling for sleep problems at T1 and demographic covariates. Results Threat-related abuse was significantly associated with increased sleep problems at T2 (β =.43, p < .01) but neglect was not (β =.03, p = .85). Additionally, COVID-19 related stress significantly intensified the link between abuse and sleep problems (β =.14, p < .05) as well as between neglect and sleep problems (β =.43, p < .01) at T2. Among youth who experienced higher levels of CM, increased COVID-19 related stress exacerbated sleep problems. Conclusion These results bolster extant research on the negative impact CM bears on youth sleep health and indicates that COVID-19 stress may exacerbate sleep problems. Our findings inform future prevention and intervention efforts that aim to reduce sleep problems among youth who experience CM during the COVID-19 pandemic. Support (if any) NIH/NIDA K Grant 1K01DA045219-01
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Bonneville, Dominique Ashley, Jacqueline Stowkowy, Kali Brummitt, Benjamin I. Goldstein, Glenda MacQueen, and Jean M. Addington. "The Correlates of Sleep Disturbance in Symptomatic Youth." Alberta Academic Review 2, no. 3 (2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/aar103.
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Background: Sleep disturbances are common across many mental health disorders, with evidence suggesting a bidirectional relationship. Furthermore, there is evidence of a significant association between sleep disruption and worse symptomology in disorders such as anxiety, depression, and psychosis. Additionally, research has demonstrated the negative impact of stress and stressful life events on psychiatric illness progression. However, little is known about possible links between sleep disturbance and these psychiatric symptoms, ongoing stress, stressful life events and functioning, especially in adolescence and early adulthood, a time when many mental illnesses first begin. Exploring these relationships may allow for a better understanding of the role sleep disruption plays in the early stages of illness. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate potential correlates of sleep disturbance in youth experiencing subthreshold psychiatric symptoms. Methods: This study included 160 youth, ages 12 to 25 who were help seeking due to experiencing distress, mild symptoms of anxiety or depression, and/or attenuated syndromes such as clinical high risk for psychosis. Youth meeting criteria for full psychiatric diagnoses were excluded. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep disruption. A range of clinical symptoms were assessed using the Scale for Assessment of Psychosis-Risk Symptoms, The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale. Current stress was assessed with the Daily Stress Inventory, and the K10 Distress Scale. Past history of major stress was measured with a Childhood Trauma and Abuse Scale, and the Life Events scale. Fourthly, functioning was assessed with the Global Functioning Scale: Social and Role. Results: Global sleep quality was most highly realted to subthreshold symptoms of anxiety (r=0.425, p<0.01), depression (r=0.420, p<0.01), and disorganized symptoms of psychosis (r=0.232, p<0.05). Additionally, global sleep was related to total distress (r=0.356, p<0.01), daily stress (r=0.268, p<0.01), and stressful life events (r=0.291, p<0.01). Social functioning did not reveal any significant correlations with sleep, however, role functioning (r=0.170, p<0.05) did exhibit a relationship with global sleep quality. Finally, bullying (r=0.196, p<0.05) and trauma (r=0.266, p<0.01) were significantly correlated with global sleep quality scores. Conclusion: This study provides early evidence for the interaction that sleep disruption may have with stress, trauma, bullying, and subthreshold psychiatric symptomology in youth. Further research is required to increase the understanding of these relationships early on in youth psychiatric illness progression.
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Larche, Cynthia L., Isabelle Plante, Mathieu Roy, Pablo M. Ingelmo, and Catherine E. Ferland. "The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: Reliability, Factor Structure, and Related Clinical Factors among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Chronic Pain." Sleep Disorders 2021 (April 26, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5546484.
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This study is aimed at assessing the psychometric properties and the factorial structure of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in a clinical sample of children, adolescents, and young adults with chronic pain. Data of 482 participants (aged 8-21 years) from two crosssectional studies and a chronic pain services outpatient clinic were analyzed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis of PSQI component scores were performed. Relationships between the PSQI global score and various clinical measures were investigated to assess external validity. The findings exhibit the reliability and validity of a single-factor model of the PSQI in a clinical sample of youth with chronic pain and support the relationship in this specific population between poor sleep quality and important clinical measures of well-being. These results support an informed decision regarding its use with this specific population and underscore the clinical relevance of assessing sleep quality.
