Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Placenta – Maladies'
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Morère, Lucie. "Modèles d’étude de nouvelles molécules anti-CMV dans le placenta." Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/5918fdc5-55ad-4723-8ba3-4ac184d40908/blobholder:0/2013LIMO310D.pdf.
Full textHerpes virus type 5 or human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the first cause of congenital malformation infection. In the world, 1% of newborns are infected with this virus. Congenital HCMV infection is a major public health problem due to severe sequelae in the fetus and newborn (microcephaly, hepatomegaly, spontaneous abortion) and the absence of treatments. So far, mechanisms of transplacental transmission from mother to fetus remain to be elucidated. There are several molecules (ganciclovir, cidofovir, foscarnet, valaciclovir), currently used to treat CMV disease (retinitis, pneumonia. . ). These are all inhibitors of the viral polymerase pUL54, essential protein for virus replication in the host cell. These treatments often become ineffective due to the emergence of resistance mutations and are responsible for cellular toxicity, rendering them unsuitable for pregnant women. Our work consisted in develop two placental infection models that mimic in situ placental infection: an ex vivo model and an in vivo mouse model. These models on one hand mimic a way of spreading the virus in the floating villi of the placenta, and secondly, allowed to test the effectiveness of seven new anti-HCMV molecules. In order to reduce or eradicate the virus in cells and decrease the likelihood of emergence of resistance mutations, we opted for therapeutic combinations of these new molecules that target different stages of the viral replication of HCMV. Six of the seven selected molecules showed strong inhibition of HCMV infection in vitro and ex vivo capacity. Combination therapy improves the efficiency of each molecule administered alone, and can sometimes lead to an inhibition of infection of over 90%. Our results are very encouraging and show that the combination would be particularly interesting to study and develop therapeutic approach to eradicate HCMV in the host cell
Lamboley, Alain. "Le chorio-angiome placentaire et ses répercussions cliniques." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2M046.
Full textMorand, Marianne. "Les maladies parodontales représentent-elles un facteur de risque pour les accouchements prématurés associés à une infection/inflammation foetale?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28167/28167.pdf.
Full textBénard, Marie-Carole Mélinda. "Conséquences de l'infection à cytomégalovirus sur le placenta humain." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2355/.
Full textThe human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a member of the Herpesvirus family. Congenital CMV infection, with an incidence of 0. 2-2 % of live births is the leading cause of acquired sensorineural damage. Maternal-fetal transmission is transplacental, hematogenous. The placenta is always infected before the fetus and is the seat of a real pathology associating villitis, fibrosis and necrosis. Few papers described it, especially regarding the pathophysiological mechanism that underlies it. Our work aimed to characterize the placental environment during CMV infection. At first, we developed an histoculture placental tissue model. Indeed, the study of placental infection in animal models is made difficult due to the CMV species specificity and anatomical features of the human placenta. In addition, in vitro models are based primarily on cell lines or primary cytotrophoblasts cultures. Thanks to our model, we were able to infect ex vivo, placental explants with a clinical strain of CMV, VHL / E and to study this complex system over a period of 21 days without anatomical or functional impairment of the placenta. (Lopez H , Benard M , Davrinche C , Casper C and al. Novel model of placental tissue explants infected by cytomegalovirus reveals different permissiveness in early and term placentae and inhibition of indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase activity Placenta 2011 Jul ;32 (7):522 -30. ) We then used our model to study the placental pathology induced by CMV infection, mainly the villitis. Villitis is a lymphohistiocytic infiltrates classically described as associated with placental CMV infection and may be involved in maternal-fetal transmission. The mechanisms leading to this villitis are unknown. Using in vivo, ex vivo infected placentas and HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) cultures, we showed that CMV activated the leukotrienes (LT) pathway and more specifically the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) especially in the chorionic endothelial cells. 5-LO is the main enzyme responsible for the synthesis of LTB4, a potent chemokine that causes inflammation. Our study showed that the leukotriene pathway is possibly involved in the mechanisms underlying the villitis. (submitted) In a third step, given the role of endothelial cells in both the replicative cycle of CMV and the constitution of the villitis, we studied the impact of CMV infection on the placental microvasculature. During CMV infection, we observed a significant decrease in the expression of CD34, a surface marker present on endothelial cells. This decrease in the microvasculature has been linked to a defect in endothelial cell migration. This abnormal migration is related to oxidative stress increased significantly and to a very important secretion of interleukin -6 (IL-6). Our study highlighted the role of endothelial cells in the placental pathology caused by CMV. (manuscript) In total, by implementing a placental explants histoculture method, we studied the CMV-infected placenta. We have shown that CMV is responsible for placental pathology characterized by tissue remodeling, mainly a villitis in connection with activation of the leukotriene pathway (5-LO/LTB4). We also showed the decrease in placental microvasculature during infection, associated with oxidative stress and a significant secretion of IL-6
Debillon, Thierry. "Étude des lésions cérébrales fœtales secondaires à une infection intrautérine à partir d'un modèle expérimental chez le lapin." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT15VS.
