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Oyston, Petra CF, and E. Diane Williamson. "Prophylaxis and therapy of plague." Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 11, no. 8 (2013): 817–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2013.814432.
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Sebbane, Florent, and Nadine Lemaître. "Antibiotic Therapy of Plague: A Review." Biomolecules 11, no. 5 (2021): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11050724.
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Plague—a deadly disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis—is still an international public health concern. There are three main clinical forms: bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pulmonary plague. In all three forms, the symptoms appear suddenly and progress very rapidly. Early antibiotic therapy is essential for countering the disease. Several classes of antibiotics (e.g., tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, rifamycin, and β-lactams) are active in vitro against the majority of Y. pestis strains and have demonstrated efficacy in various animal models. However, some discrepancies have been reported. Hence, health authorities have approved and recommended several drugs for prophylactic or curative use. Only monotherapy is currently recommended; combination therapy has not shown any benefits in preclinical studies or case reports. Concerns about the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Y. pestis have led to the development of new classes of antibiotics and other therapeutics (e.g., LpxC inhibitors, cationic peptides, antivirulence drugs, predatory bacteria, phages, immunotherapy, host-directed therapy, and nutritional immunity). It is difficult to know which of the currently available treatments or therapeutics in development will be most effective for a given form of plague. This is due to the lack of standardization in preclinical studies, conflicting data from case reports, and the small number of clinical trials performed to date.
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Cortopassi, Wilian A., Teodorico C. Ramalho, Carlos A. M. Fraga, Iris Mangas, Kamil Kuča, and Tanos C. C. França. "BUBONIC PLAGUE: HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND THERAPY." Military Medical Science Letters 84, no. 2 (2015): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31482/mmsl.2015.006.
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Rosario-Acevedo, Raysa, Sergei S. Biryukov, Joel A. Bozue, and Christopher K. Cote. "Plague Prevention and Therapy: Perspectives on Current and Future Strategies." Biomedicines 9, no. 10 (2021): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101421.
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Plague, caused by the bacterial pathogen Yersinia pestis, is a vector-borne disease that has caused millions of human deaths over several centuries. Presently, human plague infections continue throughout the world. Transmission from one host to another relies mainly on infected flea bites, which can cause enlarged lymph nodes called buboes, followed by septicemic dissemination of the pathogen. Additionally, droplet inhalation after close contact with infected mammals can result in primary pneumonic plague. Here, we review research advances in the areas of vaccines and therapeutics for plague in context of Y. pestis virulence factors and disease pathogenesis. Plague continues to be both a public health threat and a biodefense concern and we highlight research that is important for infection mitigation and disease treatment.
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Kugeler, Kiersten J., Paul S. Mead, Stefanie B. Campbell, and Christina A. Nelson. "Antimicrobial Treatment Patterns and Illness Outcome Among United States Patients With Plague, 1942–2018." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, Supplement_1 (2020): S20—S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1227.
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Abstract Background Plague is a rare and severe zoonotic illness with limited empiric evidence to support treatment recommendations. We summarize treatment information for all patients with plague in the United States (US) as collected under the auspices of public health surveillance. Methods We reviewed use of specific antimicrobials and illness outcome among cases of plague reported from 1942–2018. Antimicrobials were a priori classified into high-efficacy (aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol) and limited-efficacy classes (all others). Logistic regression models were created to describe associations between use of specific antimicrobial classes and illness outcome while controlling for potential confounding factors. Results Among 533 total reported plague cases during 1942–2018, 426 (80%) received high-efficacy antimicrobial therapy. Mortality differed significantly among those receiving high-efficacy therapy (9%) and only limited-efficacy therapy (51%). Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines were used more commonly than other classes, and their use was associated with increased odds of survival of plague. Gentamicin use was associated with higher mortality than streptomycin, and aminoglycoside use was linked to higher mortality than for tetracyclines. Fluoroquinolones have been used in treatment of >30% of patients in recent years and limited data suggest clinical effectiveness. Conclusions Most US patients with plague have received effective antimicrobials. Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines substantially improve survival of plague, and fluoroquinolones may be equally as effective, yet lack sufficient data. Early recognition and early treatment with any of these antimicrobial classes remain the most important steps to improving survival of plague.
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Bossi, P., A. Tegnell, A. Baka, et al. "Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of plague and bioterrorism-related plague." Eurosurveillance 9, no. 12 (2004): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.12.00501-en.
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Yersinia pestis appears to be a good candidate agent for a bioterrorist attack. The use of an aerosolised form of this agent could cause an explosive outbreak of primary plague pneumonia. The bacteria could be used also to infect the rodent population and then spread to humans. Most of the therapeutic guidelines suggest using gentamicin or streptomycin as first line therapy with ciprofloxacin as optional treatment. Persons who come in contact with patients with pneumonic plague should receive antibiotic prophylaxis with doxycycline or ciprofloxacin for 7 days. Prevention of human-to-human transmission via patients with plague pneumonia can be achieved by implementing standard isolation procedures until at least 4 days of antibiotic treatment have been administered. For the other clinical types of the disease, patients should be isolated for the first 48 hours after the initiation of treatment.
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Vagima, Yaron, David Gur, Moshe Aftalion, et al. "Phage Therapy Potentiates Second-Line Antibiotic Treatment against Pneumonic Plague." Viruses 14, no. 4 (2022): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14040688.
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Plague pandemics and outbreaks have killed millions of people during the history of humankind. The disease, caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, is currently treated effectively with antibiotics. However, in the case of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, alternative treatments are required. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy has shown efficient antibacterial activity in various experimental animal models and in human patients infected with different MDR pathogens. Here, we evaluated the efficiency of фA1122 and PST phage therapy, alone or in combination with second-line antibiotics, using a well-established mouse model of pneumonic plague. Phage treatment significantly delayed mortality and limited bacterial proliferation in the lungs. However, the treatment did not prevent bacteremia, suggesting that phage efficiency may decrease in the circulation. Indeed, in vitro phage proliferation assays indicated that blood exerts inhibitory effects on lytic activity, which may be the major cause of treatment inefficiency. Combining phage therapy and second-line ceftriaxone treatment, which are individually insufficient, provided protection that led to the survival of all infected animals—a synergistic protective effect that represents a proof of concept for efficient combinatorial therapy in an emergency event of a plague outbreak involving MDR Y. pestis strains.
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Zalessky, V. N. "Photodynamic therapy of atherosclerotic plague: the porphyrin sensitizers application." European Journal of Pharmacology 183, no. 4 (1990): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(90)94449-8.