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Loeber, Rolf, and Dustin Pardini. "Neurobiology and the development of violence: common assumptions and controversies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1503 (2008): 2491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0032.
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This paper addresses four common assumptions and related controversies regarding neurobiological factors explaining violence: (i) scholars often assume stability of individual differences in neurobiological factors pertaining to violence, yet much change occurs in aggression/violence during the life course, (ii) individual differences in aggression/violence reflect one or more underlying mechanisms that are believed to have neurobiological origins, yet there is little agreement about which underlying mechanisms apply best, (iii) the development of aggression/violence to some degree can be explained by social, individual, economic and environmental factors, yet it is unclear to what extent neurobiological factors can explain the escalation to, and desistance from, violence over and above social, individual, economic and environmental factors, and (iv) violence waxes and wanes in society over time, yet the explanation of secular differences in violence by means of neurobiological and other factors is not clear. Longitudinal analyses from the Pittsburgh Youth Study are used to illustrate several of these issues.
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Lynam, Donald R., Richard Charnigo, Terrie E. Moffitt, Adrian Raine, Rolf Loeber, and Magda Stouthamer-Loeber. "The stability of psychopathy across adolescence." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 4 (2009): 1133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409990083.
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AbstractThe current diagnostic system suggests that personality disorder categories be applied to children and adolescents in rare circumstances because of expected changes in personality pathology across development. The present study examined the stability in personality pathology, specifically psychopathy, across childhood and adolescence. Using a short form of the CPS and mixed models incorporating fixed and random effects, we examined the reliability, individual stability, mean-level stability, and predictive utility of juvenile psychopathy as a function of age (i.e., from 7 to 17 years old) in over 1,500 boys from the three cohorts of the Pittsburgh Youth Study. If adolescent development contributes to instability in personality pathology, large age-related fluctuations in reliability, stability, and predictive utility should be observed, particularly in the latter part of adolescence when normative changes are hypothesized to influence levels of psychopathy. Such fluctuations were not observed. In general, juvenile psychopathy could be reliably assessed beginning in childhood, was fairly stable across short and long intervals, showed little mean-level fluctuation, and predicted delinquency across adolescence. These results suggest that concerns about large changes in personality pathology across childhood and adolescence may be overstated. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Levenson, Jessica, Sara Goodkind, Sara Albert, et al. "281 Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Impact of a School-Based Sleep Promotion Program for Adolescents." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (2021): A113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.280.
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Abstract Introduction Poor sleep is common among adolescents and has been linked with school absenteeism. Though improved sleep has been associated with improved school outcomes, intervention programs for insufficient sleep are not standard in schools, few have used an individualized approach, and none have focused on youth with absenteeism. We conducted an open trial of the feasibility, acceptability, and initial impact of our school-based sleep promotion program among adolescents. Methods Participants included 8th and 9th grade students with mild absenteeism, insufficient sleep, and sleep timing shift on the School Sleep Habits Survey (SSHS). The program included a smartphone-based sleep diary and 1-2 tailored sessions with a school staff member. Participants completed baseline and follow-up research assessments. The sleep program focused on education about sleep; cognitive strategies targeting sleep beliefs; stimulus control; and regularization of sleep and wake. We descriptively report program feasibility, acceptability, and change in sleep duration. Results Of 33 participants approached by school staff, 12 agreed to participate and 10 completed the study. Seven participants had two program sessions and 5 participants had one program session. Sleep duration increased by 19 minutes across the entire week based on daily sleep diary, and by 31 minutes on weekdays on the SSHS. Most participants (89%) reported that the program was not a burden on their time, that the program length was just right (88%), and that they were likely to participate in research again (75%). While program feasibility was high, most youth (56%) rated program relevance as low or unknown. The most salient implementation barrier was the challenge of embedding the program into each school’s existing procedures. Conclusion A school-based sleep promotion program for adolescents with insufficient sleep and mild absenteeism is feasible, acceptable, and associated with improved sleep. An individualized approach, with sessions delivered by school staff, shows great promise for being feasible and clinically significant. Future work should focus on selecting a sample of youth with greater investment in the program to improve school attendance and implementing the program flexibly and with fidelity across schools. Support (if any) University of Pittsburgh Center for Interventions for Improve Community Health
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Stepp, Stephanie D., Diana J. Whalen, Lori N. Scott, Maureen Zalewski, Rolf Loeber, and Alison E. Hipwell. "Reciprocal effects of parenting and borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescent girls." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 2 (2014): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579413001041.