Full textIn the human epidemiological studies, a significant link between an intrauterine infection and the cerebral lesions in the preterm newborns has been reported. The inflammatory placental reaction developed during the infection could have an important contribution for the development of the cerebral lesions. Currently, any preventive strategies for these lesions has been validated. We report an experimental model about this subject: after an intrauterine Escherichia Coli inoculation in the pregnant rabbit, we observe a cerebral cell death with a high reproducibility. . . . . . Cerebral cell death is delayed until 60 hours after the inoculation with a maternal antibiotic treatment which is administered precociously. This delay constitutes a latent period which is a possible "therapeutic window". We proposed to use this model to study the molecular mechanisms of cerebral lesions associated with intrauterine infection and to test neuroprotective strategies
Poidatz, Dorothée. "Caractérisation et rôles du récepteur apparenté aux récepteurs des oestrogènes-γ (ERRγ) dans le placenta humain normal et pathologique." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS037V/document.
Full textHuman placenta is a vital organ for pregnancy support and fetal development. The chorionic villi is the structural and functional unit of the placenta and is mainly constituted by trophoblastic cells. The trophoblast differentiate in villous endocrine and extra-villous invasive trophoblast. Placental development and its numerous functions require the availability of high energy. Placental energetic metabolism control is partially mediated by the regulation of mitochondrial activity.Mitochondria are key organelles of the energetic metabolism. However, mitochondria are involved in numerous other cellular functions such as apoptosis and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Moreover, recent studies suggest that mitochondria are involved in cell differentiation.Estrogen related receptor-γ (ERRγ) is a transcriptional factor implicated in the control of energetic metabolism. Preliminary studies showed that ERRγ is highly expressed in human placenta.In this work, we decided to study ERRγ implication in human placental development.In a first part, we characterized ERRγ expression in trophoblast from first and third trimester human placentas. We showed that ERRγ expression i) increased during pregnancy and ii) was higher in villous than extra-villous trophoblasts.In a second part, we showed that villous trophoblast differentiation was associated with modifications of energetic metabolism and mitochondrial content. Moreover, we clearly demonstrated that ERRγ positively controled villous differentiation by the modulation of mitochondrial functions.In a last part, we showed that ERRγ was less expressed in placentas from intra-uterine growth restriction as compared to non-pathological placentas. Moreover, this down-regulation was associated with a decrease of mitochondrial content.This work thus showed, for the first time, that ERRγ and mitochondria played a key role in placental development
Robles, Morgane. "Influence du métabolisme maternel sur la fonction placentaire et la santé du poulain." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA029/document.
Full textThe economy of the equine industry is based on the production of high performance athlete horses. The metabolism of the pregnant mare can program the development of the foal, its long-term health and therefore its athletic performance at adulthood. Many breeding practices can modify maternal metabolism, such as nutrition during pregnancy, overnutrition during the mare's productive life (overweight and obesity) and the number of foals produced by the mare (parity). The aim of this work was to study the effects of maternal metabolism during pregnancy on placental function and structure, as well as bone growth, energy metabolism, systemic inflammation and osteoarticular status in growing foals. In a first approach, mares fed with forage only during gestation were compared to mares fed forage and concentrates from mid-gestation. Supplementation with concentrates altered maternal carbohydrate metabolism and placental function. In weaned foals, the osteoarticular status and the metabolic response to an overnutrition were also affected by the use of concentrates in maternal nutrition. Conversely, mares fed forage only lost body condition, which led to a delay in the post-natal maturation in terms of energy metabolism and testicular function in foals. In a second approach, the effect of primiparity was studied. Foals born to primiparous mares were growth restricted at birth and had a long-term maturational delay in bone growth, carbohydrate metabolism and testicular function. Finally, given the current high prevalence of overweight and obesity in the equine species, the effects of maternal obesity were studied. Maternal obesity associated with increased maternal insulin resistance and systemic inflammation resulted in increased insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and increased incidence of osteochondrosis in foals. Altogether, these results highlight the relationship between maternal insulin resistance, maternal inflammation and the development of osteochondrosis lesions in foals during growth, but also between in utero undernutrition and maturation delay. These observations will contribute to adjust nutritional recommendations to broodmares
Vidal, Sophie. "La transmission transplacentaire des protozoaires." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P145.
Full textMaubert, Bertrand. "Mécanismes et conséquences biologiques de l'impaludation placentaire par Plasmodium falciparum." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P614.
