Academic literature on the topic 'Plague Epidemics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Plague Epidemics"
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Engelmann, Lukas. "Configurations of Plague." Social Analysis 63, no. 4 (2019): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sa.2019.630405.
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Diagrams are found at the heart of the modern history of epidemiology. Epidemiologists used spatial diagrams to visualize concepts of epidemics as arrangements of biological, environmental, historical, as well as social factors and to analyze epidemics as configurations. Often, they provided a representation of the networks of relationships implied by epidemics, rather than to offer conclusions about origin and causation. This article will look at two spatial diagrams of plague across a period in which an epidemiological way of reasoning stood in stark contrast to arguments provided about plague in the rising field of bacteriology and experimental medicine. This historical genealogy of epidemiologists working with diagrams challenges perceptions of epidemic diagrams as mere arguments of causality to emphasize diagrammatic notions of uncertainty, crisis, and invisibility.
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Earn, David J. D., Junling Ma, Hendrik Poinar, Jonathan Dushoff, and Benjamin M. Bolker. "Acceleration of plague outbreaks in the second pandemic." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 44 (2020): 27703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004904117.
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Historical records reveal the temporal patterns of a sequence of plague epidemics in London, United Kingdom, from the 14th to 17th centuries. Analysis of these records shows that later epidemics spread significantly faster (“accelerated”). Between the Black Death of 1348 and the later epidemics that culminated with the Great Plague of 1665, we estimate that the epidemic growth rate increased fourfold. Currently available data do not provide enough information to infer the mode of plague transmission in any given epidemic; nevertheless, order-of-magnitude estimates of epidemic parameters suggest that the observed slow growth rates in the 14th century are inconsistent with direct (pneumonic) transmission. We discuss the potential roles of demographic and ecological factors, such as climate change or human or rat population density, in driving the observed acceleration.
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Nakaya, Tomoki, Kazumasa Hanaoka, and Shohei Nagata. "Space-time mapping of historical plague epidemics in modern Osaka, Japan." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-267-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In modern times Japan, large-scale epidemics of infectious diseases such as cholera and plague were repeatedly introduced from major cities with ports. Osaka, along with Kobe, is the earliest city in the country to have plague epidemics at that age. To consider the counter measures of such epidemics, epidemic reports were often edited to record the details of the epidemic trends with individual records of infected persons. In case of the plague epidemics in Osaka city, the three-volume set of the Second Osaka Prefectural Report of Plague Epidemics (hereafter, the Plague Epidemic Report) was compiled and published in 1909. According to this report, the plague epidemics prevailed in the city between 1899 and 1900 and between 1905 and 1907. Especially in November 1907, the number of cases exceeded 220 which was the largest number of monthly incidences in the city.</p><p>This study aims to digitally reconstruct the spatio-temporal sequences of the city-wide historical plague epidemics at the individual level from September 1906 to the end of December 1907, recorded in the Plague Epidemic Report, by using a geographic information system (GIS). We examine the possibilities of visual understanding about the geographical processes of the plague epidemics in the city through space-time mapping of the historical materials of the disease in a GIS environment. The database and visualized space-time features of the epidemics would be useful for theoretical studies of infectious disease epidemiology with spatial dimension, since it is not easy to obtain such detailed individual data of infected persons in a city-wide extent at present days due to privacy protection policies. In addition, this study may highlight the old city structure of Osaka in modern times through the epidemic sequences. This may contribute to the studies of historical geography as well as those of Digital Humanities in a wider context.</p><p>We developed the GIS-based space-time database of plague cases as follows. Firstly, we digitally archived the Plague Epidemic Report by scanning the entire pages including Figures and Tables. Secondly, we built a database of cases from the scanned list of plague case lists with their attributes including id number, the date of onset, the reason and date of identification, the disease type, address, location of discovery, occupation, sex, age and others. Thirdly, geographical coordinates of the occurrence location were identified as the points drawn in the 1&amp;thinsp;:&amp;thinsp;20,000 scale maps included in the Plague Epidemic Report with the aid of GIS-based geo-referencing. At the result, the records of 661 cases with the geographical coordinates were established. In addition, we construct other geographical information in the Plague Epidemic Report, such as the aggregated numbers of caught rats carrying the plague by police box regions over the city. It would be interesting to note that the distribution of plague cases is almost consistent with the distribution of the number of infected rats.</p><p>Using the spatiotemporal database developed here, we conduct the mapping of plague cases in a space-time cube setting (Figure 1). Each black dot in the figure represents one infected case with the geographical locations and timing (temporal locations) defined by his/her onset day-counts after 13 Sep 1906 when the first case in the list appeared. We enhanced the visualization of space-time point distribution by using space-time kernel density estimation as shown in Figure 2 including two iso-surfaces of high (coloured in red) and middle (coloured in blue) density domains. We developed a tool for ArcGIS Pro (ESRI Inc.) combined with R (R Core Team) to generate the space-time iso-surfaces of densities. The tool enables us to create a web-based interactive digital content of the historical epidemic.</p><p>It is noteworthy that the case attribute in the database included relationships with other recorded cases. Figure 2 has the lines showing the relationships between the cases. While most of them are short and almost vertically stand meaning that infections were occurred in a limited geographical extent, there are also long-length lines indicating that local outbreaks at different locations were connected by the person-to-person contacts, possibly reflecting possibly commuting networks at that age. We intend to argue how the plague epidemics spread in the city by associating the space-time sequences of infection with the demographic and socioeconomic attributes of the cases in the context of modern Osaka.</p>
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Capitanio, Joshua. "Epidemics and Plague in Premodern Chinese Buddhism." Asian Medicine 16, no. 1 (2021): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341489.
