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1
Stepanov, V. A. "Reference couple gold deposit — placer as a basis for forecasting of the new gold deposits in Amur river basin." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 6 (January 3, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2018-6-49-58.
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About 1400 placers and several dozens of ore gold deposits are known in the Amur gold-bearing province. Placers are to a large degree worked out, so the future of the province is seen to be in the discovery of the new gold deposits. The paper shows the dependence of the productivity and composition of the native gold placers on the size and formational affiliation of the placer-forming gold deposit. The reference couples have been identified: the gold deposit and the placer formed due to the erosion of its' upper part. For example, the Tokur gold-quartz deposit is a channel-fill placer in Tokur stream, gold-sulphide-quartz deposit Pioneer—the placer in Ulungi river, gold-sulphide-quartz deposit Bamskoe—the placer of Chulbangro river, Berezitovoye gold-polymetallic deposit—placer of the Konstantinovsky stream and gold-silver field Pokrovskoye—placer of Sergeevsky stream. A forecast of new gold deposits of a certain formation has been made according to the parameters of the placer and the composition of the native gold. A similar selection of reference couples of a gold deposit and a placer with the subsequent forecasting of new deposits can be one of the methods for predicting gold deposits in the other gold-bearing provinces.
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Pitty, Alistair F. "Placer deposits symposium." Journal of the Geological Society 142, no. 4 (July 1985): 709–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.142.4.0709.
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Kedrova, T. V., I. N. Bogush, N. N. Zinchuk, L. D. Bardukhinov, A. N. Lipashova, and V. P. Saltykova. "Diamond Placers of the Nakyn Kimberlite Field." Russian Geology and Geophysics 63, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20204259.
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Abstract The paper presents the results of studies of diamonds from Early Jurassic sediments making up the Nyurbinskoe buried placer of the Nakyn kimberlite field, unique in diamond reserves. The main task is to identify diamond distribution patterns in the deposits of the Dyakhtar Stratum (lower deposit) and the Ukugut Suite (upper deposit) within the placer. A comparative analysis of the typomorphic features of diamonds from the upper and lower deposits of the placer was carried out. Variations in the contents of crystals with certain properties that form the image of a diamond-bearing geologic object have been revealed. The zonal distribution of diamonds by characteristics in sedimentary deposits, regardless of their age, has been established. The properties of diamonds and their associations change within the placer, which is due to their redeposition during the Early Jurassic sedimentation.
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JAMSRANDORJ, G., and SERGUEI A. DIATCHKOV. "Placer Deposits of Mongolia." SEG Discovery, no. 24 (January 1, 1996): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.1996-24.fea.
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Editor’s note: Smimov uses the weathering definition of eluvial, meaning “an accumulation of rock debris produced*in-place by decomposition or disintegration of rock; a residue.” Two other terms in Smimov’s classification are not in common usage in North America nor in North American placer classification schemes By Russian definition, diluvium is an accumulation of fragments on the surface of slopes close to the source rock, predominantly moved by gravity. In North America, proluvium is a “complex, friable deltaic sediment accumulated at the fool of a slope as a result of an occasional torrential washing of fragmental material” (Glossary of Geology, 1972, American Geological Institute, Washington, D.C.).
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Pidvysotskyi, V. T., N. M. Ostafychuk, and S. I. Bashinsky. "PLACER DEPOSITS OF DIAMONDS AND THEIR FORMATION CONDITIONS." Geological Journal, no. 1 (March 29, 2023): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2023.1.273683.
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This article reviews information from published papers and studies by the authors about placer diamond deposits. Original data were obtained in result of field and laboratory-analytical work carried out in various countries of Africa and South America. The main types of placer diamond deposits – fluvial, fluvioglacial, eolian, and man-made – have been considered and characterized. The main attention is given to fluvial continental placers, which are the most diverse, well-studied and have the greatest industrial importance. Primary, secondary and mixed deposits are distinguished according to the method of feeding; short, moderate and long transport deposits – according to the distance of the diamond-bearing material movement. It is noted that although the short transport placers (deluvial-proluvial and beds of short watercourses) have not industrial value, they are very informative for the searching for root sources. It is important to reliably diagnose these deposits by lithological-facies and mineralogical features during prospecting works. The concepts about the conditions for the formation of diamond placers in various landscape and geological conditions are developed and clarified. Alluvial-proluvial-lacustrine and proluvial-lacustrine types of placers studied in Yakutia and Brazil are characterized in detail. Their characteristic feature is that their productive strata, being re-deposited products of crustal weathering, themselves underwent a hypergenic change at the place of occurrence, which significantly masks the primary conditions of formation. Continental alluvial redeposition and long transport placers, as well as marine, yield the most high-quality expensive diamonds, the average value of which can reach $300–400 per carat. Often, such placers are formed due to the erosion of ancient Proterozoic placers, which belong to the category of fossils. The article summarizes the genetic and morphological types of diamond placers in the form of a principle diagram of the distribution of sedimentary reservoirs of kimberlite minerals. The landscape-dynamic zones of sedimentation are highlighted. A classification scheme of sedimentary reservoirs containing diamond placers has been developed. Continental, transitional and marine environments are distinguished, with further detalization of sedimentation environments – peneplain, alluvial-lacustrine accumulative plain, alluvial-deltaic plain and shelf zones of sea basins. It is shown that the formation of valley placers, their internal structure, thickness, granulometric composition and diamond content of alluvium are influenced by the dynamic phases of the formation of annual valleys. Visualization of the mutual relationship of different morpho-genetic types of placer diamond deposits is given.
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Melchiorre, Erik B., Ryan Mathur, George Kamenov, and Jorge Paredes. "Geochemical Overprinting and Secondary Placer Crystal Formation in the La Cholla District, Quartzsite, Arizona, USA: Evidence from Copper Isotopes, Morphology, and Trace Elements." Minerals 13, no. 11 (November 15, 2023): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13111444.
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Geochemical overprinting on placer gold deposits produces complex deposits with apparently paradoxical geochemical and morphological attributes. The La Cholla placer gold deposits near Quartzsite, Arizona, USA, contain sharp and often undamaged gold crystals within high-energy gravels as a result of postdepositional recrystallization by localized hot springs. Geothermal fluids emanated from a basin-bounding fault and left a distinct signature that includes recrystallized gold with low Pb and δ65Cu > 1.14‰, secondary uraninite and carnotite, travertine deposits, and mounds of highly silicified placer gravels. Surrounding these deposits are placer gravels with angular gold morphology and geochemistry indicative of flash-flood pulse placers with a lode gold source < 5 km and gold particles with low Pb and δ65Cu < 0.77‰. The multitude of small local lode gold source veins is likely related to specialized fluid migration along mid-Tertiary detachment faults. The unroofing of these veins at 5 to 17 Ma by high-angle Basin and Range faulting led to extensive placer development, with subsequent localized modification by geothermal fluid migration along the same faults. This study documents geochemical overprinting and modification of placer deposits and bears upon the study of other placers containing crystalline gold and uranium mineralization. Similar deposits may document past geothermal activity and identify structural fluid conduits and steep paleo-topographic gradients.
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Syafrizal, AYA Hakim, and A. Sulastri. "Geochemical Distribution of REE and Grain Size Analysis of Heavy Mineral Associated with Tin Placer-Type Deposit, Bangka." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1031, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1031/1/012008.
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Abstract Indonesia is included in the East Malaya Block of the Southeast Asian Tin Belt. Two types of tin deposits in Indonesia are primary and secondary tin deposits (placer). Factors that can cause the formation of placer tin deposits include S-type granite, weathering, transportation, and sedimentation. Factors that control the formation of placer tin deposits include the presence of source rock (granite type S), weathering processes, erosion, transportation and sedimentation, and the presence of basins or valleys where weathering materials are deposited. The transportation process has a major role in the grain shape of a material. This study aims to determine the geochemical distribution and characteristics of heavy mineral grains at the accumulation of placer tin deposits, e.g., colluvial, alluvial, and tailings, in which there are 62 sample points located Bangka Island, Indonesia. The research method used in this study was grain size analysis, radiation level measurement using a scintillometer, and geochemical analysis using ICP-MS.
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Alenichev, V. M., and M. V. Alenichev. "Enhancing geopotential of placer deposits." MINING INFORMATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL BULLETIN 8 (2018): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2018-8-0-16-25.