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Hill, Jim, Catherine Copse, Sophie Leary, Anthony J. Stagg, E. Diane Williamson, and Richard W. Titball. "Synergistic Protection of Mice against Plague with Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for the F1 and V Antigens of Yersinia pestis." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 4 (2003): 2234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.4.2234-2238.2003.
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ABSTRACT Monoclonal antibodies specific for Yersinia pestis V antigen and F1 antigen, administered singly or in combination, protected mice in models of bubonic and pneumonic plague. Antibodies showed synergy when administered prophylactically and as a therapy 48 h postinfection. Monoclonal antibodies therefore have potential as a treatment for plague.
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Hudson, Zoe. "Plagiarism: The plague of digital media?" Physical Therapy in Sport 11, no. 3 (2010): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.06.003.
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Zhu, Menghuan, Dongna Zhang, Lili Zhang, et al. "Spray-Dried Inhalable Powder Formulations of Gentamicin Designed for Pneumonic Plague Therapy in a Mouse Model." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 12 (2022): 2646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122646.
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Infection with Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) may cause pneumonic plague, which is inevitably fatal without treatment. Gentamicin (GM), an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is a drug commonly used in the treatment of plague. However, it requires repeated intramuscular or intravenous administration. Pulmonary drug delivery is noninvasive, with the advantages of local targeting and reduced risk of systemic toxicity. In this study, GM powders were prepared using spray-drying technology. The powders displayed good physical and chemical properties and met the requirements for human pulmonary inhalation. The formulation of the powders was optimized using a 32 full factorial design. A formulation of 15% (w/w) of L-leucine was prepared, and the spray-drying process parameters using an inlet temperature of 120°C and a 15% pump rate were determined to produce the best powder. In addition, the optimized GM spray-dried powders were characterized in terms of morphology, crystallinity, powder fluidity, and aerodynamic particle size distribution analysis. In a mouse model of pneumonic plague, we compared the therapeutic effects among three administration routes, including subcutaneous injection, liquid atomization, and dry powder atomization. In conclusion, our data suggest that inhalation therapy with GM spray-dried powders is an effective treatment for pneumonic plague.
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Ng, Edward E. "The Plague of Yellow Fever and Its Cure." Journal of Psychology and Theology 46, no. 2 (2018): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091647118767981.
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This integrative case study centers on the intersection of the continuing psychological consequences of colonialism as they apply to the dynamic between males of predominantly European descent and females of Asian descent, a fetish colloquially known as “yellow fever.” A particular focus is placed upon the work with Jane, who having been exoticized and thereby objectified, reported depression and “relationship problems.” Applied treatment methods include tenets of relational psychoanalysis, feminist therapy, and Relational–Cultural Therapy. A “cure” is found through the practice of lament, which is communal and orients one to their apprehension of a present and listening God.
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Lemaître, Nadine, Isabelle Ricard, Elizabeth Pradel, et al. "Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin-Gentamicin Combination Therapy in Murine Bubonic Plague." PLoS ONE 7, no. 12 (2012): e52503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052503.
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Gur, David, Theodor Chitlaru, Emanuelle Mamroud, and Ayelet Zauberman. "Screening of an FDA-Approved Library for Novel Drugs against Y. pestis." Antibiotics 10, no. 1 (2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010040.
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Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes plague, a devastating disease that kills millions worldwide. Although plague is efficiently treatable by recommended antibiotics, the time of antibiotic therapy initiation is critical, as high mortality rates have been observed if treatment is delayed for longer than 24 h after symptom onset. To overcome the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, we attempted a systematic screening of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs to identify alternative compounds which may possess antibacterial activity against Y. pestis. Here, we describe a drug-repurposing approach, which led to the identification of two antibiotic-like activities of the anticancer drugs bleomycin sulfate and streptozocin that have the potential for designing novel antiplague therapy approaches. The inhibitory characteristics of these two drugs were further addressed as well as their efficiency in affecting the growth of Y. pestis strains resistant to doxycycline and ciprofloxacin, antibiotics recommended for plague treatment.
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Balushkina, A. A., N. E. Kan, and V. L. Tyutyunnik. "Therapy of urinary tract infections in gynecological practice." Medical Council, no. 7 (April 5, 2019): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-7-87-92.
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The urinary tract infection continue to exert significant impact on millions of patients worldwide, most of whom are otherwise healthy reproductive women. Antibiotic therapy for acute cystitis does not prevent recurrences, which plague up to one fourth of women after an initial urinary tract infection. Rising antimicrobial resistance among uropathogenic bacteria further complicates therapeutic decisions, necessitating new approaches based on fundamental investigation.
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Godfred-Cato, Shana, Katharine M. Cooley, Shannon Fleck-Derderian, et al. "Treatment of Human Plague: A Systematic Review of Published Aggregate Data on Antimicrobial Efficacy, 1939–2019." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, Supplement_1 (2020): S11—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1230.
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Abstract Background Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, has killed millions in historic pandemics and continues to cause sporadic outbreaks. Numerous antimicrobials are considered effective for treating plague; however, well-defined information on the relative efficacy of various treatments is lacking. We conducted a systematic review of published data on antimicrobial treatment of plague reported in aggregate. Methods We searched databases including Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and others for publications with terms related to plague and antimicrobials. Articles were included if they contained 1) a group of patients treated for plague, with outcomes reported by antimicrobial regimen, and 2) laboratory evidence of Y. pestis infection or an epidemiologic link to patients with laboratory evidence of Y. pestis. Case fatality rate by antimicrobial regimen was calculated. Results In total, 5837 articles were identified; among these, 26 articles published between 1939 and 2008 met inclusion criteria. A total of 2631 cases of human plague reported within these articles were included. Among cases classified by primary clinical form of plague, 93.6% were bubonic, 5.9% pneumonic, and 0.5% septicemic with associated case fatalities of 14.2%, 31.1%, and 20.0%, respectively. Case fatality rate among patients who received monotherapy with tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, or sulfonamides was 1.3%, 1.4%, 7.5%, and 20.2%, respectively. Fluoroquinolones were only given as part of combination therapy. Penicillin was associated with a case fatality rate of 75%. Conclusions Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides were associated with the lowest case fatality rates of all antimicrobials used for treatment of plague. Additional research is needed to determine the efficacy of fluoroquinolones as monotherapy.
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Efrony, Rotem, Ilil Atad, and Eugene Rosenberg. "Phage Therapy of Coral White Plague Disease: Properties of Phage BA3." Current Microbiology 58, no. 2 (2008): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-008-9290-x.