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Abstract Buddhist scriptures describe the rise of epidemics as a cosmological inevitability and prescribe a variety of methods for preventing and treating epidemic diseases, which focus mainly on purifying negative karma and exorcizing the supernatural beings responsible for their spread. As these ideas were transmitted to China, Chinese Buddhists assimilated them to indigenous beliefs that also portrayed epidemics as retribution for nonvirtuous behavior, enacted by ghostly agents.
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Krauer, Fabienne, Hildegunn Viljugrein, and Katharine R. Dean. "The influence of temperature on the seasonality of historical plague outbreaks." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1954 (2021): 20202725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2725.
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Modern plague outbreaks exhibit a distinct seasonal pattern. By contrast, the seasonality of historical outbreaks and its drivers has not been studied systematically. Here, we investigate the seasonal pattern, the epidemic peak timing and growth rates, and the association with latitude, temperature, and precipitation using a large, novel dataset of plague- and all-cause mortality during the Second Pandemic in Europe and the Mediterranean. We show that epidemic peak timing followed a latitudinal gradient, with mean annual temperature negatively associated with peak timing. Based on modern temperature data, the predicted epidemic growth of all outbreaks was positive between 11.7°C and 21.5°C with a maximum around 17.3°C. Hence, our study provides evidence that the growth of plague epidemics across the whole study region depended on similar absolute temperature thresholds. Here, we present a systematic analysis of the seasonality of historical plague in the Northern Hemisphere, and we show consistent evidence for a temperature-related process influencing the epidemic peak timing and growth rates of plague epidemics.
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An, Lu Vi. "Epidemics and pandemics in human history: Origins, effects and response measures." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 4 (2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i4.612.
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Epidemics and pandemics are kind of the regular disasters that not only threaten human health, but also affect economy, social and politic life of many societies and civilizations. In the timeline of human history, there have long been a lot of catastrophic epidemics, rapidly spreading all over the world, leading to massive deaths and becoming horrible challenges to human existence. They included the plague of Antonine in Ancient Rome; the Justinian pandemic and ``the Black Death'' in the Medieval period; the pandemic of cholera and the Asian plague in the modern age; the 1918- 1919 flu pandemic, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the influenza pandemic in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019-2020. The main infectious diseases that cause pandemics in human history are plagued, smallpox, cholera and flu. By approaching the macrohistory and environmental history, the article made some overviews of epidemics and pandemics in human history from ancient ages to modern ages. Firstly, the article researches the terms ``epidemic, pandemic" and their levels. Next, the article analyzes the origins of epidemics and pandemics, the causes of their appearance, including biological factors, natural conditions and social conditions. Then, the article presents the outbreaks, spreads and impacts of some significant epidemics and pandemics in human history. Hence, the article also initially evaluates some response measures to epidemics and pandemics in history.
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Woods, David. "Adomnán, plague and the Easter controversy." Anglo-Saxon England 40 (December 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675111000032.
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AbstractAdomnán's description (Vita Columbae II.46) of how the intercession of St. Columba preserved the Picts and the Irish in Britain alone among the peoples of western Europe against two great epidemics of bubonic plague is a coded defence of their use of the traditional Irish 84-year Easter table against the Dionysian Easter table as used throughout the rest of western Europe. His implication is that God sent the plagues to punish those who used the Dionysian table. Hence Adomnán still adhered to the 84-year table by the time that he composed the Vita Columbae c. 697. It probably took a third epidemic 700–c. 702 to persuade Adomnán that his interpretation of the earlier epidemics was incorrect, so that Bede (HE V.15) is correct to date his conversion to the Dionysian table to a third visit to Northumbria c. 702.
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Alfani, Guido, and Tommy E. Murphy. "Plague and Lethal Epidemics in the Pre-Industrial World." Journal of Economic History 77, no. 1 (2017): 314–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050717000092.
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This article provides an overview of recent literature on plagues and other lethal epidemics, covering the period from late Antiquity to ca. 1800. We analyze the main environmental and institutional factors that shaped both the way in which a plague originated and spread and its overall demographic and socioeconomic consequences. We clarify how the same pathogen shows historically different epidemiological characteristics, and how apparently similar epidemics could have deeply different consequences. We discuss current debates about the socioeconomic consequences of the Black Death and other plagues. We conclude with historical lessons to understand modern “plagues.”
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Ferreira, Carlos Miguel, Sandro Serpa, and Jorge Ferraz. "Pestis: The Collective Challenges of Epidemics." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 3 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0059.
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Currently, COVID-19 is perceived as an epidemic, a new «plague», referring to the matrix metaphor of the pestis expressed in the series contagion – death – fear – isolation. This article aims to understand the multiple collective challenges posed by plague epidemics. The analysis of these challenges may contribute to the reflection on several dimensions that shape the COVID-19 pandemic threat. Individuals interpret the different pasts aiming to solve the problems they face in the present. The collective challenges that the political and medical «management» of the plague place are shaped by circumstantial coalitions of diverse interests, enabling the recognition, demarcation, and legitimisation of actions regarding its public management and control, materialised in concrete health policies, such as the development of several specific devices (isolation, health cordons, lazarettos, quarantine), thus intervening in the configuration of «collective management» of epidemics. Received: 20 November 2020 / Accepted: 22 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
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Benedictow, O. J. "Morbidity in Historical Plague Epidemics." Population Studies 41, no. 3 (1987): 401–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000142976.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Plague Epidemics"
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Leonard, Marie-Louise. "Plague epidemics and public health in Mantua, 1463-1577." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5704/.