Full textBuffat, Christophe. "Retard de croissance intra utérin et origine précoce des maladies de l'adulte : mécanismes physiopathologiques et moléculaires." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077053.
Full textIntra-uterin growth restriction (iugr) and postnatal overfeeding is an important cause of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. However, the detailed mechanisms of such programming are still incompletely known. Two experimental approaches in the rat were used in this work of thesis: first, protein depletion during the gestation of rat females has been widely used as a model for human. A transcriptome analysis of control and protein-deprived rat placentas and kidneys was used to better understand the molecular basis of early origin of the diseases in adulthood. Our approach permitted the proposition of hypotheses on a hierarchy of gene inductions/repressions leading to massive transcriptional alterations in the iugr placenta and kidney. Moreover, postnatal growth via renal effects other than glomerular number reduction are likely to contribute to arterial hypertension induced by early postnatal overfeeding. Thus, the comprehension of the mechanisms imply in the early origin of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in adulthood, currently opens news diagnostic ways by the identification of early markers of this risk and could later on ollow to develop therapeutic, pharmacological or nutritionalways
Moindjie, Hadia. "Rôles du Facteur PréImplantatoire (PIF) dans le placenta humain normal et pathologique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV094/document.
Full textHuman placentation is a critical step in the establishment of a successful pregnancy. The chorionic villus constitutes the structural and functional unit of the placenta. The extravillous trophoblast (EVT) is a placental cell type that differentiates from the highly proliferative cytotrophoblast located at the base of the anchoring villous. EVT have invasive properties, essential for placenta anchoring in the endometrium and uterine artery remodeling. Moreover, programmed cell death is an active process required for normal trophoblastic cell turnover during pregnancy.PreImplantation Factor (PIF) is a 15-amino-acid peptide secreted by developing embryos. PIF exerts autotrophic and protective effects on the embryo. PIF is also implicated in the control of immune and inflammatory processes in various cell types.In this work, we aimed to determine the direct effects of PIF on human placental development.In a first part, we characterized PIF protein expression in first and third trimester human placentas. We showed that PIF protein expression i) decreased over the course of the pregnancy and ii) was higher in EVT compared to villous trophoblast.In a second part, we showed that PIF i) enhanced pro-invasive capacities and ii) prevented cell death by regulating p53 signaling pathway in human EVT.Dysregulation of trophoblastic invasion and apoptosis have been associated with pregnancy pathologies. Thereby, in a last part, we showed that PIF protein expression was lower in placentas from preeclampsia and intra-uterine growth restriction as compared with non-pathological placentas. Altogether, we highlighted for the first time, that PIF is a new positive regulator of placental functions. PIF could be considered as a novel biomarker of a favorable outcome of pregnancy
Simon, Emmanuel. "Caractérisation des propriétés viscoélastiques du placenta par élastrographie ultrasonore transitoire bidimensionnelle." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4037/document.
Full textScreening and diagnosis of placental insufficiency (PI), whether intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or preeclampsia (PE) are major public health issues. In clinical practice, the mechanical properties of the placenta are not explored; however changes in its tissue architecture could cause variations in elasticity. Among the ultrasound (US) elastography methods, transient elastography seemed suitable for such an application. This technique consists in calculating the shear wave speed (Cs) generated by an external vibration propagating in the medium under consideration. Elasticity values obtained from current US methods are calculated at a single frequency. As a structural modification of the tissue may correspond to a particular power law of frequency dispersion of Cs, we evaluated the interest of a multifrequency approach to distinguish the elasticity of healthy placentas and that of placentas with PI signs in the third trimester of pregnancy. We have developed a preliminary plane wave device (for ex vivo exploration) to validate the principle of the proposed method, and then a 2D transient elastography device (ex vivo and in vivo exploration). The data is adjusted using a fractional rheological model where the frequency behavior is modeled by a power law (exponent n of the model). We have shown that IUGR placentas have Cs and n values lower than those of healthy placentas or PE. This decrease in the n value could be explained by histopathological lesions of IUGR. As for the decrease of Cs in cases of IUGR, this result is consistent with the study of an IUGR rat model by uterine ligation. Finally, the frequency dispersion analysis is feasible in pregnant women. The added value of this method should now be tested in a large clinical study
Shoaito, Hussein. "Role of PPARγ in human placental development and pregnancy outcome : impact of phthalates and of the PPARγ mutation (E352Q) on trophoblast differentiation New transcriptional reporters to quantify and monitor PPARγ activity Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) alters peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activity and human villous cytotrophoblast differentiation in a U-shaped dose-response manner PPARγ mutation disrupts human villous dytotrophoblast differentiation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCB005.