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Nahan, Gusfrimanuel, Satria Bijaksana, Putu Billy Suryanata, and Khalil Ibrahim. "GEOCHEMICAL AND MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PLACER GOLD DEPOSITS FROM CENTRAL KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 38, no. 2 (2023): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2023.2.7.
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Massive tailings have resulted from the extensive use of placer deposits in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, by artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) activities. Recently, the placer deposits and their tailings have been exploited for heavy minerals. In this study, geochemical and magnetic analyses were carried out on these deposits to identify the prospect of REE (rare earth element) exploration in the materials already collected by ASGM activities. Samples were collected from ten different locations. For each location, two different fractions were prepared for analyses, i.e. the heavy mineral (HM) fraction and the panned (M60) fraction. All HM and M60 samples were subjected to magnetic susceptibility measurements, but only representative samples were subjected to x-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements (for Si, Ti, Fe, Zr, and Al) and to inductively coupled plasma-emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) measurements (for Eu, Tb, Dy, and Sc). The results showed that the concentrations of major elements (Ti, Fe, Zr, and Al) vary significantly from deposits along one river to another, while the concentration of Si is rather similar. Compared to M60 samples, the HM samples have higher concentrations of Ti, Fe, Zr, Al, and Sc, implying that the sluice-box separation enhances the concentration of valuable minerals. Magnetic susceptibility is found to be correlated with Fe and Sc concentrations, confirming the potential use of magnetic measurements as a complementary tool for Fe and Sc exploitation in placer deposits. It is believed that both the source rocks and the sedimentary settings of these deposits determine whether certain elements (Sc, Fe, and Zr) are present or absent in Central Kalimantan placer deposits. The prospect of exploring and exploiting Sc in these placer deposits might augment the ASGM activities in Central Kalimantan.
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Tampubolon, Armin. "The Indonesian Titanium Deposit Types and Their Resources: The Aspects For Titanium Commodity Development." Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi 8, no. 3 (November 8, 2013): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.47599/bsdg.v8i3.85.
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Indonesia has several Titanium deposit types: beach placer, alluvial and lateritic types. The source of Titanium minerals in beach placer is derived from Tertiary Volcanic Rocks.Theoccurence of alluvial Titanium deposit is closely associated with cassiterite (tin minerals) alluvial in Bangka-Belitung Islands. The source of Titanium minerals (ilmenite) are derived fromweathering on tin mineralization hosted in metamorphic and granitic rocks within uplifted morphology areas. Lateritic Titanium deposits are formed by lateritization process in association with bauxite and nickel in Riau, Kalimantan and Sulawesi Islands. The sources of Titanium are in granitic and metamorphic basement rocks.Java beach placer resources are quite big in tonnage, nearly 50 million tons in total, with significant TiO contents ranging from 8.91 % to 3.17 %. Beach placer along the south shoreline of Java seems to indicate consistency in their mineralogical and genetic types with relativelyhomogenous in TiO contents. Sumatra shows significant resources for lateritic Titanium deposit that is up to 107,800,859 tons with 0.5% to 15 % TiO . The quite interesting resources are indicated by very significant TiO average (15%) with the total of 19,243,757 tons of lateritic deposit type in Bintan Island, Riau,Sumatra. The total resources of beach placer type deposits in Sumatra are much lower than lateritic ones.Sulawesi has both beach placer and lateritic types where the interesting resources of this island are indicated by quite big resources and significant values in TiO grades in North Sulawesi; the tonnage is up to 31,400,000 tons with TiO content average is 9.85 %. On the basis of resources and processing technologies, beach placer deposits in Sumatera, Java and Sulawesi are thought to have potentially economic significance. However, such available resources are needed to upgrade by performing detailed and systematic exploration.Government policies and environment concerns are important aspects for consideration in Titanium commodity development of this country.
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Ganzha, О. A., Yu V. Kroshko, and H. O. Kuzmanenko. "ORE-BEARING OF THE LIVOBEREZHNY ZIRCON-RUTILE-ILMENITE PLACER DISTRICT." Geological Journal, no. 4 (December 28, 2022): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2022.4.255682.
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The relevance of the presented publication is due to the need to highlight the current state of zirconium-titanium specialization objects, the need to modernize and unify geological information, due to the significant increase in the world community’s interest in minerals that belong to the group of critical raw materials. The article presents generalized data on the ore-bearing zircon-rutile-ilmenite deposits of the Livoberezhniy placer district of the Ukrainian placer province. This area has unique paragenetic characteristics, as it is located in the junction zone of three geostructural units: the Dnipro-Donetsk depression, the northeastern slope of the Ukrainian crystalline shield, and the Kalmius-Toretsk depression of Donbas. The Livoberezhniy placer district includes the Vovchansk, Voskresenivsk, Southern, Nova-Mykolaivka, North-Samarsk, Yuriivsk and Petropavlivsk zircon-rutile-ilmenite deposits. These deposits are located in the sediments of the Bereka and Novi Petrivtsi suites. The Petropavlivsk and Yuriivsk deposits have a two-layer structure, the rest is belongs to the deposits of the only Novi Petrivtsi suite. The genesis of deposits is buried coastal-marine placers. All deposits have a slight dip of the ore sand layers in a north-east direction, which outlines the general slope of the water basin floor. Today, the Vovchansk zircon-ilmenite-rutile deposit is being developed by DEMURINSKY GZK LLC. On the basis of the results of geological prospecting and geological exploration conducted in the 60s and 70s of the last century, maps of the strength of the ore stratum and the distribution of ore components (ilmenite, rutile, zircon) were constructed. The visualization data was built for the Voskresenivsk, Southern, Nova-Mykolaivka, North-Samarsk, Yuriivsk and Petropavlivsk deposits. An analysis of the obtained data was carried out and a number of conclusions were drawn regarding the distribution of ore components for each of the deposits.
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Lalomov, A. V. "Local Factors of Coastal-Marine Rare-Metal-Titanium Placers Formation." Литология и полезные ископаемые, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0024497x23700143.
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Local factors of formation of coastal-marine rare-metal-titanium placers were analyzed for creation of the search-oriented geological-dynamic model that allows predicting the prospects of rare-metal-titanium placer mineralization. The influence of the factors on the structure, composition, localization of placer concentrations within sedimentation basins, as well as the dynamic interaction of these factors during the formation of productive sediments was investigated. Based on the work of previous researchers who have studied in detail the issues of controlling the formation of these placers at the historical-geological and regional structural-tectonic level, a qualitative model of the formation of placer concentrations on local areas of the rank of districts, clasters, fields and specific placer bodies has been created, which can be the basis for creation of search-orientated model of the deposit and planning exploration and evaluation work. The following factors of the placer formation were studied: hydrodynamic – characterizing the types and mechanisms of placer concentrations (littoral and sublittoral) within the dynamically active coastal zone; lithodynamic – depending on the abrasion-accumulative regime of the coast and the parameters of the long-shore sediment flow; structural–dynamic – determining the possibility of the formation of economically significant productive deposits and their localization; and the factor of transgressive-regressive regime a basin that determines the structure of placer bodies and their transformation at the post-sedimentation stage. Large economically significant rare-metal-titanium placer deposits are formed only in conditions of joint realization of the positive potential of these factors. The developed qualitative model can serve as a basis for the process of digitalization of the forecasting of placer mineralization of this type.
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Komliev, O. O., and S. V. Zhylkin. "MESOZOIC-CENOZOIC MOTPHOLITHOGENESIS OF THE UKRAINIAN SHIELD (WITHIN THE IRSHANSKY PLACER FIELD)." Ukrainian Geographical Journal, no. 1 (2022): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2022.01.027.
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The article presents the results of the study of Mesozoic-Cenozoic motpholithogenesis of the of the Ukrainian shield, within the Irshansky placer development field of titanium deposits of the Ukrainian sub-province of placer province of Eastern Europe. The morpholitogenetic approach expands the methodology and methodical possibilities of geomorphological research. The method of processing analyzes of granulometry and chemical composition of ilmenite, calculation of quantitative indicators that parameterize the granulometric field and the field of variability of ilmenite, integrating the root rocks-weathering crust - mesozoic-cenozoic sedimentary deposits within the placers. Analysis of the static and dynamic parameters of these fields revealed their evolutionary trends within the placers of the Irshansky placer field. The empirically revealed relationship between the average size and the degree of variability of ilmenite can be used in modeling the processes of morpholitogenesis and oregenesis of titanium placer deposits. Interpretations of the obtained results were carried out on a broad paleogeographical basis, taking into account tectonics, paleorelief, and paleoclimates.
