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Lombardi, William V. "Bound to Have Blood: Frontier Newspapers and the Plains Indian Wars (review)." Western American Literature 47, no. 3 (2012): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wal.2012.0075.
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Kuhl, Michelle. "“We Have Seen the Fate of the Indian”: Western Influences on African American Leadership in the Shadow of the Plains Wars." American Nineteenth Century History 12, no. 1 (March 2011): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664658.2011.559747.
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Sklansky, Jeffrey. "Richard White, The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1896." Business History Review 92, no. 2 (2018): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680518000405.
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The sprawling volumes in the long-running Oxford History of the United States series are intended to serve as comprehensive surveys for a general audience, a task at which Richard White's nearly thousand-page chronicle of the postbellum decades admirably succeeds. But the main interest of such syntheses for historians lies in their reconsideration of the master narratives that organize divergent developments at multiple levels into a cohesive account of American society as a whole in a pivotal period, constructing a framework for past scholarship and a platform for future work. The author's previous field-shaping studies of Native American history, Western history, environmental history, and business history make him well-suited to offer an overarching understanding of an era of climactic upheavals in all of these realms: the age of the last Indian wars and the extensive development of the Great Plains, the slaughter of the buffalo and the industrialization of agriculture, unprecedented class warfare, and the ascendance of big business, along with the meteoric career of Reconstruction and the violent restoration of white supremacy in the New South.
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Humphrey, Carol Sue. "Bound to Have Blood: Frontier Newspapers and the Plains Indian Wars. By Hugh J. Reilly. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2011. Pp. ix, 162. $15.95.)." Historian 74, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 584–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2012.00328_25.x.
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Ahmad, Manzoor, Naveeda Yousaf, and Muhammad Zubair. "Indus Water Treaty: Threats of Abrogation, Plans for Revision and Prospects of Survivability." Global Regional Review II, no. I (December 30, 2017): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2017(ii-i).27.
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Indus Basin Treaty which was brokered by the World Bank for resolving water issues between Pakistan and India. Despite persistent hostilities and wars between the two arch-rivals, the treaty has functioned well and is still crucial for Pakistans water security and peace of the region. However, owing to increasing tension of water shortage in both Pakistan and India strains arise over the treaty. Growing Pakistani demands for water and sustained Indian construction of hydropower projects, as well as other dams on western rivers, have raised threats regarding the survivability of the treaty. Presently the treaty has come under intense threats after Uri attacks. Due to this incident some Indian commentators recommended abrogation, while some circles proposed revision of the treaty. However, questions arise whether revision of the treaty suit Pakistans interests? Will the treaty survive in the face of current crisis? What is Pakistans current stand on the issue?
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Paulet, Anne. "To Change the World: The use of American Indian Education in the Philippines." History of Education Quarterly 47, no. 2 (May 2007): 173–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2007.00088.x.
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In a Brule Sioux legend, Iktome, the trickster, warns the various Plains tribes of the coming of the white man: “You are the Ikche-Wichasha—the plain, wild, untamed people,” he tells the Lakota, “but this man will misname you and call you by all kinds of false names. He will try to tame you, try to remake you after himself.” Iktome, in essence, describes the conflict that occurred when American Indians encountered Euro-Americans, who judged the Indians in relation to themselves and found the Indians lacking. Having already misnamed the people “Indians,” Euro-Americans proceeded to label them, among other things, “savages.” By the latter half of the nineteenth-century, such terms carried scientific meaning and seemed to propose to Americans that Native Americans, having “failed to measure up” to the standards of white society, were doomed to extinction unless they changed their ways, unless they were “remade.” And that was, indeed, the aim of American endeavors at Native American education, to remake or, in the words of Carlisle president Richard H. Pratt, “Kill the Indian in him, and save the man.” These educational efforts at restructuring Native American lifestyles were more than the culmination of the battle over definitional control; they were precedents for future American imperial expansion as the United States discovered, at the turn of the century, that “Indians” also lived overseas and that, just like those at home, they needed to be properly educated in the American way of life. The United States' experience with American Indians thus provided both justification for overseas expansion, particularly into the Philippine Islands, and an educational precedent that would enable Americans to claim that their expansion was different from European imperialism based on the American use of education to transform the cultures of their subjects and prepare them for self-government rather than continued colonial control.
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Nelson, Christopher T. "Occupation without End: Opposition to the US Military in Okinawa." South Atlantic Quarterly 111, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-1724210.
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In the aftermath of the Pacific War, the US military began an occupation of the Japanese prefecture of Okinawa that continues to this day. Although formal sovereignty of the islands was returned to Japan in 1972, the physical and social space of Okinawa remains dominated by a massive network of US military installations. For decades, soldiers and Marines trained in the northern jungles for wars in places like Indochina, Iraq, and Afghanistan; the military airfields and harbors have supported American interests and operations across the Pacific and Indian Oceans. While the Japanese state has been, at best, disinterested and, at worst, complicit in this occupation, there is a long history of Okinawan resistance. Most recently, a dynamic and complex network of groups and individuals has come together to contest plans by the Japanese and US authorities to relocate a Marine airfield to the northeast coast of Okinawa and create new training facilities in the nearby forests.
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Haque, FM Anamul, and Saria Tasnim. "Recent Update on Management of Pregnancy with ZIKA Virus Infection." Bangladesh Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 31, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v31i1.34275.
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Zika, an emerging Aedes-mosquito-borne virus are currently being identified with alarming outbreak is spreading throughout the America. Health expert warn that anytime virus could enter Bangladesh due to worldwide easy communication of the people. Concerns have grown even stronger in Bangladesh after news media in Thailand and Taiwan reported cases of the viral infection among locals. Both places are popular destinations for Bangladeshi travellers, increasing the risk of the virus also spreading here. Aedes aegypti, the carrier of the virus, is also responsible for spreading dengue fever throughout the Indian sub-continent region, especially in Bangladesh and India. Pregnant women are at increased risk of neonatal complication like microcephaly if infected with ZIKA virus. This review describes epidemiology, transmission of ZIKAV, clinical presentation and recommendations for pregnancy according to CDC, RCOG,SGOC and WHO guidelines.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2016; Vol. 31(1) : 40-45
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KUSHWAHA, DILIP KUMAR, and DALJEET SINGH. "Release To Reorganization: A Case Study Of Indo-Gangetic Plain During 1700 Bc To 1200 Bc." History Research Journal 5, no. 4 (August 22, 2019): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/hrj.v5i4.7139.
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An important debate in Indian archaeology revolves around the questions such as what happened after the collapse of ‘Harappan Civilization' or where those people went, when did the classic Harappan traits from the pottery, bead, seal and town planning disappear. Archaeologists gave different explanations and answers to these questions. For a long archaeologist, have made various attempts to find a possible explanation for the problem such as Aryan invasion, flood, climate change, economic and administrative disintegration. J.P. Joshi put another theoretical answer of interlocking phase between late Harappa and Painted Grey Ware culture forward after the excavation of sites like Bhagwanpura, Dadheri, Katplalon, and Nagar. Preceded by small interlocking phase traits of late Harappan culture disappeared from these sites.
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Srivastava, Pankaj, Bramha Parkash, and Dilip K. Pal. "Clay Minerals in Soils as Evidence of Holocene Climatic Change, Central Indo-Gangetic Plains, North-Central India." Quaternary Research 50, no. 3 (November 1998): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1994.
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Clay mineral assemblages of a soil chrono-association comprising five fluvial surface members (QGH1 to QGH5) of the Indo-Gangetic Plains between the Ramganga and Rapti rivers, north-central India, demonstrate that pedogenic interstratified smectite–kaolin (Sm/K) can be considered as a potential indicator for paleoclimatic changes during the Holocene from arid to humid climates. On the basis of available radiocarbon dates, thermoluminescence dates, and historical evidence, tentative ages assigned to QGH1 to QGH5 are <500 yr B.P., >500 yr B.P., >2500 yr B.P., 8000 TL yr B.P., and 13,500 TL yr B.P., respectively. During pedogenesis two major regional climatic cycles are recorded: relatively arid climates between 10,000–6500 yr B.P. and 3800–? yr B.P. were punctuated by a warm and humid climate. Biotite weathered to trioctahedral vermiculite and smectite in the soils during arid conditions, and smectite was unstable and transformed to Sm/K during the warm and humid climatic phase (7400–4150 cal yr B.P.). When the humid climate terminated, vermiculite, smectite, and Sm/K were preserved to the present day. The study suggests that during the development of soils in the Holocene in alluvium of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, climatic fluctuations appear to be more important than realized hitherto. The soils older than 2500 yr B.P. are relict paleosols, but they are polygenetic because of their subsequent alterations.
