Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Place of burial'

This study conducts a multi-isotopic bioarchaeological analysis of the Avondale Burial Place (McArthur Cemetery), a recently discovered Emancipation-era African American cemetery near Macon, GA. Stable isotopic analyses were performed on available dental remains in order to reconstruct the diet and demography of the individuals buried at McArthur Cemetery. Specifically, δ18O and δ13C were characterized in tooth enamel and examined in tandem with collaborative osteological and mortuary analyses to reconstruct early-life diet and residential origin. The results suggest that members of the Avondale community buried in McArthur did not experience significant mobility, but rather resided in the area for most of their lives. Overall, these results greatly contribute to the genealogical research of McArthur Cemetery’s descendants as well as the fragmented history of the South by exploring whether the individuals in this community took part in the Great Migration following the Civil War.

La place du mort est une étude topographique des sépultures païennes de l'âge de fer en Islande. Le but de ce travail est d'étudier la localisation des tombes et d'en déterminer le sens. Les résultats se fondent sur une révision critique de toutes les données disponibles en matière de site funéraire en Islande, et sur la fouille de chaque sépulture répertoriée. Les données obtenues permettent l'élaboration d'un modèle de localisation des tombes qui les situe a) loin des fermes, mais près des frontières et des routes, b) à proximité des fermes et à une courte distance de leur zone d'activité principale et c) au carrefour entre la route principale et l'allée menant au corps de ferme. Ces résultats ont été testés et confirmés par d'autres explorations de terrain et des fouilles récentes. La comparaison des tombes situées en a) et en b) met en évidence une différence intéressante : près des fermes, les tombes sont souvent orientées nord-sud, les sépultures sont en petit nombre et d'une variété limitée, et la population des défunts est majoritairement constituée d'hommes adultes ou âgés. Les tombes éloignées des fermes quant à elles sont le plus souvent orientées est-ouest, présentent une variété plus importante de biens funéraires, et contiennent des hommes et des femmes de tous âges. Les spécificités topographiques sont interprétées comme reflétant les différentes étapes du processus de la colonisation humaine de l'Islande, qui a eu lieu à la fin du IXe siècle : au stade initial, les sépultures sont placées près de l‘unique endroit important aux yeux des premiers colons : leur habitation. Puis la croissance de l'immigration entraîne de nouvelles règles, dont l'élaboration de frontières entre les propriétés agricoles, frontières signifiées entre autres par les cimetières qui y sont établis. Vers la fin de la colonisation, les démarcations sont nettes et convenues. Les frontières sont désinvesties et les lieux d'importance sont alors déplacés aux carrefours entre route principale et allée conduisant au nouveaux corps de ferme construits au sein d'établissements prééxistants
The Place of the Dead. Viking Pagan Burial in Icelandic Cultural LandscapeLa place du mort is a topographical study of pagan burials from the late Iron Age in Iceland. The aim of this work is to investigate where burials are located, and explain the reason behind the choice of place. The results are based on a critical revision of all available data on known burial sites in Iceland, and a survey of each site in the field. The main results are presented as a model of burial location, which shows that graves were placed either a) away from farmhouses, on boundaries and by roads, or b) close to farms, and a short distance outside the main activity area of the farm, or c) at the crossroads between the main road and the home lane leading to the farm. These results were tested – and confirmed - by further field survey and excavation. When the details of each grave at the two extreme locations were compared, and interesting difference became apparent: At locations near farms, the graves are frequently orientated N-S, the grave-goods are in small numbers and of a limited variety, and the population are predominantly adult or old men. The graves far away from the farm, are most often oriented E-W, there is a greater number and a greater variety of gravegoods, and there are male and female graves of people of all ages.The differences between locations are explained as different stages of the process of the human colonisation of Iceland which occurred in the late 9th century : at the initial stage, burials were located near to the only significant place of the first settlers, the habitation. With growing immigration, people establish boundaries between farms by placing cemeteries there. Towards the end of the colonisation, where boundaries have been agreed upon, the most significant location shifts again, from boundaries, to the junction between the main road and the home track, leading to the farm which has been located between two already established settlements

