Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'PIXE spectroscopy'
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Sproch, Norman K. "PDI-PIXE-MS: Particle Desorption Ionization Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission Mass Spectrometry." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194827.
Full textBoling, Blake C. "Leaf elemental analysis and growth characteristics of mycorrhizal treated post oak seedlings via particle induced X-ray emission spectroscopy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5295/.
Full textLowe, Timothy Paul. "I. Analysis of biological specimens by proton-induced x-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE). II. Separation and purity of carbon₆₀ and carbon₇₀." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186446.
Full textSantos, Gustavo Henrique Fidelis dos. "Utilização da espectroscopia PIXE na avaliação do mecanismo de biossorção dos íons Cu²+, Zn²+ e Cd²+ pela macrófita Egeria densa." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1912.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the types of biosorption mechanisms involved in the removal of copper, zinc and cadmium divalent ions by dead Egeria densa macrophyte biomass. Batch adsorption experiments, consisting of mixtures of 0.3 g biomass and 50 mL metal solution were performed at initial pH 5, and under constant temperature (50 oC) and shaking conditions. The PIXE analytical technique was applied to determine the metal concentration in aqueous and solid phases. All PIXE measurements were performed at the Ion Beam-based Material Analysis Laboratory of the Physics Institute of the São Paulo University. Preliminary to adsorption experiments, the point of zero charge assigned to E. densa biosorbent was determined to be at a 5.0-6.5 pH value range. From metal speciation diagrams, the Cu, Zn, Cd and Ca divalent ions are expected to be majorities below the pH values of 5, 6, 8, and 10, respectively, whereas above these pH regions other metal compounds are mainly expected. As confirmed by measured pH values of 5.0 ± 0.2 at all experiments of adsorption and desorption, E. densa biosorbent submerged in each metal solution has exhibited zero net electrical charge on its surface, indicating that the removals of Cu²+, Zn²+, and Cd²+ and the desorption of these metal ions should be mainly performed by the ion exchange mechanism. According to the mass balance analysis performed for each metal adsorption experiment, the ion exchange process was confirmed to be the main mechanism for the metal removal and desorption by the E. densa biosorbent. At pH value of 5 the E. densa biosorbent surface shows a behavior of ion exchanger.
O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar os mecanismos de biossorção envolvidos na remoção dos íons cobre, zinco e cádmio pela macrófita aquática Egeria densa inativa. Experimentos de sorção monocomponente foram realizados em sistema batelada, misturando 0,3 g do biossorvente com 50 mL de solução metálica, com pH inicial 5,0, sob agitação constante e temperatura controlada em 30°C, em uma incubadora refrigerada com agitação. A determinação da concentração das espécies iônicas nas fases líquida e sólida foi realizada pela técnica espectroscópica PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission). As medidas foram realizadas no Laboratório de Análise de Materiais por Feixes Iônicos do Instituto de Física da USP. Foram realizados experimentos para determinação do ponto de carga zero (pHPCZ) da biomassa e elaborados diagramas de especiação dos metais. O pHPCZ da macrófita Egeria densa foi encontrado na faixa entre 5,0 a 6,5. Por meio de diagramas de especiação, observou-se que as formas iônicas Cu²+, Zn²+, Cd²+ e Ca²+ são predominantes nas faixas de pH entre 0 - 5,0; 0 - 5,0; 0 - 8,0 e 0 - 10,0, respectivamente. O pH final medido em todos experimentos de biossorção e de regeneração da biomassa, foi em média de 5,0 ± 0,2. Desta forma, nos experimentos de sorção, os íons cobre, zinco, cádmio e cálcio encontravam-se na forma divalente. Nas condições operacionais utilizadas, a biossorção dos íons metálicos cobre, cádmio e zinco, pela macrófita Egeria densa, em pH inicial 5,0, ocorreu principalmente pelo mecanismo de troca iônica, com os cátions cálcio, sódio e potássio. Na regeneração da macrófita utilizando solução de CaCl2, também foi verificado que o mecanismo envolvido neste processo foi de troca iônica. O processo de dessorção dos íons metálicos ocorreu, devido ao comportamento da biomassa ser equivalente a de um trocador iônico.
Bellot-Gurlet, Ludovic. "Caractérisation par analyse élémentaire (PIXE et ICP-MS/-AES) d'un verre naturel, l'obsidienne : application à l'étude de provenance d'objets archéologiques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00759897.
Full textLepage, Guillaume. "Caractérisation et optimisation d'une pile à combustible microbienne." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836765.
Full textHeymes, Julian. "Depletion of CMOS pixel sensors : studies, characterization, and applications." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAE010/document.
Full textAn architecture of CMOS pixel sensor allowing the depletion of the sensitive volume through frontside biasing is studied through the characterization in laboratory of a prototype. The charge collection performances confirm the depletion of a large part of the sensitive thickness. In addition, with a modest noise level, the sensor features an excellent energy resolution for photons below 20 keV at positive temperatures. These results demonstrate that such sensors are suited for soft X-ray spectroscopy and for charged particle tracking in highly radiative environment. A simplified analytical model and finite elements calculus are used to predict the depletion depth reached. An indirect measurement method to evaluate this depth is proposed. Measurements confirm predictions for a thin highly resistive epitaxial layer, which is fully depleted, and a 40micrometers thick bulk less resistive substrate, for which depletion reached 18 micrometers but which still offers correct detection over its full depth. Two sensor designs dedicated to X-ray imaging and in-brain neuroimaging on awake and freely moving rats are presented
Bond, James S. "A Raman microspectroscopic investigation of the patterns of molecular order in the secondary cell walls of black spruce and loblolly pine tracheids." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5758.
Full textNguyen, Dinh An. "Modélisation dynamique du "coeur" de pile à combustible de type PEM." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL035N/document.