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Godfrey, J. Stuart, Rui-Jin Hu, Andreas Schiller, and R. Fiedler. "Explorations of the Annual Mean Heat Budget of the Tropical Indian Ocean. Part I: Studies with an Idealized Model." Journal of Climate 20, no. 13 (July 1, 2007): 3210–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4157.1.
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Abstract Annual mean net heat fluxes from ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) are systematically too low in the tropical Indian Ocean, compared to observations. In the models, only some of the geostrophic inflow replacing southward Ekman outflow is colder than the minimum sea surface temperature (MINSST). Observed heat fluxes imply that much more inflow is colder than MINSST. Since inflow below MINSST can only join the surface Ekman transport after diathermal warming, the OGCMs must underestimate diathermal effects. A crude analog of the annual mean Indian Ocean heat budget was generated, using a rectangular box model with a deep “Indo–Pacific” gap at 7°–10°S in its eastern side. Wind stress was zonal and proportional to the Coriolis parameter, so Ekman transport was spatially constant and equaled Sverdrup transport. For three experiments, zonally integrated Ekman transport was steady and southward at 10 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). In steady state, a 10 Sv “Indonesian Throughflow” fed a northward western boundary current of 10 Sv, which turned eastward along the northern boundary at 10°N to feed the southward Ekman transport. Most diathermal mixing occurred within an intense eddy in the northwest corner. Some of the geostrophic inflow was at temperatures colder than MINSST (found at the northeast corner of the eddy); it must warm to MINSST via diathermal mixing. Northern boundary upwelling exceeded the 10-Sv Ekman transport. The excess warms as it recirculates around the eddy, apparently supplying the heat to warm inflow below MINSST. In an experiment using the “flux-corrected transport” (FCT) scheme, diathermal mixing occurred in the strongly sheared currents around the eddy. However the Richardson number never became low enough to drive strong diathermal mixing, perhaps because (like that of other published models) the present model’s vertical resolution was too coarse. In three experiments, the dominant mixing was caused by horizontal diffusion, spurious convective overturn, and numerical mixing invoked by the FCT scheme, respectively. All three mixing mechanisms are physically suspect; such model problems (if widespread) must be resolved before the mismatch between observed and modeled heat fluxes can be addressed. However, the fact that the density profile at the western boundary must be hydrostatically stable places a lower limit on the area-integrated heat fluxes. Results from the three main experiments—and from many published OGCMs—are quite close to this lower limit.
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Brummett, Palmira. "The Overrated adversary: Rhodes and Ottoman naval power." Historical Journal 36, no. 3 (September 1993): 517–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00014291.
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ABSTRACTThis essay examines the relative power of the Rhodian and Ottoman fleets in the first decades of the sixteenth century, taking as its context the commercial and diplomatic relations of the eastern Levantine states. After the Aegean wars of 1499–1503 Rhodes failed to mobilize a Christian alliance against the Ottomans. Nor did the rise of Ismail Safavi in Iran provide the hoped for relief from Ottoman expansion. While the Ottoman state was preoccupied with the succession struggle for Bayezid's throne and with plans to extend its hegemony to the Indian Ocean, Rhodes was fighting for survival. Although the development of the Ottoman fleet provoked great fear in Rhodes, Venice and the Mamluk kingdom, Ottoman naval power until the conquest of Cairo in 151J was directed primarily to defensive and transport activities. Further the Ottoman fleet provided security against corsairs for merchant shipping. By supporting the corsair activities of Order members, Rhodes alienated the Mamluk state, Venice and France (allpotential allies in an anti-Ottoman coalition) but refrained from directly challenging the Ottoman navy. Naval engagements during this period cannot be understood without taking into consideration the prolonged conditions of grain shortage in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean. Both aggressive and defensive measures taken by the Ottoman, Venetian and Rhodian fleets Were ordinarily related to the competition for foodstuffs during this period rather than the conquest of territory or the establishment of commercial dominance (as in the Indian Ocean).
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S, Umamaheswari, and Jayasree Krishnan. "Work force retention: Role of work environment, organization commitment, supervisor support and training & development in ceramic sanitary ware industries in India." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 9, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.1885.
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Purpose: Although retention of employees has become hot topic in this career turbulent era, practically no empirical research is carried out in the fast growing ceramic sector till now and this research fills the gap in the literature. The literatures surveys reported that organization commitment is an important determinant of retention and work environment, supervisor support and training and development are the most relevant antecedents increasing commitment towards organization. This paper examines the impact of the above factors over organization commitment and explores the effects of organization commitment on retention, and verifies the mediating effect of organization commitment on the relationship between proposed factors and retention.Design/methodology/approach: A survey was completed by 416 employees working in five ceramic sanitary ware factories located at different places in India. Questionnaire consisting of items adopted from previous researches were used to collect data. The selection of respondents was based on the simple random sampling.Findings: Findings reveals that organization commitment influences retention and all the above factors enhances it. Moreover organization commitment partially mediates the relationship between proposed factors and retention. However multiple regression analysis indicated that training and development did not have any notable influence on retention.Limitations: This study was conducted in a particular country and also in a particular sector of manufacturing industry, which limits generalization .Possibility of bias towards their organization and assumption that respondents know about their organization are other limitations.Implications: This paper offers recommendations to HR(Human resource) managers that they should extend their support to work environment, supervisor support and training and development in order to generate better relationship with employees and to reduce their likelihood of leaving the company.Originality/value: This article makes significant contribution to most turnover prone Indian environment, highlighting the important factors to be given priority for employee’s retention.
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Sosa-Martínez, A., R. Mosqueda-Vázquez, A. Lagunes-Tejeda, and D. Riestra-Díaz. "ASPECTOS FENOLÓGICOS DEL ÁRBOL DEL NIM (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) EN UN CLIMA CÁLIDO SUBHÚMEDO." Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura IX, no. 1 (June 2003): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2001.10.068.
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Valdiya, K. S. "Emergence and evolution of Himalaya: reconstructing history in the light of recent studies." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 26, no. 3 (September 2002): 360–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133302pp342ra.
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India collided with mainland Asia at 65 Ma. The pressure rose to 9-11 kbar in the collision zone. As the Indian lithosphere bent down and its upper crust buckled up as an upwarp in the period 35-45 Ma, the southern margin of Asia became the water-divide of the Himalayan rivers. A variety of Eurasian fauna migrated to the Indian landmass. The southern margin of the Himalayan province synchronously sagged to give rise to the foreland basin that was linked with the Indian sea. In this Paleocene foreland basin 48-49 Ma ago, the whales from one of the species of the immigrant terrestrial mammals evolved. The sea retreated from the Himalayan province by the early Miocene, even as the crust broke up along faults 20-22 million years ago. The basement rocks, which had attained high-grade metamorphism at 600-800°C and 6-10 kbar, were thrust up to give rise to what later became the Himādri or Great Himalaya. Differential melting of the high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Himadri extensively produced 21 ± 1 Maold granites. Rivers carried detritus generated by the denudation of the fast emerging Himalaya and deposited it in the foreland basin which turned fluvial around 23 Ma. Another fluvial foreland basin, the Siwalik, was formed at ~18 Ma in front of the rapidly rising orogen and was filled by river-borne sediments at the rate of 20-30 cm year-1 in the early stage and at 50-55 cm year-1 later when the Himadri was uplifted and briskly exhumed in the Late Miocene (9-7.5 Ma). The Himadri then became high enough to cause disruption of wind circulation, culminating in the onset of monsoon. The climate change that followed caused migration of a variety of quadrupeds from Africa and Eurasia, bringing about considerable faunal turnovers in the Siwalik life. Spasmodic uplift of the outer ranges of the Lesser Himalaya and tectonic convulsion in the Siwalik domain at 1.6 Ma resulted in widespread landslides with debris flows and emplacement of the Upper Siwalik Boulder Conglomerate. Strong tectonic movements at 0.8 Ma caused the partitioning of the foreland basin into the rising Siwalik Hills and the subsiding IndoGangetic Plains, and also the initiation of glaciation in the uplifted domain of the Great Himalaya. After the end of the Pleistocene ice age around 0.2 Ma, there was oscillation of dry-cold and wet-warm climates. This climatic vicissitude is recorded in the sediments of the lakes that had formed because of reactivation of faults crossing rivers and streams. Activeness of faults, continuing uplift and current seismicity imply ongoing strain-buildup in the Himalayan domain.
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Buryan, Mykhailo, and Mariia Buryan. "South Caucasus in the plans of the warring parties on the eve of the Crimean War (1853–1856)." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 4 (342) (2021): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-4(342)-84-98.