Full textBACKGROUND: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. PPARgamma plays critical roles in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism and placental development. Phthalates are environmental contaminants commonly used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. Recently, exposure to phthalates, which are potential PPARgamma ligands, has been associated with preterm birth, low birth-weight, and pregnancy loss. On the other hand, there is emerging evidence that some rare mutations in PPARgamma ligand binding domain (LBD) responsible of human lipodystrophy (FPLD3), might be associated with pregnancy complications. OBJECTIVES: Our general goal was to assess placental PPARgamma activity and role during pregnancy and in particular the impact of phthalates and of a FPLD3-associated mutation of PPARgamma (E352Q) in trophoblast differentiation and functions in vitro. METHODS: In this purpose we have: 1/ constructed reporter plasmids (PPRE-H2B-eGFP & PPRE-pNL1.3[secNluc]) to monitor PPARgamma activity in vitro; 2/ investigated the action of MEHP (mono-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate) on PPARgamma activity and differentiation of primary human villous cytotrophoblasts (VCTs) by using immunofluorescence, PPARgamma activity and hCG assays, western blotting and lipidomics analyses and; 3/ studied the impact of the mutated-PPARgamma (E352Q) on PPARgamma activity in NIH/3T3-cell line, and on VCT differentiation through functional analysis (fusion index) using siRNA knockdown and functional restitution of PPARgamma and mutated PPARgamma in in vitro models. RESULTS: Constructed reporter plasmids allowed us to quantify PPARgamma activity in different cell types and experimental conditions. Furthermore, we showed that non-toxic doses of 0.1 µM and 1 µM MEHP significantly decreased PPARgamma activity and VCT differentiation compared to controls, while, surprisingly, 10 µM had the opposite effect. Also, MEHP exposure inhibited hCG production, significantly altered trophoblastic lipid composition and had significant effects on the MAPK pathway: only 10 µM MEHP increased pERK, whereas 0.1, 1 and 10 µM decreased pJNK protein levels. Finally, the E352Q mutation - associated with pregnancy complication - not only decreased PPARgamma activity, but also altered the in vitro formation of syncytiotrophoblasts by fusion of primary VCTs. CONCLUSION: PPARgamma KO studies in mice showed the importance of PPARgamma for placental development and gestation outcome. Using two novel PPRE reporter systems combined with in vitro model of VCT differentiation, we showed that MEHP and the E352Q mutation impact PPARgamma activity and disrupt human trophoblast physiology that, which could explain the pregnancy complications observed in vivo
Passet, Bruno. "Contribution à l’étude du rôle biologique des gènes de la famille Prion." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0055.
Full textThe prion protein, PrP, is known for its involvement in transmissible spongiform emcephalopathies. This protein belongs to a membrane-associated glycoprotein family that comprises also the Shadoo protein. The biological role of these two proteins remains poorly understood. The aim of this thesis was to study the function of Shadoo by deregulating its gene expression in mice and zebrafish. The results indicate that PrP and Shadoo appear to be involved in early mouse embryonic development, and more precisely in the placenta development. In zebrafish, expressed Shaddo1-encoding gene is also involved in early embryogenesis. These data highlight a new role of PrP and Shadoo in vertebrate embryonic development
Peugnet, Pauline. "Origines développementales des anomalies de l’homéostasie glucidique, de la croissance osseuse et prédisposition à l’ostéochondrose chez le poulain." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T092/document.
Full textFetal adaptations to intra-uterine stimuli have immediate and long term effects on the offspring’s health after birth. In equids, this concept known as the DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease) was validated using cross-breeding: the mare’s size which affects the fetal environment throughout gestation and then lactation, has a critical impact on the foal’s post-natal growth, as well as on the neonate’s sensitivity to insulin. Osteochondrosis, a pathology of the growing horse, induces heavy financial losses in the equine industry. It has been associated to abnormalities in glucose homeostasis and its antenatal origin is highly suspected. The present research aimed to evaluate the impact of experimental disturbances during fetal development on growth, glucose homeostasis and predisposition to osteochondrosis in the foal until age 1½ year. Increased versus restricted fetal growth was obtained using between-breed embryo transfers (“ponies in draft horses” versus “saddlebreds in ponies”, respectively). The lush environment of the draft mare versus the restricted environment of the pony mare turned out to be critical in the regulation of bone growth, thyroid hormones secretion, β-cells function, insulin sensitivity and the osteoarticular status of the foal from birth to 1½ year of age. This validates the concept of the DOHaD in equids and shows that recipient mares should be carefully selected in embryo transfer practice. By demonstrating the scope of post-natal effects which were programmed in utero and throughout the lactating period, it also alerts the breeder about the importance of broodmare management and its long term impacts. Thus, the second model was developed to address breeders' practices. A disturbance of the nutritional environment of the fetus was induced by supplementing mares in late pregnancy with concentrated feed (barley). So far, only the neonatal foal's glucose homeostasis was affected, whereas all other studied parameters, including growth, were not affected. The foal’s predisposition to osteochondrosis, however, was increased at 6 months of age, which does not preclude that it will affect the animals afterwards since the osteoarticular status of the 6-month-old foal will evolve beyond weaning time. This research could help adjust nutritional recommendations to broodmares
Wakx, Anaïs. "Etude de nouveaux biomarqueurs de toxicité induite par des micropolluants (benzo(a)pyrène et phtalate de bis(2-ethylhexyle)) sur des modèles de placenta humain." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P620/document.