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AbstractTheories of borderline personality disorder (BPD) postulate that high-risk transactions between caregiver and child are important for the development and maintenance of the disorder. Little empirical evidence exists regarding the reciprocal effects of parenting on the development of BPD symptoms in adolescence. The impact of child and caregiver characteristics on this reciprocal relationship is also unknown. Thus, the current study examines bidirectional effects of parenting, specifically harsh punishment practices and caregiver low warmth, and BPD symptoms in girls aged 14–17 years based on annual, longitudinal data from the Pittsburgh Girls Study (N = 2,451) in the context of child and caregiver characteristics. We examined these associations through the use of autoregressive latent trajectory models to differentiate time-specific variations in BPD symptoms and parenting from the stable processes that steadily influence repeated measures within an individual. The developmental trajectories of BPD symptoms and parenting were moderately associated, suggesting a reciprocal relationship. There was some support for time-specific elevations in BPD symptoms predicting subsequent increases in harsh punishment and caregiver low warmth. There was little support for increases in harsh punishment and caregiver low warmth predicting subsequent elevations in BPD symptoms. Child impulsivity and negative affectivity, and caregiver psychopathology were related to parenting trajectories, while only child characteristics predicted BPD trajectories. The results highlight the stability of the reciprocal associations between parenting and BPD trajectories in adolescent girls and add to our understanding of the longitudinal course of BPD in youth.
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Jalbrzikowski, Maria, Lambertus Klei, William Foran, Beatriz Luna, and Bernie Devlin. "O11.1. MULTIPLE GENOMIC MEASURES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA RISK ARE RELATED TO CORTICAL THICKNESS IN TYPICALLY DEVELOPING YOUTH AND YOUNG ADULTS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (2020): S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa028.061.
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Abstract Background The incidence of psychotic disorders increases in adolescence and young adulthood. Transition to a psychotic disorder is associated with atypical development of brain structures, specifically protracted developmental course. It is unknown how polygenic risk for schizophrenia and gene expression profiles of schizophrenia risk genes affect typical brain development. The goal of the current study is to examine relationships multiple genomic measures associated with schizophrenia risk and structural neuroimaging measures thickness in typically developing youth. Methods We combined structural neuroimaging and genetic data from three different cohorts of typically developing youth (N=994, 5–30 years old): the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, Pediatric Imaging Neurocognition and Genetics Study, and a locally collected sample at the University of Pittsburgh. All youth were free from psychiatric disorders and not taking psychiatric medications. We used Freesurfer to process the T1-weighted structural scans and calculate subcortical volumes, cortical thickness, and surface area measurements. After regressing out study, sex, ancestry eigenvectors, and grey matter signal-to-noise ratio, we ran principal components analysis on all neuroimaging measures (N=156). We calculated a schizophrenia polygenic risk score using genome-wide summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genome Consortium. Using a generalized linear model, each of the top five principal components was evaluated in relation to the risk score. We then used a computational method, Predixcan, to calculate expected gene expression profiles from the genotype data. We selected 125 genes that were associated with schizophrenia in a previous case-control comparison. Elastic net regression was used to determine significant associations between individual gene expression and the principal components. Results Schizophrenia polygenic risk was statistically associated with the 5th principal component (b=-0.10, p=0.001), which consisted of contributions from multiple measures of cortical thickness. Reduced cortical thickness in frontal and temporal regions was associated with increased genetic liability for schizophrenia. Increased cortical thickness in sensory-motor areas was associated with higher schizophrenia polygenic risk scores. This relationship remained when age was included as a predictor of interest and there were no statistically significant interactions between schizophrenia polygenic risk and age. Sixteen unique gene expression profiles were also associated with this principal component, significantly increasing the proportion of variance explained in this measure (from ~1% with the schizophrenia polygenic risk only to ~6% when including the additional gene expression measures). Many of the genes significantly associated with this principal component have important roles during early fetal brain development, including neuronal migration (e.g., SDCCAG8) and DNA repair (e.g., MLH1). Discussion These results suggest that that genetic risk for schizophrenia has a consistent influence on subtle, individual differences in a distinct spatial pattern of cortical thickness across typical development. This spatial pattern of cortical thickness is also associated with schizophrenia risk genes that have important functions during early brain development. Taken together, these findings suggest that increased genetic risk for schizophrenia is related to early subtle alterations during early brain development, setting up individuals with higher risk profiles to have a small biological vulnerability for later developing the illness.