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Byvalov, Andrey A., Ilya V. Konyshev, Vladimir N. Uversky, Svetlana V. Dentovskaya, and Andrey P. Anisimov. "Yersinia Outer Membrane Vesicles as Potential Vaccine Candidates in Protecting against Plague." Biomolecules 10, no. 12 (2020): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10121694.
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Despite the relatively low incidence of plague, its etiological agent, Yersinia pestis, is an exceptional epidemic danger due to the high infectivity and mortality of this infectious disease. Reports on the isolation of drug-resistant Y. pestis strains indicate the advisability of using asymmetric responses, such as phage therapy and vaccine prophylaxis in the fight against this problem. The current relatively effective live plague vaccine is not approved for use in most countries because of its ability to cause heavy local and system reactions and even a generalized infectious process in people with a repressed immune status or metabolic disorders, as well as lethal infection in some species of nonhuman primates. Therefore, developing alternative vaccines is of high priority and importance. However, until now, work on the development of plague vaccines has mainly focused on screening for the potential immunogens. Several investigators have identified the protective potency of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as a promising basis for bacterial vaccine candidates. This review is aimed at presenting these candidates of plague vaccine and the results of their analysis in animal models.
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Zauberman, Ayelet, David Gur, Yinon Levy, et al. "Postexposure Administration of a Yersinia pestis Live Vaccine for Potentiation of Second-Line Antibiotic Treatment Against Pneumonic Plague." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 7 (2019): 1147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz260.
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Abstract Pneumonic plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, is a rapidly progressing contagious disease. In the plague mouse model, a single immunization with the EV76 live attenuated Y. pestis strain rapidly induced the expression of hemopexin and haptoglobin in the lung and serum, both of which are important in iron sequestration. Immunization against a concomitant lethal Y. pestis respiratory challenge was correlated with temporary inhibition of disease progression. Combining EV76-immunization and second-line antibiotic treatment, which are individually insufficient, led to a synergistic protective effect that represents a proof of concept for efficient combinational therapy in cases of infection with antibiotic-resistant strains.
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Miyagasheva, S. B. "Anti-epidemic traditions of the mongolian peoples in the fight against plague." Dalʹnevostočnyj medicinskij žurnal, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35177/1994-5191-2021-3-82-85.
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Born, Friederike, Peter Braun, Holger C. Scholz, and Gregor Grass. "Specific Detection of Yersinia pestis Based on Receptor Binding Proteins of Phages." Pathogens 9, no. 8 (2020): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080611.
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The highly pathogenic bacterium Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, a notorious infectious zoonotic disease. When transmitted from person to person as pneumonic plague via droplets, Y. pestis is highly contagious and in most cases is fatal if left untreated. Thus, when plague is suspected, rapid diagnosis is crucial, as a serious course of the infection is only averted by early antibiotic therapy. The bacterium is easy to cultivate, accessible and has a high potential for nefarious use such as bioterrorism. Highly specific, rapid and easy-to-use confirmatory diagnostic methods are required to reliably identify the pathogen independently from PCR-based methods or F1 antigen-based immunological detection. Yersinia pestis specific phages such as L-413C and ΦA1122 are already used for detection of Y. pestis in bacterial plaque or biosensor assays. Here, we made use of the host specificities conferred by phage receptor binding (or tail fiber/spike) proteins (RBP) for developing a specific, fast and simple fluorescence-microscopy-based detection method for Y. pestis. Genes of putative RBP of phages L-413C (gpH) and ΦA1122 (gp17) were fused with those of fluorescent proteins and recombinant receptor-reporter fusion proteins were produced heterologously in Escherichia coli. When first tested on attenuated Y. pestis strain EV76, RBP-reporters bound to the bacterial cell surface. This assay could be completed within a few minutes using live or formaldehyde-inactivated cells. Specificity tests using cultures of closely related Yersinia species and several inactivated fully virulent Y. pestis strains exhibited high specificities of the RBP-reporters against Y. pestis. The L-413C RBP proved to be especially specific, as it only detected Y. pestis at all temperatures tested, whereas the RBP of ΦA1122 also bound to Y. pseudotuberculosis strains at 37 °C (but not at 28, 20 or 6 °C). Finally, the Y. pestis-specific capsule, produced when grown at 37 °C, significantly reduced binding of phage ΦA1122 RBP, whereas the capsule only slightly diminished binding of L-413C RBP.
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Chanteau, S., L. Rabarijaona, T. O'Brien, et al. "F1 antigenaemia in bubonic plague patients, a marker of gravity and efficacy of therapy." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92, no. 5 (1998): 572–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(98)90923-3.
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Kenny, Dermot J., Armine M. Sefton, Jackie Steward, Timothy J. G. Brooks, Andrew J. H. Simpson, and Helen S. Atkins. "Efficacy of the quinolones trovafloxacin and grepafloxacin for therapy of experimental tularaemia and plague." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 34, no. 5 (2009): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.06.023.
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Różycki, Michał. "Conspiracy Theory as Therapy in Philip Roth’s “The Plot Against America”?" Linguaculture 2013, no. 1 (2013): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lincu-2015-0007.
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Abstract By focusing on a passage in Philip Roth’s book, this paper strives to outline how conspiratorial beliefs can have a therapeutic function for the community which has experienced a traumatic event. Fictitious groups depicted in such texts serve as the ultimate causes of humanity’s misgivings: from natural disasters and diseases that plague it to the inherent flaws of political and social systems. Such beliefs, however, are likely to become as dangerous as the cure, a threat Roth hints at in his work. The second part of the paper will look at the viability of conspiracism as a means to address traumatizing issues, in the context of the postmodern condition and the diffusion of motifs until recently present only in the radical texts of popular culture
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Atad, I., A. Zvuloni, Y. Loya, and E. Rosenberg. "Phage therapy of the white plague-like disease of Favia favus in the Red Sea." Coral Reefs 31, no. 3 (2012): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-012-0900-5.
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Shah, Jennifer L., Gordon Li, Jenny L. Shaffer, et al. "Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Hypofractionated Radiotherapy for Glioblastoma." Neurosurgery 82, no. 1 (2017): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyx115.
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Abstract Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Standard therapy depends on patient age and performance status but principally involves surgical resection followed by a 6-wk course of radiation therapy given concurrently with temozolomide chemotherapy. Despite such treatment, prognosis remains poor, with a median survival of 16 mo. Challenges in achieving local control, maintaining quality of life, and limiting toxicity plague treatment strategies for this disease. Radiotherapy dose intensification through hypofractionation and stereotactic radiosurgery is a promising strategy that has been explored to meet these challenges. We review the use of hypofractionated radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma.