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McLemore, Virginia T. "Placer gold deposits in New Mexico." New Mexico Geology 16, no. 2 (1994): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.58799/nmg-v16n2.21.
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Litvinenko, I. S. "GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF NATIVE GOLD FROM THE YUGLER MINERAL DISTRICT (NORTH-EAST RUSSIA)." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 41, no. 1 (2022): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2022-41-1-76-89.
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We have used the “Leader” and “PROFILE” software programs to analyze spectral study results for 242 native gold samples from lode deposits and placer relics of the Yugler mineral district. The Yugler black shales host gold mineralization characterized by the geochemical specialization in lead and copper, which assigns it to the style of gold mineralization at the Degdekan deposit but distinguishes it from the majority of similar deposits in Russia and abroad. Native gold in ore bodies and placers displays a distinct geochemical specialization. Native gold from ore bodies is high in As, Bi and Pb, from the Yugler placer in Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn, and Spokoiny and Matrosov’s placers in Sb and Ag. Vertical zoning of mineralization manifests itself as low-grade antimonious grains of native gold in eroded parts of the sequence and high-grade bismuth-lead-arsenious grains in its preserved parts. The mineral-geochemical formation model of the Yugler lode-placer district is a space-time succession of copper-polymetallic mineral assemblages replaced by arsenic-bismuth-polymetallic and then by silver-antimony-polymetallic assemblages. Antimonious mineral assemblages were most abundant in the southwest of the ore field.
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Nikiforova, Zinaida. "Criteria for Determining the Genesis of Placers and Their Different Sources Based on the Morphological Features of Placer Gold." Minerals 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040381.
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Based on the identified typomorphic features of placer gold, a set of determined morphogenetic criteria is proposed to identify the genesis of placer gold content and different sources in the platform areas, which allow more correctly selecting search methods and improving the efficiency of forecasting ore and placer gold deposits. Gold particles larger than 0.25 mm with signs of wind-worn processing indicate the formation of autochthonous aeolian placers. Gold particles with signs of wind-worn processing with a size of 0.1–0.25 mm, forming an extensive halo of dispersion, indicate the formation of allochthonous placers in Quaternary deposits. Deflationary (autochthonous) placers of native gold can be found by the halo of its distribution of toroidal and spherical hollow forms, which, of course, are the search morphogenetic criterion of aeolian placers. The presence of disc-shaped and lamellar gold particles with ridgelike edges in alluvial placers is typical for placers of heterogeneous origin, formed due to deflation of proluvial placers. The discovery of pseudo-ore gold in alluvial placers indicates the arrival of gold from intermediate gold-bearing sources of different ages and not from primary sources, which is a morphogenetic criterion for determining different sources of the placer. In modern gold placers, the presence of gold of a pseudo-ore appearance can serve as a search criterion for the discovery of gold-bearing conglomerates with high gold content. The developed method for diagnosing the genotype of placer gold by its morphological characteristics (alluvial, aeolian, pseudo-ore) can be successfully used by industrial geological organizations to search and explore ore and placer gold deposits.
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OKHOLINA, Tetiana, and Halyna KUZMANENKO. "COMPARATIVE GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE TITANIUM DEPOSITS OF UKRAINE USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE NOVOMYRHOROD PLACERS DISTRICT." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 3 (102) (2023): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.102.09.
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The article considers one of the methods of geological and economic assessment – ranking of titanium ore deposits on a point scale on the example of the Novomyrhorod placer district, which includes the Birzulivske deposit, Likarivske, Andriivske, Valuivske, Novomyrhorod placers, as well as the Eastern and Western residual areas. A brief geological description of the compared titanium objects is given, as well as the geological, qualitative and economic indicators are used to make a comparative geological and economic assessment of the studied deposits and placers. The use of a scoring scale allows comparing objects with different degrees of exploration and can be used to determine the prospects of any deposit among a number of objects with a limited amount of information.
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Ganja, E. A., A. V. Lalomov, A. V. Chefranova, A. V. Grigor’eva, and L. O. Magazina. "Structural-lithological geological-genetic model and mineral composition of Krasnokutskaya rare-metal-titanium placer deposits (Ukraine)." Литология и полезные ископаемые, no. 6 (November 20, 2019): 540–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0024-497x20196540-556.
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The conditions of the occurrence, structure, material composition and controlling factors of Krasnokutsky rare-metal-titanium placer deposit localized in the Miocene sediments of the North-Eastern slope of the Dnieper-Donets basin are investigated. Distinguished lithofacies complexes (alluvial-deltaic, coastal and shallow marine, aeolian) correspond to the Lower (Aquitanian), Middle (Burdigalian) and Upper (Langhian) members of Novopetrovskaya Formation of Miocene. Placer bodies are localized in the littoral marine-coastal complexes of Middle Novopetrovskaya sub-formation. Placerforming process is related to phases of stabilization of the shoreline of the regressive phase of the Sub-Paratetic basin. Main search and forecasting criteria for the identification of promising sites within the Kharkiv-Sumy placer-bearing zone are stabilization of the shoreline in the Middle Novopetrovskaya time simultaneously with development of transverse thereto alluvial-deltaic structures that supply weak mineralized sediments. Also, the deltaic ledge breaking the monotony coastal migration and playing the role of structural-sedimentary traps. The developed digital structural-lithological model of the Krasnokutskoye mineral deposit allows us to offer a set of criteria for comparative evaluation of different placer-bearing areas in order to determine the order of their development. The mineral composition of productive deposits is typical for the placers of the region and for rare-metal-titanium placers as a whole; the increased content of rutile and zircon, which rise the industrial value of placers of this zone, are associated with the influence of crystalline rocks of the Voronezh massif.
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Lalomov, Alexander V., Ildar R. Rakhimov, and Antonina V. Grigor’eva. "Chromite placer occurrences of the Volga-Ural basin – genesis, sources and industrial potential." Georesursy 23, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2021.3.17.
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Chromium is a strategic metal, but more than a half of Russia’s needs are met by imports, so new deposits of chromites, including unconventional placer deposits, are of industrial and scientific interest. Previous studies and current works of the authors of the article have established the chromite placer metal content of Permian-Jurassic deposits of the Volga-Ural basin, which has industrial and potential significance: within the Lukoyanovsky placer area (Nizhny Novgorod region), the industrial chromite content of Jurassic coastal-marine titanium-zirconium placers has been established; in the south-west of Bashkiria, chromite-bearing sands (Sabantuy occurrence) with increased contents, but not yet clear industrial potential. The study of the typomorphism of chromites indicate their close relationship with the chrome spinel of ophiolite associations. The assumed overthrust structure of chromite-bearing hyperbasites of the Urals suggests a wide distribution of chromite-bearing sands within the Upper Permian-Jurassic Volga-Ural paleobasin, in which the increased content of chromites was controlled by hydro- and lithodynamic conditions favorable for placer formation. Questions of the genesis of chromite placer occurrences in the Ural part of the East European Platform, their distribution and primary sources need further study.
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Boguslavskiy, M. A., and S. O. Khudyakov. "Characteristics of native gold at Kosumnerskoe placer gold deposit (the Nether-Polar Urals)." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 5 (November 2, 2018): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2018-5-24-30.
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The paper presents the results of a study of heavy mineral concentrates of Kosumnerskoe gold deposit as well as the native gold from them. This gold deposit includes two gravel deposits. The granulometric composition, morphology, roundness, flatness, presence of intergrowths of gold with other minerals, as well as the character of the surface, the chemical composition and internal structure of gold, have been investigated. Based on these results, the placer gold of rivers Narta-Yu and Nester-Shor has been concluded to be similar in morphology, chemical composition and internal structure so it allows attributing them to a single type of motherload, which could be named as gold-polysulfide-quartz type. On the results of the analysis of two gold deposits of this field, the gravel deposit of the river Nester-Shor has been concluded to be elder than gravel deposit of the river Narta-Yu.
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Davydov, V. A. "THE USE OF ELECTROMETRY METHODS IN THE STUDY OF GOLD PLACER DEPOSITS IN THE KHABAROVSK TERRITORY." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 42, no. 3 (2023): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2023-42-3-38-51.