Full textBeing a new source of supplying electrical and thermal decentralized energy, the fuel cells offer better energy efficiency and reduced emissions for sustainable development. This thesis deals with the physicochemical phenomena that occur in a single cell of fuel cell proton exchange membrane. A 2Ddynamic model was developed and solved numerically by the finite element method using thesoftware COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulated static and dynamic polarization curves are confronted with measurements made on a 100cm² single cell test bench that belongs to GREEN Laboratory. Aparametric study, such as the influence of operating conditions, different stress current has been simulated and tested. The single cell dynamic behavior to a current step and more particularly to adirect connection to capacitor has underlined the importance of the electrical double layer phenomenon, located at the membrane / electrode interfaces, to describe precisely fast transients.Finally, spectroscopy impedance as a tool widely used to characterize the cell has been implemented in simulation allowing the analysis of the effects of this measurement method on the local parameters
Phlippoteau, Vincent. "Outils et Méthodes pour le diagnostic d’un état de santé d’une pile à combustible." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPT013H/document.
Full textA fuel cell system transforms the fuel energy into electricity and heat with electrochemical reaction. There are many kinds of fuel cells and we study here the Proton Exchange Fuelcell (PEMFC), which operates between 50°C and 100°C. At the moment, main issues are fuel cells’ life time and its management. Multiple problems can occur such as drying or flooding due to water management, poisoning with impurities in gas, internal deterioration, etc. The objective of this thesis is to define and carry out experimental and analysing methods to characterize these problems. These experimental methods use electrical perturbation and measurements of their effects. Impedance Spectroscopy is part of these methods, but is greatly improved for instable system (patent). We used two types of tests: low amplitude signal, which can be performed during normal operation of the fuel cell, and large amplitude signal which have a strong impact on the fuel cell response. These tests are complementary and are able to evaluate the state of health of the fuel cell. The analysing process of these measurements is ameliorated, in order to improve the uniqueness of the results. At the end, some problems are generated (drying, flooding, etc) and these methods are performed to follow the variation of performance and determine which parameter is involved with the deterioration
Chen, Tung-Ho. "Etudes physico-chimiques des jades chinois." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS0017.
Full textThis study of Chinese jades aimed at deepening our knowledge of physico-chemical properties of nephrite. The knowledge obtained is helpful to address issues concerning Chinese archaic jades in art and archaeology such as provenance, authentication, or treatment by heating With the help of PIXE, Raman, Mössbauer, and XANES spectrometry, we have clarified the cation distribution, and in particular, the iron distribution. In fact, the oxidation state and the position of iron in nephrite are keys factors for answering questions about provenance, heating effect, origin of colour, and occasionally alteration of jades. The study of heating effect has allowed us to observe many phenomena and their mechanisms have been revealed. We have shown that the oxidation-dehydrogenation phenomenon can be used to know whether a jade has been heated or not. Besides, a correlation between the stability and iron distribution in nephrite has been established. We have also shown that X-rays irradiation effect can induce an iron oxidation in the nephrite and hence modify its colour. A set of jade artefacts from the collections of Guimet museum have also been studied in this work. The results obtained show that most of the Neolithic jades are made of nephrite, despite their varied appearances. Whereas the provenance of certain jades remains to be determined, the cation distribution provides a new provenance criterion. This study allowed us to develop an analytical protocol and to establish a first geochemical database on archaeological jades
Dumaisnil, Kévin. "Élaboration et caractérisations de matériaux de cathode et d'électrolyte pour pile à combustible à oxyde solide." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0396/document.
Full textEnergy made from fossil fuels, oil or coal, is becoming increasingly rare and its price will increase in the near future. Developing alternative energy sources could compensate the use of fossil fuel. Particularly, an alternative form of energy is being developed through fuel cells, through the production of electricity and heat from hydrogen. Fuel cells can provide low wattage (microwatts for sensor applications), medium wattage (kilowatts for residential applications) and high wattage (megawatts for the industry). A fuel cell consists of 3 components : 2 electrodes (anode and cathode) separated by an electrolyte. In my work, I use solid pxide materials for these three elements in order to expand on the literature of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). Commercialized SOFCs currently operate at very high temperatures, typically above 800°C. The objective of this study was to develop oxides that could decrease the working temperature of the cell to 600°C, which would allow the use of steel to contain these fuel cells. In order to enable the SOFC to operate at this temperature, it is imperative to decrease the electrical resistances of the two electrodes and electrolyte in order to collect a continuous voltage which is maximal at the terminals of the fuel cell, and also to have a high electric current going through the fuel cell. The cathode, in contact with the oxygen present in the atmosphere, is the most critical element to be optimized. I close as a cathode material La₀.₆Sr₀.₄Co₀.₈Fe₀.₂O₃ (LSCF), which has already been studied. As electrolyte, I used Ce₀.₉Gd₀.₁O₂ (CGO) which is known to work below 650°C. I synthesized these materials through the Pechini method, a soft chemistry sol-gel method. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. An important aspect of this work was the electrical characterization using complex impedance measurements in a wide frequency range (0,05 Hz to 2 MHz) and temperature (300°C to 700°C). The best result was obtained with a 40 µm thick, porous, composite cathode (LSCF/CGO 50/50 wt%) was deposited by screen printing on a 1,5 mm thick and dense CGO ceramic. In addition, a dense thin film of LSCF with a thickness of about 0,1 µm was spin-coated between the cathode and the electrolyte to improve the interface. At 600°C the measured resistance of the cathode was 0,13 Ω for 1 cm² : this value is similar to the results found in the state of the art. An aging study of the cathode and the electrolyte was carried out at 600 °C for 1000 h in air : the resistance of the cathode increased of 32%. This may be related to the different values of the thermal expansion coefficients of the cathode and electrolyte materials
Sadli, Idris. "Modélisation par impédance d'une pile à combustible PEM pour utilisation en électronique de puissance." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL091N/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with dynamic modelling of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a view to integrate it into power electronics environment. Firstly a static model based on an expression that links current and voltage is presented. The dynamic model is then obtained. It is shown that the electrochemical diffusion-convection impedance (Zd) is similar to a RC transmission line. A discretization on a short number of elements is carried out. In order to obtain a simple model, two different RC branches for Zd impedance, a double layer capacitor, a transfer resistance, and a membrane resistance are considered. This modelling is validated on two 500 W and 5 kW PEMFC, for frequencies varying from 5 mHz to 2 kHz. The model is validated for both fuel cells during current step responses and operation with a boost converter. In this case it is shown how the high frequency switching of the converter can be used to obtain a diagnostic on the humidification state of the membrane
Mainka, Julia. "Impédance locale dans une pile à membrane H2/air (PEMFC) : études théoriques et expérimentales." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10042/document.