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Kennaway, James. "The Piano Plague: The Nineteenth-Century Medical Critique of Female Musical Education." Gesnerus 68, no. 1 (2011): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-06801002.
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The role of music in nineteenth-century female education has been seen primarily in the context of the middle class cult of domesticity, and the relationship of music to medicine in the period has generally been viewed in terms of music therapy. Nevertheless, for much of the century t here was serious medical discussion a bout the dangers of excessive music in girls’ education. Many of the leading psychiatrists and gynaecologists of the nineteenth century argued that music could over-stimulate the nervous system, playing havoc with vulnerable female nerves and reproductive organs, and warned of the consequences of music lessons on the developing bodies of teenage girls. Two rival models of music’s effects competed and were combined. One suggested that music led to illness by provoking sensuality, imagination and sexuality; the other argued that it was a source of neurasthenic fatigue because of intellectual strain.
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Louie, Arnold, Brian VanScoy, Weiguo Liu, et al. "Comparative Efficacies of Candidate Antibiotics against Yersinia pestis in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 6 (2011): 2623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01374-10.
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ABSTRACTYersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague, is a potential agent of bioterrorism. Streptomycin is the “gold standard” for the treatment of plague infections in humans, but the drug is not available in many countries, and resistance to this antibiotic occurs naturally and has been generated in the laboratory. Other antibiotics have been shown to be active againstY. pestis in vitroandin vivo. However, the relative efficacies of clinically prescribed regimens of these antibiotics with streptomycin and with each other for the killing ofYersinia pestisare unknown. The efficacies of simulated pharmacokinetic profiles for human 10-day clinical regimens of ampicillin, meropenem, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were compared with the gold standard, streptomycin, for killing ofYersinia pestisin anin vitropharmacodynamic model. Resistance amplification with therapy was also assessed. Streptomycin killed the microbe in one trial but failed due to resistance amplification in the second trial. In two trials, the other antibiotics consistently reduced the bacterial densities within the pharmacodynamic systems from 108CFU/ml to undetectable levels (<102CFU/ml) between 1 and 3 days of treatment. None of the comparator agents selected for resistance. The comparator antibiotics were superior to streptomycin againstY. pestisand deserve further evaluation.
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Walker, Nicola J., Elizabeth A. Clark, Donna C. Ford, et al. "Structure and function of cytidine monophosphate kinase from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , essential for virulence but not for survival." Open Biology 2, no. 12 (2012): 120142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.120142.
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The need for new antibiotics has become pressing in light of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of human pathogens. Yersinia pestis , the causative agent of plague, is a public health threat and also an agent of concern in biodefence. It is a recently emerged clonal derivative of the enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Previously, we developed a bioinformatic approach to identify proteins that may be suitable targets for antimicrobial therapy and in particular for the treatment of plague. One such target was cytidine monophosphate (CMP) kinase, which is an essential gene in some organisms. Previously, we had thought CMP kinase was essential for Y. pseudotuberculosis , but by modification of the mutagenesis approach, we report here the production and characterization of a Δcmk mutant. The isogenic mutant had a growth defect relative to the parental strain, and was highly attenuated in mice. We have also elucidated the structure of the CMP kinase to 2.32 Å, and identified three key residues in the active site that are essential for activity of the enzyme. These findings will have implications for the development of novel CMP kinase inhibitors for therapeutic use.
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Ohler, Linda, Kay Hoopes Morris, Mary F. McCauley, and Patricia Disanto. "Cardiac Transplantation: A Review for Critical Care Nurses." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 9, no. 5 (1994): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088506669400900501.
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Advances in immunology, immunosuppressive therapy, and preservation techniques have contributed to making cardiac transplantation an accepted therpay for end-stage heart discase. One-year survival rates now exceed 90% at some transplant centers. coronary artery disease, and malignancies, continue to plague long-term survival rates in this infection and rejection requires the special experitise of experienced cardiologists and immunologists. An improved understanding of the immune system promises to increase long-term survival rates of cardiac transplant recipients. Critical care nurses require special assessment skill to meet the demanding challenges of cardiac transplant recipients in the immediate postoperative period. The impact of cardiac denervation, immunosupression, and the risk for acute rejection add a different perspective for nursing interventions in the critical care environment. With mortality rates remaining at 8 to 10% for the first month following cardiac transplanation, the skill of critical care nurses is crucial to decreasing morbidity and increasing survival during the acute perioperative period.
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Georges, Fonkwa, Nack Jacques, Awah Ndukum Julius, Yamssi Cedric, Tomedi Eyango Minette, and Tchoumboue. "First Report of Enteric Red Plague of Oreochromis Niloticus (Cichlidae) And Cyprinus Carpio (Cyprinidae) Reared in Cameroon: Mortality Rate, Risk Factors and Financial Loss." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 9, no. 3 (2023): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v9i3.63969.
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Diseases are among the major constraints to sustainable aquaculture. Fish pathogens include bacteria responsible for devastating effects on the fish health and even that of consumers. In Cameroon, there is a dearth of quantitative data related to fish diseases and the economic impact. An epidemiological survey was carried out from April 22 to May 23, 2021 during a first epizootic of the enteric red plague in the fishes Oreochromis niloticus and Cyprinus carpio reared in ponds in the Monatélé Subdivision of the Centre Region of Cameroon. The objective was to assess clinical disorders and mortality rate, associated risk factors and economic losses in semi-intensive farms due to red plague in Cameroon. So, the standard epidemiological procedures were used to assess the mortality rates before and after antibiotic (Oxytetracyclin) treatment of the disease. Results showed that clinical signs recorded within three months of observing included lateral recumbency, breathing difficulties (dyspnea) and wide opening of mouths of affected fish. The overall mortality rate of 7.74% (294 dead fishes out of 3800) was recorded. The mortality rate was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in polyculture pond (11.33%) compared to monoculture pond (4.70%). Cyprinus carpio was significantly more affected than Oreochromis niloticus. The mortality rate was higher (p < 0.01) in younger fishes than older ones and was sex independent. The therapy was more effective in monoculture pond than in polyculture pond and in Oreochromis niloticus compared to Cyprinus carpio. Females were more sensitive to antibiotic treatment than males. The direct financial loss was $420.50. This study revealed that the main risk factors of the red plague disease were farming practice, species, age and size of fish. Rigorous epidemiological surveillance of fish diseases was suggested for improved productivity of fish farms in Cameroon.