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This article deals with topical issues related to the analysis of the international situation that developed on the European continent, in the South Caucasus, in Asia Minor on the eve of the Crimean War (1853–1856). Special attention is paid to the geopolitical plans of Great Britain, France, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire in relation to the South Caucasus region, where the Russian Empire was quite strong at that time. As a result of the victorious Russo-Iranian (1804–1813) and Russo-Turkish (1806–1812) Wars, The Russian Empire controlled the territory of almost the entire Caucasus region, which could not but worry London, because this threatened the British presence in India-a colonial Pearl that Great Britain was not going to lose. British analysts warned their government about the danger from the Russian Empire, and the Western press supported them in this. France joined the anti-Russian coalition, pursuing its own goals. London and Paris have made efforts to get Vienna to stand up to Russia as well. As a result of the upcoming war, the countries of the South Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, Circassian, etc.) were to fall under the Protectorate of Turkey and Great Britain. The author draws attention to the fact that there were several plans to start a war against the Russian Empire, in each of which a significant role was assigned to the Crimean Peninsula, the military-political and strategic importance of which does not lose its weight today, especially against the background of the tense situation in the black and Azov seas in our time.
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Cheng, Ye-Ming, Yu-Fei Wang, Feng-Xiang Liu, Yue-Gao Jin, R. C. Mehrotra, Xiao-Mei Jiang, and Cheng-Sen Li. "The Neogene wood flora of Yuanmou, Yunnan, southwest China." IAWA Journal 39, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 427–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170214.
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ABSTRACTThe Pliocene fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan, near the southeastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, have yielded diverse and abundant assemblages of fossilized mammals and woods. The Yuanmou fossil woods reveal a wood flora with the highest diversity in the Cenozoic wood in China. The woods can play an important role in understanding palaeofloristics and in reconstructing palaeoclimate of southeastern China. In this study, we describe ten angiosperm taxa and three gymnosperm taxa namely: Castanopsis makinoi (Ogura) Suzuki & Terada (Fagaceae), Cedreloxylon cristalliferum Selmeier (Meliaceae), Dalbergioxylon biseriatensis sp. nov. (Fabaceae), Lagerstroemioxylon yuanmouensis Cheng, Li, Jiang & Wang (Lythraceae), Lithocarpoxylon microporosum sp. nov., Lithocarpoxylon sp. (Fagaceae), Paraalbizioxylon sinica sp. nov., P. yunnanensis sp. nov. (Fabaceae), Pterocaryoxylon huxii sp. nov. (Juglandaceae), Zelkova wakimizui (Watari) Watari (Ulmaceae), Abies sp. (Pinaceae), Cephalotaxus sp. (Cephalotaxaceae), and Picea sp. (Pinaceae). Nearest living relative (NLR) comparisons of these taxa, coupled with previously identified taxa, suggest that altitudinal vegetation zones were present in the Yuanmou region during the Pliocene: (i) subtropical evergreen and deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest dominated by Pterocarya/Juglans, Albizia/Acacia, Bischofia and allied taxa at lower elevations, (ii) subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by Quercus/Lithocarpus and Castanopsis at middle altitudes of mountains around the basin, and (iii) evergreen coniferous forest of Abies, Picea and other genera at the higher elevations of the mountains. Based on the habits of the NLRs, the prevailing climate was probably humid subtropical and thus differed from the present-day hot and dry climate supporting savanna. It is suggested that subtropical forest was predominant in Yunnan, while tropical rainforest occurred in southwest Asia and India during the same period. The uplift of the mountains near the Qinghai-Tibet plateau in western Yunnan presumably acted as a barrier to block warm and humid air from the Indian Ocean, which influenced the dispersal and distribution of plants.
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Palasinski, Marek, Lening Zhang, Sukdeo Ingale, and Claire Hanlon. "Gangs in Asia: China and India." Asian Social Science 12, no. 8 (July 7, 2016): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n8p141.
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<p>The problem of gang crimes dates back to the first cities founded thousands of years ago. Its traces can be even discerned in the draconian Hammurabi code of ancient Mesopotamia. To various extents and in many different forms, including muggings, pickpocketing, prostitution and turf wars, it has also plagued ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman cities, giving ruling classes nightmares and heavily curbing the frequency of their evening walks. Today’s cities across the world continue to be afflicted by them. Although today’s gangs differ, in the increasingly globalized and interconnected world, they also share many characteristics, which have been explored in great depth and with a particular focus on the ‘Western’ culture. This relatively short review will cover the issue of gang crime in the rising superpowers of China and India. Given the scarcity of available data, it will be limited, but it is hoped that it will inspire further focus on these places that tend to be undeservingly ignored in the academic discourse of the West.</p>
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Kumar, Ramesh, Sushil Kumar Singh, Sachin Sharma, and Pramote Triboun. "Two new Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) species from Northeast India." Phytotaxa 233, no. 1 (October 30, 2015): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.233.1.6.
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With 158 species, Zingiber Miller (1754), is one of the largest genera of Zingiberaceae mainly distributed from tropical to warm temperate Asia (WCSP 2015, Triboun et al. 2014, Chen et al. 2011 and references therein). In India, the genus is represented by 27 species (Rao & Verma 1972, Srivastava & Rao 1994, Jain & Prakash 1995, Kumar et al. 2013, Tripathi & Singh 2006, Sabu 2006, Sabu et al. 2013, Rajkumar & Leong-Škorničková 2013, Thongam et al. 2013, Thongam & Konsam 2014), of which 15 species are recorded from northeastern India, which is a hotspot for Zingiberaceae.
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PRABHUKUMAR, KONICKAL MAMBETTA, ALFRED JOE, and INDIRA BALACHANDRAN. "Zingiber sabuanum (Zingiberaceae): a new species from Kerala, India." Phytotaxa 247, no. 1 (February 17, 2016): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.247.1.7.
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Zingiber Miller (1754: 525; Zingiberaceae) it is distinct from other genera of the family in having a single anther with a beak or horn-like appendage, wrapping around the upper part of style (Sabu et al. 2013). It is considered the largest genus in subfamily Zingiberoideae with 100–160 species globally and is distributed in tropical to warm-temperate Asia with the highest diversity in the monsoonal parts of Asia (Govaerts et al. 2016, Leong-Skornickova et al. 2015). In India, the genus is represented by 29 species (Kumar et al. 2015), of which eight are recorded from South India (Sabu 2006).
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Sullivan, Kelly F., Gregory M. Filip, John V. Arena, Stephen A. Fitzgerald, and Steven D. Tesch. "Incidence of Infection and Decay Caused by Heterobasidion annosum in Managed Noble Fir on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/16.3.106.
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Abstract On the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in north-central Oregon, a 70- to 80-yr-old noble fir stand that was thinned 26 yr prior to sampling exhibited 72% incidence of H. annosum infection for wounded trees and 83% for unwounded trees. Decay volume averaged 6% in wounded trees and 1% in unwounded trees. In a similar stand that was thinned 7 yr prior to sampling, incidence of infection was 94% for wounded trees and 80% for unwounded trees. Decay volume averaged 3% in wounded trees and 0% in unwounded trees. Trunk wounds and stumps created from thinning both appeared to be effective infection courts. We developed a regression model that demonstrates increasing decay volume with increasing wound age and thinning stump diameter. Only the S-type intersterility group H. annosum was detected in our isolates using isozyme analyses. Vegetative compatibility (VC) tests in one stand revealed an average of 2.7 VC groups/tree. Multiple VC groups in individual trees suggest that wound infection by H. annosum spores is significant in managed noble fir. Our results support the common recommendations to treat stumps with boron-containing products and avoid trunk wounding during harvest to minimize subsequent spore infections by H. annosum. West. J. Appl. For. 16(3):106–113
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Pirog, Agathe, Hélène Magalon, Thomas Poirout, and Sébastien Jaquemet. "New insights into the reproductive biology of the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier and no detection of polyandry in Reunion Island, western Indian Ocean." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 10 (2020): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19244.
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The reproductive biology of the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier remains poorly documented because it is difficult to obtain data on a sufficient number of mature individuals to conduct appropriate analyses and thus to adequately investigate its population biology. In this study, the reproductive traits of 150 individuals caught during a shark control program in Reunion Island (western Indian Ocean), including five gravid females, were investigated. Specific microsatellite loci were used to investigate the occurrence of polyandry. The total length (TL) of the studied individuals was 130–415cm for males and 175–429cm for females. Sizes at maturity were estimated at 278.5cm for males and 336cm for females. Although the length–weight relationships differed between both sexes (analysis of covariance (ANCOVA): intercept, n=49, F1,45=0.95, P=0.34; slope, n=49, F1,45=8.39, P=0.01), the TL–frequency distributions did not differ significantly. Parturition likely occurs during the warm season, in December–January. No evidence of genetic polyandry was detected, and this supports recently published results. This absence of polyandry in the species likely reflects both a long reproductive cycle and a specific reproductive behaviour related to the oceanic nature of the tiger shark. These results are valuable for improving conservation and management plans for this species.