Full textThe aim of this Ph.D thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the low frequency loop in impedance spectra of H2/air fed PEMFC and to bring information about the main origin(s) of the oxygen transport impedance through the porous media of the cathode via locally resolved EIS. Different expressions of the oxygen transport impedance alternative to the one-dimensional finite Warburg element are proposed. They account for phenomena occurring in the directions perpendicular and parallel to the electrode plane that are not considered usually: convection through the GDL and along the channel, finite proton conduction in the catalyst layer, and oxygen depletion between the cathode inlet and outlet. A special interest is brought to the oxygen concentration oscillations induced by the AC measuring signal that propagate along the gas channel and to their impact on the local impedance downstream. These expressions of the oxygen transport impedance are used in an equivalent electrical circuit modeling the impedance of the whole cell. Experimental results are obtained with instrumented and segmented cells designed and built in our group. Their confrontation with numerical results allows to identify parameters characterizing the physical and electrochemical processes in the MEA
Matsson, Ingvar. "Studies of Nuclear Fuel Performance Using On-site Gamma-ray Spectroscopy and In-pile Measurements." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6912.
Full textJullian, Gauthier. "Diagnostic robuste de pile à combustible PEM par modélisation physique et mesures d’impédance : prise en compte de conditions dynamiques et du vieillissement." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT009/document.
Full textThe PEMFC fuel cell is an electrochemical generator that has interesting potential for automotive applications and which use could help to meet pollution challenges. Poor management of system auxiliaries or malfunctions can place the fuel cell under operating conditions that accelerate degradation processes and shorten its useful life. The- operating conditions of the fuel cell core (temperature, humidity and partial pressures) must be monitored to identify as soon as possible and without any error abnormal situations, which is particularly difficult in dynamic operating conditions and during ageing.The aim of this thesis is to provide solutions to this problem. To that end, a robust diagnostic approach of operating conditions without direct measurement, in a dynamic environment and taking ageing into account has been developed.In order to characterize the fuel cell, a campaign of experimental tests on a test bench was carried out during 1000 hours of operation, with and without faults. This test campaign also allowed to verify to what extent the easily accessible polarization curves and impedance spectroscopy depend on the internal operating conditions.The approach developed is based on one hand on the use of a physical fuel cell model that capture its behaviour for given operating conditions and on the other hand on easy-access current, voltage and impedance measurements. Thus, this allows the development of an embedded solution that minimizes the number of sensors required.The differences between the experimental measurements and the outputs computed by the physical fuel cell model – called residuals – are indicators which are sensitive to faults in operating conditions, and insensitive to usual operating dynamic conditions. Two residuals, generated from fuel cell output voltage and high frequency impedance, are used to detect abnormal operating conditions thanks to threshold detection. The choice of the detection threshold levels allows to set the detection performance in terms of good detection and false alarm probabilities.In order to take ageing into account, a degradation module computes the decrease of fuel cell voltage with time so that ageing is taken explicitly into account by residuals.Going beyond detection alone, a method to class the operating conditions faults has also been proposed. It uses a database of residuals from various known faults to train a K-nearest-neighbour classifier, so that faults can be identified and classified.The model developed in the CEA was compared with experiments carried out on the test bench. An experimental determination of the model constants was carried out using electrochemical methods (cyclic voltammetry...) and numerical ones (linear regression). It appears that the model correctly computes voltage and high-frequency impedance, confirming the possible use of this specific model for diagnostic purpose. The method has been tested with optimal thresholds that have been empirically determined. The detection score obtained is 80%. The false alarm rate is less than 5% during the test.The K-NN classifier was then validated on experimental data. The classification score during the 1000h test is around 60% with large disparities depending on the faults. This score is more than 99% for two of the studied faults (high pressures and low humidity), 63% for low pressures but only 20% for a temperature drop or humidity increase.This work concluded that the approach using a physical model diagnosed most faults with a low level of false alarms during 1000 hours of ageing. The search of new measurements to increase the score of poorly diagnosed faults thus improving diagnostic performance is a main perspective
Allwork, Christopher. "X-ray beam studies of charge sharing in small pixel, spectroscopic, CdZnTe detectors." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.583343.
Full textLafforgue, Clémence. "Activité et mécanismes de dégradation d'électrocatalyseurs anodiques pour la pile directe à borohydrures." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI055/document.
Full textThe direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC), a subclass of alkaline fuel cells, benefits from the advantages of its fuel, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), which exhibits very interesting thermodynamic and energetic characteristics. However, the NaBH4 electrooxidation reaction (BOR) is very complex; to date it remains poorly studied and understood on many electrocatalysts (most of them are in the form of metal nanoparticles supported on carbon black). In addition, recent studies reported the aggressiveness of the alkaline medium on the durability of conventional carbon-supported electrocatalysts, revealing a large loss of the active catalytic surface, mainly due to the detachment of nanoparticles from the carbon support. In this context, this thesis focused on three main areas of study: (i) the study of the BOR on palladium-based electrocatalysts in conditions close to the real operating conditions of the DBFC; (ii) the study of the impact of the anode structure on the overall performance of the DBFC, and (iii) the study of the degradation mechanism of noble metal electrocatalysts in alkaline environment. The experiments were carried out in close collaboration with the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (Washington, USA).The results obtained showed that a high concentration of NaBH4 leads to a decrease of the reaction kinetics, due in part to poisoning of the catalytic surface. In addition, activity markers for the BOR have been proposed. Then, the use of catalysts-gradient electrodes proved to be a promising solution to better valorize the hydrogen produced via side reactions of the BOR. Finally, the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with identical-location transmission electron microscopy enabled to detect the formation of carbonates during the accelerated stress test of carbon-supported noble metal electrocatalysts in alkaline medium, explaining, in part, the detachment of nanoparticles observed during the test
Will, Torsten. "Extension of the Metal Light Pipe Infrared Spectroscopy Technique: Applications to Surface Adsorption and High Temperature Superconductors." DigitalCommons@USU, 1990. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2096.