Anenský dvůr used to be a farm surrounded by fields just a few dozen meters from the Austrian border. It worked even during the fifties before the creation of the Iron Curtain. Agricultural activity slowly subsided, people disappeared. Nature began quietly but ceaselessly, in small portions, getting on its side after the interval division. Buildings and their surroundings started to change. Nature has changed in fifty years place unrecognizable. Clearly defined boundaries are erased, flash greenery spread to the surrounding area and has created a specific single entity defining the surrounding chaos. Such a situation is the basis for the layout of the new cemetery. Current enhanced peripheral borders are strengthened by planting oaks, while the interior is modified. Most of invasive acacia and other shrubs are removed. The original character of the place, floodplain meadow is reinforced by planting new trees, such as birch or cherry.  The new cemetery consists of two main areas - internal groomed lawn under clearly defined square walls, which leads to deposition of ash and vice versa in the outer belt informal grown meadows are individual pavilions cemetery.

Due to its sensitive nature, the graveyard is often an avoided problem space within the field of design. This becomes evident from the lack of exploration and analysis in this domain. Anyhow, it represents an opportunity to test how design can mediate between sacred places, technology and people. Moreover, as a very specific context, the graveyard encompasses peculiar ways of interacting and experiencing space that deserve to be taken into account. This work discusses the notions of space and place and how the field of interaction design can benefit from them. In doing so, it investigates the hidden dimensions of the graveyard that make it a complex structure where spatial, personal and socio-cultural dimensions are intertwined. While the fieldwork aims at analysing the graveyard in its different tones of meaning (identity, memorial, cultural differences, on-site interaction) the focus of the work are the practices of memory and the role that the past has in our relation with the deceased. The result of the design process is an interactive audio system composed of a playback circuit based on Arduino and boxed into a seashell. The device is designed to be placed on the grave and store audio content. Once activated, the audio seashell allows listening and eventually recording vocal traces related to the deceased’s past. Taking into account the observed practices, rules and conventions that shape the graveyard, the role of personal and collective rituals and the meanings of all the identified artifacts, the designed system supports the experience of recalling memories in respect to the atmosphere, tempo and rhythm that characterise the graveyard.

Ancient humans stored family remains under their houses as we have surely stored memories in our attics. As civilization progressed, ashes were placed in urns which often replicated the house where one lived on earth. Eventually more elaborate and stylized monuments housed the remains. Recent practices have shown estrangement to death and denial of its importance in the natural cycle. this project reintroduces the funeral urn as object and ritual. It attempts to reawaken and reconnect us to our historically diverse cultures and to the life-death cycle by creating the house for ashes. This house is our last abode.
Master of Science

The history of death is entangled with the history of changing social values, meaning that a shift in attitudes to death will be consistent with changes in a society’s world view. Late Mesolithic shell middens in the Tagus and Sado valleys, Portugal, constitute some of the largest and earliest burial grounds known, arranged and maintained by people with a hunting, fishing, and foraging lifestyle, c 6000–5000 cal BCE. These sites have been interpreted in the light of economic and environmental processes as territorial claims to establish control over limited resources. This approach does not explain the significance of the frequent disposal of the dead in neighbouring burial grounds, and how these places were meaningful and socially recognized. The aim of this dissertation is to answer these questions through the detailed analysis of museum collections of human burials from these sites, excavated between the late nineteenth century and the 1960s. I examine the burial activity of the last hunter-gatherers of the south-western Iberian Peninsula from an archaeological perspective, and explain the burial phenomenon through the lens of historical and humanist approaches to death and hunter-gatherers, on the basis of theoretical concepts of social memory, place, mortuary ritual practice, and historical processes. Human burials are investigated in terms of time and practice based on the application of three methods: radiocarbon dating and Bayesian analysis to define the chronological framework of the burial activity at each site and valley; stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen aimed at defining the burial populations by the identification of dietary choices; and archaeothanatology to reconstruct and define central practices in the treatment of the dead. This dissertation provides new perspectives on the role and relevance of the shell middens in the Tagus and Sado valleys. Hunter-gatherers frequenting these sites were bound by shared social practices, which included the formation and maintenance of burial grounds, as a primary means of history making. Death rituals played a central role in the life of these hunter-gatherers in developing a sense of community, as well as maintaining social ties in both life and death.