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Vandersee, Charles. "How Rich's Sunflower and Her Family Bind a Nation." Prospects 26 (October 2001): 575–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001046.
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As Flower, As Edible Root nourishing Natives and wanderers, and as witness to the nation's work force and wars, Helianthus tuberosus repeatedly drew itself to the attention of Adrienne Rich as she drove across the country:Late summers, early autumns, you can see something that bindsthe map of this country together: the girasol, orange gold-petalledwith her black eye, laces the roadsides from Vermont to California runs the edges of orchards, chain-link fencesmilo fields and malls, schoolyards and reservationstruckstops and quarries, grazing ranges, graveyardsof veterans, graveyards of cars hulked and sunk, her tubers the jerusalem artichokethat has fed the Indians, fed the hobos, could feed us all.Is there anything in the soil, cross-country, that makes for a plant so generous? (11)Here in part IV of her impressive long poem “An Atlas of the Difficult World” (1991) Rich does not use the botanist's Latin, and she gives no further details about girasol (Jerusalem artichoke), a member of the sunflower family, all of whose varieties are native to the Americas. She (the plant) thrives everywhere, in places both mainstream and marginal, and being thus omnipresent she can feed people in all walks of life.
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Kithan, C., and L. Daiho. "First Report of Curvularia aeria on Etlingera linguiformis from Nagaland, India." Plant Disease 98, no. 11 (November 2014): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-14-0060-pdn.
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Etlingera linguiformis (Roxb.) R.M.Sm. of Zingiberaceae family is an important indigenous medicinal and aromatic plant of Nagaland, India, that grows well in warm climates with loamy soil rich in humus (1). The plant rhizome has medicinal benefits in treating sore throats, stomachache, rheumatism, and respiratory complaints, while its essential oil is used in perfumery. A severe disease incidence of leaf blight was observed on the foliar portion of E. linguiformis at the Patkai mountain range of northeast India in September 2012. Initial symptoms of the disease are small brown water soaked flecks appearing on the upper leaf surface with diameter ranging from 0.5 to 3 cm, which later coalesced to form dark brown lesions with a well-defined border. Lesions often merged to form large necrotic areas, covering more than 90% of the leaf surface, which contributed to plant death. The disease significantly reduces the number of functional leaves. As disease progresses, stems and rhizomes were also affected, reducing quality and yield. The diseased leaf tissues were surface sterilized with 0.2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min followed by rinsing in sterile distilled water and transferred into potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. After 3 days, the growing tips of the mycelium were transferred to PDA slants and incubated at 25 ± 2°C until conidia formation. Fungal colonies on PDA were dark gray to dark brown, usually zonate; stromata regularly and abundantly formed in culture. Conidia were straight to curved, ellipsoidal, 3-septate, rarely 4-septate, middle cells broad and darker than other two end cells, middle septum not median, smooth, 18 to 32 × 8 to 16 μm (mean 25.15 × 12.10 μm). Conidiophores were terminal and lateral on hyphae and stromata, simple or branched, straight or flexuous, often geniculate, septate, pale brown to brown, smooth, and up to 800 μm thick (2,3). Pathogen identification was performed by the Indian Type Culture Collection, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (ITCC Accession No. 7895.10). Further molecular identity of the pathogen was confirmed as Curvularia aeria by PCR amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA by using primers ITS4 and ITS5 (4). The sequence was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. MTCC11875). BLAST analysis of the fungal sequence showed 100% nucleotide similarity with Cochliobolus lunatus and Curvularia aeria. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying with an aqueous conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia /ml) on leaves of three healthy Etlingera plants. Three plants sprayed with sterile distilled water served as controls. The first foliar lesions developed on leaves 7 days after inoculation and after 10 to 12 days, 80% of the leaves were severely infected. Control plants remained healthy. The inoculated leaves developed similar blight symptoms to those observed on naturally infected leaves. C. aeria was re-isolated from the inoculated leaves, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. The pathogenicity test was repeated twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of C. aeria on E. linguiformis. References: (1) M. H. Arafat et al. Pharm. J. 16:33, 2013. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (3) K. J. Martin and P. T. Rygiewicz. BMC Microbiol. 5:28, 2005. (4) C. V. Suberamanian. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 38:27, 1955.
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Yin, Xiufeng, Shichang Kang, Benjamin de Foy, Yaoming Ma, Yindong Tong, Wei Zhang, Xuejun Wang, Guoshuai Zhang, and Qianggong Zhang. "Multi-year monitoring of atmospheric total gaseous mercury at a remote high-altitude site (Nam Co, 4730 m a.s.l.) in the inland Tibetan Plateau region." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 14 (July 24, 2018): 10557–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10557-2018.
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Abstract. Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations were continuously measured at Nam Co Station, a remote high-altitude site (4730 m a.s.l.), on the inland Tibetan Plateau, China, from January 2012 to October 2014 using a Tekran 2537B instrument. The mean concentration of TGM during the entire monitoring period was 1.33±0.24 ng m−3 (mean ± standard deviation), ranking it as the lowest value among all continuous TGM measurements reported in China; it was also lower than most of sites in the Northern Hemisphere. This indicated the pristine atmospheric environment on the inland Tibetan Plateau. Long-term TGM at the Nam Co Station exhibited a slight decrease especially for summer seasons. The seasonal variation of TGM was characterized by higher concentrations during warm seasons and lower concentrations during cold seasons, decreasing in the following order: summer (1.50±0.20 ng m−3) > spring (1.28±0.20 ng m−3) > autumn (1.22±0.17 ng m−3) > winter (1.14±0.18 ng m−3). Diurnal variations of TGM exhibited uniform patterns in different seasons: the daily maximum was reached in the morning (around 2–4 h after sunrise), followed by a decrease until sunset and a subsequent buildup at night, especially in the summer and the spring. Regional surface reemission and vertical mixing were two major contributors to the temporal variations of TGM while long-range transported atmospheric mercury promoted elevated TGM during warm seasons. Results of multiple linear regression (MLR) revealed that humidity and temperature were the principal covariates of TGM. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (WRF-FLEXPART) results indicated that the likely high potential source regions of TGM to Nam Co were central and eastern areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) during the measurement period with high biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions. The seasonality of TGM at Nam Co was in phase with the Indian monsoon index, implying the Indian summer monsoon as an important driver for the transboundary transport of air pollution onto the inland Tibetan Plateau. Our results provided an atmospheric mercury baseline on the remote inland Tibetan Plateau and serve as new constraint for the assessment of Asian mercury emission and pollution.
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Asha, S. "History in the Attic: Search for Roots in Ramabai Espinet’s The Swinging Bridge." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i2.10908.
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In most of diaspora literature there is an attempt to retrieve the past. This makes one measure time in many ways, different calendars, change of seasons, past encounters narrated through wars, defeats, encounters and disasters. It is remembered through family history, ancestral heritage, nostalgia, memory and even through national disasters. This interaction portrays the immigrants caught in flight of memories, relationships and images. The relocation has its disgust for one thing or the other. The author has to live in the reminiscences, a collective memory representing a symbolic relationship between past and present. The Swinging Bridge by Ramabai Espinet chronicles the multiple exiles that are part of the Indian experience in the Caribbean and Canada through two figures one from the past- great grandmother Gainder and the other from the present - Mona, the protagonist. The novel commemorates the maternal roots and routes of Indo-Caribbean history by establishing the subjectivity of widows and young girls from India who crossed the Kala Pani (Black waters of the Atlantic) in search of new beginnings in Trinidad and the great-grand-daughter who engages in an existential quest for selfhood in Canada. Grief motivates a flood of personal memories as Mona begins to remember intimate details of family life that had been repressed under the cover of migration. Bits and pieces of the past, fragments scattered in various places, childhood memories, overheard conversations, prayer songs, all come together in the attic. She explores the secret songs, photographs and letters giving her a powerful voice for her culture, her family, her fellow women and for herself. Mona’s drive to document history enables her to reveal the family’s carefully guarded secrets- domestic violence, drunken rampages, sexual abuse, illegitimate children, and even AIDS. This paper seeks to analyse the novel’s diasporic contents and find out whether this attempt at retrieval of the past brings about a change in the perception of today’s generation. The author brings to light the problems of a plural society calling for need for relationships and need for mutual respect- all to avoid conflict situations through this effective tracing of history in the novel.