 Vol. 9, No. 3, December 2022: 323-335
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Clark, Elizabeth A., Nicola Walker, Donna C. Ford, Ian A. Cooper, Petra C. F. Oyston, and K. Ravi Acharya. "Molecular Recognition of Chymotrypsin by the Serine Protease Inhibitor Ecotin from Yersinia pestis." Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 27 (2011): 24015–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.225730.
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Resistance to antibiotics is a problem not only in terms of healthcare but also biodefense. Engineering of resistance into a human pathogen could create an untreatable biothreat pathogen. One such pathogen is Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. Previously, we have used a bioinformatic approach to identify proteins that may be suitable targets for antimicrobial therapy and in particular for the treatment of plague. The serine protease inhibitor ecotin was identified as one such target. We have carried out mutational analyses in the closely related Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, validating that the ecotin gene is a virulence-associated gene in this bacterium. Y. pestis ecotin inhibits chymotrypsin. Here, we present the structure of ecotin in complex with chymotrypsin to 2.74 Å resolution. The structure features a biologically relevant tetramer whereby an ecotin dimer binds to two chymotrypsin molecules, similar to what was observed in related serine protease inhibitor structures. However, the vast majority of the interactions in the present structure are distinctive, indicating that the broad specificity of the inhibitor for these proteases is based largely on its capacity to recognize features unique to each of them. These findings will have implications for the development of small ecotin inhibitors for therapeutic use.
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Gibbs, Aimee E., Joel Pickerman, and Jon K. Sekiya. "Weight Management in Amateur Wrestling." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 1, no. 3 (2009): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738109334276.
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Context: Unhealthy weight loss practices continue to plague amateur wrestling. The National Collegiate Athletic Association weight loss guidelines are beneficial but have not solved the problem. Evidence Acquisition: All relevant databases through 2008 were searched using PubMed. The references of relevant articles were then searched for additional publications. Study Type: Clinical review. Results: New rules approved by the National Collegiate Athletic Association have been implemented in an attempt to prevent drastic weight loss practices in wrestlers. Although some are effective, such as establishing a minimum wrestling weight and decreasing the period between weigh-ins and actual wrestling, unsafe weight loss practices still occur. Conclusion: The attempts made by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to prevent drastic weight loss in wrestling have been effective to some degree. The mind-set of athletes, coaches, and clinicians needs to change if further improvements are to be made.
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Piquereau, Jérôme, Solène E. Boitard, Renée Ventura-Clapier, and Mathias Mericskay. "Metabolic Therapy of Heart Failure: Is There a Future for B Vitamins?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1 (2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010030.
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Heart failure (HF) is a plague of the aging population in industrialized countries that continues to cause many deaths despite intensive research into more effective treatments. Although the therapeutic arsenal to face heart failure has been expanding, the relatively short life expectancy of HF patients is pushing towards novel therapeutic strategies. Heart failure is associated with drastic metabolic disorders, including severe myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction and systemic nutrient deprivation secondary to severe cardiac dysfunction. To date, no effective therapy has been developed to restore the cardiac energy metabolism of the failing myocardium, mainly due to the metabolic complexity and intertwining of the involved processes. Recent years have witnessed a growing scientific interest in natural molecules that play a pivotal role in energy metabolism with promising therapeutic effects against heart failure. Among these molecules, B vitamins are a class of water soluble vitamins that are directly involved in energy metabolism and are of particular interest since they are intimately linked to energy metabolism and HF patients are often B vitamin deficient. This review aims at assessing the value of B vitamin supplementation in the treatment of heart failure.
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Rasheed, Maheen, Kashif Kareem, Aliha Liaquat, Aneela Ashraf, and Sania Maryam. "Qualitative Proteomics Analysis of Proteins and Biomarkers of Alzheimer’ Disease." ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering 2, no. 3 (2022): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ajse.v2i3.39391.
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Alzheimer’sdementia (AD) is the plague of today's world: a costly harming illness that ransacks the elder of their capacity to work and affect their recollections. Many years of research have brought about a profound comprehension of the pathological processes and a range of targets of therapy. Proteomics has contributed enormously to these advances and will keep on having a growing role in determining the nature of obsessive injuries. Moreover, proteomics (both gel-based and gel-free, mass spectrometry-based), is probably going to assume an expanding job in distinguishing biomarkers that may aid early determination and in observing movement and above all response therapy. Alzheimer's dementia is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by limited motor functions and loss of memory. Clinically it is diagnosed by accumulation of plaques in neurons and formation of NFTs by the aggregation of tau proteins. These pathological changes in the brain can be observed in preclinical stages of AD known as ASYM AD and mild cognitive dementia.
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Lin, Jing, Haoyue Ma, Hang Li, et al. "The Treatment of Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Female Infertility Caused by Endometrial Factors." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (September 7, 2022): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4624311.
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Recently, with the development of the social economy, the incidence of infertility has increased year by year. With its complex etiology and diversified syndromes, infertility has become one of the most important diseases that plague the physical and mental health of women of childbearing age worldwide. Endometrial factors as an important part affecting female reproductive capacity, due to which induced repeated abortion and multiple uterine cavity operations occur, can destruct endometrium, failing to provide a normal implantation environment for zygote, thus resulting in infertility. Many patients failed to achieve expected results after receiving conventional treatments such as hormone therapy, assisted reproductive technology (ART), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy, and cell therapy, then turn to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies for help. Aiming at clarifying the effectiveness and mechanisms of CAM therapy in the treatment of infertility caused by endometrial factors, our paper systematically searched and studied present related literature on the PubMed, CNKI, and other databases, focusing on the aspects of clinical application and mechanism explorations and highlighting the therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), acupuncture, and moxibustion on such diseases. Moreover, this paper also introduces the CAM treatments of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) retention enema, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), photobiomodulation therapy, dietary intervention, and other measures for infertility caused by endometrial factors, in order to provide a reference for subsequent basic research and clinical work.
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Louie, Arnold, Mark R. Deziel, Weiguo Liu, and George L. Drusano. "Impact of Resistance Selection and Mutant Growth Fitness on the Relative Efficacies of Streptomycin and Levofloxacin for Plague Therapy." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 8 (2007): 2661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00073-07.