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The article presents the results of applying geophysical methods in the study of placers of various genetic types in the Khabarovsk Territory. The main research methods are vertical electrical and remote induction sounding. Geophysical studies of alluvial placers were carried out along river valleys, at the watersheds and small streams of the Turchikansky lode-and-placer gold cluster. The main tasks to be solved are the search for potential structural traps of gold (paleoriverbeds, ravines), determination of the nature of the bedrock surface and the thickness of the overlying loose deposits. The work performed allows us to identify a prospecting indicator for placer gold in a given territory, that is, lower electrical resistivity values in the presence of a local positive magnetic anomaly. The study on the coastal marine placer on the coast of the Gulf of Nicholas (Sea of Okhotsk) focused on the lithological breakdown of the geologic section by physical properties. The results of the work showed strong differences in the electrical conductivity of the bedrock at the base of the section, marine sediments, and continental deposits. The application of electrometry methods is supported by the fact that rocks differ very distinctly by electrical properties. This is confirmed by placer mining activities at the technogenic deposits of the Verkhnyaya Uda and the Sofia mine. Mining and geological factors complicating dredging operations, such as permafrost and bouldery debris, were studied at technogenic placers by induction methods. Research results revealed that the presence of boulders or frozen rocks is manifested in the same way in electrical readings, that is, in a sharp increase of electrical resistivity. Thus, areas of abnormally high resistivity are hazardous areas for the passage of the dredger. These findings indicate the high efficiency of the application of electrical exploration technologies in the study of different types of placer gold deposits.
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Lomakin, I. E., E. A. Sarvirov, and V. V. Kochelab. "Current issues of search of gold placers in the south of Ukraine." Geology and Mineral Resources of World Ocean 16, no. 4 (2020): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/gpimo2020.04.032.
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The main gold ore territory of Ukraine is Ukrainian shield, mainly its central and eastern parts. Currently, the potential of Ukrainian shield is estimated at 2.4 thousand tons of gold. Gold ore deposits are insufficiently studied and not brought to development. The same can be said about the development of gold placers. But in the case of shallow deposits its study and development may be economically justified, it does not require large capital investments and allows to recoup costs in a short time. This is especially true given the extremely favorable situation on the world gold market in recent years. Erosion and denudation of native deposits certainly led to the formation of deposits of native placer gold in the sedimentary cover on the territory of the Ukrainian shield and its slopes. Significant amounts of geological information on the widespread distribution of placer gold in loose sediments, in the modern basins of the Dnieper, Southern Bug, Don, Black and Azov Sea shelf, have been accumulated. This corresponds to the location of indigenous sources of gold and the general direction of unloading of river systems. Previous geological studies in this area have revealed numerous manifestations of placer gold of various scales, but no industrial facilities have been recorded. Placer gold in the south of Ukraine is characterized by a high mass fraction of gold of small and thin size classes and significantly aleurite-clay composition of gold-bearing deposits. Such characteristics complicate the geological search and real assessment of gold-bearing objects and, provided that standard sampling and processing methods are used in geological works, lead to underestimation of the real gold content. Studies conducted on the most studied placer sites convincingly show that gold is lost when washing samples, even under careful control. And this is a typical situation for many objects (not only Ukrainian), which were studied using the standard method of extracting free gold by gravity. That is why there are reasonable doubts about the reliability and quality of the current assessment of placer gold deposits. In our opinion, the prospects for the search for loose gold on the Ukrainian shield and its slopes are significantly underestimated. The presence of indigenous sources with great resource potential and at the same time numerous known manifestations of different ages and scales of placer gold clearly indicate the possibility of the formation of placers with industrial characteristics in the sedimentary stratum of southern Ukraine. The use of modern technologies for the gold enrichment and extraction, high-precision analytical research and the favorable state of the world gold market force to urgently review the results of previous geological work. The problem of conducting new comprehensive research aimed at auditing the accumulated data, identifying, and studying of placer deposits namely with gold of small and thin size classes is becoming urgent. The result of such work should be the discovery and industrial development of gold placers, which can be the basis of gold production in Ukraine.
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Minter, W. E. L., and D. Craw. "A special issue on placer deposits; preface." Economic Geology 94, no. 5 (August 1, 1999): 603–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.94.5.603.
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Kovlekov, I. I. "Development of placer deposits in the North using highwall mining systems." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 5/2021 (November 12, 2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2021-5-84-89.
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The article studies various aspects of the highwall mining systems applicability for the development of productive sands in terms of the occurrence conditions as well as the mining and technical parameters of placer deposits. The harsh climatic conditions of the Arctic zone and the specific properties of frozen sands impose additional requirements on the operation of the mining complex. Positive and negative aspects of the practical application of mining complexes been analysed with reference to the development of precious metals and gemstones deposits. The most promising mining sites have been identified, where the use of highwall mining systems is technologically and economically feasible. Commercial mining of reserves in the boundary zones in high walls of depleted fields and in thin unconventional seams will substantially expand the mineral resource base of mining companies. A promising trend of this technology development is discussed that includes backfilling of the mined-out space in order to reduce the loss of mineral resources. The ice-rock mixture is proposed as the backfill material, which significantly reduces the unit cost of these operations. A practical case of this technology implementation is described for the development of substandard sands of a placer deposit in the Far North conditions. The possibility of developing the reserves of tin placer deposits on the Arctic shelf using the highwall mining systems has been identified as the most promising direction of scientific and practical research for the development of the mining industry in the region.
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Nikol’sky, Alexander M., Sergey A. Shchukin, and Anton I. Konurin. "JUSTIFICATION OF UNDERGROUND TECHNOLOGY OF PLACER GOLD MINING IN THE FAR NORTH." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-2-3-342-353.
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A significant part of placer mineral deposits in the Arctic zone of Russia urges the need for its strategic development in the near and medium term. Applicably to underground mining of placer gold deposits, the problems of safe and efficient extraction of minerals by mines in the conditions of the Far North are considered. A substantiated choice of uncovering and mining technology for gold-bearing sand strata is proposed in the context of rational planning of mining operations associated with minimizing material and labor costs for uncovering and extracting a part of the deposit, as well as completeness of reserves depletion during the operational period. Safe parameters of structural elements of room mining systems have been determined by geomechanical assessments. Methods for additional support of the roof of mined-out rooms are proposed. The indicators of losses and dilution of gold-bearing sands in accordance with the sources of their formation were determined by the graphoanalytical method.
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Hughes, Martin J., G. Neil Phillips, and Stephen P. Carey. "Giant Placers of the Victorian Gold Province." SEG Discovery, no. 56 (January 1, 2004): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2004-56.fea.
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ABSTRACT The Victorian gold province has yielded 2500 tonnes (t) Au, nearly 2 percent of cumulative world gold production, mostly mined between 1851 and 1910. Fifty-five percent (1375 t) was placer gold from modern and paleostream systems, and from eluvial deposits, and the remainder came from primary quartz vein-related deposits. Most of the alluvial gold placers are in unconsolidated or weakly cemented quartz pebble conglomerate and gravel, dominated by hydrothermal quartz, although a few paleoplacers are within duricrusted conglomerate that required crushing. Large and abundant gold nuggets were common. Placer gold deposits formed in three intervals following uplift in the Late Cretaceous, Late Eocene, and Pliocene. An important factor in the preservation of the paleoplacers has been their burial by younger sediments and basalt flows, with consequent protection from erosion and dispersal. Factors in the formation of the giant gold placers of Victoria include the following: (1) the existence of a major primary gold province with several multimillion-ounce gold deposits; (2) uplift and reactivation of older faults; and (3) high rainfall and deep Paleogene weathering.
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Ganzha, O. A., Yu V. Kroshko, and T. V. Okholina. "STRUCTURAL AND LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ZIRCON-ILMENITE PLASTERS FROM THE MOKRI-YALY GROUP." Geochemistry and ore formation 44 (2023): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/gof.2023.44.096.