Civil society is a widely discussed concept, often proposed as a means to address problems associated with a weakening of the social fabric. Nearly all civil society literature works from the notion that creating more or richer discourse around any given issue will help build agreement about the key values and in so doing, civil society will emerge. What this literature has not yet turned its attention to is, what is necessary for a strong social bond, which is a prerequisite for the possibility of social discourse in the first place, to exist. Historically, the social bond has been built on common religious, cultural and/or political perspectives. However, the constitutive power of the institutions that comprise each of these areas has diminished substantially. This research draws on concepts developed in the field of environmental psychology to understand how place can serve as the basis for the development of a social bond and subsequent emergence of civil society. Two concepts drawn from environmental psychology -- place attachment and place identity -- are used to demonstrate how individuals and groups become connected to place, and how such a connection shapes and contributes to social relations. Specifically, this study contributes to the body of civil society literature by illuminating how a public agency can foster the development of the social bond by drawing explicitly and symbolically on place and in doing so, contributes to the emergence of civil society -- or on the other hand, fails to foster it as effectively as it could by being attentive to the role that place can play in creating the social bond.
Ph. D.

Orientador: Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail
Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T18:11:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_JoaoPinto_M.pdf: 3645303 bytes, checksum: 383a85f77a68b7f7e9e69a704c169634 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: O conforto ambiental nas edificações é buscado pelos arquitetos como requisito básico na arte de projetar. Estudos de volumetria, o dimensionamento de aberturas, a modelagem dos espaços, o estudo da direção das correntes de ar e a insolação são alguns pressupostos que devam ser observados quando da análise projectual. Ao desenvolvermos a pesquisa sobre material compósito para uso na construção civil utilizando Argamassa de Gesso e Fibra Vegetal, Mauritia vinifera Martius - Palmeira de Buriti-ivan, tem-se como objetivo obter um novo material que possa ser utilizado como revestimento ou elementos de vedação, agregando a este propriedade que conduza à baixa condutividade térmica. A partir da mistura homogeneizada da argamassa de gesso e fibras vegetais em proporção titulada foram produzidas amostras do compósito que submetidas ao Teste do Fio Quente Paralelo determinação da condutividade térmica pela propagação de ondas isotérmicas de calor. Foram determinantes na pesquisa, os estudos da titulação entre as partes agregadas, o teor de umidade, o índice de vazios e a porosidade das amostras. Os testes indicaram que o melhor desempenho obteve-se com as misturas de titulações de 0 % a 35 % de fibra vegetal, M.v.M para o intervalo de tempo compreendido entre 640 a 1280 minutos.
Abstract: The indoor comfort in buildings in researched by the architets as a basic criterion in the art of architecting. Volumetria studies, measuring of archs, space desing, studies of the air commuting as well as insolation are some of the asects which must be focused by the acting of projecting. by the time we developed the research on composite material to be used in the civil enginearing using gipsy and natural fibers, Maurítia vinifera Martius - buriti palm tree, we had as a main gool to obtoin a men material which could the used as a revestiment or elements of tapping, adding to it properties that conduct to a low thermic concdutivity. Based on the homogeous miscture of gipsy and natural fibers in specific proportion of composite were produced samples which were submitted to a " parallel heat wire Test " - part 2. ISO 8894 - 2, which consists in determining of the temperature with the materal samples through a seratch with wire resistor and a thermopair with 30º grade Celsius referential interconnented, respectivey, to an eletric source and a Signal Acquisition Board which determines the thermal conductvity of the materal through the propagation of heat isothermic wawes.The studies of mixing elements of definite proportion between mixed parts, the humidity level and the porosity of the samples have been of great importance to this research. The tests showed that the best performance was obtained by the mixture of and their percentagens of 0 % a 35 of materal fiber for the time between 640 a 1280 seconds.
Mestrado
Refrigeração e Condicionamento Ambiental
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Semiconductor lasers based on gallium arsenide and relatedmaterials are widely used in applications such as opticalcommunication systems, sensing, compact disc players, distancemeasurement, etc. The performance of these lasers can beimproved using a buried heterostructure offering lateralcarrier and optical confinement. In particular, if theconfinement (burying) layer is implemented by epitaxialregrowth of an appropriate aluminium-free semi-insulating (SI)material, passivation of etched surfaces, reduced tendency tooxidation, low capacitance and integration feasibility areadditional advantages.