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Franzen, P. L., J. Merranko, J. H. Zelazny, J. L. Hamilton, C. Sewell, and T. R. Goldstein. "0976 Temporal Associations Between Sleep And Suicidality In Ultra-high Risk Adolescents And College Students During An Intensive Longitudinal Study." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.972.
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Abstract Introduction Studies consistently demonstrate a link between subjective sleep disturbances and the continuum of suicidality, although this evidence primarily comes from retrospective, cross-sectional studies using limited items to assess sleep. Longitudinal assessment of well-defined and measured sleep/wake behaviors with high-risk individuals are needed to enhance the specificity of near-term suicide risk detection and render concrete targets for suicide prevention. Methods Participants (N=46) included ultra-high-risk adolescents (N=29 ages 12-18) and college students (N=17 ages 18-24). For up to 12 weeks, participants wore an actigraph to yield objective data on sleep/wake, and concurrently completed daily cellphone-based ratings of subjective sleep and suicidality. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association between sleep parameters (subjective and objective) and the odds of next-day suicidal outcomes (i.e., passive death wish [PDW], suicidal ideation, suicidal intent) controlling for age, gender, and depression severity. Results Significant quadratic relationships were observed between actigraphy-derived total sleep time (TST) and probability of next-day PDW (Z=3.7, p=0.0002), suicidal ideation (Z=2.1, p=0.04), and suicidal intent (Z=2.78, p=0.006), with increasing suicidality at low and high values of TST. Low sleep efficiency (&lt;75%) was associated with increased odds of next-day PDW (OR=1.24, Z=2.07, p=0.038). Subjectively (sleep diary measures), low sleep quality (&lt;50 on 100-point scale) was associated with increased odds of next-day suicidal ideation (OR=1.57, Z=3.42, p&lt;0.001), and longer sleep onset latency (&gt;20 minutes) with next-day suicidal intent (OR=3.00, Z=2.37, p=0.018). Conclusion Poor sleep health may signal increasing suicide risk, and are modifiable risk factors. We document a significant temporal association whereby objectively-derived short and long TST and low sleep efficiency, as well as subjective sleep quality and sleep onset latency, predicts next day’s suicidality. Further understanding of the temporal association between sleep and suicidality may hold promise to inform real-time monitoring and preventive strategies. Interventions targeting these factors may therefore help reduce suicidality in high-risk youth. Support American Foundation for Suicide Prevention; University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science Institute
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Levenson, J. C., B. C. Thoma, J. L. Hamilton, S. Choukas-Bradley, and R. H. Salk. "0358 Sleep Among Transgender and Cisgender Adolescents." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A136—A137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.355.