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The article presents the general geological characteristics and paleogeographic conditions of the formation of the Mokri- Yaly group of zircon-ilmenite placers. The studied region is characterized by a complex geological structure and polyfacies composition. The deposits are located in the area of Precambrian folding, that had been complicated by young tectonic shifts. The Tatarske, Manuilske and Zlatoustivske deposits belong to the most promising placers of this group. They represent alluvial and coastal-marine sandy deposits (Oligocene-Miocene). The main placer minerals are ilmenite (17.5—18.2 kg/m3) and zircon (3.3—5.2 kg/m3). The distribution map of ilmenite and zircon over the area of the Tatarske, Manuilske and Zlatoustivske deposits were constracted by modern GIS-technologies. This maps are included: relief of the bottom surface, sole and roof of the ore deposit of the Mokri-Yaly depression, maps of the planar distribution of the contents of ilmenite, zircon, and the thickness of the ore stratum, distribution columns of ilmenite and zircon in the vertical cross section of the wells of each of the deposits. General ore-bearing characteristic of Tatarske deposit are layer thickness — 5 m, overburden thickness — 7.2 m, zircon content 4.2 kg/m3, ilmenite — 15.1 kg/m3; Manuilske deposit are layer thickness — 10 m, overburden thickness — to 20 m, zircon content 5.5 kg/m3, ilmenite — 26 kg/m3; Manuilske deposit are layer thickness — 3.8 m, overburden thickness — 7.2 m, zircon content 3.8 kg/m3, ilmenite — 18.4 kg/m3. The structural (structure of the reservoir, hypsometry of the deposit, relief of the modern surface, tectonic conditions, etc.) and lithological (granulometric and mineralogical features, lithofacies, distribution of ore components, etc.) characteristics were discribed (as the Mokri-Yaly group in general , as specifically the Tatarske, Manuilske and Zlatoustivske zircon-ilmenite deposits).
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Moskvitin, S. G. "Technogenic Placer Deposits of the Artic Zone of Yakutia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 022037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/2/022037.
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Abstract The northern parts of the Arctic Zone of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) are the most industrialized regions of the Republic. Since the 1930s, there has been intensive mining of alluvial and primary tin and gold placers. The 60-70-year mining operation has accumulated huge mining residues in the region, leaving behind useful components owing to deficiencies in mining technology at the time and deviations from mining technology. These wastes are considered technogenic placer deposits. The study of these wastes has identified the following types of technological s: 1 – technogenic placers of tin and gold; 2 - technogenic combined placers of gold and kularit; 3 - technogenic placers of tailings ponds consisting of mining wastes of gold and tin ore placers.
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Abakumov, Igor’ Viktorovich. "On the issue of improving forecasting and prospecting complexes for identifying new sources of acutely scarce mineral raw materials (using the example of placer boulder chromium ores)." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University, no. 3 (September 15, 2023): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2023-3-55-63.
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Te purpose of the work is to improve forecasting and search complexes to identify new sources of extremely scarce mineral raw materials for the Russian industry. Research methodology. Analysis of the available information on the features of the geological structure and conditions for the placement of shallow slope placers of boulder chromium ores, reconstruction of the buried relief of the bedrock, study of the structural features of the bedrock and modern (daytime) surface of the placers using analytical methods (trend analysis, etc.), study of the spatial variability of the estimated parameters of placer objects, identifcation of factors controlling the distribution of placer productivity. Results. Te reconstruction of the bedrock surface of the most fully studied type placer of cobblestone chrome ores of the Saranovskaya group (placer no. 2) was performed, the spatial variability of the estimated parameters of the placer was studied in the plan, and the factors controlling the distribution of the productivity of loose deposits were determined. Te longitudinal profle of the bedrock surface of the placer is an alternation of slightly inclined and subhorizontal areas, the formation of which is probably due to the repeated manifestation of erosion cycles in the history of the development of the region. Te distribution of productive deposits thickness in the direction of placer elongation is periodic. Te increased thickness of the productive layer runs to areas where slightly inclined sections of the bedrock are replaced by more gentle (sub-horizontal) ones, to the bases of “terraced” steps in the relief. Overall, there is a general trend towards an increase in the thickness of the productive layer down the slope. Te distribution of placer productivity indicators is uneven; in the direction of the elongation of the placer, zones of increase, maximum and decrease in productivity are distinguished, which are typical features of the “elementary placer” according to N. A. Shilo. Tere is a clear confnement of the most productive areas to the subhorizontal morphostructural elements of the buried bedrock in the middle part of the placer. Te microforms of the buried relief, which are associated with the most productive areas of the slope deposits, manifest themselves as negative “remains” of the linear trend of the bedrock surface marks. Te morphostructural elements of the buried bedrock of the shallow placer are inherited in the modern relief. Conclusions. Te analysis of the presented materials emphasizes the importance of morphostructural studies in predicting and searching for placers of pebble chromium ores of close ablation. During prospecting, the task of ultra-precise surveying of the day surface relief with additional mathematical transformations of the obtained data seems to be an urgent task.
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Bashirov, Vladilen Eduardovich, Peter Vasilevich Kazakov, Alexander Vladimirovich Snachev, Ruslan Azatovich Gataullin, and Mikhail Anatolyevich Rassomakhin. "Features of the Tanalyk gold placer and its primary sources (the Baymak ore-placer cluster, Southern Urals)." Geologicheskii vestnik, no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31084/2619-0087/2024-1-4.
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The article presents the results of a study of the Tanalyk placer, which is part of the Baymak ore-placer cluster. It is shown that gold is predominantly bright yellow in color and has lump-shaped, wedge-shaped, plate-shaped and wire-rod-shaped forms. In terms of granulometric composition, it belongs to the large and medium class and is characterized mainly by medium roundness. The uniformity of morphological varieties of gold in different lithological and stratigraphic horizons indicates the inheritance of gold from ancient deposits to young ones.
Placer gold is of high quality and has a fairly consistent composition; the main impurity here is silver, the content of which varies from 0.2 to 9%. The average fineness of gold in the placer in the following areas: Baymak pond – 938, Shurinsky log – 935, Aktash log – 943, Tanalyk (lines 1502-1559) – 917. Hypergene new formations on the surfaces of gold grains are represented by high-fineness rims. A common feature for gold of all size classes is the presence in the depressions and on their surface of films of iron and manganese hydroxides, crusts of fine-grained quartz, chlorite, and less commonly biotite, in which a large number of microparticles of very high-fine gold measuring 0.1–0.5 μm were found.
The typomorphism of schlich gold, its composition and features of the internal structure indicate that the main source of gold was gold-quartz mineralization in the zones of wall-metasomatites of the Kul-Yurt-Tau gold-pyrite deposit, gold-polymetallic and gold-barite deposits Grafskoye, Troitsk and Novo-Troitsk. The junction points of diagonal neotectonically active lineaments with meridional magma- and ore-supplying faults form polychronic and polygenic through ore-concentrating structures. Dispersed gold occurrences in these structures are placer-forming and serve as the main source of the formation of large placers.
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Paktovsky, Y. G. "Loess doll from Pleistocene loess-like sediments in the Vishera diamond-bearing area (Perm region)." Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University Series "Earth Sciences", no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/2587-8751-2024-1-31-38.
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The purpose of the study is to investigate the cranes from loess-like deposits as indicator formations for the glacial epochs of the late Pleistocene – Holocene using current lithology methods. The motivating reason for the study was that loess-like deposits directly “seal” the industrial placer of the Silurian diamond-bearing reservoir in the Vishera diamondiferous region.Loess doll (loess pupae, dutiki) are concretions weakly cemented by iron hydroxides, consisting of quartz grains with an admixture of fine-silty feldspars. In terms of granulometry and mineral composition, the cranes correspond to the loess-like deposits that host them and are the frame of the root system of tundra-type grass vegetation. In the center of the concretion, in place of the disappeared grass root, a hollow tubule is preserved, sometimes filled with silty sand from the surrounding rocks.The granulometric composition of loess-like deposits was studied using an Analysette 22 MicroTec plus laser diffraction analyzer. Mineral composition of the heavy fraction of loess-like and underlying sediments – using quantitative mineralogical analysis. Quantitative gross mineral composition and the ratio of clay minerals in the pelitic fraction – using a D2 Phaser X-ray powder diffractometer (Bruker, Germany).The data obtained can be used for geological surveying and exploration of diamond-bearing placers in the Urals and in regions with a similar geological structure. It must be borne in mind that in the study area the described loess-like deposits do not have a direct connection with industrial placer diamond content.
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Chuiko, V. A., V. A. Sinkin, V. A. Naumov, I. A. Plyusnin, and K. P. Kalinin. "Syuzevskoye diamond placer: A new stage in studying the diamond potential of Western Urals." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 23, no. 4 (September 8, 2023): 701–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2023-23-4-701-713.