Full textWong, Winnie. "A Hybrid Pixel Detector ASIC with Energy Binning for Real-Time, Spectroscopic Dose Measurements." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi och medier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-16171.
Full textSafa, Mohamad. "Modélisation réduite de la pile à combustible en vue de la surveillance et du diagnostic par spectroscopie d'impédance." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00855160.
Full textSutor, Anna. "Étude des relations entre les performances électrochimiques des membranes ionomères pour piles à combustible et leur état d'hydratation : apport des spectroscopies vibrationnelles in situ." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENCM0012.
Full textThe water content of polymer electrolytes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and, thus, their proton conductivity, is the key issue to understand and to explain the electrochemical performances of the PEMFC electrochemical device. The fuel cell operation (creation, absorption, diffusion, migration and desorption of water) leads the hydration state of the membrane strongly heterogeneous. The proton conductivity of state-of-art polymer electrolytes results from the material structure, the water and proton diffusion mechanisms and the interactions between water and the polymer phase within the membrane. This work deals with these issues and uses vibrational spectroscopy techniques (Infra-Red and Raman) to study hydration and diffusion phenomena. Among others, this work shows the contribution of in-situ vibrational spectroscopies to the understanding of the water management issue and relationships between the water distribution throughout the membrane and the fuel cell electrochemical performances. Two perfluorosulfonated polymers, Nafion and Aquivion, are investigated.The water absorption and diffusion properties of these two membranes are studied under several hydration conditions: at the equilibrium, under external gradient of the water chemical activity and under the effect of an electric gradient (in-situ and operando measurements with the working fuel cell).Infrared spectroscopy is used to study structural modifications of the polymer phase occurring during the hydration process as well as the confinement state of water sorbed within the membrane. The last is submitted to different water vapor pressures and temperatures. This spectroscopy also allows to study interactions between water and the different chemical groups belonging to the polymer structure. Results are used to describe water absorption as well as the proton dissociation mechanism involving the sulfonic groups.Confocal Raman Micro-spectroscopy allows, by the spatial resolution at the micrometric scale, to probe the thickness of the membrane and to measure the inner, through-plane, water gradient. A micro-fluidic cell has been developed for the study of diffusion transport phenomena. This method is currently the only one by which equivalent diffusion coefficients can be calculated from internal water concentration gradients.A fuel cell especially designed for Raman measurements allowed us, for the first time by means of this technique, to determine the water distribution through the thickness of the membrane working in the electrochemical device. The new insights so obtained are essential for understanding, explaining and predicting the effects of the heterogeneous water distribution throughout the fuel cell heart on the electrochemical behavior
Lima, Alexandre. "Catalyseurs plurimétalliques pour l'électro-oxydation du méthanol dans une pile à combustible." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2314.
Full textSadli, Idris Davat Bernard. "Modélisation par impédance d'une pile à combustible PEM pour utilisation en électronique de puissance." S. l. : S. n, 2006. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2006_SADLI_I.pdf.
Full textKerangueven, Gwénaëlle. "Compréhension du mécanisme d'oxydation électrochimique du diméthoxyméthane (DMM) en vue de son application en pile combustible." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2284.
Full textThe DMM electrooxydation has been studied on polycrystalline and single crystals platinum and carbon-supported Pt-based nanosized electrocatalysts. FTIR in situ experiments have been led in the goal to identify adsorbed species and reaction products of DMM adsorption and oxidation at different potentials. At low sweep rate and high DMM concentration the DMM electrooxidation is partially deactivated. This phenomenon is explained by a multi path mechanism where electrooxidations of methanol and formaldehyde interfere. A study on platinum single crystals has shown DMM electrooxidation is strongly structure-sensitive. COads formation is kinetically favoured on Pt(100) and Pt(110). Terraces and steps of single crystals play an important role on the electrooxidation of DMM. In a general way, COads formation on (111) terraces comes from (100) steps, whereas on (100) terraces COads forms both on terraces and steps. A study of DMM electrooxydation on nanoparticles made by colloidal synthesis, indicates that PtRu(80-20) and PtRuMo(80-15-5) with 40% metal loading have the best activity. The increase of temperature and 1 M DMM concentration improve in a general way the fuel cell performances. Fuel cell tests on PtRu(80-20) show a power density of 35 mW cm-2, an OCV of 0. 57 V at 90°C, while on PtRuMo(80-15-5) : 29 mW cm-2 and 0. 75 V (OCV) at 110°C are obtained
Armentano, Antonio. "Non-covalent interactions in molecular clusters : competition between π- and H-bonding." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/noncovalent-interactions-in-molecular-clusters-competition-between-pie-and-hbonding(b07b38a8-9f0f-40d2-be8c-4e6c8341e8d6).html.
Full textAglzim, El-Hassane. "Caractérisation par spectroscopie d'impédance de l'impédance complexe d'une pile à combustible en charge : evaluation de l'influence de l'humidité." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10103/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the characterization of the impedance of an on load fuel cell by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy method and particularly the assessment of the humidity influence on the fuel cell performances. After a state of the art on different methods to characterize the impedance of a fuel cell and different methods of measuring humidity, the problem is posed. We model the PEM Nexa stack which consists of 47 cells, integrating experimental measurements. The dynamic model described in VHDL-AMS is a model at the macroscopic level, taking into account the electrical side of individual cells constituting the fuel cell. This model takes into account the characteristics of the last two cells exhibiting the phenomenon of flooding seen in experimental measurements. The purge system of the Nexa is also reflected in the code. The experimental study involves the establishment of a Testbench for characterizing the impedance of the Nexa fuel cell by Impedance spectroscopy method, and measuring the humidity at the output of the stack. The complex impedance measurements correlated with those of humidity led us to determine the influence of humidity on the performance of the fuel cell. The correlation between the model results and those of the Testbench, both in DC than in AC, are conclusive. The error in between theoretical and experimental results is less than 1.5%
Ricote, Sandrine. "Elaboration et caractérisation du matériau d’électrolyte pour pile à combustible à conduction protonique : BaCe(0,9-x)ZrxY0,1 O3-delta." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS067.