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Abstract Introduction Sleep problems are germane to the majority of adolescents, but stigmatized youth may experience poorer sleep than those who have not experienced stigma. However, no prior studies have examined sleep among transgender adolescents (TGAs). Investigating these sleep disparities is critical, since low sleep duration and poor sleep quality are predictive of depressive symptoms and suicidality among adolescents, two mental health outcomes experienced disproportionately by TGAs. Using a nationwide survey of adolescents, we examined sleep duration, sleep quality, and rates of insufficient sleep among a sample of adolescents, and we compared those parameters between TGAs and cisgender adolescents (CGAs). Methods Adolescents (n=1784) ages 14-18 completed an anonymous survey including measures of sleep, sexual and gender identity, depressive symptoms, and demographic variables. Participants were grouped as TGA or CGA. Unadjusted associations between gender identity and sleep outcomes were examined, followed by multivariate regression models examining associations adjusted for demographics and depressive symptoms. Results TGAs reported sleeping fewer hours, higher odds of being a ‘poor sleeper’, and lower odds of getting the right amount of sleep and getting ‘enough sleep’ than CGAs. After adjusting for key demographic variables, TGAs were still more likely to report that they were poor sleepers and less likely to report getting enough sleep compared to CGAs. When adding depressive symptoms as a covariate, the finding that TGAs reported they got enough sleep less often than CGAs remained marginally significant. Conclusion Transgender adolescents reported receiving poorer sleep than cisgender adolescents. Future studies should focus on longitudinally examining the emergence of sleep problems among TGAs and CGAs, which may also serve to identify specific biopsychosocial pathways that contribute to heightened risk for sleep problems among TGAs. Sleep disparities may be a promising target for prevention and intervention programs to improve health outcomes among stigmatized youth. Support This study was funded by the University of Pittsburgh Central Research Development Fund through an award to Drs. Salk, Choukas-Bradley, and Thoma. Dr. Levenson was supported by grant K23HD087433. Dr. Thoma was supported by grants T32MH018951 and K01MH117142, Dr. Salk was supported by grant T32MH018269, and Dr. Hamilton was supported by grant T32HL082610.
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Biernesser, Candice, Gerald Montano, Elizabeth Miller, and Ana Radovic. "Social Media Use and Monitoring for Adolescents With Depression and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative Study of Parent and Child Perspectives." JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting 3, no. 2 (2020): e21644. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/21644.
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Background Although youth report many positive experiences with social media (SM) use in their daily lives, adolescents with depression are more vulnerable to the risks of SM use than adolescents without depression. Parents protect adolescents with depression from the risks of SM use by monitoring their child’s SM activity; however, this comes into conflict with the adolescent’s need for autonomy in their web-based communication. The implications of SM use and monitoring for adolescents with depression and their parents are of particular relevance to the COVID-19 pandemic, as rates of SM use have increased in response to physical distancing measures. Objective This study aims to explore parent and child perspectives regarding the use and function of SM in the daily lives of adolescents with depression and parents’ perceptions of and experience with monitoring their child’s SM use. Methods We conducted qualitative interviews with adolescents with depression (n=23) and one parent of each adolescent (n=23) between July 2013 and September 2014. The adolescents were patients seeking treatment for depression in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Data analysis included dyadic analysis of the adolescents’ and parents’ perspectives and qualitative descriptions of individual parent interviews to explore their experiences with SM use and monitoring. The construct of parental knowledge and factors hypothesized to contribute to parental knowledge, including adolescent disclosure, parental solicitation, and parental control, were used to guide the codebook and dyadic data analysis. Results Dyadic analyses showed that parents and their children disagreed on the use and function of SM in the daily lives of adolescents with depression, with adolescents viewing SM as a forum for honest expression of their emotions, whereas parents felt that their children’s posts were inconsequential and interfered with the adolescents’ lives. Furthermore, parents reported using a wide range of strategies to gain knowledge of their child’s SM use to monitor their safety on SM, including direct solicitation and indirect solicitation, such as keeping the child's passwords, asking friends or siblings about their child's SM use, and restricting SM behavior and access to devices. Conclusions Clinicians should support adolescents with depression and their parents in finding common ground for an effective and acceptable monitoring approach. Resources are provided for clinicians navigating conversations about SM use and monitoring with adolescents with depression and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Hamilton, J. L., T. R. Goldstein, C. Sewall, et al. "1000 Social Media Use And Actigraphic Measures Of Sleep Timing Among High-risk Adolescents." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A379—A380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.996.