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Morales Iglesias, Horacio, Angel Guadalupe Priego Santander, Manuel Bollo Manent, and Mauricio José Ríos. "La antropización de la cobertura vegetal en los paisajes del estado de Chiapas, México." Papeles de Geografía, no. 65 (January 7, 2020): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/geografia.396571.
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The anthropization of the vegetation cover in the landscapes of Chiapas state, Mexico Cuatro años después de la catástrofe, ¿Están los centros educacionales de la Región de Murcia en España preparados para el próximo desastre sísmico?El objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer y evaluar los niveles de modificación antrópica sobre la cobertura vegetal de los paisajes del estado de Chiapas, México. Para cumplir con este objetivo se aplicó un índice de presión al mapa de los paisajes físico-geográficos del estado de Chiapas, a escala 1: 250 000. Los resultados indican que la categoría baja ocupa el 29% de la superficie estatal; la clase alta 27%; el nivel medio 26%; la categoría muy baja 16%; finalmente, el nivel muy alto abarca 2%. La categoría alta se ubica en paisajes de planicie, piedemonte y valle, en clima cálido húmedo y cálido subhúmedo. La clase baja se localiza en montañas de origen tectónico-intrusivo,tectónico-acumulativo y tectónico-kárstico, en climas templado, semicálido húmedo a subhúmedo y cálido húmedo. El escenario de tendencia es preocupante, porque la categoría alta podría representar en el corto plazo 53% de la superficie estatal. he goal of this research is to understand and evaluate the levels of anthropic transformation on the vegetationcover inthe landscapes of Chiapas, Mexico. To achieve this goal, a pressure index was applied to the map of the physical-geographical landscapes of the Chiapas State, in a 1: 250 000 scale. The results indicate that low category occupies 29% of the surface area of the state; the high class 27%, the medium level 26%, the very low category 16%; finally, the very high level covers 2%. The high category is located in plains, piedmonts and valley landscapes in warm humid and subhumid climate. The low class is located in mountains of tectonic-intrusive, tectonic-acumulative and tectonic-karstic origin, in temperate, semi-warm humid to subhumid, and warm humid climates. The trend scenario is worrisome, because the high level could represent in the short term 53% of the surface area of the state.
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Morales Iglesias, Horacio, Angel Guadalupe Priego Santander, Manuel Bollo Manent, and Mauricio José Ríos. "La antropización de la cobertura vegetal en los paisajes del estado de Chiapas, México." Papeles de Geografía, no. 65 (January 7, 2020): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/geografia/2019/396571.
Full textAbstract:
The anthropization of the vegetation cover in the landscapes of Chiapas state, Mexico Cuatro años después de la catástrofe, ¿Están los centros educacionales de la Región de Murcia en España preparados para el próximo desastre sísmico?El objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer y evaluar los niveles de modificación antrópica sobre la cobertura vegetal de los paisajes del estado de Chiapas, México. Para cumplir con este objetivo se aplicó un índice de presión al mapa de los paisajes físico-geográficos del estado de Chiapas, a escala 1: 250 000. Los resultados indican que la categoría baja ocupa el 29% de la superficie estatal; la clase alta 27%; el nivel medio 26%; la categoría muy baja 16%; finalmente, el nivel muy alto abarca 2%. La categoría alta se ubica en paisajes de planicie, piedemonte y valle, en clima cálido húmedo y cálido subhúmedo. La clase baja se localiza en montañas de origen tectónico-intrusivo,tectónico-acumulativo y tectónico-kárstico, en climas templado, semicálido húmedo a subhúmedo y cálido húmedo. El escenario de tendencia es preocupante, porque la categoría alta podría representar en el corto plazo 53% de la superficie estatal. he goal of this research is to understand and evaluate the levels of anthropic transformation on the vegetationcover inthe landscapes of Chiapas, Mexico. To achieve this goal, a pressure index was applied to the map of the physical-geographical landscapes of the Chiapas State, in a 1: 250 000 scale. The results indicate that low category occupies 29% of the surface area of the state; the high class 27%, the medium level 26%, the very low category 16%; finally, the very high level covers 2%. The high category is located in plains, piedmonts and valley landscapes in warm humid and subhumid climate. The low class is located in mountains of tectonic-intrusive, tectonic-acumulative and tectonic-karstic origin, in temperate, semi-warm humid to subhumid, and warm humid climates. The trend scenario is worrisome, because the high level could represent in the short term 53% of the surface area of the state.
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Lakhchaura, Pallavi, and Manisha Gahlot. "A study on comfort properties of oak Tasar silk waste and acrylic blended fabrics." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 2 (May 9, 2021): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2631.
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Oak Tasar is wild silk with natural golden brown colour and unique texture available in Himalayan region of India. A lot of fibre waste is generated during hand spinning of oak Tasar silk yarn which can be utilized by blending it with compatible fibre to incorporate the properties of both fibres in the yarn. The present study aimed to develop Oak Tasar silk waste and acrylic blended fabrics and study their comfort properties. The oak Tasar silk and acrylic blended plain weave and twill weave fabrics were prepared with five different blend ratios viz. 100:0, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 0:100. The prepared fabrics were studied for comfort properties like thermal insulation (clo, TIV %), Q-max (warm/cool feeling), air permeability, water vapour transport rate and were statistically analysed. Results revealed that thermal insulation and clo value were found to be increased with increasing acrylic content in the fabric whereas Q- max, air permeability, water vapour permeability values were reduced with the addition of oak Tasar silk fiber in the blend. The 50:50 blended plain weave fabric among the blended fabrics had the highest clo value, i.e. 0.52 and 50:50 blended twill weave fabric had highest Q max value i.e. 0.109W/cm2. It was found from the study that the developed fabrics are comfortable and can be used for light winters.
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Liu, Y., Y. Zhang, H. Song, Y. Ma, Q. Cai, and Y. Wang. "Tree-ring reconstruction of seasonal mean minimum temperature at Mt. Yaoshan, China, since 1873 and its relevance to 20th-century warming." Climate of the Past Discussions 10, no. 2 (March 6, 2014): 859–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-10-859-2014.
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Abstract. It is very important to comprehend the climate variations in the vast regions of Central Plains of China. Current knowledge about climate changes of the past few hundred years in this region is primarily based on historical documents, and lack of evidences from the natural archives. However, these documents had somewhat artificially effects caused by the recorders, and not sufficient to fully understand natural climatic changes. In this paper, based on a significant correlation between the tree-ring width of Chinese Pine and observed instrumental data in the Mt. Yaoshan, China, we formulated a transfer function to reconstruct the mean minimum temperature (MMinT) from the previous December to the current June (Tmin_DJ) for the period 1873–2011. The reconstruction explained 39.8% of the instrumental variance during the calibration period of 1958–2011. High Tmin_DJ intervals with values greater than the 139 year average occurred in 1932–1965 and 1976–2006. The intervals 1878–1894 and 1906–1931 experienced a Tmin_DJ lower than the 139 year average. The ten highest Tmin_DJ years occurred after the 1950s, especially after 1996. A distinct upward trend in the Tmin_DJ series beginning in the 1910s was apparent, and the highest value occurred around 2000. The 20th-century warming signal was captured well by the Yaoshan Tmin_DJ temperature reconstruction, indicating that the temperature rise in the sensitive Central Plains of China region reflected the global temperature change. The Tmin_DJ reconstruction also matched several other temperature series in China with similar warm-cold patterns. The distinct spatial correlation between both observed and reconstructed series and CRU TS3.10 grid data indicates that our results may represent Tmin_DJ changes on a larger scale. The spatial correlation with sea surface temperature (SST) indicated that observed and reconstructed Tmin_DJ temperatures in the Mt. Yaoshan are closely linked to the West Pacific, Indian and North Atlantic Oceans as well as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
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Matzka, Peter J., and Loren D. Kellogg. "Harvest System Selection and Design for Damage Reduction in Noble Fir Stands: A Case Study on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/18.2.118.
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Abstract Many high-elevation stands of noble fir (Abies procera) in the northern Oregon Cascades are being actively managed. Forest managers are investigating different activities that will control stand impacts and the subsequent spread of Heterobasidion annosum, a rot pathogen on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. The purpose of this study was to quantify the relationship between logging production and costs with associated residual stand damage during a commercial thinning operation. Investigated in the study were four ground-based harvesting systems and two different harvest unit layout methods. Harvesting costs for the four different systems and layout methods ranged from $67.75 to $92.66/mbf (thousand board feet), with residual stand damage of 20.1 to 62.6%. Equipment size, log lengths, and layout method were found to affect total residual stand damage. West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):118–126.