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Research subject. Geological features of the structure and composition of the Syuzevskoye diamond placer in the Aleksandrovsky region of the Perm Krai. The placer was found in the border zone of two regional tectonic structures of the Urals: the Western Ural outer folding zone and the Central Ural uplift. This placer was developed within the erosion-karst (?), erosion-structural or tectonically determined Chikman-Nyarskaya depression. Materials and methods. The placer was identified in the period from 2017 to 2022 during a geological study of the subsoil area “Glubokiy” (License PEM 02687 KP LLC “Almining”). Mining and enrichment works were carried out according to the original enrichment scheme using the clamshell sampling method, heavy media and electromagnetic separation. The morphometric characteristics of several hundred diamonds were identified and described; reports were prepared; and reserves were assessed. Results. In the section of the Syuzevskoye placer, two diamond-bearing strata are clearly distinguished, separated by poor- and non-diamond-bearing deposits; anomalously high seam thickness for the Ural placers (up to 14-16 m) was established; high areal productivity of the placer (up to 0.7-1.2 ct/m2) and high diamond content (up to 0.5 ct/m3 per sample and an average of 0.09 ct/m3 for the placer). The placer is attributed to the type of placers of tectonic scarp zones. Reserves of alluvial diamonds weighing 430.5 thousand ct of the Syuzevskoye deposit are estimated at C1 + C2 categories in the area limited by the area between exploration lines 107-116 (size 1000 x 750 m); approved by the Minutes of the GKZ Rosnedra No. 7139 dated November 18, 2022 and will be increased. Certificate No. PEM 23 DRK 10147 confirming the discovery of a mineral deposit, issued by the Federal Agency for Subsoil Use of the Russian Federation to LLC Almining on March 29, 2023. Over 90% of diamonds are of gem quality. The average mass of crystals in the reserve calculation loop is 87 mg, and behind the loops is 29 mg. The leading size classes by mass -8 + 4 and -4 + 2 mm are 93.9% and 72.3% in quantity with an average mass of a diamond crystal of 99.9 mg. The shape is dominated by dodecahedroids (66.9%), less fragments of crystals with an unpreserved shape (14.9%) and fragments of crystals (13.1%); octahedrons (2.4%) and tetrahedroids (2.2%) are rare, rhombic dodecahedroids (0.4%) are rare. The preservation of crystals is good: full crystals make up 63.7%, fragments of crystals - 16.3%, fragments - 12.9%. Most of the crystals do not have wear (42.4%), or have weak wear of the tops and ribs (43.0%), medium and strong wear was noted only in 13.7% of the crystals. The average cost of diamonds is estimated at 361.59 USD per 1 ct. Conclusions. A unique deep-seated diamond deposit has been discovered, which is considered as a new type of deep-seated diamond-bearing placers in tectonic ledge zones. The geological criteria for identifying such diamond deposits in the Urals were determined. A new technological scheme for prospecting and exploration of deep-seated diamond placers within erosion-karst and tectonically determined depressions was developed, which is applicable for prospecting for precious metal placers.
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Lomakin, I., E. Sarvirov, and V. Kochelab. "Features of Gold Placer Formation in the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield And Southern Ukraine." EARTH SCIENCES AND HUMAN CONSTRUCTIONS 3 (November 7, 2023): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232024.2023.3.8.
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The presence of numerous native gold deposits of the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield (UCS), as well as the spread of placer gold manifestations, determines the high probability of the formation here of gold placers with industrial parameters. The main factors and geological conditions that contribute to the formation of gold placers are manifested at the UCS. An important reason for the failures of previous geological works is the outdated scientific and methodological platform, which involved the search for typical gold-bearing deposits with metal of gravity size classes. They did not take into account the possibility of significant movement of placer gold in the geologically clay water flow and the formation of long-distance placers. The traditional Schlich method used in the study did not make it possible to determine the actual gold content when particles with a size smaller than 0.25 mm predominate in the sample, which is precisely the particle size of the primary sources of the UCS. The applied means of research could not be effective in the absence of the necessary analytical base for determining the gold content, modern methods of studying the geological structure and tectonics of the territories. The negative results did not provide any real grounds for further specialized large-scale research and prospecting for placer gold. Today, it is getting obvious that placer gold of small and fine classes can easily move over considerable distances in the water flow and form accumulations not only in boulder-pebble material, but also in pelitic sediments. Due to repeated block movements, erosion and redepositing of gold-bearing accumulations in secondary reservoirs could occur. In this aspect, neotectonic studies (using materials from space surveys) become the main predictive and prospecting method for identifying promising areas of placer gold concentration in the region. When carrying out fieldwork, drilling and modern methods of laboratory analysis of gold samples should be used. The results of many years of research give hope for the discovery of real placer gold deposits in the Northern Black Sea region in the near future.
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Latysheva, M. A. "Current state, prospects and problems of the gold mining industry of the Trans-Baikal Territory." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 962, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/962/1/012023.
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Abstract The article considers the current state, problems and prospects of gold mining in the Trans-Baikal Territory. There has been an increase in the volume of gold production from ore and placer deposits over the past 5 years. Placer deposits make up a significant part of the total production volume. The reduction of reserves in placers and the decrease in the quality of minerals in them open up new prospects for the extraction of precious metals, namely in ore gold mining. The extraction of placer gold, even with the best existing technologies, remains a sector of high environmental risk, in many settlements there is a gradual decline in the population and the “extinction” of settlements, as well as illegal gold mining is gaining momentum. Neither regional nor federal environmental supervision bodies have the opportunity to resist the destruction and degradation of nature from the extraction of placer gold. In general, this leads to an increase in the negative impact of placer gold mining on natural complexes and socio-economic sustainable development of regions and municipalities on the territory of which this type of activity is carried out, an increase in accumulated environmental damage.
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Fedorova, Larisa, Anna Lejzerowicz, Gavril Kulyandin, Denis Savvin, and Maksim Fedorov. "Ground penetrating radar investigations of the geological structure of loose sediments at solid mineral deposits." E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019204005.
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For effective commercial development of deposits, an increase in the information content of operational exploration is required. In recent years, the range of methods used to obtain complete and reliable information about the structure and properties of the rock mass of a developed field include remote methods of high-frequency electrical prospecting, in particular, the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method. The paper presents a methodological experience in the interpretation of GPR data of sandy river sediments based on the identification of radar facies. In the considered area, four types of radar facies have been identified that characterize the structure of sandy deposits and the morphology of the river bed. The criteria for identifying radar facies were used to analyze wave patterns of loose sediments in a sand and gravel pit and a placer gold deposit. Experimental GPR investigations are presented by data from a sandy-gravel pit (Warsaw, Poland) and from a placer gold deposit (Yakutia, Russia). As an example, a GPR section along the Paplin quarry and its interpretation, with the identification of GPR facies, is presented. A cross-sectional GPR profile of the dredging landfill is considered for the placer gold deposit. The analysis of the wave pattern was carried out, geological boundaries were highlighted. Based on the interpretation results, the characteristics of the rocks were given. It was noted that according to the GPR data, it is possible to identify zones of uplift of bedrock, which can affect the course of the dredge. As a result of using GPR in a swampy area where drilling was impossible, a deep three-layer section was obtained. The presented results of the successful use of GPR investigations and methodological approaches in the interpretation of data, show the promise of using the GPR method in assessing mining and geological conditions, in particular, placer deposits. At the same time, the efficiency of obtaining data can further contribute to the optimization of technology and increase the efficiency of field development.
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Angusamy, N., J. Dajkumar Sahayam, M. Suresh Gandhi, and G. Victor Rajamanickam. "Coastal Placer Deposits of Central Tamil Nadu, India." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 23, no. 3 (July 2005): 137–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190500192102.
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Angusamy, N. "Placer Deposits of Southern Tamil Nadu Coast, India." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 24, no. 2 (July 2006): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190600704350.
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Tan, Teong Hing, and Kin Leong Lim. "Environment of placer gold deposits in northern Pahang." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 26 (April 30, 1990): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm26199001.
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Sutherland, Donald G. "Geomorphological controls on the distribution of placer deposits." Journal of the Geological Society 142, no. 5 (September 1985): 727–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.142.5.0727.
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LOMAKIN, I. E., Ye A. SARVIROV, and V. V. KOCHELAB. "Peculiarities of search for placer deposits of gold of the south of Ukraine." Geology and Mineral Resources of World Ocean 17, no. 2 (2021): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/gpimo2021.02.022.