Full textBaCe(0. 9-x)ZrxY0. 1 O3-delta (x=0, 0. 3, 0. 7 et 0. 9) compounds have been studied as electrolyte material for protonic ceramic fuel cell (PCFC). The powders were synthesized by a solid state reaction, and sintered to form dense pellets at 1700°C. Chemical, morphological, structural and mechanical characterizations were performed on the samples, using respectively ICP AES, SEM, XRD, Raman and dilatometry. SIMS, XPS and XRD studies showed the insertion of protonic species in the samples, when treated in a moisturized atmosphere. Water uptake experiments provided quantification of the proton content between 400°C and 600°C: the protonic concentration increases with increasing cerium content and with decreasing temperature. The DC conductivity measured in wet atmosphere can be expressed as the sum of a p-type component, prominent at high oxygen partial pressure, and an ionic contribution. A study of the conductivity isotope effect revealed a significant protonic conductivity at 500°C and 600°C. When the cerium content increases, the activation energy, determined with the Arrhenius plots of the conductivity, increases and the resistivity of grain boundaries decreases compared to that of the bulk. An optimisation of the fabrication process and the control of the microstructure would improve these promising results. Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) experiments have been performed on BaZr0. 9Y0. 1O3-delta samples, which exhibit higher conductivity values than the conventional sintered samples
Scotté, Camille. "Spontaneous compressive Raman technology : developments and applications." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0174.
Full textSpontaneous Raman scattering is a physical process that provides a unique knowledge of materials at the molecular level. Since it does not require any label but simply a source of light, it is used in many different fields, ranging from biomedical research to industrial quality control. Nevertheless, this simple process has a limited efficiency and requires substantial acquisition times. In addition, the conventional methods to acquire the Raman signal generate overwhelmingly large data sets, and sometimes use detectors with limited sensitivity, which amplify the already long acquisition times. Thus, the use of spontaneous Raman – yet effective and simple – is limited, especially in biology. Therefore, it seems relevant to try to make the technique more efficient, that is to say faster while keeping its simplicity. To do so, in this thesis work, we consider that the chemical species contained in the sample are a priori known, and we wish to estimate their respective concentrations. We design an optical setup that uses signal processing tools to make the acquisition more efficient. We show some preliminary results that suggest the technique usefulness for fields related to biomedical imaging, pharmaceutical industry and the environment
Meyer, Gilles. "Etude des modes de dégradation de membranes polyimides sulfonés en pile à combustible H2/O2." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF21533.
Full textDubau, Laetitia. "Electrocatalyseurs platine-ruthénium nanodispersés pour une pile à combustion directe de méthanol." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2258.
Full textThe aim of this work is the development of nanostructured catalysts active for the electrooxidation of methanol. Platinum is necessary but presents several problems limiting the overall kinetic of the reaction as the consequence of the presence of COads on its surface. Associated to platinum, ruthenium decreases the CO poisoning effect. The colloidal method allows to synthesize two kinds of platinum-ruthenium catalysts with a particle size about 2 nm. The first one is a mixture of platinum and ruthenium particles and is more active for CO and methanol oxidation than the second one which presents an alloy structure. "In situ" spectroscopic techniques permits to understand such a difference in activity, showing a greatest selectivity in the case of the mixture for CO2 production. An optimal composition of 70:30 has been evaluated at a working temperature between 25 and 50ʿC. Finally, real fuel cell tests allows to obtain power density around 110 mW/cm2
KIM, SOYEON. "INVESTIGATING THE MOLECULAR INTERACTION OF ERBB RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES USING FLUORESCENCE CROSS CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1632756640189756.
Full textGirona, Kelly. "Modélisation et validation expérimentale du comportement électrochimique d'une pile à combustible SOFC en reformage interne de biocombustible." Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0050.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the study of SOFC operation directly on biogas (mixture of humidified methane and carbon dioxide). More specifically, it concerns the optimization of biogas internal dry reforming conditions. A special attention is paid to the carbon deposition risk. The first part of this work is dedicated to the development of numerical tools in order to determine the risk of carbon formation within the anode during the operation. Thermodynamic and kinetic calculations have been achieved allowing the determination of safe operation conditions (temperature, fuel composition and cell polarization). The second part of this work concerns the study of carbon deposition within the anode material (Cermet Ni-YSZ). The performance degradation upon operation due to carbon deposition has been studied over more than hundred hours on complete cells by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A diagram analysis protocol has been specially developed. The carbon deposited has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy with particular attention given to its morphology and distribution. The analyses of all the above results allowed proposing carbon deposition mechanisms. To end, the cell operation under biogas is shown to be relevant as well as the dedicated numerical approach developed in this work
Mesradi, Mohammed Reda. "Mesures expérimentales et simulation Monte Carlo de la fonction de réponse d'un détecteur Si(Li) : application à l'analyse quantitative multi-élémentaire par XRF et PIXE." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6188.