The major impediment in the fabrication of GaAs/AlGaAsburied-heterostructure lasers is the spontaneous oxidation ofaluminium on the etched walls of the structure. Al-oxide actsas a mask and makes the regrowth process extremely challenging.In this work, a HCl gas-basedin-situcleaning technique is employed successfully toremove Al-oxide prior to regrowth of SI-GaInP:Fe and SI-GaAs:Fearound Al-containing laser mesas by Hydride Vapour PhaseEpitaxy. Excellent regrowth interfaces, without voids, areobtained, even around AlAs layers. Consequences of usinginadequate cleaning treatments are also presented. Regrowthmorphology aspects are discussed in terms of different growthmechanisms.

Time-resolved photoluminescence characterisation indicates auniform Fe trap distribution throughout the regrown GaInP:Fe.Scanning capacitance microscopy measurements demonstrate thesemi-insulating nature of the regrown GaInP:Fe layer. Thepresence of EL2 defects in regrown GaAs:Fe makes more difficultthe interpretation of the characterisation results in the nearvicinity of the laser mesa.

GaAs/AlGaAs buried-heterostructure lasers, both in-planelasers and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, withGaInP:Fe as burying layer are demonstrated for the first time.The lasers exhibit good performance demonstrating thatSI-GaInP:Fe is an appropriate material to be used for thispurpose and the suitability of our cleaning and regrowth methodfor the fabrication of this type of semiconductor lasers.Device characterisation indicates negligible leakage currentalong the etched mesa sidewalls confirming a smooth regrowthinterface. Nevertheless, experimental and simulation resultsreveal that a significant part of the injected current is lostas leakage through the burying material. This is attributed todouble carrier injection into the SI-GaInP:Fe layer.Simulations also predict that the function of GaInP:Fe ascurrent blocking layer should be markedly improved in the caseof GaAs-based longer wavelength lasers.

Keywords:semiconductor lasers, in-plane lasers, VCSELs,GaAs, GaInP, semi-insulating materials, hydride vapour phaseepitaxy, regrowth, buried heterostructure, leakage current,simulation.

L’objet de cette étude est de définir et de préciser les caractéristiques des déplacements de sites dans l’archipel des Cyclades, entre le XIIe siècle et le VIIIe siècle av. n. è. Les quelques études existantes, parfois contradictoires, émettent l’hypothèse que les déplacements se déroulent en trois étapes : un site est abandonné, la communauté se déplace et choisit un nouveau site non loin du premier pour établir un habitat, des lieux de sépulture et des lieux de culte. La validité de ce schéma doit être vérifiée. L’étude établit tout d’abord un bilan du peuplement pour chacune des trente-deux îles retenues. Les sites abandonnés et les sites nouvellement occupés sont répertoriés afin de révéler des discontinuités d’occupation. Des déplacements de sites sont proposés, à titre d’hypothèse. Il est tenu compte du fait que les interprétations sont fondées sur des données matérielles. Les conclusions se révèlent fragiles mais sont fréquemment semblables d’une île à l’autre : les déplacements de sites sont une forme de mobilité spatiale attestée mais dont la mise en œuvre et les facteurs se révèlent plus complexes qu’il ne l’avait été suggéré. Leurs caractéristiques varient aussi en fonction de la période considérée : il faut sans doute envisager une circulation accrue des communautés entre de multiples sites au cours de l’HR IIIC, et non un abandon généralisé des Cyclades ; à partir de la fin du Xe siècle et au cours du Géométrique, les déplacements de sites sont de plus en plus partiels et rares. Cette étude tente de modéliser une forme de mobilité spatiale, ce qui permet de mieux appréhender l’organisation sociale des communautés, objet d’étude central pour cette période
This doctoral thesis aims at defining and establishing the main characteristics of site relocations, which took place in the Cyclades from the 12th to the 8th centuries BCE. According to scholars who have addressed this form of human mobility and drawn contrasting conclusions, site relocation is a three-stage process: a settlement along with its burial sites and cult places are abandoned, its community moves away and resettles a short distance away, on the very same island. This pattern is placed under scrutiny. First, data is collected in order to describe the islands’ settlement patterns over the period. Abandoned sites and newly occupied sites are recorded; settlement discontinuities are highlighted. Some hypothetical instances of site relocations are suggested. Conclusions are all the more tenuous as they derive from the analysis of artefacts. However, the thirty-two islands that have been investigated seem to follow about the same patterns: site relocation is indeed a relevant notion. Yet, this type of human spatial mobility appears to be far more complex than originally believed, notably in terms of planning and factors. The time span is divided into the LH IIIC, Protogeometric and Geometric periods and site relocation’s definition varies accordingly. Communities probably moved from site to site in the LH IIIC period: the Cyclades were not altogether abandoned. From the 10th century onwards, including the Geometric period, site relocations grew rare or were not completed. This dissertation tentatively models a category of human mobility while trying to offer some insight into the social organisation of communities, which remains a focus of scholarly attention