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Agee, Ernest, Jennifer Larson, Samuel Childs, and Alexandra Marmo. "Spatial Redistribution of U.S. Tornado Activity between 1954 and 2013." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, no. 8 (August 2016): 1681–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0342.1.
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AbstractClimate change over the past several decades prompted this preliminary investigation into the possible effects of global warming on the climatological behavior of U.S. tornadoes for the domain bounded by 30°–50°N and 80°–105°W. On the basis of a warming trend over the past 30 years, the modern tornado record can be divided into a cold “Period I” from 1954 to 1983 and a subsequent 30-year warm “Period II” from 1984 to 2013. Tornado counts and days for (E)F1–(E)F5, significant, and the most violent tornadoes across a 2.5° × 2.5° gridded domain indicate a general decrease in tornado activity from Period I to Period II concentrated in Texas/Oklahoma and increases concentrated in Tennessee/Alabama. These changes show a new geographical distribution of tornado activity for Period II when compared with Period I. Statistical analysis that is based on field significance testing and the bootstrapping method provides proof for the observed decrease in annual tornado activity in the traditional “Tornado Alley” and the emergence of a new maximum center of tornado activity. Seasonal analyses of both counts and days for tornadoes and significant tornadoes show similar results in the spring, summer, and winter seasons, with a substantial decrease in the central plains during summer. The autumn season displays substantial increases in both tornado counts and significant-tornado counts in the region stretching from Mississippi into Indiana. Similar results are found from the seasonal analysis of both tornado days and significant-tornado days. This temporal change of spatial patterns in tornado activity for successive cold and warm periods may be suggestive of climate change effects yet warrants the climatological study of meteorological parameters responsible for tornado formation.
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Pawaskar, Pinky, and Mridula Goel. "Tourism and Acculturation: A Study of Goa." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.7.1.
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Renowned for its beaches, places of worship and world heritage architecture, Goa is visited by large number of international and domestic tourists each year. The culture of the Goan people and their acceptability of tourists from different lands play a critical role in making this small state a popular tourist destination in India. In this paper we attempt to study how acculturation through Portuguese rule has given Goa a „Westernized‟ image. The ease with which this cultural change can be exhibited in tourist products like food, music, dress, language has helped to promote cultural diffusion. It has also resulted in attitudinal change. These symbols of cultural diffusion, along with the attitude of the natives make this beautiful coastal paradise a popular destination. A warm welcome with the westernized attitude of non interference helps the tourists „to be your-self and provides a competitive advantage to the region
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Gahtyari, Navin C., Chandan Roy, Xinyao He, Krishna K. Roy, Mohamed M. A. Reza, Md A. Hakim, Paritosh K. Malaker, Arun K. Joshi, and Pawan K. Singh. "Identification of QTLs for Spot Blotch Resistance in Two Bi-Parental Mapping Populations of Wheat." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050973.
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Spot blotch (SB) disease caused by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana inflicting major losses to the wheat grown in warm and highly humid areas of the Indian subcontinent, including Bangladesh, necessitates identification of QTLs stably expressing in Indian subcontinent conditions. Thus, two RIL mapping populations, i.e., WC (WUYA × CIANO T79) and KC (KATH × CIANO T79), were phenotyped at Dinajpur, Bangladesh for three consecutive years (2013-2015) and genotyped on a DArTseq genotyping by sequencing (GBS) platform at CIMMYT, Mexico. In both populations, quantitative inheritance along with transgressive segregation for SB resistance was identified. The identified QTLs were mostly minor and were detected on 10 chromosomes, i.e., 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D, 4B, 4D, 5A, 5D, and 7B. The phenotypic variation explained by the identified QTLs ranged from 2.3–15.0%, whereby QTLs on 4B (13.7%) and 5D (15.0%) were the largest in effect. The identified QTLs upon stacking showed an additive effect in lowering the SB score in both populations. The probable presence of newly identified Sb4 and durable resistance gene Lr46 in the identified QTL regions indicates the importance of these genes in breeding for SB resistance in Bangladesh and the whole of South Asia.
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Sharma, Ankit, Sameer Singhal, Dinesh Mehta, and Abinav Dagar. "Prevalence of hepatitis B and C among patients admitted in respiratory medicine ward of a tertiary care hospital in Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171262.
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Background: Viral Hepatitis B and C have become a major public health problem. Hepatitis B affects approximately 30% of world population or about 2 billion people have serological evidence of either current or past infection. Hepatitis C virus infects approximately 3% of world population placing about 170 million people at risk of liver disease. In India, HBsAg prevalence rates among general population ranges from 0.1% to 11.7%, being 2% to 8% in most studies and seroprevalence for Hepatitis C ranges from 0.1% to 8% among general population.Methods: The study was conducted in the respiratory medicine Ward, MMIMSR in the month of August 2016. 200 patients were taken up for the study after clinical examination, necessary investigation and proper consent. Patients were tested for HBsAg antigen and HCV Tridot. Patients were put through a carefully designed questionnaire to look for possible cause of infection. Patients who came out to be positive for either Hepatitis B or C were counselled about further investigations and treatment options.Results: The prevalence rate for Hepatitis B came out to be 9% and for Hepatitis C was 5.5%. Hepatitis has become a major public health issue in India particularly in the rural areas. High prevalence rates among patients with respiratory diseases can be attributed to unsafe therapeutic injections and use of shared needles.Conclusions: There is a need to carry out larger studies to better elucidate the epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C and to identify high prevalence areas and simultaneously focus on improving public health measures to prevent disease transmission and decrease the burden of disease.
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Huang, Shihming, and Leo Oey. "Malay Archipelago Forest Loss to Cash Crops and Urban Expansion Contributes to Weaken the Asian Summer Monsoon: An Atmospheric Modeling Study." Journal of Climate 32, no. 11 (May 9, 2019): 3189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0467.1.
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Abstract In the Malay Archipelago (Indonesia and Malaysia), forest is lost on large scales to cash-crop plantation (oil palm, rubber, and acacia, including fallow lands) and urban expansion. Deforestation changes land surface properties and fluxes, thereby modifying wind and rainfall. Despite the expansive land-cover change over a climatically sensitive region of the tropics, the resulting impact on the Asian summer monsoon has not been studied. Here we study the atmospheric response caused by the island surface change due to deforestation into cash-crop plantations and urban expansion. Using a large ensemble of atmospheric model experiments with observed and idealized land-cover-change specifications, we show that the deforestation warms the Malay Archipelago, caused by an increase in soil warming due to decreased evapotranspirative cooling. The island warming agrees well with in situ and satellite observations; it causes moisture to converge from the surrounding seas into Sumatra and Malaya, and updrafts, rainfall, and cyclonic circulations to spread northwestward into southern India and the Arabian Sea, as well as a drying anticyclonic circulation over the Indo-Gangetic plains, Indochina, and the South China Sea, weakening the Asian summer monsoon. The modeled monsoon weakening agrees well with, and tends to enhance, the observed long-term trend, suggesting the potential for continued weakening with protracted cash-crop plantation and urban expansion.
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Barilli, E., J. C. Sillero, E. Prats, and D. Rubiales. "Resistance to rusts (Uromyces pisi and U. viciae-fabae) in pea." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50, No. 2 (June 12, 2014): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/125/2013-cjgpb.
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Pea is the second most important food legume crop in the world. Rust is a pea disease widely distributed, particularly in regions with warm, humid weather. Pea rust can be incited by Uromyces viciae-fabae and by U. pisi. U. viciae-fabae prevails in tropical and subtropical regions such as India and China, while U. pisi prevails in temperate regions. Chemical control of rust is possible, but the use of host plant resistance is the most desired means of rust control. In this paper we revise and discuss the occurrence and incidence of both pathogens on peas, the availability of resistance sources and the present state of the art in pea breeding against this disease.
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BOKIL, SARANG A., ALAN THOMAS S., BHUSHAN K. SHIGWAN, RITESH KUMAR CHOUDHARY, and MANDAR N. DATAR. "Lectotypification of Ischaemum heterotrichum Hack. (Andropogoneae, Poaceae)." Phytotaxa 369, no. 2 (September 13, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.369.2.7.
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The genus Ischaemum Linnaeus (1753: 1049) was established with two species, viz. I. muticum Linnaeus (1753: 1049) and I. aristatum Linnaeus (1753: 1049). At present, the genus comprises ca. 71 species distributed in warm and tropical regions of the world (Mabberley 2008). It is represented by 56 species in India of which 43 species are endemic (Srivastava & Nair, 2010). In recent years, the genus has attracted the attention of many researchers for novelties in taxonomy (Gorade et al. 2016, Sunil et al. 2017), distribution (Datar et al. 2014) and nomenclature (Tiwari et al. 2016).