Full textPrenatal exposure to pollutants is commonly evaluated using placenta as a barrier between mother and fetus. Here, we consider placenta as a target organ for toxic agents. To achieve this, we selected a trophoblastic cell model, which is adapted to toxicological studies. In clinical studies, pregnancy pathologies are associated to changes in human placental lactogen (hPL) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secretions. Our in vitro work links exposure to micropollutants (mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, an endocrine disruptor, and benzo(a)pyrene, a carcinogen) and clinical observations. We identified biomarkers of hormonal secretion (hPL and hyperglycosylated hCG) and degeneration (P2X7 receptor activation), which enable the evaluation of exposure and risk attached to exposure to pollutants
Berveiller, Paul. "Cancer du sein pendant la grossesse : interactions des taxanes avec le trophoblaste humain par une approche ex vivo et in vitro." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T029/document.
Full textThe occurrence of breast cancer during pregnancy is a dramatic event reaching roughly 1/3000 to 1/10000 pregnancies, this type of cancer being the most frequent in pregnant women. Regarding therapeutic options, some anticancer agents may be used, especially taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel). If most of retrospective data appear to be reassuring, little is known regarding their transplacental transfer. Moreover, to our knowledge, potential effects of taxanes on human placenta, especially on placental transport function are unknown. Our aims were to 1) provide a transcriptional expression cartography of various placental drug transporters throughout pregnancy, using primary trophoblast culture model, 2) assess the comparative transplacental transfer of taxanes and their accumulation in cotyledons, using the perfused placental model, 3) assess potential effects of paclitaxel on human placenta, especially on drug transporter expression, not only using above-described models, but also cotyledons from pregnant-cancer patients treated with paclitaxel during pregnancy. Here, we finally provided an original transcriptional cartography of various drugs transporters in human normal placenta all along pregnancy. Moreover, we found a low and comparable transplacental transfer of paclitaxel and docetaxel that led to a moderate accumulation in cotyledons. Finally, we evidenced a significant effect of paclitaxel on human placenta, especially by modulating drug transporter expression
Umlauf, David. "Empreinte génomique du locus murin "Kcnq1" : étude de l'implication de la méthylation des histones et des protéines du groupe Polycomb." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20096.
Full textBosseray, Nicole. "Pathogénie et immunité de l'infection placentaire et foetale de la souris dans le modèle brucellose : comparaison avec les modèles listériose et colibacillose." Tours, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOUR4002.
Full textBinet, Aurélien. "Analyse qualitative et quantitative du remodelage vasculaire utérin sur deux modèles murins d'insuffisance placentaire : modèle hyperthermie et modèle anémie ferriprive." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR3301.
Full textThe intra-uterin growth restriction by placental vascular modifications affects 4% of the current pregnancies. lt’s still unknown installation mechanism has an important pediatric impact with a significant mortality. The association of intra-uterin growth restriction and placental vascular defects on an animal model is necessary to understand this mechanism and envisage a therapeutic study later. The aim of Ibis project is to establish at first an animal model which associates intra-uterin growth restriction and vascular placental modifications found in the human physiopathology For that purpose, two murine models were studied : hyperthermia at the end of the gestation and anaemia by iron deficiency before and during the gestation. A qualitative and quantitative study by ultrasonography (Doppler ultrasonography and contrast ultrasonography) associated with anatomopathological, immune-histochemical and spectroscopic studies of the placentas was realized. The optimization of the definitive animal model required at first anatomical marks development, allowing reproduction of the ultrasonographic measures as well as revelation of the ultrasound contrast product harmlessness. A global placental study allowed us to note structural modifications connected to the analyzed model. The study of these two animals models allowed us to establish a standard measuring protocol and show that ultrasonographic contrast product use had no effect on the gestation. The hyperthermia, as the iron deficiency, is responsible of an intra-uterin growth restriction with a positive effect dose related. The vascular placental modifications found in the hyperthermia model as hemorrhage and ischaemia areas do not appear as the result of vascular modifications but after-effects of this acute incident. The hemodynamical modifications registered within the framework of the iron deficiency are rather in favour of vascular modifications in agreement with the human pathology. The spectroscopic study does not show metabolomic modifications. These two models allow the installation of an intra-uterin growth restriction positively correlated with the protocol intensity. The anaemia model gets closer to the human pathology; its study remains b he continued with more consequent numbers
Weyn, Christine. "Human papillomavirus prevalence and expression in trophoblastic and cervical cells." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210012.