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The long-term high level of world gold prices against the background of depletion of reserves with easily extracted metal leads to the search for and introduction into industrial development of deposits, even with low-tech ores and sands. This, in turn, requires the introduction of effective technologies for the enrichment and extraction of gold, contributes to the improvement of methods of exploration. At present, numerous manifestations of placer gold of various scales are known in the sedimentary strata of Meso-Cenozoic deposits in the south of Ukraine. But the real picture of the distribution and the actual scale of gold deposits in Ukraine are uncompleted and unreliable. This is due to the inconsistency of the applied search technique, which was aimed at identifying near-subglacial valley deposits, to the actual properties of gold-bearing formations. Gold in most Ukrainian placers is represented mainly by small, fine and dispersed particles in a significantly clay substrate. Therefore, the traditional geological samples washing by tray led to excessive losses of fine gold and to a significant underestimation of the gold potential. That is why we need to revise the results of previously obtained geological data. Detection of placer gold deposits of Ukraine is possible under the condition of increasing the efficiency of the local forecast and the reliability of field research. The most favorable situations for the accumulation of a useful component are structural denudation traps in tectonic depressive zones. The technology of sample enrichment must correspond to the actual properties of specific raw materials in the placer object. The types of technological equipment are given and some ways of increase of efficiency and reliability of test are offered. The article continues the series of publications devoted to solving the problems of studying placer gold content with a dominant share of fine and dispersed gold in sedimentary formations of the south of Ukraine.
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Alam, Muhammad, Javed Akhter Qureshi, Garee Khan, Manzoor Ali, Naeem Abbas, Sher Sultan, Asghar Khan, and Yasmeen Bano. "The Process Designing of Gold Extraction from Placers of Passu to Shimshal (Hunza Valley) Gilgit-Baltistan by Mercury Amalgamation and Cyanidation Leached Method." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol10.iss4.2019.348.
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Gold wash through panning or washing in the fluvial sediments or sands is done on the river banks inSkardu, Hunza and other places. The method of gold washing is very crude, primitive and most of the gold is washedaway back into the river. The current study mainly focused on extraction of placer gold deposits. Pneumatic machinesfrom Passu to Shimshal (Hunza valley) Gilgit-Baltistan. The mercury amalgamation and cyanide leached methods havebeen used for placer gold deposits extraction from the concentrate obtained from shaking table. The amount of goldrecovered from amalgamation method with mercury was 30.9%. The alloyed gold with other metals, gold dust, and finegold was recovered by chemical process. The reagent consumption, i.e. 1.4 kg/ton of NACN and 6 Kg / ton of CaOwere used for extraction of placer gold deposits. The extracted gold is 10.24 g /t and silver 22 g /t and the remaininggold like the amalgamation residue, tailings and middlings are extracted by cyanidation leached method. The extractionof gold by cyanidation process was compared graphically, and study results revealed that extraction of gold usingcyanidation leached method was 91.40% and silver 100%, respectively.
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Alam, Muhammad, Javed Akhter Qureshi, Garee Khan, Manzoor Ali, Naeem Abbas, Sher Sultan, Asghar Khan, and Yasmeen Bano. "The Process Designing of Gold Extraction from Placers of Passu to Shimshal (Hunza Valley) Gilgit-Baltistan by Mercury Amalgamation and Cyanidation Leached Method." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ojs.v10i4.348.
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Gold wash through panning or washing in the fluvial sediments or sands is done on the river banks inSkardu, Hunza and other places. The method of gold washing is very crude, primitive and most of the gold is washedaway back into the river. The current study mainly focused on extraction of placer gold deposits. Pneumatic machinesfrom Passu to Shimshal (Hunza valley) Gilgit-Baltistan. The mercury amalgamation and cyanide leached methods havebeen used for placer gold deposits extraction from the concentrate obtained from shaking table. The amount of goldrecovered from amalgamation method with mercury was 30.9%. The alloyed gold with other metals, gold dust, and finegold was recovered by chemical process. The reagent consumption, i.e. 1.4 kg/ton of NACN and 6 Kg / ton of CaOwere used for extraction of placer gold deposits. The extracted gold is 10.24 g /t and silver 22 g /t and the remaininggold like the amalgamation residue, tailings and middlings are extracted by cyanidation leached method. The extractionof gold by cyanidation process was compared graphically, and study results revealed that extraction of gold usingcyanidation leached method was 91.40% and silver 100%, respectively.
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Litvintsev, Viktor, Vladimir Alekseyev, and Irina Kradenykh. "The technology of development of residue objects of precious metals placer deposits." E3S Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185601005.
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The domestic and foreign experience has been analyzed, showing that the problem of development of geographically close residue goldore deposits was practically not investigated. The necessity of finding new methodological and technological-economic approaches to effective and large-scale integrated management of territorially-contiguous residue placer deposits has been substantiated. A number of methodological provisions for the substantiation of this approach have been proposed, an algorithm and a computer program complex has been developed for calculating the technical and economic indicators for the simultaneous development of each of the geographically approximated residue objects of placer gold deposits. The practice of organization of merger processes in the mining sector of the economy has been analyzed, their features have been examined, the advantages and negative aspects of integration processes have been analyzed, which is an important factor in solving the economic problems of the development of these residue placers.
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Zinaida, Nikiforova. "Internal Structures of Placer Gold as an Indicator of Endogenous and Exogenous Processes." Minerals 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010068.
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The study of the internal structures of placer gold on the territory of the east of the Siberian platform, overlain by a thick cover of Mz-Kz deposits, where traditional methods of searching for gold deposits are not effective, allowed us to determine, for the first time, the stages of ore formation and conditions of its occurrence. The identified indicators of the internal structures of placer gold (structures of primary recrystallization, secondary recrystallization, thick high-grade shells) indicate that placer gold content is formed mainly due to the supply and repeated redeposition of native gold from ancient gold-bearing deposits of the Precambrian stage of ore formation to younger ones. The discovered coarse-, medium-grained, mono-grained, unclear-zonal, granulation and disintegration structures suggest a supply of gold from nearby ore sources of the Mesozoic stage of ore formation. In the weathering crust, a high-grade shell is formed. In the hydrodynamic environment, the internal structures of gold practically do not change and fully correspond to the internal structures of endogenous gold. In aeolian conditions, the internal structures are transformed. In ancient gold-bearing conglomerates, under the impact of lithostatic pressure, as well as in metamorphogenic conditions, when the PT conditions change, the internal structure changes. Thus, for the first time, on a huge factual material, it is proved that the internal structures contain extensive information both about the endogenous origin of gold (the stages of ore formation—Precambrian and Mesozoic) and about its transformation in various exogenous conditions. The identified indicator of the internal structures of placer gold for certain types of sources contribute to a more correct selection of methods for searching for ore and placer gold deposits in closed territories and assessing their prospects. The use of this method makes it possible to develop criteria for forecasting different sources and types of gold deposits based on internal structures.
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Savva, Natalia E., Raisa G. Kravtsova, Galina S. Anisimova, and Galina A. Palyanova. "Typomorphism of Native Gold (Geological-Industrial Types of Gold Deposits in the North-East of Russia)." Minerals 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050561.
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This study presents the typomorphic features of native gold grains from three different geological-industrial types (GIT) of gold deposits in the North-East of Russia: (1) gold–arsenic-sulfide in black shale strata (Natalka, Degdekan, Karalveem, Maldyak deposits), (2) gold–quartz veins in granitoids (Dorozhnoye, Butarnoye, Shkolnoye, Maltan deposits), and (3) gold–silver adularia in volcanogenic strata (Kupol, Olcha, Kubaka, Burgali, Primorskoe, Dalnee deposits). The reliability of the geological interpretation is directly related to mineral associations, fineness variations, its internal structure and the content of microimpurities. Native gold is a reliable indicator for identifying various GIT of gold deposits at the early geological-prospecting stages of studying gold-bearing areas. Typomorphic features of native gold for each of the considered GIT are stable and do not depend on the age and scale of mineralization. It is shown that using an integrated approach obtains genetic information about a particular ore object, which makes it possible to predict the vertical range of mineralization and outline the technology for processing ores. The information obtained can also be effectively used in the search for placer deposits in nearby watercourses. Identification of typomorphic features of ore and placer native gold opens up wide opportunities for delineating the distribution areas of placer deposits.
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Nikiforova, Zinaida. "Mineralogical Method as an Effective Way to Predict Gold Ore Types of Deposits in Platform Areas (East of the Siberian Platform)." Minerals 14, no. 6 (June 20, 2024): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14060631.