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ABSTRACT Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague, is a potential agent of biowarfare and bioterrorism. The aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin is the gold standard for treatment. However, this recommendation is based on scant animal and clinical data. We used an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model to compare the efficacies of 10-day regimens of streptomycin versus the fluoroquinolone antibiotic levofloxacin for the treatment of Y. pestis infection and to evaluate for emergence of resistance. The human serum concentration-time profiles for standard clinical regimens of 1 g of streptomycin given every 12 h and 500 mg of levofloxacin given every 24 h were simulated. The growth fitness of drug-resistant mutants was examined in neutropenic and immunocompetent mouse thigh infection models. In the in vitro infection system, untreated bacteria grew from 107 to 1010 CFU/ml. Streptomycin therapy caused a 105 CFU/ml reduction in the number of bacteria over 24 h, followed by regrowth with streptomycin-resistant mutants. Levofloxacin resulted in a 107 CFU/ml reduction in the number of bacteria within 12 h, ultimately sterilizing the culture without resistance selection. In both the normal and neutropenic mouse infection models, streptomycin-resistant and wild-type strains were equally fit. However, 90% of levofloxacin-resistant isolates, cultured from the control in vitro infection arm, did not proliferate in the mouse models. Thus, the fluoroquinolone antibiotic levofloxacin was superior to streptomycin in our in vitro infection model. The majority of levofloxacin-resistant mutants were less fit than streptomycin-resistant and wild-type Y. pestis.
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Carvalhal, Adriana, Jean-Guy Baril, Frederic Crouzat, et al. "Recognizing Cognitive and Psychiatric Changes in the Post-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 23, no. 4 (2012): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/652131.
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Amid numerous complications that plague the health and quality of life of people living with HIV, neurocognitive and psychiatric illnesses pose unique challenges. While there remains uncertainty with respect to the pathophysiology surrounding these disorders, their adverse implications are increasingly recognized. Left undetected, they have the potential to significantly impact patient well being, adherence to antiretroviral treatment and overall health outcomes. As such, early identification of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and psychiatric illnesses will be paramount in the proactive management of affected patients. The present review focuses on strategies to ensure optimal screening and detection of HAND, depression and substance abuse in routine practice. For each topic, currently available screening methods are discussed. These include identification of risk factors, recognition of relevant symptomatology and an update on validated screening tools that can be efficiently implemented in the clinical setting. Specifically addressed in the present review are the International HIV Dementia Scale, a novel screening equation and algorithm for HAND, as well as brief, validated, verbal questionnaires for detection of depression and substance abuse. Adequate understanding and usage of these screening mechanisms can ensure effective use of resources by distinguishing patients who require referral for more extensive diagnostic procedures from those who likely do not.
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Navva, Pavan Kumar Rao, Subramanyam Venkata Sreepada, and Karopadi Shivanand Nayak. "Present Status of Renal Replacement Therapy in Asian Countries." Blood Purification 40, no. 4 (2015): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441574.
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Background: Asia is a huge and populous continent with diverse economies where the status of renal replacement therapy varies among different countries. Summary: The penetration of dialysis is poor among low income countries like India and China. A lack of trained nephrologists and limited numbers of dialysis facilities plague South Asian countries. Most of the hemodialysis centers are in the private sector; the few centers that are government-run or run by charitable organizations cannot meet growing needs. China has shown that twice-a-week hemodialysis can be feasible in female patients with small build. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has less penetration among the developing countries than the developed countries in Asia. Novel schemes in India including the ‘once-in-a-lifetime payment' scheme and an insurance scheme for peritonitis are attracting more patients to PD. New biocompatible PD solutions and home care facilities have brought down the peritonitis rates. The PD-first policy in Thailand alongside the domestic manufacture of PD fluids has decreased the cost of PD there. Iran has shown drastic changes in its PD policy (from 0 to 1,150 recruitments in 5 years) in spite of its high transplantation rate. Home hemodialysis is practiced in mostly affluent countries like Japan, where again it accounts for only 0.1% of all hemodialysis. Key Messages: Developing countries should have more budgetary allocation for chronic ailments such as chronic kidney disease that can be utilized for training programs and establishing dialysis units, and thus meet the growing demands for renal replacement therapy. PD should be encouraged and adopted as first modality of renal replacement therapy considering its ease and economy.
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Sofer-Podesta, Carolina, John Ang, Neil R. Hackett, et al. "Adenovirus-Mediated Delivery of an Anti-V Antigen Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against a Lethal Yersinia pestis Challenge." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 4 (2009): 1561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00856-08.
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ABSTRACT Pneumonic plague, caused by inhalation of Yersinia pestis, represents a major bioterrorism threat for which no vaccine is available. Based on the knowledge that genetic delivery of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with adenovirus (Ad) gene transfer vectors results in rapid, high-level antibody expression, we evaluated the hypothesis that Ad-mediated delivery of a neutralizing antibody directed against the Y. pestis V antigen would protect mice against a Y. pestis challenge. MAbs specific for the Y. pestis V antigen were generated, and the most effective in protecting mice against a lethal intranasal Y. pestis challenge was chosen for further study. The coding sequences for the heavy and light chains were isolated from the corresponding hybridoma and inserted into a replication-defective serotype 5 human Ad gene transfer vector (AdαV). Western analysis of AdαV-infected cell supernatants demonstrated completely assembled antibodies reactive with V antigen. Following AdαV administration to mice, high levels of anti-V antigen antibody titers were detectable as early as 1 day postadministration, peaked by day 3, and remained detectable through a 12-week time course. When animals that received AdαV were challenged with Y. pestis at day 4 post-AdαV administration, 80% of the animals were protected, while 0% of control animals survived (P < 0.01). Ad-mediated delivery of a V antigen-neutralizing antibody is an effective therapy against plague in experimental animals and could be developed as a rapidly acting antiplague therapeutic.
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Heine, Henry S., Arnold Louie, Jeffrey J. Adamovicz, et al. "Evaluation of Imipenem for Prophylaxis and Therapy of Yersinia pestis Delivered by Aerosol in a Mouse Model of Pneumonic Plague." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 6 (2014): 3276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02420-14.