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This thesis investigates how health officials sought to preserve or recover good health during plague epidemics in Mantua, from 1463-1577. Scholarship on health boards in Italy has focused primarily on larger cities such as Milan, Florence and Venice, while many smaller cities and states which formed part of the wider network of interdependent health offices have yet to receive significant attention. This study attempts to address this imbalance by focussing on Mantua, a hitherto neglected area in the heart of northern Italy. Historians have shown by the sixteenth century health offices had wide-ranging responsibilities, yet their most important function remained tackling plague outbreaks through measures including trade and travel bans, quarantine periods and lazaretti. An analysis of the Mantuan health office’s actions and reactions reveal that it does not fit neatly with the health board model historians have established elsewhere in northern and central Italy. I will argue that while the hallmarks of the ‘Italian system’ of public health procedures are evident, closer examination of their organisation and composition reveals that they were shaped by the incidence and severity of outbreaks. Above all, however, they were dependent upon and defined by the evolving state apparatus and by participation of the wider community, both lay and ecclesiastic. Contrary to the view that permanent Italian health offices enforced plague regulations uniformly, there was a degree of flexibility in application within the structures created to fight plague. Further, it will be argued that by examining in detail symbolic acts, such as processions, in conjunction with practical methods we see with greater clarity how civic and ecclesiastical authorities worked together in the attempt to restore the city to good health. By exploring the dialogues between civic authorities, the people they governed and interactions between specific health agencies across the peninsula, this thesis contributes to the understanding of the Gonzagan state-building process and concepts of public health in Renaissance Italy.
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Phoofolo, Pule. "In time of plague : the Basotho and the rinderpest, 1896-8." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002405.
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Rinderpest, the most dreaded bovine plague, struck the cattle of the BaSotho in British Basutoland early in 1897. By December the murrain had spent itself, having reduced the cattle population by half As it did so, the rinderpest claimed the primary historical significance of an epidemic. By sharpening behaviour and illuminating latent or developing tendencies, the rinderpest helped to reveal the nooks and crannies of contemporary historical processes that would have otherwise eluded historical visibility. This thesis brings out the complexities and ambiguities surrounding the epidemic. It uses the crisis occasioned by the panzootic in its multifaceted manifestations as a prism through which we might view the complex aspects of contemporary historical processes. It goes beyond the narrow limits of the crisis itself to discerning the broader and wider historical patterns that the rinderpest helped to highlight.
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Conlin, David Byrd. "Abundance of rodents on grasslands characterized by a patchy distribution of prairie dogs, urban development, and plague epidemics." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p1425773.
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Gatelytė, Ieva. "Ypač pavojingų užkrečiamųjų ligų istorinė raida Lietuvoje XIV - XVIII a." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20140627_170457-21610.
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Ypač pavojingos užkrečiamosios ligos ištisus amžius sėjo mirtį pasaulyje. Nuo XIX a. susirgimai šiomis ligomis Europoje registruoti rečiau nei Viduramžiais, o pastaraisiais amžiais tos ligos tapo retenybe. Tačiau Pasaulio sveikatos organizacija įspėja – turime išlikti budrūs, nes sergamumas maru, cholera ir kitomis ypač pavojingomis užkrečiamosiomis ligomis vis dar stebimas kai kuriose Azijos valstybėse (Indija, Kinija), Arabijoje, Afrikoje. Pagal Pavojingų ir ypač pavojingų užkrečiamųjų ligų, dėl kurių ligoniai, asmenys, įtariami, kad serga pavojingomis ar ypač pavojingomis užkrečiamosiomis ligomis, asmenys, turėję sąlytį, ar šių ligų sukėlėjų nešiotojai turi būti hospitalizuojami, izoliuojami, tiriami ir (ar) gydomi privalomai, sąrašą (toliau Pavojingų ir ypač pavojingų užkrečiamųjų ligų sąrašas), ypač pavojingoms užkrečiamosioms ligoms priskiriamos:  maras,  cholera ar sukėlėjo nešiojimas,  beždžionių raupai,  geltonoji karštligė,  virusinės hemoraginės karštligės. Šiame magistro darbe dižiausias dėmesys skiriamas maro istorinei raidai Lietuvoje XIV – XVIII a. a., kadangi ši liga darė didžiausią įtaką tautos demografiniam kitimui mūsų nagrinėtu laikotarpiu. Šis darbas užpildys medicinos ir visuomenės sveikatos istorijos spragą, kurioje labai trūksta duomenų apie minėtų amžių ypač pavojingas užkrečiamąsias ligas. Darbe taip pat pateikta informacija apie sifilio protrūkius Lietuvoje. Sifilis, pagal aukščiau minėtą Pavojingų ir ypač... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The especially dangerous contagious diseases were very important in every century. From the 19th century comparing to the Medieval centuries there were less cases of especially dangerous contagious diseases in Europe and at the last time that cases became very rare. But the World Health Organization warns – people have to stay careful because various dangerious contagious diseases like plague or cholera are still common in such Asia countries like India, China, in Africa continent and in Arabic countries too. According to the Health Care minister’s order of Dangerous and especially dangerous contagious diseases, the especially dangerous contagious diseases are classified like that:  Plague,  Cholera,  Monkey’s variola,  The yellow fever,  The viral haemorrhage fever. On this Master’s Final Thesis the most information is concentrated on plague history in Lithuania in 14th – 18th centuries, because plague was the most important reason of the country’s population demographic changes. These Thesis will fill the section of medicine’s history part of the contagious diseases in 14th – 18th centuries. The syphilis is mentioned on that Thesis too, because this disease is classified as dangerous contagious disease on the list of dangerous contagious diseases by the order of minister. Cholera and variola are important for Lithuania’s medicine history too, but knowing because the diseases started in a country just from the 19th century, so we are... [to full text]
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Lynteris, Christos. "Epidemic events : state-formation, class struggle and biopolitics in three epidemic crises of modern China." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2150.