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The study of the mineralogical and geochemical features of placer gold and the mechanisms of its distribution in the territory east of the Siberian platform, overlain by a thick cover of Mesozoic–Cenozoic deposits, where traditional methods of searching for gold fields are not effective, allowed researchers, for the first time, to establish the stages of ore formation and to predict the types of gold deposits and their location. The identified indicators of placer gold (morphology, granulometry, chemical composition, micro-inclusions, and internal structures) indicate that ore occurrences in both the Precambrian and Mesozoic stages of ore formation were primary sources of placer gold. The identification of characteristic indicators in placer gold for certain types of gold deposits allowed researchers to prove the formation of gold ore sources east of the Siberian platform for the first time: low-sulfide quartz gold, gold–ferruginous quartzite, gold–copper–porphyry, and gold–platinoid formations are found in the Precambrian stage of ore formation and gold–silver, gold–sulfide–quartz, and gold–rare metal formations are found in the Mesozoic stages of ore formation. Thus, for the first time, based on a huge amount of factual material, it is proved that the mineralogical and geochemical features of placer gold carry enormous information about both the endogenous origin of gold (stages of ore formation—Precambrian and Mesozoic) and the expected type of formation of the predicted deposits. It is established that the predicted type of ore sources corresponds to a certain geological and structural position; this contributes to a more correct selection of methods for searching for ore and placer gold deposits in closed territories and assessing their prospects. In general, the application of the mineralogical method for the first time makes it possible to develop criteria for predicting resources and types of gold deposits, and to assess the prospects of gold mining potential in platform areas at a new level of knowledge.
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LOMAKIN, I. E., Ye A. SARVIROV, and V. V. KOCHELAB. "Prerequisites for the formation of gold spreads on the Ukrainian Shield and on its southern framing." Geology and Mineral Resources of World Ocean 19, no. 2 (2023): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/gpimo2023.02.035.
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The presence of numerous native gold deposits of the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield (UCS), as well as the spread of placer gold manifestations, determines the high probability of the formation of precious metal placers with industrial parameters here. The main factors and geological conditions that contribute to the formation of gold placers are manifested in the UCS. An important reason for the failures of previous geological works is the outdated scientific and methodological platform, which involved the search for typical gold-bearing deposits with metal of gravity classes of size. The possibility of significant movement of placer gold in the clayey water flow and the formation of long-distance placers was not taken into account. The traditional slack method used in the study did not make it possible to determine the actual gold content when particles with a size smaller than 0.25 mm predominate in the sample, which is precisely the particle size of the primary sources of the UCS. The applied means of research could not be effective in the absence of the necessary analytical base for determining the gold content, modern methods of studying the geological structure and tectonics of the territories. The negative results did not provide any real grounds for further specialized large-scale research and prospecting for placer gold. Today, it is becoming obvious that placer gold of small and fine grades can easily move over considerable distances in the water flow and form accumulations not only in boulder-pebble material, but also in pelite sediments. As a result of repeated changes in the tectonic plan of block movements, gold-bearing accumulations could be eroded and redeposited in secondary reservoirs. In this aspect, neotectonic studies (using materials from space surveys) become the main predictive and prospecting method for identifying promising areas of placer gold concentration in the region. Field work should be carried out using drilling and modern methods of laboratory analysis of samples for gold. The results of many years of research give hope for the discovery of real placer gold deposits in the Northern Black Sea region in the near future.
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Lozhnikov, Oleksii, Oleksandr Shustov, Maksym Chebanov, and Tetiana Perkova. "Methodological principles of the selection of a resource-saving technology while developing water-bearing placer deposits." Mining of Mineral Deposits 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining16.03.115.
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Purpose. The present paper aims to develop methodological principles for the selection of effective parameters of resource-saving technologies while developing water-bearing titanium-zirconium deposits basing on the complex of analytical studies. Methods. The paper applies a complex of research methods: analytical – to analyze and generalize the main differences of the development technology for water-bearing placer deposits and problem statement; technical-economic analysis for identifying the effect of a resource-saving technology on the indices of land use of the open-pit mining and involvement of associate raw materials in the economic activity; forecasting – to determine the influence on complex development of a titanium-zirconium deposit on the operating parameters of the regional nonmetallic raw material open pits. Findings. Effective trends in using the associate raw materials located in the enclosing and overburden rocks of a titanium-zirconium deposit are identified. Key differences between the technologies of associate raw material mining from the overburden rocks and their recovery from the enclosing rocks while mineral mining are defined. Predictive influence of a resource-saving technology of the development of titanium-zirconium deposits on the extraction of building materials from the regional nonmetallic open pits is specified. Volumes of possible associate raw material mining while developing the Motronivskyi GZK open pit during its operation are determined. Originality. New dependences of a land capacity coefficient while mining nonmetallic raw material in the region, prime cost of ore development as well as number of open pits for sand and clay production in the region on the volumes of involved associate raw material of the titanium-zirconium open pits are identified. Practical implications. A structural-logical scheme is elaborated for the selection of a resource-saving technology while operating open pits for the development of titanium-zirconium deposits.
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Komliev, О. "THE ZONALITY OF ILMENITE BATTERIES WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE IRSHAN BATTLE FIELD OF THE UKRAINIAN SHIELD." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 2 (101) (2023): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.101.10.
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World-class titanium and titanium-zirconium placer deposits are located on the territory of Ukraine. They form Ukrainian sub-province of the placer province of Eastern Europe. It also includes the Irshansky placer field for the development of short-lived ilmenite placers. The article presents the results of research of the spatial ratio of placers and root sources, vertical and horizontal zonation of the material composition of placers on 9 detailed sections. This allows us to identify additional criteria for establishing the genesis of placers, which is important when conducting paleogeographic and paleogeomorphological work. The main sources of placers were mainly stratum bodies of various thicknesses, which were independent structures or were elements of the now destroyed domed structures of the foundation. The indigenous bodies and placers in the plan coincide completely, partially, or do not coincide. The criterion of coincidence of root and placer bodies indicates that the useful component from the root bodies to placers moved a distance of several hundred meters. Loose deposits contained in the sediments of the Poltava suite formation of the Late oligocene-Middle miocene age were eluvial, eluvial-deluvial, deluvial, deluvial-alluvial, proluvial and alluvial by genesis. Paleorelief was then favorable for the preservation of placers as the primary concentrations of the useful component of indigenous sources, and their enrichment. Ilmenite placers were then formed on all hypsometric levels of ancient relief, but the most significant of them are at the lower level (in the bottoms and on the slopes of ancient valleys). The results of analyzes of granulometric and chemical composition of monofraction of ilmenite placers, granulometric and material composition of sediment-containing placers, were studied in combination with other data (structural-tectonic, paleogeomorphological). Analyses of the material composition of placers and sediments were selected by interval testing of sections. Based on the results of their processing, quantitative indicators characterizing the particle size distribution and chemical composition of ilmenite were calculated. Their study made it possible to identify different types of sections in the deposits of the contribution of the Poltava suite formation (8 – according to granulometry, 10 – according to the change in the chemical composition of ilmenite), vertical and horizontal zonality, allowing solving various problems (paleogeomorphological reconstructions, to identify consedimentary structures, location detection tectonic inversions).
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Kislov, Evgeniy V., Anna V. Aseeva, Vladislav V. Vanteev, Anton Yurievich Sinyov, and Olga A. Eliseeva. "Naryn-Gol Creek Sapphire Placer Deposit, Buryatia, Russia." Minerals 12, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050509.
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A new gem corundum occurrence has been discovered in the Naryn-Gol Creek placer of the Dzhida volcanic field (Russia). In this placer deposit, sapphire associates with large crystals of garnet, spinel, augite, olivine, enstatite, ilmenite, Ti-magnetite, and alkali feldspar. Such a combination of minerals is typical for the placer deposits associated with alkali basalts widely distributed in Southeastern Asia and Australia. We have also found sapphire crystals in phonotephrites of the nearby Cenozoic alkali-basalt paleovolcano Barun Khobol Pravyi, and in basalt sample and trachybasalt from the valley flood basalts. The chemical composition of sapphire is generally typical for ‘basalt’ corundum: it is rich in Fe, and depleted in Ti and Cr. The δ18O SMOW values of corundum and related megacrysts range from 4.6 to 6.8 ‰, thus corresponding to the isotopic signature of igneous rocks. Etched and corroded surfaces of sapphire and other megacrysts indicate that they are in non-equilibrium with their host alkali basalts. Volatile components, CO2 in particular, played a significant role during sapphire formation as gas inclusions reveal.