This thesis deals mainly with the Middle Neolithic period (ca. 3200-2300 BC) on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. The aim is to deepen the understanding of how the islanders related to their surroundings, to the landscape, to places, to objects, to animals and to humans, both living and dead. The archaeological material is studied downwards and up with a focus on practices, especially the handling and deposition of materials and objects in graves, within sites and in the landscape. The study is comparative and the Middle Neolithic is described in relation to the Early Neolithic and the Mesolithic period on the island. From a long term perspective the island is presented as a region where strong continuity can be identified, regarding both way of life and economy. In contrast, substantial changes did occur through time regarding the islander’s conceptions of the world and of social relations. This in turn affected the way they looked upon the landscape, different sites and animals, as well as other human beings. During the Mesolithic, the islanders first saw it as possible to create their world, their micro-cosmos, wherever they were, and they saw themselves as living in symbiosis with seals. With time, though, they started to relate, to connect and to identify themselves with the island, its landscape and its material, with axe sites and a growing group identity as results. The growing group identity culminated during the Early Neolithic with a dualistic conception of the world and with ritualised depositions in border zones. The Middle Neolithic is presented as a period when earlier boundaries were dissolved. This concerned, for example, boundaries towards the world around the islanders and they were no longer keeping themselves to their own sphere. At the same time individuals became socially important. It became accepted and also vital to give expression to personal identity, which was done through objects, materials and animals. Despite this, group identity continued to be an important part in their lives. This is most evident through the specific Pitted Ware sites, where the dead were also treated and buried. These places were sites for ritual and social practices, situated in visible, central and easy accessible locations, like gates in and out of the islands’ different areas. The dead were very important for the islanders. In the beginning of MN B they started to adopt aspects from the Battle Axe culture, but they never embraced Battle Axe grave customs. Instead they held on to the Pitted Ware way of dealing with the dead and buried, and to the Pitted Ware sites, through the whole period, with large burial grounds as a result.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution, forms, and function(s) of iron amulets deposited in the late Iron Age gravefields of Lovö, with the goal of ascertaining how (and so far as possible why) these objects were utilized in rituals carried out during and after burials. Particular emphasis is given to re-interpreting the largest group of iron amulets, the iron amulet rings, in a more relational and practice-focused way than has heretofore been attempted. By framing burial analyses, questions of typology, and evidence of ritualized actions in comparison with what is known of other cult sites in Mälardalen specifically– and theorized about the cognitive landscape(s) of late Iron Age Scandinavia generally– a picture of iron amulets as inscribed objects made to act as catalytic, protective, and mediating agents is brought to light.