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Based on extended research on Chinese medical and epidemiological archival material dating back to the beginning of the 20th century, and on six months of internship in epidemiology in Beijing’s Medical School and in Haidian District’s Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, this thesis explores the conjunction of three major epidemiological crises in modern Chinese history with processes of State formation: the 1911 Manchurian pneumonic plague, the 1952 germ-warfare, and the 2003 SARS outbreak. Analysing the three crises as Events in line with Alain Badiou’s epistemology it seeks to establish how different strategies of governmental fidelity to the imagined cause of each crisis have led to distinct modes of organisation and valorisation of the social: Republican China and its decline to fascism; the clash between professional revolutionaries and technocrats in Maoist China; and the emergence of the “Harmonious Society” of mass exploitation and repression today. This conjunction between State formation and epidemiological Events is explored with the use of Foucault’s genealogical method in a quest for a historical materialist approach that posits at its epicentre processes of class composition, decomposition and recomposition, and their contested enclosure by the governmental apparati of capture. The present thesis thus examines the three major epidemiological crises of modern China as forming grounds for biopolitical strategies that give rise to modes of subjectivation and circuits of debt/guilt within the context of the class struggle. And at the same time, it aims to create a new field of investigation for anthropology: the relation of State and Event, from a viewpoint that contests the accepted relation of event and structure expounded by Marshall Sahlins, proposing as the main object of this investigation the conjunction between necessity and will that can never be reduced either to the naturalism of historical determinism, nor to the culturalism of subjective contingency.
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Low, Michael Christopher. "Empire of the Hajj pilgrims, plagues, and pan-Islam under British surveillance,1865-1926 /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07082007-174715/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.<br>Stephen H. Rapp, committee chair; Donald M. Reid, committee member. Electronic text (210 p. : ill. (some col.), maps, facsim.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Dec. 20, 2007; title from file title page. Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-210).
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Okin, Peter Oliver. "The Yellow Flag of Quarantine: An Analysis of the Historical and Prospective Impacts of Socio-Legal Controls Over Contagion." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4190.
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Under the ancient threat of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, human societies have responded for thousands of years by imposing social containment measures. Even before theorists and laymen recognized the existence of pathogenic organisms, or fully understood the principles of contagion, many societies and individuals did empirically infer that such diseases were transmissible from human to human (as well as sometimes between animals and humans). Having few effective technological measures to prevent or treat contagions, they did devise a variety of socio-behavioral procedures for separating overtly ill persons or suspected disease-carriers from nominally uninfected people. These methods included various kinds of quarantines and isolations. By the early years of the American republic, all of the states and many other jurisdictions had the legal power to impose them, and they have long remained on the codebooks of much of the country even as secular trends and bio-scientific advances appeared to reduce the dangers of epidemic disease in the
Developed World. In recent years, however, there has been a recognized resurgence of infectious diseases in Western countries, and such developments as microbial resistance to antibiotics are threatening present-day control technologies. Under these circumstances, it is hypothesized here that societies must plan for the renewed usage of the ancient socio-legal contagion-controls, including quarantines and isolations, at least as part of a multi-pronged response to the renewed challenge of epidemics. However, the existing quarantine/isolation laws do not universally reflect modern scientific understandings of disease processes, and they have always conflicted with other socioethical and litical "goods" such as individual liberties and commerce.
Thus, it is submitted here that it has become crucial to
understand the historic character of quarantine-type measures on a
"macro" plane, in order to learn from past errors, and to help develop
modern quarantine/isolation laws and practices that reflect current
bioscientific and legal thinking. The instant Dissertation analyzes the
longstanding system of socio-legal controls over contagion, presenting a hypothetical structure that distinguishes them along several "Dimensions." In addition, it presents a functional schema that would help public health policy-makers, legislative drafters, and
administrators to address individual contagions in terms of another set of "Dimensions," which would be more responsive to evolving bioscientific and jurisprudential thought. To that end, this Dissertation presents a simple Algorithm that can be utilized when developing contagion-control laws that can be closely fitted to particular contagions, their specific manifestations, and their epidemic phases.
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Kacki, Sacha. "Influence de l’état sanitaire des populations anciennes sur la mortalité en temps de peste : contribution à la paléoépidémiologie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0058/document.