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Nielsen, Jorgen S. "The Contribution of Interfaith Dialogue toward a Culture of Peace." American Journal of Islam and Society 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v19i2.1954.
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Dialogue among the adherents of the major world religions has alwaystaken place, especially, but not only, among the Abrahamic faiths: Judaism,Christianity and Islam. Excellent examples of this may be found in themidst of shared histories where we are more often presented with a recordof conflicts. The high points must be the enormously rich and creative interactionswhich took place in medieval Islamic Spain and southern Italy andat various times in places as far apart as Central Asia, Baghdad, Delhi,Cairo and the Ottoman Empire.As a movement with its institutions and full-time professionals, andnetworks of activists, interreligious dialogue is primarily a phenomenonof the twentieth century. It is the pressures of this century which havedemanded that we mobilize the resources of the great religions for dialogueand peace, purposes which have historically often seemed marginal.In India, the realization that a reasonably unified independence wouldonly be achieved if religions could work together, actually provides asignificant impetus towards the cooperation of religious leaders andinstitutions.The horrors of Nazi genocide in Europe spurred post-war generationstowards a radical review of traditional Christian attitudes towards Judaism.Out of regional tragedies, like the wars in Lebanon and in the formerYugoslavia, have come strengthened efforts across the social spectrum todisarm religious hatreds. The resurgence, in the last couple of decades, ofpolitical radicalism motivated by religion and expressed in religious terms, ...
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MISHRA, SANJAY, JEEWAN SINGH JALAL, VIVEK CHUNDAKKATTIL PAULOSE, and LAL JI SINGH. "Two new species of Luisia (Vandeae, Orchidaceae) from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India." Phytotaxa 453, no. 3 (July 23, 2020): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.453.3.7.
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The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the largest archipelago system in the Bay of Bengal, consisting of 572 islands and islets. Being situated between two major biodiversity hotspots, namely the Indo-Burma and Sundaland Biodiversity Hotspots, endows it with an unmatched distribution of plants with representatives of the Indian, Myanmar, Malaysian and Indonesian floras (Balakrishnan & Ellis 1996). Nearly 2100 species of angiosperms have been reported from the islands, of which about 11% are strictly endemic (Balakrishnan & Ellis 1996). As these islands are situated in the Equatorial belt and are exposed to marine impacts having a warm and humid tropical climate, the entire area is suitable for growth of orchids. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands harbour about 158 species of orchids, of which 23 species are endemic (Karthigeyan et al. 2014, Singh et al. 2019).
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Singh, Anshumali, S. K. Kaushal, S. K. Misra, and Renu Agrawal. "Depression and religiosity among urban elderly population of western Uttar Pradesh, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181235.
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Background: India is a country with rich cultural and spiritual background. Research suggests that engagement in religious activity, or religiosity, may protect against depression. This cross-sectional study examines whether religiosity is associated with depression in elderly. The objectives of the study were to assess the presence of depression among elderly population of urban Agra and to find the association between religiosity and depression amongst urban elderly.Methods: This community based cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 355 community dwelling older adults residing in urban Agra. One municipal ward was randomly chosen, further three residential colony from the ward was randomly selected. All the houses of colonies were visited sequentially. One person, chosen randomly from eligible family members was invited to participate. After establishing rapport and obtaining written informed consent from participants, the information was recorded in a semi-structured, pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire.Results: The mean age of the participants was 68.05 years with 52.96% males and 47.04% females. Overall, depression was found in 51.1% among study population. Depression was more among non-religious (60.61%) and among those who were not involved in any extrinsic or intrinsic religious activity.Conclusions: Findings suggest that both organizational and non-organizational forms of religiosity affect depression in the study group. Important strategies to prevent and relieve depression among older adults may include improving access and transportation to places of worship among those interested in attending services.
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Zanan, Rahul L., and Altafhusain B. Nadaf. "Collection, characterization and olfactory evaluation of Pandanus species in Southern India." Plant Genetic Resources 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000748.
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A detailed survey along the coastal regions of Southern India revealed the occurrence of seven Pandanus species, viz. P. kaida Kurz., P. odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntz., P. canaranus Warb., P. furcatus Roxb., P. thwaitesii Mart., P. foetidus Roxb and a new species P. palakkadensis Nadaf, Zanan & Wakte. The fragrance of staminate inflorescences of these species was compared with the fragrance of commercial staminate inflorescences of P. odorifer. P. thwaitesii,P. kaida and P. palakkadensis recorded comparable fragrance with that of P. odorifer. The study reveals the fragrance potential of these species, which could be exploited commercially for extraction of essential oil.
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Neupane, Bijaya, Binod Khatiwoda, and Subash Budhathoki. "Effectiveness of Solar-powered Fence in Reducing Human - Wild Elephant Conflict (HEC) in Northeast Jhapa District, Nepal." Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal 15 (July 31, 2018): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/forestry.v15i0.24917.
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Human Elephant Conflict (HEC) is a product of complex interaction between human and elephant that represents the detrimental impact for both. This study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of 17 km solar-powered electric fence installed in 2015 in north-eastern part of Jhapa district (Bahundangi VDC) against transboundary herds of wild elephants (150-200) that annually enters into Nepal from India and caused HEC. For this study, the detailed information on HEC incidents (human casualty and injury, crop and property damage) before and after the fence installation was collected. Affected wards within Bahundangi VDC were purposively selected for households survey (N=100), consultations and group discussions (N=5) and participatory field observations. We encountered poor maintenance and care of the electric fence and in some places covered by grasses and climbers questioning its sustainability. In-spite of it, the number of incidents of HEC sharply reduced by 96.13%. Before the fence (in 2014), the estimated economic loss per household per year in the VDC was 103 USD (crop=95 USD and property=8 USD). Remarkably, there was reduction in economic loss of crop and property damage by 93% and 96% respectively. Besides, chi-square test of independence showed that there was significant difference in damages among the 4 affected wards of Bahundangi VDC with respect to paddy crop but not with maize crop, cowshed and other properties. After the fence installation, only few elephants accidently entered in some areas by breaking the solar fence and caused few incidents of crop and property damages. From the overall evaluation, solar fence was found effective in reducing HEC by protecting human lives, crops and properties.
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Bajpai, Anju, Nimisha Sharma, Navin Srivastava, Shailendra Rajan, and Muthukumar M. "Intra- Cultivar Variability Endorsed by SSR Markers in Mango." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2018): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2622.
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Appreciable intra cultivar variation has warranted clonal selections, which has emerged as an important tool in mango breeding. This important source of morphological variability manifested in altered fruit and quality attributes has yielded improved clones in India and abroad, few of which were exposed to SSR based analysis. Statistical parameters viz., Polymorphic Information Content (0.319 in MiIIHR12 to 0.819 for MiIIHR26) and Gene Diversity (0.399 in MiIIHR12 to 0.839 for MiIIHR26), defined the ability of the chosen SSR markers to discriminate the intra cultivar variability, besides highlighting the extent of diversity captured by the improved clones. Furthermore, genetic relationship among the clones derived by Wards minimum variance, placed Himsagar and Langra clones in Cluster I and II respectively, Himsagar recording high genetic heterogeneity within its cluster, intra cultivar variability being 0.16-0.916, thus showing suitability for breeding by clonal selections. Even the use of limited SSR marker loci (6), could reveal and document the genomic variations accounting for the variations in the Dashehari clones as well as placing land race ‘Suraiyya’, as an out-group. The sampled clones of elite variety Chausa did not show any variation at the studied marker loci, thus exposing limited heterogeneity in the clones and demanding more explorations for breeding superior types targeting regularity in bearing.
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MIDDAY, MRINMOY, JAYANTA GHOSH, and DEBABRATA MAITY. "Taxonomic circumscription, new synonym and lectotypification of Saxifraga umbellulata (Saxifragaceae)." Phytotaxa 480, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.480.1.11.