Full textVertical transmission of HPV was also previously reported, but in most cases one could not exclude a placental contamination by HPV positive cells from an infected birth canal. In order to confirm that the placenta can be infected with HPV, we analysed residual cells from 35 transabdominally obtained placental samples from pregnant women undergoing chorionic villous sampling for screening of suspected foetal abnormalities and found that two samples were positive for HPV-16 and HPV-62, respectively. The clinical importance of these results remains to be elucidated, but the previously observed association between placental HPV infection and pregnancy loss might gain further in importance. HPV gene regulation in placental trophoblastic cells has not been studied so far. We studied the HPV-16 early gene expression regulation in transiently transfected monolayer cultured trophoblastic cells with an HPV-16 long control region (LCR) driven reporter plasmid. We observed important differences in constitutive HPV-16 LCR activities between trophoblastic cell lines and could identify progesterone as an important inducer of HPV-16 early gene expression. Steroid hormones are induced during pregnancy and could therefore lead to an enhanced expression of the E5, E6 and E7 proteins upon placental HPV infection. Since these proteins were previously shown to affect trophoblast adhesion, survival, migration and invasion, their enhanced expression might eventually contribute to pregnancy loss. We furthermore found that the transcription of episomally maintained HPV-16 is not regulated by E2 or E1, but by E5, E6 and/or E7.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Chartrel, Nicolas. "Identification de quelques facteurs impliqués dans l'induction de l'hypotrophie foetale chez la rate rendue expérimentalement diabétique." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES016.
Full textBouvier, Sylvie. "Nouveaux acteurs moléculaires de la dysfonction vasculo-placentaire." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13505.
Full textVascular risk increases during pregnancy, contributing to maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality, and potentially justifying primary and secondary preventive measures. Our work evaluates the impact of some determinants and the contribution of new molecular actors implicated in placental vascular dysfunction. The ultimate aim is to optimize management and to develop new therapeutic strategies. We studied the placental vascular complications associated with known biological markers: the factor V Leiden or prothrombin polymorphisms, and conventional markers of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS). Women with previous recurrent abortions carrying polymorphisms of either factor V or factor II, or with APS (treated with heparin and low-dose aspirin), had an increased risk of foetal loss during subsequent pregnancies. Women with a previous foetal loss carrying these biological markers, treated according to recommendations during a new pregnancy (heparin for the polymorphisms, heparin plus low-dose aspirin for APS) had a lower risk of foetal loss, but an excess of late complications was observed in the APS group despite prophylaxis. We evaluated the contribution of new markers of placental vascular dysfunction. The placental alkaline phosphatase enzyme (PLAP) is synthesized and expressed by syncytiotrophoblastic cells. We found that the Ile89Leu polymorphism of the PLAP gene provides protection against implantation failure and primary miscarriage and induces increased PLAP activity. We also studied (genetics, plasma determinations, in vitro fertilisation) an angiogenic factor (patent application underway), which we showed to be associated with idiopathic implantation failure and miscarriage. These findings suggest that these molecular actors are potentially useful for the diagnosis of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications and may be relevant biomarkers of embryo implantation and/or placental development. They may indicate new targets for relevant therapeutic strategies, potentially overcoming the limitations of the currently available treatments
Moussa, Marlène. "Cytokines et chimiokines placentaires et transmission materno-foetale du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T019.