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Génératrice depuis le VIe siècle de notre ère de crises épidémiques récurrentes en Occident, la peste a profondémentmarqué l’histoire des sociétés européennes, tant sur le plan biologique que culturel, économique et politique. Sil’histoire des épidémies qu’elle a engendrées est aujourd’hui relativement bien connue, un certain nombre de questionssur ses caractéristiques épidémiologiques passées demeurent pour partie irrésolues. En particulier, le caractère sélectifou non de la mortalité par peste à l’égard de l’âge, du sexe et de l’état de santé préexistant des individus faitactuellement débat. À partir d’une approche anthropobiologique, le présent travail se propose de contribuer à cettediscussion. Il livre les résultats de l’étude d’un corpus de 1090 squelettes provenant, d’une part, de quatre sitesd’inhumation de pestiférés de la fin du Moyen Âge et du début de l’époque moderne et, d’autre part, de deuxcimetières paroissiaux médiévaux utilisés hors contexte épidémique. Cette étude révèle en premier lieu l’existenced’une signature démographique commune aux séries en lien avec la peste. Leur composition par âge et par sexe,distincte de celle caractérisant la mortalité naturelle, est au contraire en adéquation avec la structure théorique d’unepopulation vivante préindustrielle. L’examen de divers indicateurs de stress suggèrent par ailleurs que les victimes dela peste jouissaient, à la veille de leur décès, d’un meilleur état de santé que les individus morts en temps normal. Lesrésultats obtenus concourent à démontrer que les facteurs causals de ces lésions squelettiques, d’accoutuméresponsables d’une diminution des chances de survie, n’eurent au contraire qu’une influence mineure, si ce n’est nulle,sur le risque de mourir de l’infection à Yersinia pestis. Ce travail livre in fine un faisceau d’arguments convergents quitendent à prouver que les épidémies de peste anciennes furent à l’origine d’une mortalité non sélective, la maladiefrappant indistinctement les individus des deux sexes, de tous âges et de toutes conditions sanitaires<br>From the 6th century onwards, plague caused recurring mortality crises in the Western world. Such epidemics hadprofound biological, cultural, economic and political impacts on European societies. Some aspects of the history ofplague epidemics are currently well known, but many questions remain unanswered, such as the preciseepidemiological pattern of the disease in ancient times. It is unclear whether plague killed people indiscriminately orwhether this disease was selective with respect to age, sex and health. This research contributes to this debate.It consists of an anthropological and paleopathological study of skeletal remains of 1090 individuals, including plaguevictims from four medieval and post-medieval burial grounds, and individuals from two parochial cemeteries in useduring periods of normal mortality. Results from the four plague-related assemblages reveal a peculiar demographicsignature. Age and sex distribution differs clearly from what is expected in non-epidemic periods, when it is shown tocorrespond closely to the demographic structure of the living population. Moreover, the study of various non-specificskeletal stress markers shows that plague victims were in a better health before they passed away than people who diedin non-epidemic periods. The results demonstrate that individuals who suffered stress and disease had a reducedchance of survival in non-epidemic periods, whereas they were not at a higher risk to die during plague epidemics.This study provides evidence that plague was not selective, and that it killed regardless of sex, age, and pre-existing health
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Matyas, Alexandra. "Hur påverkas turismen av en epidemi? : En innehållsanalys av turismmarknadsföring i Sierra Leone." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149788.
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The current study analyses the media strategies used by Sierra Leone to repair their destination image during and after crisis to attract international tourism. There is an academic study written by Avraham and Ketter (2017) that appears on this topic as well, but focusing on many Sub-Saharan African countries where Sierra Leone is mentioned. Therefore, it was chosen to study this country in more depth, to confirm or disregard Avraham and Ketters (2017) conclusions about this particular country and their media-strategies. The framework used in this research is the multi-step model for altering place image. The study was based on qualitative content analysis of online posts from two sources, which are two Sierra Leonian tourism webpages. The data was located between the years 2015-2017. The study’s conclusion shows that Sierra Leone’s marketers and policy makers used source-focused strategies to handle the crisis, which are (1) disregard for/partial acknowledgement of the crisis, (2) full acknowledgement of the crisis and moderate coping measures, (3) full acknowledgement of the crisis and extreme coping measures and (4) disengagement from the place’s main characteristics.
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Leal, Katherine Lord?lo. "Levantamento epidemiol?gico de les?es orais potencialmente malignas em um centro de refer?ncia na Bahia." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2013. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/240.
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-27<br>Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB<br>It is mandatory to recognize its previous wounds of mouth cancer, the alleged "potentially malignant injuries" - leukoplakia, cheilitis, erythroplakia and oral lichen planus - with the objective of avoiding its development. A transversal cut study was performed in order to estimate the prevalence of potentially malignant lesions diagnosed at the Centro de Refer?ncia de Les?es Bucais of Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana and as a means to register the accompaniment of the patients through potential clinical outputs of these lesions informed on the patient's reports from 1996 to 2012. A descriptive analysis of all variables was carried out, followed by the X2 Test of Pearson, which was used as a way of calculating the statistic significance. As a measure of association between the mouth lesion and the studied patient's likely risk factors, the Prevalence Reason calculation was performed within a population interval of 1 standard deviation. Leukoplakia was the most prevalent injury (43,6%) and erythroplakia the least one (13,7%). A statistic significance was observed among all associations of injuries with the variables related to the patient (p<0,05), as well as the lesions and the consummation of its probable risk factors (p=0,00). In