Full textIn order to diversify the analytical capabilities of the RaMsEs group by the X-ray fluorescence methods XRF and PIXE, quantitative analyses are being developed for environmental samples. Monte Carlo simulations are being used to validate some of the results. The XRF experiments are being performed using 241Am as the primary source of electromagnetic radiation. PIXE experiments are done with protons delivered by the 4 MV Van de Graaff accelerator of the Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes (InESS) Laboratory of Strasbourg. Determination of the elemental composition of a sample is based on the measurement of X-rays emitted by the elements present in the sample in conjunction with the detector response and, for all except thin targets, the self-absorption of X-rays in the target (matrix effect). In XRF the self-absorption was experimentally determined by a method described in [Leroux et al. , 1966; Tertian and Claisse, 1982] and by simulations with the MCNP code. For PIXE the self-absorption was determined by MCNP. The intrinsic efficiency of the Si(Li) detector has been determined by three methods: with calibrated radioactive sources, XRF by 241Am of metal foils and PIXE with 2 and 3. 8 MeV protons. The experimental results were comforted with MCNP and GEANT simulations
Huang, Botao. "Mécanismes de vieillissement de l'Assemblage-Membrane-Électrodes dans une pile à combustible de type PEM par approche expérimentale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0268/document.
Full textThis thesis highlights the aging mechanisms of PEM Fuel Cell submitted to two main aging conditions: air relative humidity (RH) cycling, and MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly) pinhole test of operation. First, the aging mechanisms of PEMFC main components (membrane, catalyst, carbon support, GDL, bipolar plates and gaskets), have been reviewed from the literature. Then the on-line diagnostic tools (chronopotentiometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, water management and water analysis), off-line ones (cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry) and post-mortem analyses (nuclear magnetic resonance, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction) have been described. Experimentally, the high and low air RH cycling runs have been carried out with a 25 cm2 single cell: the high air RH cycling run promoted serious loss of the ElectroChemical Surface Area (ECSA); the low air RH cycling run caused significant increase in hydrogen crossover. The low air RH cycling has been also performed with a 100 cm2 single cell and the aging mechanism was different from that of 25 cm2 cell: the hydrogen crossover remained very low but the fuel cell voltage exhibited strong fluctuations at the end of the run: this was attributed to the presence of dead volumes and liquid water retention within the cell. Finally, MEA pinhole effect has been investigated with a 100 cm2 single cell: the perforation by a 0.7 mm diameter pin promoted slight increase in the hydrogen crossover; the perforation by a 1.2 mm diameter pin caused significant cell voltage losses and serious increase in the cathode diffusion resistance due to significant hydrogen crossover
Marques, dos Anjos Daniela. "Oxydation électrocatalytique de l'éthanol sur des alliages plurimétalliques à base de platine : application à la pile à combustible à oxydation directe (DEFC)." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2316.
Full textSchaetzle, Olivier. "Développement et étude d’une pile à combustible microbienne en vue d’une application dans le traitement des eaux." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S222.
Full textCaillol, Noémie. "Elaboration, caractérisation et modélisation de cathode sérigraphiée, La0.8Sr0.2MnO3, pour pile à combustible SOFC." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165173.
Full textUne revue bibliographique des nombreux travaux publiés sur LSM et l'interface LSM/YSZ, met en exergue le manque de consensus sur les mécanismes de l'interaction LSM/oxygène. Les différents modèles théoriques possibles et les lois cinétiques associées sont présentés afin de servir de base à la modélisation cinétique.
Des caractérisations microstructurales ont permis de vérifier la bonne adaptabilité de la technique d'élaboration pour notre étude et pour la réalisation de cellules en général. Les couches d'épaisseur de l'ordre de 15 à 100 μm sont stables dans le temps et reproductibles. Leur microstructure est homogène et régulière avec une porosité d'environ 0,6.
Des caractérisations physico-chimiques ont été réalisées par diverses techniques. Les analyses par spectrométrie infra-rouge et thermodésorption sur poudre ont permis d'observer différentes espèces oxygène adsorbées. Une étude calorimétrique a mis en évidence une modification des quantités de chaleur dégagées lors de l'adsorption d'oxygène à différentes températures. Les analyses par XPS de la surface des couches ont révélé d'important phénomènes de ségrégation du strontium en surface, selon les conditions de pression, de température et de polarisation.
A partir des caractérisations électrochimiques réalisées par spectroscopie d'impédance, trois contributions résistives ont été identifiées. Seule la contribution basse fréquence de cette impédance, qui est sensible aux variations de pression, est attribuée à un phénomène d'électrode. Suite à l'étude méthodique des différentes hypothèses de modélisation, il a été possible de remonter à un mécanisme réactionnel. Le modèle proposé est assez complexe. Il est composé de trois chemins de conduction parallèles (deux en surface et un en volume), impliquant deux espèces oxygènes adsorbées différentes et dont la prépondérance les uns par rapport aux autres est fonction des conditions de pression, de température et de polarisation.
Une étude de l'influence de la vapeur d'eau vient compléter ce travail afin de comprendre son impact sur les performances de la cathode. L'effet bénéfique de la vapeur d'eau n'est pas dû à un effet catalytique direct puisqu'il ne modifie pas l'énergie d'activation apparente du processus à la cathode. Les expériences semblent indiquer qu'il est relié aux phénomènes de ségrégation en strontium en surface des grains. Il permettrait de conserver et de régénérer les propriétés initiales de la couche.
Vigier, Fabrice. "Développement d'électrocatalyseurs pour l'oxydation directe de l'éthanol dans une pile à combustible à membrane (PEMFC)." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2301.
Full textLe, Bourdonnec François-Xavier. "Aspects archéométriques de la circulation de l'obsidienne préhistorique : développements analytiques et applications en Corse, Sardaigne et Ethiopie." Bordeaux 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR30046.
Full textObsidian artefacts can be encountered in prehistoric sites sometimes far away from its volcanic outcrops. We developed several analytical techniques, quasi non-destructive to non-destructive, for the determination of provenances of this lithic industry raw material. We show the respective potentialities of elemental analyses by electron microprobe in wavelength dispersion, by scanning electron microscopy in energy dispersion and by accelerator-produced ion beams (particle induced X-ray emission), as of innovative approaches based on the InfraRed and Raman vibrational spectroscopies. These techniques were applied to the realization of maps of the primary and secondary obsidian sources associated to the Monte Arci (Sardinia, Italia) and Balchit (Melka Kunture area, Ethiopia) volcanic massifs. The origin of hundreds of ‘archaeological’ obsidians was determined for Neolithic sites of western Mediterranean (Corsica -France-, Sardinia) and of the lower Palaeolithic of Simbiro III (Melka Kunture). The results are discussed in terms of chaînes opératoires, procurement strategies and regional modes of obsidian circulation
Müller-Seidlitz, Johannes [Verfasser], and Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Becker. "A megahertz active pixel sensor for X-ray astronomy : spectroscopic DEPFET arrays with integrated storage / Johannes Müller-Seidlitz ; Betreuer: Werner Becker." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1204365520/34.