Full textPregnancy outcome is depending on the capacity of aptation of the maternal immune system to the presence of the semi-allogeneic fetus. Maternal tolerance is mediated, by part, by a local immunosuppression. Placental cytokines and microenvironment are essential components of this tolerance. We have studied the cytokines and chemokines spontaneously secreted by human placental villi and cells, from first trimester or end _of pregnancy. We found expression of chemokines (MIP- Lα. , MIP-lβ, RANTES and IL-8), inflammatory ;cytokines (lL-I β, IL-6 and TNF-α. ), and growth factors (GM CSF and CSF-1). Surprising!y, we did not detect important secretion of any type 1 or type 2 cytokines. We could highlighted quantitative differences in the pattern of cytokines and chemokines expression between first trimester and term placentae, which could be related to variations in metabolic, hormonal and invasive functions. Mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission could occur in utero through the placental barrier. We hypothesized that placental microenvironment could influence mechanisms of placental viral transmission, and we compared cytokines and chemokines secretion profiles between term placentae from HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegativewomen. No major difference could be seen at the level of placental tissue. However, it seems that the first cellular layer in contact with maternal blood (trophoblatic cells) may express differently intlammatory cytokines and chemokines depending on the HIV infection of the mother. Some local variations in cytokines and chemokines may act in an autocrine proccss on proliferative, invasive and hormonal functions of trophoblast, or on HIV replication and spreading in the placenta, if trophoblasts are infected in vivo
Kfutwah, Anfumbom Kitu Womeyi. "Effet du VIH-1 et de la prophylaxie de la transmission mère-enfant (TME) associés ou non à une co-infection palustre sur la balance des cytokines/chimiokines au sein de l'environnement placentaire." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077115.
Full textMore than 90% of hiv-1 infected children acquire the virus through mother-to-child transmission (mtct). Antiretroviral (arv) prophylaxis have greatly reduced mtct of hiv-1 in the developed world. Before 2000, no effective program on the prevention of mtct existed in cameroun. The main objectives of this thesis were to contribute in the initiation of a program on the prevention of hiv-1 mtct in cameroun using nevirapine (nvp) and to study factors associated with the control or not of mtct such as the placental cytokine profiles and malaria confections. We observed a 13% mtct of hiv-1 with nvp prophylaxis in a context of a large hiv-1 diversity in yaounde. Less than 5% of the pregnant women naïve of arv treatment presented resistant mutations to arv. A high variability was observed in the mrna expression and secretion of cytokines in the placentas of both hiv-1 negative and positive women. Analyses considering clinical parameters revealed significant differences between hiv-1 negative and positive women, with tnf-a predominating in the hiv-1 positive group. Malaria parasitemia was significantly higher among hiv-1 positive women. Malaria parasite was observed to greatly alter the placenta cytokine environment. We then showed in parallel that tnf-a, which is associated with malaria, enhanced viral replication on hiv-1 infected placental histocultures. Together, these results show that nvp is efficient in the prevention of hiv-1 mtct and that malaria could alter this efficiency by modulating the placental cytokine environment
Tijeras, Annemilaï. "Mécanismes des anomalies du remodelage vasculaire tumoral dans un modèle de carcinome hépatocellulaire murin : implications de l'axe Placental Growth Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 et de la voie Notch." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077272.
Full textEven if the role of P1GF is still debated, studies have highlighted the role of P1GF and its receptor, VEGFR-1, in tumor growth and angiogenesis. A recent study has shown that a monoclonal antibody, anti-P1GF, inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis, including models resistant to anti-VEGF treatments. Since tumor neovascularization is characterized by abnormal blood vessels, we hypothesized that the P1GFNEGFR-1 axis could play a role in abnormal vascular remodelling, and that VEGFR-1 signaling could induce D114 and the active form of Notch4 in HUVECs in vitro. Chu- first study carried out in a mutine model of HCC showed that: (i) the level of P1GF and VEGFR-1 were significantly higher than those of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 at early stages of HCC coincided with the initiation of vascular anomalies, (ii) only the sinusoidal tumor endothelial cells express VEGFR-1 and Notch4 and (iii) VEGFR-1 signaling by P1GF and VEGF-A induces the expression of D114 and the active form of Notch4 in HUVECs. In our second study performed in collaboration with Peter Carmeliet, we have shown in two different models of HCC, that P1GF blockade, using siRNA or anti-P1GF antibodies, inhibited tumor growth and vascular anomalies described in HCC namely arterialization and capillarization of sinusoids. In our third study, we showed that statins decreased tumor growth and prolonged survival of animais by decreasing angiogenesis and abnormal vasculature in HCC. In conclusion, our results evidence the role of P1GFNEGFR-1 axis in the initiation of vascular abnormalities in HCC and the role of VEGFR-1 signaling in the induction of D114 and activated Notch4 in HUVECs
Torchin, Héloïse. "Déterminants précoces de la dysplasie broncho-pulmonaire chez les grands prématurés Placental complications and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: EPIPAGE-2 cohort study Histologic chorioamnionitis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: the epidemiologic study on low gestational ages 2 cohort." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB213.