the Prevalence Reason calculation, significant results were observed, among which: the leukoplakia and the exposition solely to alcohol (RP=2,47; IP=1,72-3,55); the erythroplakia and the exposition solely to alcohol (RP=2,51; IP=1,38-4,55) and to alcohol and tobacco (RP=1,8; IP=1,23-2,64); the actinic cheilitis and the exposition to solar radiation (RP=2; IP=1,61-2,50) and the solely to tobacco (RP=2,51; IP=1,75-3,59); and the oral lichen planus and the exposition solely to tobacco (RP=2,46; IP=1,80-3,36) and to alcohol and tobacco (RP=3,04; IP=2,11-4,35). Out of the total number of patients, 4,6% of them presented a new wound, among which 52,6% of them were recurrent, half presented by oral lichen planus. Concerning the clinical output, 58,3% of all cases accompanied presented an injury permanence state and 26,9% were in the process of evolving to healing, no case of evolution to mouth cancer was detected. It is mandatory to stimulate the production of studies in such field for they will support protection, prevention, control, and the treatment of the mouth lesions here explored.<br>Faz-se mister o reconhecimento das les?es precursoras do c?ncer bucal, as ?les?es potencialmente malignas? - leucoplasia, eritroplasia, queilite act?nica e l?quen plano - no intento de prevenir a sua progress?o. Este estudo do tipo corte transversal objetivou estimar a preval?ncia das les?es orais potencialmente malignas diagnosticadas no Centro de Refer?ncia de Les?es Bucais da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana e registrar o acompanhamento dos pacientes acometidos, no que se refere aos poss?veis desfechos cl?nicos dessas les?es notificados em seus prontu?rios, no per?odo de 1996 a 2012. Foi feita uma an?lise descritiva de todas as vari?veis do estudo, seguido do uso do Teste X2 (Qui-Quadrado) de Pearson para o c?lculo da medida de signific?ncia estat?stica e como medida de associa??o entre a les?o oral e os prov?veis fatores de risco dos participantes do estudo, realizou-se o c?lculo da Raz?o de Preval?ncia utilizando-se o intervalo populacional com 1 desvio padr?o. A leucoplasia foi a les?o mais prevalente (43,6%) e a eritroplasia, a menos (13,7%). Observou-se signific?ncia estat?stica entre todas as associa??es das les?es com as vari?veis relacionadas ao paciente (p<0,05), como tamb?m entre as les?es e o consumo dos seus poss?veis fatores de risco (p=0,00). No c?lculo da Raz?o de Preval?ncia, verificaram-se resultados significantes entre: a leucoplasia e a exposi??o apenas ao ?lcool (RP=2,47; IP=1,72-3,55); a eritroplasia e a exposi??o apenas ao ?lcool (RP=2,51; IP=1,38-4,55) e ao ?lcool e tabaco (RP=1,8; IP=1,23-2,64); a queilite act?nica e a exposi??o ? radia??o solar (RP=2; IP=1,61-2,50) e a apenas ao tabaco (RP=2,51; IP=1,75-3,59); e o l?quen plano e a exposi??o apenas ao tabaco (RP=2,46; IP=1,80-3,36) e ao ?lcool e tabaco (RP=3,04; IP=2,11-4,35). Do total dos pacientes, 4,6% apresentou nova les?o, dentre as quais, 52,6% eram recidivantes, metade representada pelo l?quen plano. No tocante ao desfecho cl?nico, 58,3% dos casos acompanhados, apontaram estado de perman?ncia da les?o e 26,9%, processo de evolu??o ? cura, n?o tendo sido verificado nenhum caso de evolu??o para o c?ncer oral. Torna-se imperativo a produ??o de estudos neste ?mbito, que venham subsidiar pol?ticas de prote??o, preven??o, controle e tratamento dessas les?es orais aqui exploradas.
Books on the topic "Plague Epidemics"
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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Plague zone. Ace Books, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Plague Epidemics"
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Tzortzis, Stéfan, and Michel Signoli. "Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics." In Paleomicrobiology of Humans. ASM Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555819170.ch2.
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Izurieta, Ricardo. "Plagues, Epidemics and Pandemics." In Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_1.
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Bright, Gina M. "What Is Plague?" In Plague-Making and the AIDS Epidemic. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137011220_2.
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Koirala, Janak. "Plague: Endemic, Epidemic, and Bioterrorism." In Bioterrorism Preparedness. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527608133.ch6.
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Bright, Gina M. "Solidifying Plague (1987–1989)." In Plague-Making and the AIDS Epidemic. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137011220_7.
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Gunnoe, Charles. "Gessner’s Plague: The Bubonic Plague Epidemic of 1562–1566." In Conrad Gessner, edited by Urs Leu and Peter Opitz. De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110499056-015.
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Bright, Gina M. "Living with Plague (1990–1994)." In Plague-Making and the AIDS Epidemic. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137011220_8.
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Bright, Gina M. "Conclusions: The Legacy of Plague-Making." In Plague-Making and the AIDS Epidemic. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137011220_11.
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Bright, Gina M. "The Making of a Plague (1981–1986)." In Plague-Making and the AIDS Epidemic. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137011220_6.
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Polu, Sandhya L. "Plague and Cholera — The Epidemic versus the Endemic." In Infectious Disease in India, 1892–1940. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137009326_3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Plague Epidemics"
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Ratomaharo, J., R. Andriamihaja, L. Razafindrakoto, R. Rakotoarivelo, and M. Randria. "The 2017 Epidemic Pulmonary Plague in Madagascar." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a4231.
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COUTINHO, FRANCISCO A. B., EDUARDO MASSAD, LUIZ F. LOPEZ, and MARCELO N. BURATTINI. "MODELING PLAGUE DYNAMICS: ENDEMIC STATES, OUTBREAKS AND EPIDEMIC WAVES." In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Mathematical and Computational Biology. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812773685_0013.
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Tasios, Stergios, Evangelos Chytis, and Stefanos Gousias. "Accountants’ perceptions of tax amnesty: A survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece." In Corporate governance: A search for emerging trends in the pandemic times. Virtus Interpress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgsetpt3.