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ABSTRACTIt has been previously shown that mice subjected to an aerosol exposure toYersinia pestisand treated with β-lactam antibiotics after a delay of 42 h died at an accelerated rate compared to controls. It was hypothesized that endotoxin release in antibiotic-treated mice accounted for the accelerated death rate in the mice exposed to aerosolY. pestis. Imipenem, a β-lactam antibiotic, binds to penicillin binding protein 2 with the highest affinity and produces rounded cells. The binding of imipenem causes cells to lyse quickly and thereby to release less free endotoxin. Two imipenem regimens producing fractions of time that the concentration of free, unbound drug was above the MIC (fT>MIC) of approximately 25% (6/24 h) and 40% (9.5/24 h) were evaluated. In the postexposure prophylaxis study, the 40% and 25% regimens produced 90% and 40% survivorship, respectively. In the 42-h treatment study, both regimens demonstrated a 40 to 50% survivorship at therapy cessation and some deaths thereafter, resulting in a 30% survivorship. As this was an improvement over the results with other β-lactams, a comparison of both endotoxin and cytokine levels in mice treated with imipenem and ceftazidime (a β-lactam previously demonstrated to accelerate death in mice during treatment) was performed and supported the original hypotheses; however, the levels observed in animals treated with ciprofloxacin (included as an unrelated antibiotic that is also bactericidal but should cause little lysis due to a different mode of action) were elevated and significantly (7-fold) higher than those with ceftazidime.
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Doyle, Andrew T., Christine Lauber, and Kendra Sabine. "The Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Pain Associated With Tendinopathy: A Critically Appraised Topic." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 25, no. 1 (2016): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2014-0219.
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Clinical Scenario:Tendinopathies plague many active individuals, causing pain and reducing sport activity by decreasing range of motion and strength. There are many modalities that have been used to treat pain associated with chronic inflammation, such as ultrasound, moist heat packs, and electrical stimulation. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is one such modality. Potential benefits of managing pain associated with tendinopathies have been investigated using LLLT. Cellular respiration and metabolism are thought to be increased by LLLT acting on the mitochondrial cytochromes. The effects LLLT may have on cellular activity could increase blood flow to progress the healing process by reducing the pain-spasm cycle. The purpose of this critically appraised topic is to identify the clinical effectiveness of LLLT on pain associated with tendinopathy and to identify the parameters used to achieve statistically and clinically relevant pain outcomes.Focused Clinical Question:What is the effect of LLLT on pain associated with tendinopathy?Clinical Bottom Line:Although LLLT significantly decreases pain from baseline, its use may be no better than placebo or traditional treatments such as ultrasound, moist heat packs, electrical stimulation, or therapeutic exercise to reduce pain associated with tendinopathy. Total accumulated joules across the treatment sessions may need to be taken into account as a parameter.
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Daniguelo, Antonio. "Preliminary Analysis of the Effectiveness of Handing Criminal Acts by Children Under the Age." Journal La Sociale 2, no. 3 (2021): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v2i3.387.
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The issue of drug addiction and illegal trafficking continues to plague nations across the globe. Between 153 and 300 million individuals, or 3.4 to 6.6 percent of the world's drug abusers aged 15 to 64 years, having used drugs at least once a year, with almost 12% (15.5 to 38.6 million people) of users being heavy addicts. Initially created for medicinal reasons (therapy), opioids became a political target for those seeking profit by introducing harmful addictive chemicals. Addition of hazardous addictive drugs may precipitate a person's hallucinations and addictions, wreaking havoc on the neurological system and organs of the body and ultimately resulting in death. The risks of drug addiction have prompted many nations to implement laws aimed at protecting citizens and prohibiting drug trafficking. This restriction eventually spawned illegal commerce and the growth of global marketplaces
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Goldstone, Daniel. "Cognitive-behavioural therapy versus psychodynamic psychotherapy for the treatment of depression: a critical review of evidence and current issues." South African Journal of Psychology 47, no. 1 (2016): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246316653860.
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Two of the most popular psychotherapeutic approaches to treat depression are cognitive-behavioural therapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy, yet little consensus has been reached concerning which therapy is most beneficial for the treatment of depression. A review of the literature revealed that, while cognitive-behavioural therapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy are the most effective psychotherapeutic modalities for the treatment of depression, evidence suggests that neither of these modalities is superior to the other. Furthermore, multiple issues plague the studies investigating these treatments. Efficacy and effectiveness are often confounded, while rates of remission and response are often far less than might be expected from such highly regarded and widely used treatments. Severity of depression appears to moderate treatment outcomes, yet many studies overlook this, while the impact that the aetiology of a patient’s depression has on treatment outcomes is largely ignored in the literature. Additionally, a majority of studies have focused on therapies of short duration, which often have poor follow-up results. Finally, mechanisms of change in the treatment of depression have been ignored to a large extent, but there is some evidence that non-specific therapeutic factors may be more important than specific therapeutic techniques in producing positive treatment outcomes. These issues need to be closely examined and resolved if researchers and clinicians are serious about optimising treatments, improving outcomes, and adequately addressing the serious problem of depression.
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Mayangsari, Marina Dwi, Dwi Nurrachmah, Alvina Rizkiani, Alda Nursyifa Aidilla, and Tuti Asmaniah. "Anxiety at The Continued Age of High Risk Towards Plague Transmission in The 2019 Coronavirus Disease Pandemic." Jurnal Berkala Kesehatan 7, no. 1 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbk.v7i1.9621.
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The elderly are very vulnerable to anxiety, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Many elderly people are infected with this virus, especially those who have comorbids. The feeling of worrying about mortality rate raises the risk of physical condition decreasing, this further increases susceptibility to infection. This study aims to determine the description and the factors that cause anxiety. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach. Data collection methods used observation, interviews, and Geriatric Anxiety Scale (GAS). The research subjects for the initial survey were five people, then deepening to an elderly woman (BW), 63 years old who obtained the highest anxiety score. The results showed that the elderly felt anxious about their surroundings being exposed to the Covid-19 virus, it’s seen from the symptoms such as restlessness, difficulty sleeping, and disturbed concentration of thought. Anxiety is caused by physical factors such as suffering from accompanying illness, trauma from emotional experiences, and loss contact with the social environment. The conclusion that the elderly excessive worry because of their physical vulnerability so they often worried if they contracted Covid-19. Simple intervention suggestions such as remembrance therapy in order to calm the feelings and thoughts of the subject during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Moses, Sarit, Moshe Aftalion, Emanuelle Mamroud, Shahar Rotem, and Ida Steinberger-Levy. "Reporter-Phage-Based Detection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Yersinia pestis for a Rapid Plague Outbreak Response." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (2021): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061278.