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Abstract Introduction Social media use is a risk factor for poor sleep among adolescents. It remains unclear whether social media use before bed impacts later sleep timing or whether youth turn to social media because of sleep problems, which impacts sleep timing. No study to date has examined this relationship using prospective designs and objective sleep measures among high-risk adolescents, who may be particularly vulnerable to social media use. Methods As a preliminary test of this relationship, 25 adolescents and young adults in an intensive outpatient program for depression and suicidality completed baseline measures of social media use and wore actiwatches for up to three months. Social media use included: 1) minutes of use within 2 hours of going to sleep, and 2) frequency of social media use due to difficulty falling or staying asleep. To examine social media as a predictor of sleep timing over the next month, actigraphic measures of sleep timing (i.e., onset) were used in the first month after baseline. Results Multilevel modeling indicated that higher levels of social media use in the 2 hours before bed (mean = 46.94 minutes) predicted later sleep timing (B = .02; SE = .01; p= .003). Similarly, higher frequency of social media use due to perceived sleep problems predicted later sleep timing (B = .22; SE = .11; p= .04). Models covaried for age, gender, and prior-day depressed mood. When simultaneously entered, only minutes of social media use in the 2 hours before bed significantly predicted later sleep timing. Conclusion Findings suggest that the relationship between social media use and sleep timing among adolescents with depression and suicidality may be driven by both social media use before bed and media use due to sleep problems. Research assessing objective social media use and daily relationships are needed to further disentangle this relationship. Support Jessica L Hamilton is supported by a T32 fellowship from NHLBI (HL082610; PI: Buysse). This research is supported by grants from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science Institute.
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Soni, Ruchi, Ritesh Upadhyay, and Mahendra Jain. "Prevalence of smart phone addiction, sleep quality and associated behaviour problems in adolescents." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 2 (2017): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20170142.
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Background: World is ever changing due to advancement in realm of science and technology, one such advancement is in field of smart phones. The ubiquity of smart phone technology raises concern for its addiction among adolescents and its relationship with quality of sleep, mental and physical health problems. Objective of the study was to investigate magnitude of smart phone addiction and evaluate the impact of smart phone addiction on their mental health and sleep quality.Methods: A cross‑sectional study was conducted on sample comprising of 587 students of repudiated school. Students were assessed with a specially designed proforma and Smart phone addiction scale (SAS) which was self‑administered by the students. Subjects were classified into smartphone non-user group, a low smartphone user group and a high smartphone user group. Subsequently depression anxiety and stress sub scores (DASS-21) scale were administered to asses associated behaviour problems, investigate sleep quality Pittsburgh sleep quality inventory was administered (PSQI).Results: Out of 587 subjects who completed the questionnaires 12.9% (n=76) were not using smart phones, (n=315) 53.62% were low users and (n=196) 33.3% were high users of Smart phone as estimated by Smart Phone addiction scale. Those who used smart phone excessively had high Global PSQI scores and DASS-21scores in terms of depression, anxiety and stress.Conclusions: With increasing popularity of smart phones, youths spend significant time on smart phone thereby developing addictive tendencies. This study concludes that youths are not only addicted but are also developing significant sleep and behaviour problems owing to excessive smart phone usage.
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Xie, Yao Jie, Daphne SK Cheung, Alice Y. Loke, et al. "Relationships Between the Usage of Televisions, Computers, and Mobile Phones and the Quality of Sleep in a Chinese Population: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 7 (2020): e18095. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18095.
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Background No study has comprehensively investigated the association between the usage of typical screen-based electronic media devices and sleep quality in a Chinese population with individuals in a wide range of ages. Objective This study aimed to understand the characteristics of television (TV) viewing, computer usage, and mobile phone usage in a representative Chinese population in Macau and to examine their roles in predicting the variations in sleep quality. Methods This cross-sectional study was an analysis of 1500 Macau residents aged 15 to 90 years based on a community-based health needs assessment study entitled, “Healthy Living, Longer Lives.” Data collection was conducted in 7 districts of Macau from 2017 to 2018 through face-to-face interviews. The durations of daily TV viewing, computer usage, and mobile phone usage were recorded in a self-administered questionnaire. The Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess the sleep quality. Results The prevalence of TV, computer, and mobile phone usage was 78.4% (1176/1500), 51.6% (769/1490), and 85.5% (1276/1492), respectively. The average daily hours of usage were 1.75 (1.62), 1.53 (2.26), and 2.85 (2.47) hours, respectively. Females spent more time watching TV (P=.03) and using mobile phones (P=.02) and less time on the computer (P=.04) as compared to males. Older adults were more likely to watch TV while young people spent more time using the computer and mobile phones (P for all trends<.001). The mean PSQI global score was 4.79 (2.80) among the participants. Females exhibited significantly higher PSQI scores than males (5.04 vs 4.49, respectively; P<.001). No linear association was observed between the PSQI score and the amount of time spent on the 3 electronic devices (P=.58 for PSQI-TV, P=.05 for PSQI-computer, and P=.52 for PSQI-mobile phone). Curve estimation showed significant quadratic curvilinear associations in PSQI-TV (P=.003) and PSQI-computer (P<.001) among all the participants and in PSQI-mobile phone among youths (age, 15-24 years; P=.04). After adjustment of the gender, age, body mass index, demographics, and lifestyle factors, more than 3 hours of TV viewing and 4 hours of computer usage or mobile phone usage was associated with 85% (95% CI 1.04-1.87; P=.008), 72% (95% CI 1.01-2.92; P=.045), and 53% (95% CI 1.06-2.22; P=.03) greater odds of having poor sleep quality (PSQI score>5), respectively. Conclusions The mobile phone was the most popular screen-based electronic device used in the Macau population, especially among young people. “J” shape associations were observed between sleep quality and the duration of TV viewing, computer usage, and mobile phone usage, indicating that the extreme use of screen-based electronic devices predicted poorer sleep status, whereas moderate use would be acceptable.