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Although humanity has faced many plaques and epidemics from antiquity, the COVID-19 came as a tidal wave, overwhelming nations and governments. Restrictive measures, social distancing and ultimately lockdown and quarantine, emerged as a response to decelerate the spread of the disease and save human lives. These measures may have decreased COVID-19 cases, they had, however, an adverse impact on economic activity and stock markets (Ashraf, 2020). Research shows that the pandemic has already influenced the United States (the US), Germany, and Italy‘s stock markets more than the global financial crises (Shehzad, Xiaoxing, & Kazouz 2020)
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Staníčková, Michaela, and Lukáš Melecký. "A new era of resilience: a revival of the topic “due to” the coronavirus crisis. What is the European Union’s approach?" In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-11.
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COVID-19 epidemic struck the world with exceptional speed, severity and breadth. Globalisation contributed to the rapid spread of this modern-day “plague” to all corners of the world. Economies have always been sensitive to certain types of shocks in the past. Today, thanks to the COVID-19 crisis, the concept of resilience is gaining prominence and the importance of the concept of resilience is growing, both in research and in economic policymaking. COVID-19 crisis shows how it has reduced the resilience of key systems to shocks and allowed failures to cascade from one system to others. A systems approach based on resilience must be proposed to prepare socio-economic systems for future shocks. The paper aims to shed a summary on the fundamental aspects of resilience in terms of theoretical concept, but especially pay attention to the current strategies oriented on resilience, with a specific focus on the European Union approach.
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Yazdi, Pouye, Jorge Miguel Gaspar Escribano, and Miguel Angel Santoyo. "STRESS TRANSFERE AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF 2012 AHAR-VARZEGHAN SEISMIC SEQUNCE, NORTHWESTERN IRAN." In 1st Congress in Geomatics Engineering. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cigeo2017.2017.6662.
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In 11 of August 2012, two destructive earthquakes with Mw= 6.4 and 6.2 occurred between cities Ahar and Varzeghan (Northwest Iran). They had a close epicentral distance of 6 Km and also had a short time lag of 11 minutes. Following that, a high-rate of aftershock activity began where during the first month more than 2000 events (M≥0.7) affected several villages in the area. The seismic released energy induced significant damage and losses in an extensive zone. Right after the seismic doublet occurrence, a surface rupture with a primarily east-west orientation was observed. The idea of having an almost vertically dipped fault plane for the first shock is more consistent with the trace of the upper edge on the surface and the focal mechanism solutions which propose a steady dipping EW. Previous studies propose different geometries for the generating faults of the second earthquake. In this study, we associate the surface rupture with the first mainshock and both nodal plane explaining the relationship between the two main seismic events are discussed after Coulomb failure stress calculation due to the first shock. Then the stress transfer because of the doublet is analyzed in order to determine its consistency with the statistical modeling prediction for the aftershock population and spatial distribution. For statistical modeling a temporal version of Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) is applied on one-year seismicity including events with minimum magnitude of 2.5.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIGeo2017.2017.6662
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Samar Brenčič, Neja, and Malcolm Fisk. "Why is the Standardization of Telehealth Services Important in the Context of Digital Health Strategies, Especially During the Covid-19 Epidemic?" In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.61.
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In order to ensure that the quality of telehealth services is adequate, the use of standards is indispensable. Telehealth offers remote monitoring and embraces those aspects of telemedicine where communication takes place directly with patients. Both come within the broader frame of reference that is offered by the term digital health. However, there are relatively few standards for services in the field of digital health. This means that standardization institutions and user associations should work together in the development of appropriate standards. Those standards that do exist are of variable quality and only sometimes utilized. However, in a context of rapid changes in technologies and service configurations, they will carry increasing importance within health strategies and practice frameworks; and will be in need of greater enforcement. In this paper, we will emphasise the importance of standards for remote health support and medical treatment. We will offer some examples of standards relating to digital health in European and internationally. We offer definitions for remote health service provision that relate, in particular, to the needs of older people; and set out some of the benefits of standardization of telehealth and telemedicine services within eHealth strategies.
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Çelik, Hüseyin, Ahmet Duran Çelik, and Mahir Fisunoğlu. "Poverty and The Millennium Development Goals Between 1990-2015: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01757.
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As a definition; poverty is a situation that people’s basic needs are not being met to sustain their life which is many countries facing today. In recent years, fighting against poverty has become one of the most important issues in the world. One of the steps taken by the United Nations to fight against poverty is Millennium Development Goals. In 2000, a millennium development meeting took place with many countries’ participation in New York. During the meeting, many goals were set such as eliminating poverty and famine, decreasing child death, providing primary education for all and dealing with epidemic diseases. In this study, progress level of The Millennium Development Goals, the steps which have taken and their effects were examined in Turkey. Data was collected from UNDP and TSI (Turkish Statistical Institute). The millennium development goals globally have been reached at a certain level between 1990 and 2015. Today, primary school accessibility level is around 90% in developing countries. Even though poverty was reduced by half, there are still 1,2 billion people who live in extreme poverty. In Turkey, there have been promising developments towards Millennium Development Goals. While level of people who live under extreme poverty line (1$ per day) was 0,2% in 2002, this rate was decreased to 0% by 2006. The poverty rate (below 4,3 $ per capita per day) in 2014 was 1,62%, and primary school enrollment rate was 99%. In addition to this, mother and children death rate was largely decreased.
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Dygert, Joseph P., Melissa L. Morris, Erik M. Messick, and Patrick H. Browning. "Feasibility of an Energy Efficient Large-Scale Aquaponic Food Production and Distribution Facility." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6567.