Full textBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), due to disrupted development of the immature lungs, remains a common respiratory morbidity of very preterm birth. Our aim was to study antenatal and postnatal factors possibly associated with BPD at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, about which epidemiological results have been inconsistent. Data from the EPIPAGE-2 cohort study were used. We first studied the associations between placenta-mediated pregnancy complications and BPD. Pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR) were at higher odds of moderate to severe BPD, whereas hypertensive disorders of pregnancy without FGR were not. We then analyzed the impact of antenatal inflammation, defined using histological chorioamnionitis diagnosis. Among very preterm infants born after spontaneous preterm labor with intact membranes or after preterm premature rupture of the membranes, histological chorioamnionitis was not associated with moderate or severe BPD. Lastly, we found wide inter-center variability in care delivered to preterm infants from their very first days. However, we were not able to explain variations of BPD frequency between centers by these differences of care. Our results concerning the associations between two frequent pregnancy complications and BPD are in part contrary to current pathophysiological models. Understanding early BPD risk factors may help to better define patients for inclusion in clinical trials aiming to decrease BPD rates or severity and to improve clinicians and families knowledge about respiratory morbidity of preterm birth
Mjihdi, Abdelkarim. "Capacité de reproduction de la souris et infection aiguë par Trypanosoma cruzi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211065.
Full textLe but de notre travail était d’étudier les effets de l’infection aiguë à T. cruzi sur la capacité de reproduction de la souris. Nous avons ainsi évalué les effets de cette infection sur la fertilité, le développement et la viabilité des fœtus de souris et le rôle de l’IFN-g et du TNF produits au cours de l’infection sur le développement de la gestation.
Nous avons montré que l’infection aiguë à T. cruzi :i) diminue la capacité de reproduction de la souris ;ii) provoque une mortalité fœtale massive précoce (résorptions), tardive et néonatale associée à un retard de croissance intra-utérin, et ce, iii) en dehors de toute transmission congénitale du parasite.
Par ailleurs nos travaux montrent que la mortalité fœtale/néonatale est associée à une invasion parasitaire massive du placenta qui présente d’importantes lésions à type d’infiltrats inflammatoires, de nécrose ischémique, de dépôts de fibrine et de thromboses vasculaires. Nous avons noté qu’il existe une relation inverse entre la charge parasitaire des unités utéro-placentaires et la viabilité du conceptus, suggérant que ces lésions placentaires contribuent à la mortalité fœtale en limitant les échanges materno-fœtaux.
Enfin, nous avons également étudié le rôle de cytokines abortogènes comme le TNF et l’IFN-g, produites abondamment pendant l’infection aiguë de la souris par T. cruzi. Les taux sanguins maternels d’IFN-g étaient augmentés au 9ième mais pas aux 17ième et 19ième jours de gestation, alors que les taux de TNF sanguin et la production placentaire de cette cytokine augmentaient aux 17ième et 19ième jours de gestation. Afin d’évaluer le rôle de ces deux cytokines dans la mortalité fœtale, des souris ont été traitées par la pentoxifylline, pour inhiber la transcription du gène de TNF-a et diminuer la production d’IFN-g. Ces souris montraient une réduction de la mortalité fœtale à mi-gestation, associée à une diminution de la production du TNF placentaire, sans modifications des taux systémiques et sans effets sur l’IFN-g, suggérant la contribution du TNF dans la mortalité fœtale associée à l’infection aiguë par T. cruzi.
En conclusion, notre travail montre que l’infection aiguë à Trypanosoma cruzi exerce un effet particulièrement néfaste sur la capacité de reproduction et le développement de la gestation chez la souris et que les lésions placentaires liées à l’infection et la production de TNF par le placenta infecté contribuent à cet effet.
Doctorat en sciences biomédicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Panchenko, Polina. "Mémoire épigénétique des trajectoires pondérales maternelles préconceptionnelles au cours du développement et à long terme." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066574/document.
Full textMaternal obesity (OB) impacts fetal growth and adult offspring phenotype. It is still unknown whether the currently recommended preconceptional weight loss (WL) for obese women is beneficial for feto-placental growth and adult offspring health. The objectives of this thesis were to assess the effects of maternal weight trajectories on offspring phenotype at term and in adulthood, as well as gene expression in placenta and fetal liver. At E18.5, fetuses from obese females presented a fetal growth restriction (FGR); this FGR was almost completely abolished by maternal WL. Placental and hepatic expression of epigenetic machinery genes was affected by maternal OB, especially the histone acetylation pathway. Maternal WL normalized the expression of only a subset of these genes. Males born to OB mothers gained weight faster under high-fat diet than males born to control mothers; maternal WL rescued this phenotype. These results show that expression of epigenetic machinery genes and in particular histone acetylation regulators, is highly sensitive to maternal obesity. Preconceptional WL alleviates the effects of OB on fetal and adult weight but some effects of obesity cured by nutritional intervention were retained in offspring phenotype at term. This study is an important step toward understanding the mechanisms linking maternal nutrition to fetal growth and adult health
Bobé, Pierre. "La gestation : un modele d'etude de la regulation de la reponse immunitaire." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077192.
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