Full textFranco, Alejandro Antonio Maschke Bernhard. "Un modèle physique multiéchelle de la dynamique électrochimique dans une pile à combustible à électrolyte polymère une approche Bond Graph dimension infinie /." Villeurbanne : Université Claude Bernard, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/11/09/68/PDF/PhDThesis_Alejandro_A_FRANCO.pdf.
Full textBerthelot, Sylvie. "Oxydation électrocatalytique du méthane : recherche de catalyseurs en vue d'une application à une pile au méthane à électrolyte polymère solide." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2267.
Full textChabé, Jérémy. "Étude des interactions moléculaires polymère-eau lors de l'hydratation de la membrane Nafion, électrolyte de référence de la pile à combustible." Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10038.
Full textThe Nafion is a polymer. Thanks to its high conductivity (up to ] 0-'< S. Cm-') at high relative humidity (RH), it is a reference electrolyt for a fuel cell. However its conductivity falls during low hydration conditions. To solve this problem, we can add a hygroscopic compound, like ziconium phosphate (ZrP), into the membrane. The conductivity is linked to the structure of the membrane, the proton diffusion mechanisms and the interactions between water molecules and the polymer; we are interested by this last field of research. Infrared spectroscopy are used to establish the hydration mechanisms at a molecular scale for a Nafion and a Nafion-ZrP membrane. This technique can be coupled with a molecular dynamic study, which we have begun for the Nafion. The inftared spectra ofNafion and Nafion-ZrP have been measured on the whole range of RH. We found 5 hydration mechanisms for the Nafion membrane. The ionisation of sulfonic groups S03H is very fast at the beginning ofhydration. Then the protons H+ move away from the sulfonate groups S03- and the net ofhydrogen bonds around these ionic groups changes. For a RH of 40%, bulk water appears inside the membrane. We have thus a "photograph" of the inner membrane at each stage of RH. The adding of an inoganic compound ZrP has no influence on the hydration mechanisms. According to the comparison between our mechanisms and the curve of conductivity, all the sulfonic groups have to be dissociated to reach optimal diffusion ofthe Droton, probablv assured bv the Grotthuss mechanism
Lavková, Jaroslava. "Electron microscopy and spectroscopy study of nanostructured thin film catalysts for micro-fuel cell application." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS049/document.
Full textPresent doctoral thesis is focused on investigation of novel metal-oxide anode catalyst for fuel cell application by electron microscopy and associated spectroscopies. Catalysts based on Pt-doped cerium oxide in form of thin layers prepared by simultaneous magnetron sputtering deposition on intermediate carbonaceous films grown on silicon substrate have been studied. The influence of the catalyst support composition (a-C and CNx films), deposition time of CeOx layer and other deposition parameters, as deposition rate, composition of working atmosphere and Pt concentration on the morphology of Pt-CeOx layers has been investigated mainly by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The obtained results have shown that by combination of suitable preparation conditions we are able to tune the final morphology and composition of the catalysts. The composition of carbonaceous films and Pt-CeOx layers was examined by complementary spectroscopy techniques – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Such prepared porous structures of Pt-CeOx are promising as anode catalytic material for real fuel cell application
Předložená dizertační práce se zabývá studiem nových katalyzátorů na bázi kov-oxid vhodných pro použití v palivových článcích na straně anody. Platinou dopovaný oxid ceru připravený magnetronovým naprašováním ve formě tenkých vrstev na uhlíkových mezivrstvách nesených křemíkovým substrátem byl zkoumán prostřednictvím mikroskopických a spektroskopických metod. Vliv složení uhlíkového nosiče (a-C a CNx filmy), depozičního času CeOx vrstvy a dalších depozičních parametrů, např. depoziční rychlosti, složení pracovní atmosféry a Pt koncentrace na morfologii Pt-CeOx vrstev byl studován převážně pomocí transmisní elektronové mikroskopie (TEM). Získané výsledky ukazují, že vhodnou kombinací depozičních podmínek jsme schopni vyladit výslednou morfologii a kompozici katalyzátoru. Složení uhlíkových filmů a Pt-CeOx vrstev bylo studováno spektroskopickými technikami – energiově-disperzní spektroskopií (EDX), spektroskopií charakteristických ztrát elektronů (EELS) a rentgenovou fotoelektronovou spektroskopií (XPS). Takto připravené porézní struktury vrstev Pt-CeOx jsou slibným katalytickým materiálem na straně anody pro reálné aplikace v palivových článcích
Wang, Hanqing. "Design and control of a 6-phase Interleaved Boost Converter based on SiC semiconductors with EIS functionality for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCA009/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis work is devoted to the design and control of a DC/DC boost converter for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) application. A 6-phase Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) based on Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductors and inversed coupled inductors of cyclic cascade structure is proposed. The input current ripple is reduced significantly and the lifespan of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) can be extended. Low power losses, good thermal performance and high switching frequency have been gained by the selected SiC-based semiconductors. The volumes of passive components (inductors and capacitors) are reduced. Thanks to the inverse coupled inductors, the core losses and copper losses are decreased and the compact magnetic component is achieved.Sliding-Mode Control (SMC) strategy is developed due to its high robust to parameter variations. on-line Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) detection functionality is successfully integrated with SMC. No additional equipment and sensor is required.The real-time Hardwar In the Loop (HIL) validation of the proposed converter is achieved by implement the power part into the FPGA and the control into the microprocessor in the MicroLabBox prototyping system from dSPACE. The comparison between off-line simulation and HIL validation demonstrated the dynamic behavior of the proposed converter and validated the implementation of the control into a real time controller before future tests on experimental test bench
Desplanche, Sarah. "De l'étude fondamentale d’hydrates d’acide fort par spectroscopie de vibration et de relaxation à l'application de leur super-conductivité protonique pour le développement d'une micropile à combustible." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0171/document.