Le monument funéraire a longtemps été négligé par les historiens. Comme les obituaires et les testaments, il révèle autant la relation du défunt à la mort que la gestion de sa mémoire par ses héritiers. Cette étude montre d'abord la richesse du mobilier funéraire médiéval de la Bourgogne ducale. À la diversité typologique s'ajoute la richesse de l'iconographie avec l'importance du nombre de monuments à effigies. Ces tombes matérialisent une sépulture de prestige. A l'origine réservée aux grands prélats et aux princes, l'inhumation ad ecclesiam s'étend progressivement à l'aristocratie féodale puis aux bourgeois. La localisation et la matérialisation de la sépulture par un monument reflètent aussi l'évolution de la piété médiévale. Les données épigraphiques et l'iconographie indiquent la mutation d'une piété " gothique " vers une piété plus flamboyante. Mais la volonté de transmettre une mémoire est un souci au moins aussi important que celui du salut de l'âme. Malgré une typologie complexe et une évolution formelle constante, le monument funéraire médiéval conserve une ligne directrice fondée sur la memoria du défunt. Il trahit cependant des stratégies tant sociales que sotériologiques. D'une part, il reflète son auctoritas, et par-delà, celle de son groupe social. D'autre part, il participe activement à son accomplissement spirituel.

The Chatham Islands are located in the SW Pacific Ocean, approximately 850 km to the east of the South Island of New Zealand. This small group of islands is situated near the eastern margin of the Chatham Rise, an elongated section of submerged continental crust that represents part of the Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic Gondwana accretionary margin. The location and much of the geology of the Chatham Islands are attributed to intra-plate basaltic volcanism, initiated during the Late Cretaceous, in association with development of a failed rifting system to the south of the Chatham Rise. Despite the volcanic nature of much of the geology, the majority of the Cenozoic sedimentary stratigraphic record on the islands comprises non-tropical skeletal carbonate deposits whose deposition was often coeval with submarine volcanics and volcaniclastic deposits. This has resulted in complex stratigraphic relationships, with the volcanic geology exerting a strong influence on the geometry and distribution of the carbonate deposits. These limestones, despite some general field descriptions, have been little studied and are especially poorly understood from a petrographic and diagenetic perspective. The carbonate geology in detail comprises eleven discrete limestone units of Late Cretaceous through to Pleistocene age which were studied during two consecutive field expeditions over the summers of 2005 and 2006. These limestone occurrences are best exposed in scattered coastal outcrops where they form prominent rugged bluffs. While many of the younger (Oligocene to Pliocene) outcrops comprise of poorly exposed, thin and eroded limestone remnants (it;5 m thick), older (Late Paleocene to Early Oligocene) exposures can be up to 100 m in thickness. The character of these limestones is highly variable. In outcrop they display a broad range of textures and skeletal compositions, often exhibit cross-bedding, display differing degrees of porosity occlusion by cementation, and may include rare silicified horizons and evidence of hardground formation. Petrographically the limestones are skeletal grainstones and packstones with a typical compositional makeup of about 70% skeletal material, 10% siliciclasts, and 20% cement/matrix. Localised increases in siliciclastics occur where the carbonates are diluted by locally-derived volcaniclastics. The spectrum of skeletal assemblages identified within the Chatham Island limestones is diverse and appears in many cases to be comparable to the bryozoan dominant types common in mainland New Zealand and mid-latitude Australian cool-water carbonates in general. However, some key departures from the expected cool-water carbonate skeletal makeup have been identified in this study. The occurrence of stromatolitic algal mats in Late Cretaceous and Early Eocene carbonate deposits indicates not cool-temperate, but certainly warm-temperate paleoclimatic conditions. A change to cool-temperate conditions is recorded in the limestone flora/fauna from the mid-Late Miocene times following the development and later northward movement of the Subtropical Front. An uncharacteristic mix of shallow-shelf (bryozoans) and deeper water fauna (planktic foraminifera), together with their highly fragmented and abraded nature, is indicative of the likely remobilisation and redistribution of carbonate, primarily during episodic storm events. The Chatham Islands limestones formed within the relative tectonic stability of an oceanic island setting, which was conducive to ongoing carbonate accumulation throughout much of the Cenozoic. This contrasts markedly with other mainland New Zealand shelf carbonates which formed over sporadic and short-lived geological periods, experiencing greater degrees of burial cementation controlled by a relatively more active tectonic setting. As a consequence of the tectonically stable setting, the Chatham Islands limestones have experienced little burial and exhibit a paucity of burial cementation effects. They remain commonly soft and friable. Detailed petrographic investigations have shown the limestones are variably cemented by rare uneven acicular spar fringes, poorly to well-developed syntaxial rim cements about echinoderm fragments, and equant/blocky microsparite. Staining of thin sections and cathodoluminescence petrography show these spar cement generations are non-ferroan and their very dull- to non-luminescent nature supports precipitation from Mn-poor oxygenated waters, likely of an either meteoric or combined marine/shallow burial origin. Micrite is the dominant intra- and inter-particle pore fill and occurs both as a microbioclastic matrix and as precipitated homogenous and/or micropeloidal cement. The rare fringing cements often seen in association with homogenous and/or micropeloidal micrite may be indicative of true early marine (seafloor) cement precipitation and localised hardground development. An interesting feature of the geology of the Chatham Islands is the occurrence of carbonate material within sedimentary dykes. The locations of the dykes are in association with volcanic and volcaniclastic deposits. Similarities between dyke characteristics at Red Bluff on Chatham Island with mainland occurrences from East Coast and Canterbury Basins (North and South Islands, respectively) on mainland New Zealand have been recognised. They show complex structures including sidewall striations, internal flow structures as revealed by grain sorting, and extra-clast inclusions of previous fill lithologies which are characteristic of carbonate injection. This is in contrast to other dykes which are known to be of a passive fill origin. Multiple phases of carbonate sediment injection can be recognised by crosscutting relationships enabling the determination of a parasequence of events. Possible injection mechanisms are most likely associated with sediment overloading or hydrothermal pressurisation associated with emplacement of submarine volcanics. The Chatham Islands provide an exciting example of a geologically unique and complex non-tropical carbonate depositional setting. The production of carbonates is controlled by volcanic and volcaniclastic sediment input with the types of carbonate deposits and water depth variations related to thermal uplift/subsidence in association with global eustatic sealevel and temperature changes associated with development of Southern Ocean water fronts from the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic. Carbonate deposition on the Chatham Islands is considered to relate to a rather variable and small scale oceanic, high energy, cool-water carbonate ramp setting whose geometry was continually evolving/changing as a consequence of periodic volcanic episodes.