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Ahonen, Lia, David P. Farrington, Dustin Pardini, and Magda Stouthamer-Loeber. "Cohort Profile: the Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS)." Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, April 28, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40865-021-00165-9.
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Khetarpal, Susheel K., Nicholas Szoko, Alison J. Culyba, Daniel Shaw, and Maya I. Ragavan. "Associations Between Parental Monitoring and Multiple Types of Youth Violence Victimization: A Brief Report." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, August 4, 2021, 088626052110358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08862605211035882.
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Youth violence victimization continues to be pervasive and a significant cause of adolescent mortality. Since their 2014 “Connecting the Dots” report, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have encouraged researchers to identify shared protective factors that prevent multiple forms of youth violence. Parental monitoring, a bidirectional construct encompassing parental knowledge and regulation of their child’s activities with children’s concurrent perception of their parent’s awareness of such activities, could be such a cross-cutting protective factor. In this study, we examined associations between parental monitoring and multiple types of violence victimization among a school-based sample of adolescents. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of an anonymous survey of health risk and protective behaviors completed by students across Pittsburgh Public Schools ( N = 2,426). In separate analyses, we used logistic regression to examine associations between youth-reported parental monitoring and multiple experiences of youth violence victimization, ranging from school- and electronic-based bullying to different forms of sexual and physical violence. We found that many experiences of youth violence victimization were consistent with nationally representative data. In addition, we determined that higher parental monitoring was significantly and inversely associated with all violence victimization outcomes examined (school-based bullying, electronic-based bullying, threatening someone with a weapon, adolescent relationship abuse, sexual assault, and exchange sex) at the p < .05 threshold. Overall, this study is one of the first that examines how parental monitoring relates to multiple forms of youth violence victimization, including exchange sex, which is a critical but less-studied violence experience. This work adds to the growing literature on how parental monitoring may serve as a shared protective factor for multiple forms of violence victimization.
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Chu, Kar-Hai, Sara Matheny, Alexa Furek, et al. "Identifying student opinion leaders to lead e-cigarette interventions: protocol for a randomized controlled pragmatic trial." Trials 22, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04990-z.
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Abstract Background After the US Surgeon General declared youth electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use an epidemic in 2018, the number of youth e-cigarette users continued to surge, growing from 3.8 million in 2018 to over 5 million 2019. Youth who use e-cigarettes are at a substantially higher risk of transitioning to traditional cigarettes, becoming regular cigarette smokers, and increasing their risk of developing tobacco-related cancer. A majority of youth are misinformed about e-cigarettes, often believing they are not harmful or contain no nicotine. Middle school students using e-cigarettes have been affected by its normalization leading to influence by their peers. However, social and group dynamics can be leveraged for a school-based peer-led intervention to identify and recruit student leaders to be anti-e-cigarette champions to prevent e-cigarette initiation. This study outlines a project to use social network analysis to identify student opinion-leaders in schools and train them to conduct anti-e-cigarette programming to their peers. Methods In the 2019–2020 academic school year, 6th grade students from nine schools in the Pittsburgh area were recruited. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with three arms—expert, elected peer-leader, and random peer-leader—for e-cigarette programming. Sixth grade students in each school completed a network survey that assessed the friendship networks in each class. Students also completed pre-intervention and post-intervention surveys about their intention-to-use, knowledge, and attitudes towards e-cigarettes. Within each peer-led arm, social network analysis was conducted to identify peer-nominated opinion leaders. An e-cigarette prevention program was administered by (1) an adult content-expert, (2) a peer-nominated opinion leader to assigned students, or (3) a peer-nominated opinion leader to random students. Discussion This study is the first to evaluate the feasibility of leveraging social network analysis to identify 6th grade opinion leaders to lead a school-based e-cigarette intervention. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04083469. Registered on September 10, 2019.