Full textFuel cells (FC) using hydrogen possess very good energy performance and produce no greenhouse gases. It presents itself today as a clean and efficient solution. This alternative could then become a possible substitute for fossil fuels and palliate for the intermittency ofcertain renewable energies.There are various types of FC, mainly distinguished by the nature of the electrolyte that composes their proton exchange membrane. Using strong acid clathrate hydrates as solid electrolyte represents an alternative for which very little is known nowadays. These systems are nanoporous crystalline solids consisting of a water host network forming nanometric cavities encapsulating guest molecules. In the case of strong acid clathrate hydrates, the confinement of acidic species within the aqueous cages generates proton excess that isdelocalized along their aqueous network. At room temperature, these clathrate hydrates have then excellent proton conductivity, which is higher than that of the FCs membranes currently used. The objective of this PhD was to develop an electrolyte based on hexafluorophosphoricacid clathrate hydrate (one of the best-known conductors of this class of system) on the basisof a fundamental physico-chemical approach, and to develop a miniaturized FC assemblyincorporating this new electrolyte.At a fundamental level, it was necessary to understand the driving factors responsible for the super-protonic conductivity of these systems and in particular, the relationship between the conductivity and the hydration number (i.e. water to acid molar ratio in the clathrate). The microscopic mechanisms have been studied by means of Raman spectroscopy and imaging, supplemented by nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments. A set of results concerning the structure (clathrate type, phase transition and thermodynamic stability), the dynamics (vibrational modes, proton diffusion and kinetics) and the chemistry (inclusion of fluorinated impurities) has thus been obtained. As a selective and microscopic probe, the Raman scattering technique provided unique information. It allowed to probe the acid-cages interactions, to propose an experimental protocol monitoring the hydration number and also,to reveal, for the first time, a microstructuration of the clathrate hydrate only observed abovea hydration threshold. These physico-chemical properties have been correlated with the conductivity measurements, making it possible to understand the impact of the hydration number and of the chemical impurities onto the electrochemical performances of the solid electrolyte. All these results led to an original technological development. A new micro-fuel cell using hexafluorophosphoric acid hydrates as the electrolyte has been designed. This development offers a FC with performances comparable to the FCs currently available and operating from room temperature to negative temperatures
Sauvet, Anne-Laure. "Etude de nouveaux matériaux d'anode pour pile à combustible à oxyde solide (SOFC) fonctionnant sous méthane." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10096.
Full textFranco, Alejandro Antonio. "Un modèle physique multiéchelle de la dynamique électrochimique dans une pile à combustible à électrolyte polymère – Une approche Bond Graph dimension infinie." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00110968.
Full textLe modèle réalise le couplage d'une description des phénomènes de transport de charges (électronique et protonique) à travers l'épaisseur des électrodes et de la membrane, avec des modèles spatialement distribués de l'interface nanoscopique Nafion®-Pt/C et de la diffusion des réactifs (hydrogène et oxygène) à travers la couche de Nafion® recouvrant les particules de Pt/C. Le modèle interfacial nanoscopique est basé sur une nouvelle description interne de la dynamique de la double couche électrochimique prenant en compte à la fois les phénomènes de transport dans la couche diffuse et les réactions électrochimiques et l'adsorption d'eau dans la couche compacte.
Des nombreux couplages entre domaines de la physique, comme le transport par diffusion-migration et l'électrochimie, sont introduits. L'écriture du Bond Graph dimension infinie de ce modèle nous a permis de déterminer les causalités de ces différents couplages, à l'aide de 20-Sim®, et de le doter d'une structure modulaire et modulable (pour l'incorporation future d'autres phénomènes physico-chimiques, ou sa réutilisation dans d'autres systèmes électrochimiques). Enfin, la résolution numérique a été réalisée sous Matlab/Simulink® couplé à Femlab® (méthode d'éléments finis).
La réponse dynamique d'une cellule de PEFC, dépendante du courant, de la température, des pressions de réactifs et de la composition structurale des électrodes, peut être simulée. Le modèle permet d'évaluer la sensibilité des spectres d'impédance aux conditions de fonctionnement et à la composition des électrodes, ainsi que les contributions des différents phénomènes et couches constitutives.
Nous avons réalisé un protocole expérimental sur une cellule PEFC de petite taille en vue de valider le modèle. Les mesures de spectroscopie d'impédance réalisées sur ce banc ont permis la validation des modèles proposés ainsi que l'estimation partielle de ses paramètres.
Flandre, Xavier. "Nouvelles électrodes pour pile à combustible à oxyde solide et électrolyseur à haute température." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10182/document.
Full textIn the current context, fossil energy resources decrease and become more expensive, in addition to environmental concern. In this frame, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are a promising green alternative energy source. Reversibly used, this system can also allow storage of electricity produced intermittently through the electrolysis of water. However, several bottlenecks still remain in terms of performances and stability of materials currently used to improve their lifetime and decrease their working temperature. In this doctoral thesis, our contribution focused on two cathode materials for SOFCs, Ba2Co9O14 and Ca3Co4O9+δ, and compounds derived from La4Ti2O10 which may be relevant as anode material. Our study mainly focused on the understanding of the physicochemical mechanisms involved in these materials by using impedance spectroscopy. For cobaltites, this study has led to the identification of the limiting parameters and will help the future optimization of complete stacks with better performances. For the La4Ti2O10 derived phases with the cuspidine structure, a neutron scattering study confirmed the oxygen diffusion mechanisms in these materials. However, their conductivity and catalytic properties remain insufficient to hope to use these compounds as SOFC’s anode, unlike other lanthanum titanates which display a layered perovskite structure