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Pneumonic plague is a lethal infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a Tier-1 biothreat agent. Antibiotic treatment can save infected patients; however, therapy should begin within 24 h of symptom onset. As some Y. pestis strains showed an antibiotic resistance phenotype, an antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) must be performed. Performing the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)-recommended standard process, which includes bacterial isolation, enumeration and microdilution testing, lasts several days. Thus, rapid AST must be developed. As previously published, the Y. pestis-specific reporter phage ϕA1122::luxAB can serve for rapid identification and AST (ID-AST). Herein, we demonstrate the ability to use ϕA1122::luxAB to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and antibiotic susceptibility categories for various Y. pestis therapeutic antibiotics. We confirmed the assay by testing several nonvirulent Y. pestis isolates with reduced susceptibility to doxycycline or ciprofloxacin. Moreover, the assay can be performed directly on positive human blood cultures. Furthermore, as Y. pestis may naturally or deliberately be spread in the environment, we demonstrate the compatibility of this direct method for this scenario. This direct phage-based ID-AST shortens the time needed for standard AST to less than a day, enabling rapid and correct treatment, which may also prevent the spread of the disease.
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Casa, Douglas J., Julie K. DeMartini, Michael F. Bergeron, et al. "National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Exertional Heat Illnesses." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 9 (2015): 986–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.07.
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Objective To present best-practice recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of exertional heat illnesses (EHIs) and to describe the relevant physiology of thermoregulation. Background Certified athletic trainers recognize and treat athletes with EHIs, often in high-risk environments. Although the proper recognition and successful treatment strategies are well documented, EHIs continue to plague athletes, and exertional heat stroke remains one of the leading causes of sudden death during sport. The recommendations presented in this document provide athletic trainers and allied health providers with an integrated scientific and clinically applicable approach to the prevention, recognition, treatment of, and return-to-activity guidelines for EHIs. These recommendations are given so that proper recognition and treatment can be accomplished in order to maximize the safety and performance of athletes. Recommendations Athletic trainers and other allied health care professionals should use these recommendations to establish onsite emergency action plans for their venues and athletes. The primary goal of athlete safety is addressed through the appropriate prevention strategies, proper recognition tactics, and effective treatment plans for EHIs. Athletic trainers and other allied health care professionals must be properly educated and prepared to respond in an expedient manner to alleviate symptoms and minimize the morbidity and mortality associated with these illnesses.
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Nascimento, Ismael Elias Do. "Evasão Escolar na Educação de Jovens e Adultos / School Dropout in Youth and Adult Education." ID on line. Revista de psicologia 16, no. 61 (2022): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/idonline.v16i61.3515.
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Resumo: A evasão escolar é um dos graves problemas que assola a educação no Brasil. Uma proposta de resgate aqueles que não concluíram seus estudos no tempo adequado e se evadiram do sistema educacional é a Educação de jovens e adultos – EJA. Embora a EJA tenha por objetivo resgatar e inserir os adultos não alfabetizados no processo educacional, a mesma também sofre da evasão escolar. As pesquisas realizadas demonstram que a evasão escolar na EJA é alimentada por motivos sociais, políticos, culturais e econômicos. Pode-se ainda afirmar que a evasão escolar na EJA é construída por fatores internos e externos a escola. Encontrar respostas para reduzir os níveis de evasão escolar se constitui um desafio de difícil solução, pois a conjunção de fatores torna esse fator um problema complexo.Palavras-chaves: Educação de Jovens e Adultos; Evasão escolar; Abandono escolar. Abstract:School dropout is one of the serious problems that plague education in Brazil. A proposal to rescue those who did not complete their studies on time and evaded the educational system is the Education of Youth and Adults - EJA. Although the EJA aims to rescue and insert illiterate adults in the educational process, it also suffers from school dropout. The research carried out shows that school dropout in the EJA is fueled by social, political, cultural and economic reasons. It can also be said that school dropout in EJA is built by factors internal and external to the school. Finding answers to reduce the levels of school dropout is a challenge that is difficult to solve, as the combination of factors makes this factor a complex problem.Keywords: Youth and Adult Education; School dropout; School dropout.
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Kubic-Filiks, Beata, Agnieszka Koszuta, and Jolanta Szymanska. "Cigarette smoking and dental implant tooth replacement therapy: A questionnaire survey among patients receiving implant prosthetic treatment." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 27, no. 4 (2014): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cipms-2015-0028.
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Abstract Chronic nicotinism has negative effects, both local and systemic. Its local effects are related to both the immediate thermal influence, as well as the toxic action of the substances contained in the smoke. In addition, the microflora colonizing dental plague is changed. The damage and the inflammatory processes that are incurred, affect the bone tissue of the alveolar processes, the mucosa, gums, and the tooth enamel. In this study, the tobacco smoking-related profile of patients being treated by way of implants was determined. Moreover, the relationship between cigarette smoking and pain sensation was assessed in patients undergoing surgical and prosthetic procedures in the oral cavity. The questionnaire survey covered 464 patients receiving prosthetic treatment at the “Dental” Non-Public Health Care Centre in Tomaszow Mazowiecki. The patients answered questions concerning their sex, age, the period of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day and the sensation of pain during bone reconstruction, implant placement and prosthetic procedures. The most numerous group of patients treated with implants were women: either non-smoking or smoking for less than 20 years at a level of less than 20 cigarettes a day, and men aged 40-60 years who have been smoking for over 20 years, at more than 20 cigarettes a day. The results of the survey reveal that non-smoking patients felt pain during bone reconstruction, implant placement and prosthetic procedures more frequently.
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Klostermann, Keith, Theresa Mignone, and Emma Papagni. "Deliberate Practice Makes Perfect: Improving Therapist Effectiveness." Addiction Research and Adolescent Behaviour 3, no. 1 (2020): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2688-7517/021.
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Psychotherapy works. The results of numerous studies show that those individuals treated are better off than those not treated or on waitlists with an average effect size of .8 (Duncan et al., 2008). To put it in perspective, the effects of psychotherapy are equal to those found for coronary artery bypass surgery and 4 times greater than fluoride in the prevention dental cavities. Yet, three persistent problems plague the psychotherapy field: 1) clients drop out of therapy at alarming rates – almost half of clients decide not to continue and prematurely terminate; 2) not only do therapists not notice when clients are at risk for dropping out, they also do not detect when things are getting worse (approximately 10% of clients get worse after starting therapy); and 3) a small percentage of clients (10%) accounts for the largest amount of expenditures (Minami, 2008). This last finding may be the result of therapists not realizing when things are not working or getting worse and instead of changing course, doing more of what is not working, over and over again. Along these lines, most therapists do not have an accurate sense of their helpfulness and on average, overrate their effectiveness by 65% (Chow, 2014). Given the issues with retention, coupled with the self-assessment bias among therapists, it’s not surprising that psychotherapy outcomes have not appreciably improved over the past 40 years.