This research is a comparative analysis of oral health from three historic African-American cemeteries in Georgia. The Area 1 (9CH1168), Area 2 (9CH875) and the Avondale (9BI164) cemeteries were excavated and relocated from 2008-2010. The aggregate population consists of 486 individuals, spanning pre-and-post-Reconstruction eras. Statistical and bioarchaeological techniques are used to address the hypothesis that differential nutrition and subsequent health outcomes significantly vary (as estimated from dental analyses), based on the cemetery’s composition, location, and individuals social status. Oral pathological conditions were characterized in an effort to identify variation between populations, while moving beyond a monolithic narrative of the African-American experience in the post-Bellum South. A statistical range of variation within and between the cemeteries was observed, revealing differences in the frequency of pathologies between cemeteries based on age and sex. Maladies most greatly afflicted Avondale’s population, Area 1 experienced the least and Area 2’s females had the most oral pathologies.

yes
A rare, intact Viking boat burial in western Scotland contained a rich assemblage of grave goods, providing clues to the identity and origins of both the interred individual and the people who gathered to create the site. The burial evokes the mundane and the exotic, past and present, as well as local, national and international identities. Isotopic analysis of the teeth hints at a possible Scandinavian origin for the deceased, while Scottish, Irish and Scandinavian connections are attested by the grave goods. Weapons indicate a warrior of high status; other objects imply connections to daily life, cooking and work, farming and food production. The burial site is itself rich in symbolic associations, being close to a Neolithic burial cairn, the stones of which may have been incorporated into the grave.
The accepted post-review manuscript here was submitted under the title: "The Viking boat burial on Ardnamurchan".