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Today the United States is plagued by societal issues, economic insecurity, and increasing health problems. Societal issues include lack of community inclusion, pollution, and access to healthy foods. The high unemployment coupled with the rising cost of crude oil derivatives, and the growing general gap between cost of living and minimum wage levels contribute to a crippled consumer-driven US economy. Health concerns include increasing levels of obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These epidemics lead to staggering economic burdens costing Americans hundreds of billions of dollars each year. It is well-known that many of the health issues impacting Americans can be directly linked to the production, availability, and quality of the food. Factors contributing to the availability of food include reduction of United States farmland, an increase in food imported from overseas, and the cost of goods to the consumer. The quality of food is influenced by the method of growth as well as imposed preservation techniques to support food transportation and distribution. At the same time, it has become increasingly common to implement biotechnology in genetically modified crops for direct human food or indirectly as a livestock feed for animals consumed by humans. Crops are also routinely dosed with pesticides and hormones in an attempt to increase productivity and revenue, with little consideration or understanding of the long term health effects. Research shows that community gardens positively impact local employment, community involvement and inclusivity, and the diets of not only those involved in food production, but all members of their households. The purpose of this work is to determine the feasibility of an energy efficient large-scale aquaponic food production and distribution facility which could directly mitigate growing socioeconomic concerns in the US through applied best practices in sustainability. Aquaponics is a symbiotic relationship between aquaculture and hydroponics, where fish and plants grow harmoniously. The energy efficient facility would be located in an urban area, and employ solar panels, natural lighting, rain water reclamation, and a floor plan optimized for maximum food yield and energy efficiency. Examples of potential crops include multiple species of berries, corn, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, peppers, squash, and carrots. Potential livestock include responsibly farmed tilapia, shrimp, crayfish, and oysters. The large scale aquaponic facility shows a lengthy period for financial return on investment whether traditional style construction of the building or a green construction style is used. However many forms of federal government aid and outside assistance exist for green construction to help drive down the risk in the higher initial investment which in the long run could end up being more profitable than going with a traditionally constructed building. Outside of financial return there are many proven, positive impacts that a large-scale aquaponic facility would have. Among these are greater social involvement and inclusivity, job creation, increased availability of fresh food, and strengthening of America’s agriculture infrastructure leading to increased American independence.
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Turanjanin, Veljko. "UNFORESEEABILITY AND ABUSE OF CRIMINAL LAW DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SERBIA." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18305.
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The author deals with the problem of criminal measures and sanctions in the legislation of the Republic of Serbia during the Covid-19 pandemic. The executive branch of the government declared a state of emergency in the Republic of Serbia in March 2020. At the same time the so-called Crisis Headquarter was established with the authority to impose measures of criminal-legal nature. During the two-month state of emergency, through the Crisis Headquarter, the executive branch of the government was changing criminal laws and sanctions at an almost daily basis. It is debatable whether such laws meet the rule of law and the European Court of Human Rights standards. Many citizens failed to adapt their behavior to the imposed measures. On the one hand, the courts have fallen into the trap of double punishment, both for a crime and for a misdemeanor. On the other hand, justifications of the courts’ decisions are also questionable, especially those containing references to statements made by members of the crisis team through the media. Furthermore, the Constitutional Court didn’t rule on any of the numerous requests for constitutional review, but in September it came out with the view that since the state of emergency was over, its decision was unnecessary. The paper is comprised of several units. In the first place, the author explains the process of legal changes by analyzing all the laws and rules that were passed by the end of 2020, as well as data related to the punishment of residents whose behavior was not in accordance with existing legal solutions. Bearing in mind the standards of the rule of law and the European Court of Human Rights, the author then explains that the measures implemented by the Serbian authorities do not meet the basic required criteria, primarily the foreseeability of the law, as well as that the laws were abused for the purpose of the election campaign. The special attention is paid to curfews and the complete ban on leaving homes for senior citizens well as ban of contacting with the family members, and then the lockdown of the rest of the population. The actions taken by the authorities during the epidemic resulted in violation of human rights of their citizens, and experience shows that the only court that citizens will be able to turn to will be the European Court of Human Rights. The author believes that with this understanding of the law and respect for its own citizens, the European Union can only be a distant idea.
Reports on the topic "Plague Epidemics"
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Boruchowicz, Cynthia, Florencia López Bóo, Benjamin Roseth, and Luis Tejerina. Default Options: A Powerful Behavioral Tool to Increase COVID-19 Contact Tracing App Acceptance in Latin America? Inter-American Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002983.
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Being able to follow the chain of contagion of COVID-19 is important to help save lives and control the epidemic without sustained costly lockdowns. This is especially relevant in Latin America, where economic contractions have already been the largest in the regions history. Given the high rates of transmission of COVID-19, relying only in manual contact tracing might be infeasible. Acceptability and uptake of contact tracing apps with exposure notifications is key for the implementation the “test, trace and treat” triad. In the first study of its kind in Latin America, we find that for a nationally representative sample of 10 countries, an opt-out regime with automatic installation significantly increases the probability of acceptance of such apps in almost 22 p.p. compared to an opt-in regime with voluntary installation. This triples the size and is of opposite sign of the effect found in Europe and the United States. We see that an opt-out regime is more effective in increasing acceptability in South America compared to Central America and Mexico; for those who claim not to trust the national government; and for those who do not use their smartphones for financial transactions. The severity of the pandemic at the place of residence does not seem to affect the effectiveness of the opt-out regime versus an opt-in one, but feeling personally at risk does increase the willingness to accept contact tracing apps with exposure notifications in general. These results can shed light on the use of default options in public health in the context of a pandemic in Latin America.