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Shehata, Alexandre, Ishan Patel, Isha Samreen, et al. "Abstract 363: Impact of Health Questionnaires as a Behavioral Modifier in Obese Patients: A Prospective Analysis." Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 13, Suppl_1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hcq.13.suppl_1.363.
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Introduction: The morbidity and mortality associated with obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2) has been known to medical science for more than 2000 years. 1 Obesity is increasing in prevalence in adults, adolescents, and children and is considered a global epidemic. The age-adjusted overall prevalence of obesity in the United States increased progressively from 22.9 to 30.5 to 39.6 percent from the year 2007 to 2016. 2 Purpose: To Assess if filling out a survey on obesity has any impact on a patient’s behavior and self-awareness in an outpatient setting. Methods: In an urban outpatient setting, 350 individuals aged 18 and above, suffering from obesity (defined as BMI >30/m2) were asked to fill-out a survey. The survey included basic demographic information, weight, employment status, exercise frequency, eating habits, and questions about self-perception. Patients filled out an identical follow-up survey 2-3 months later. We measured the changes in responses between the pre- and the post- survey. Results: Of the 350 original respondents, 103 patients followed up with the post-survey. 68.9% were women, 73.2% were African-American, and 62.3% were unemployed. 46.4% of patients felt neutral, or content about their current weight. 37.7% of patients reported never exercising in the pre-survey vs. 16.8% in the post-survey (20.9% improvement), while 25.3% of patients reported exercising 2-3 times per week in the pre-survey vs. 36.4% in the post-survey (11.1% improvement). 61% of patients had lost weight (average weight loss of 6.75lbs), 19% of patients had gained weight (average weight gain 4.55 lbs.) and 20% had maintained the same weight. We recorded a net weight loss of 2.2 lbs. Conclusion: In our pilot study, we found that the act of filling out a survey on obesity may have a positive impact on the behavior and self-awareness of patients with BMI > 30kg/m2. Larger sample sizes would be beneficial in order to further establish the impact of such intervention. 1. Bray GA. The Battle of the Bulge: A History of Obesity Research, Dorrance, Pittsburgh 2007. 2. Hales CM, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Freedman DS, Ogden CL. Trends in Obesity and Severe Obesity Prevalence in US Youth and Adults by Sex and Age, 2007-2008 to 2015-2016. JAMA. 2018;319(16):1723.
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Kaya, Fadime, Nihal Bostanci Daştan, and Erkan Durar. "Smart phone usage, sleep quality and depression in university students." International Journal of Social Psychiatry, September 24, 2020, 002076402096020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020960207.
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Background: The smart phone contains various mobile applications specifically targeting their contents, such as information, messages, e-mail, education and entertainment towards youths. Problematic and excessive smart phone usage can cause many health problems including anxiety, depression and sleep disorders. Aims: The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between smart phone usage, sleep quality and depression. Methods: Eight hundred and four students who owned smart phones were given the Information Form, Smart Phone Addiction Scale-Short Version, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used for analysis data. Results: The mean age of the students in the sample was 20.93 ± 2.44. It comprised female (65.0%) and male (35.0%) students. All of the students used smart phones. The daily smart phone usage duration was 7.85 ± 4.55 hour. According to the multivariate linear regression analysis results, significant relationships were statistically determined in the positive way between the smart phone addiction and PSQI point ( p < .01) and BDI point ( p < .01). Conclusion: Consequently, a relationship exists between smart phone usage, poor sleep quality and depressive symptoms in university students. The university students, whose depression point is high and sleep quality is poor, should be followed up with regarding the smart phone addiction.