碩士
義守大學
管理科學研究所
92
Every department of the Kaoshiung City Harbor Police Bureau is urgently requesting knowledge management services. Many experienced police officers within the department have considerable accumulated case handling experience, proven techniques, and professional expertise. An effective knowledge management system would allow every department to extract, build, and store professional knowledge , while being able to dissimilate and transfer such knowledge efficiently. An improved knowledge management system would allow newcomers to use such accumulated wisdom simply and at the same time, improve organizational effectiveness throughout the bureau. It will afford a quick response to the needs of the end user and satisfy their informational needs about police affairs. Research Intention: Investigate how Kaoshiung City Harbor Police Bureau may improve its current knowledge management system operations by increasing operational staff effectiveness and strengthen the existing relationship between the knowledge management system operations center and line employees. Objects of Research: 1.）Understand different aspects of work place effectiveness, vis-à-vis employees background differences and the knowledge management operation system. 2.）Investigate relationships between employees’ workplace effectiveness and current organizational knowledge management operations. 3.）Investigate employees’ diverse background and knowledge management operations experience and how this may affect employees work place effectiveness. Research objects are to be employees of the Kaoshiung City Harbor Police Bureau. There are 12 departments, sections, units and police substations under the direction of the police chief. The total number of employees to be studied is 617. Research methods will be based on questionnaires directed to randomly selected ward employees in each group. Based on the size of selected groups, 50﹪of each group employees will receive the questionnaire, 50% shall not. A total of 309 questionnaires were sent out, with 239 useable questionnaires collected. Preliminary results confirm that the Kaoshiung City Harbor Police Bureau takes knowledge management operations seriously and that employee work place effectiveness is of the greatest importance. There may be obvious, positive correlations between knowledge management operations and workplace effectiveness drawn. Such a relationship clearly shows that as the Kaoshiung City Harbor Police Bureau spends more effort in the area of knowledge acquisition, extraction, building, storage and dissemination and transfer; the workplace effectiveness of each related employee may increase. As organizations make continuing progress in knowledge management operations, there will bean intermediary ripple effect on employee assignment effectiveness along with situation handling effectiveness. Keywords: Knowledge Management, Work Place Performance. Systems/process Improvement, Organizational Development, Innovation Theory, Operations Management.

碩士
大同工學院
電機工程研究所
81
The analysis of the penetrating scattered near-field and imaging of arbitrarily shaped metallic plate buried in dielectric medium excited by TE and TM wave are presented in this thesis. A two step procedure , one at a time in a single medium is used to simplify the two half-space Green's function for the penetrating scattered near-field in two half-spaces due to the buried metallic plate. The equivalent electric current element model combined with the Moment method is applied for the analysis of the induced surface current on the metallic plate. The penetrating scattered near-field is calculated from the equivalent magnetic current on the interface of two media, based on the continuity of tangential E field . The two dimensional image, namely, the horizontal image of the arbitrarilly shaped metallic plate buried in dielectric medium is reconstructed from the penetrating scattered near- field. A two step procedure (the Backward transform method and the Backward Propagation method) is used for image reconstruction, each step in a single medium.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
102
Considering the many parameters included in geotechnical problems and the difficulties in their control, combined with the era of rapid development of science and technology, quality of structures is compromised. Taking advantage of the available high tech and software. Numerical simulation can be used to determine root of many problems. In Geotechnical Engineering the currently widely used model by Midas/GTS finite element analysis software to do analysis of the basis for construction sites. This study analyzes the boundary input and feature set for response and geotechnical analysis under load. Grid is used to demarcate important places or features. To improve efficiency of the grid soil is also analyzed. Boussinesq problem analysis and the series solution methods are also discussed. Internal objects presented consistency with theoretical signal. In the latter half of the analysis, numerical results indicated that soil body contents withstand the force of cavities buried. For future long-term designs in order to reduce pressure on the surrounding houses cavities of buried material containing pores must be kept to a minimum.