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Saxifraga umbellulata Hook & Thomson (1857:71), an Eastern Himalayan member of the genus Saxifraga Linnaeus (1753:398) (Saxifragaceae) was described based on specimens collected from the Sikkim Himalaya. The species was characterized by having a brown, densely glandular stem; many basal, very thick, fleshy (leathery), glabrous or sparsely setose-ciliate leaves, forming a rosette; few to several, erect, yellow flowers in a terminal subumbellate inflorescence. At present, the species is distributed in Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan and China (Tibet) (Pan et al. 2001, Maity et al. 2018). Later Marquand and Airy Shaw described S. umbellulata f. pectinata Marquand & Airy Shaw in Marquand (1929:183) (Fig. 1) based on a few specimens, collected by F. Kingdon Ward from Pasum Lake in Tibet (Xizang), China, with cartilaginous setose-ciliate margin of basal leaves and yellow flowers. Pan (1992) raised this taxon to the rank of variety as S. umbellulata var. pectinata (C.Marquand & Airy Shaw) Pan (1992:165). Until now the variety has been accepted taxonomically.
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Kumar, Ramesh, and S. P. Singh. "Multivariate analysis and clustering of Cuphea procumbens inbred lines." Genetika 38, no. 1 (2006): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0601023k.
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15 C. procumbens inbred lines of different eco-geographical origin maintained at National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India were evaluated for seed yield and its 6 component traits to assess genetic divergence among them. The standardized mean values of different traits were subjected to principal component analysis and cluster analysis was performed based on two different clustering strategies i.e. UPGMA and Wards. Ward's method that showed relatively high cophenetic correlation coefficient and significant Wilk's Lambda was identified as the best clustering solution. The first four principal components (PC) with eigenvalues >1 contributed 91.56% of variability among the inbred. First PC was related with fruits/plant and branches/plant; second PC with yield/ plant, seeds/fruit and test weight third PC with plant height; and fourth PC with days to flowering. The genotypes were grouped into five clusters and cluster II was largest with 5 genotypes followed by clusters I, III and Clusters IV, V. Cluster IV exhibited highest mean for seed yield (14.77g) followed by cluster III (14.53g) and the former incorporated inbred lines, NBCP-53 and NBCP-58 that were highly divergent among themselves and from genotypes in other clusters. The inbred in cluster IV and cluster III with good amount of genetic divergence and superior agronomic traits were identified as promising inbred to develop superior recombinants with desirable agronomic traits.
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Shenoy, Kamalakanth, and George Attokaran. "Correlation between Innercanthal Distance and Mesiodistal Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth in a Thrissur, Kerala, India, Population." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 17, no. 5 (2016): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1859.
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ABSTRACT Background Selecting and replacing missing teeth to natural proportions and esthetic preference of a patient in the absence of pre-extraction records is a very challenging task. Although facial analysis and proportions are well discussed in many populations, none exists for the Thrissur, Kerala, population. A prosthodontic rehabilitation for Kerala patients relying on other racial norms may result in dissonant facial proportions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the validity of innercanthal distance as a guide in determining the mesiodistal dimension of six maxillary anterior teeth in a selected Malayalee population in the Thrissur Municipal Corporation area; (2) to check whether innercanthal distance undergoes dynamic changes over time as a result of aging; and (3) to evaluate whether there is a gender difference in the analyzed mean facial and dental proportions in this population. Materials and methods The study was conducted on 1,200 subjects in the Thrissur Municipal Corporation area. From five wards, 240 subjects were selected, out of which 120 were from the 18 to 25 years age group and 120 from the 40 to 50 years age group. Sixty males and females were selected from each group. The innercanthal distance was measured using a Digital Vernier Caliper, and alginate impressions were made to evaluate the size of maxillary anteriors. The data was analyzed statistically. Results The study showed that there is a high statistical significance between the innercanthal distance and the mesiodistal width of six maxillary anterior teeth in females (p < 0.01) and no significance in males. There was also dynamic changes in the innercanthal dimension and the mesiodistal width of maxillary anteriors with increase in age (p < 0.001). The difference in the mean of innercanthal distance between the genders was highly statistically significant, but no significance was found between the genders in the mesiodistal width of maxillary anteriors. Conclusion Within the population evaluated, there was a high statistical significance in females between the innercanthal distance and the mesiodistal width of six maxillary anterior teeth, but not for males. Innercanthal dimension was found to undergo dynamic changes as age increases in both males and females, and it was much higher in males than in females. There was no statistical significance in the comparative evaluation of mesiodistal width of maxillary anteriors of males and females in the study. Clinical significance Teeth selection is a critical step in determining the outcome of successful prosthodontic treatment. No definite guidelines for the selection of maxillary anterior teeth pertaining to the Thrissur, Kerala, population exist. A prosthodontic rehabilitation of Thrissur, Kerala, patients relying on other racial norms will result in dissonant facial proportions. In selecting maxillary anterior teeth, the knowledge of racial norms will help specify certain esthetic and functional modifications in treatment plans, which might be specific to each group. Therefore, there remains an unquestionable need for a scientific and reliable method for maxillary anterior teeth selection, which can be applied on this group of Indian population. How to cite this article Attokaran G, Shenoy K. Correlation between Innercanthal Distance and Mesiodistal Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth in a Thrissur, Kerala, India, Population. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(5):382-387.
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Yadav, Rahul, and Kamlesh Kumar Singh. "Study on Design and Simulation of Temperature Control System." Journal of Informatics Electrical and Electronics Engineering (JIEEE) 2, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.54060/jieee/002.01.004.
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Temperature control system is nothing but a complicated process which is aimed to maintain the temperature in a particular defined area to a certain maxima or minima level or say defined in a range which is quite certain. We can witness this process commonly used in many parts of the India and many other countries. In recent times, we are witnessing a rapid growth in industries at global level which has led to globalization and industrialization which further has led the necessary use of the temperature control system and its application in these industries at day-to-day level in manufacturing and maintenance with the increase in the greenhouse effect and depletion of ozone layer. Many factories both at small scale as well as at large scale always maintain a certain area or say a section of operation in their infrastructure that must maintain a range of temperature for process to work successfully. The laboratories of research uncertainly sometimes lack in the use of temperature control system which has further necessitated the use of large chambers of different sizes to perform specific temperature related re-search work which further led to the increase in the cost of research work. In certain specific areas there are lot of electronic activities happening or some machinery function like in the server rooms or the area where production plant is, so basically these places work constantly for 24hrs and during the whole day the temperature has to be monitored precisely and frequently so that it can be ensured that the temperature do not instantly rise or fall below the marked temperature which may lead to the acceleration of wearing and tearing of whole system. Living rooms, hospitals, malls, aircrafts etc., are also one of the most important places where monitoring of temperature is required so as to ensure that the thermal comfort is ensured, and thermal comfort here means that the state of mind which feels satisfied with the temperature in the present environment. This is important because if there will be any dissatisfaction with the thermal environment then it can cause the body to be too warm or too by unwanted heating and unwanted cooling of the equipment may further lead to the functional disbalance.
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Singh, Bharat Raj, Raghuvir Kumar, Amar Jyoti Singh, and Amar Bahadur Singh. "A Study on Carbon Sequestration to Curb Climate Damage: An Impact of Planting Trees along Roadsides." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 8, no. 01 (June 25, 2016): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v8i1.11415.
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Global Warming is now becoming a challenge for survival of species on Earth and draws attention of many modern societies, power and energy engineers, academicians, researchers and stakeholders to go for deeper study. During the 21st centuries, the environmental consequences of increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide lead to the considerable impacts upon Earth's weather and climate change. It is due to faster consumption of hydrocarbon fuel in the transport sector which is posing global threat of increase of green house gases through tail pipe emission. It is also a known fact that major greenhouse gas H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor greenhouse gases such as CO2 have also considerable effect. To sequestrate the Carbon Di-oxide and Carbon Mono-oxide many methods were tried to reduce the impact of environmental issues. But it is noticed that plant and trees are the most effective source to absorb the carbon being released through green house gases. In this paper a study has been carried out to focus on planting trees, that forms a tunnel when matured, along roadside to sequestrate the carbon released from exit gases of transport, as vehicles are increasing every year in manifold especially in developing country like India. Authors have taken many readings at different places in Lucknow City and concluded that if trees are planted along roadsides, the carbon can be sequestrated optimally, if green coverage tunneling with sufficient matured trees is present along road sides. Thus planting trees according to the rate of release of carbon can be the most effective solution for curbing the impact of climate change. This can make Green and Clean Environment and need maximum coverage by media too so that people may start planting trees in residential areas also.
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Natarajan, Kavitha, and S. Kanaka. "Quantitative environmental impact assessment on groundwater quality using geoinformatics techniques." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 4, no. 01 (April 27, 2019): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2019.4.1.9.
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Availability of quality freshwater is one of the most critical environmental issues of the twenty first century (UNEP, 2002). Urbanization leads to the environmental pollution, i.e., urban growth leads to the increasing of slums, solid waste disposal, provision of transport facilities, conjection and groundwater contamination. Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic and agriculture in both rural and urban parts of India. Pollution of groundwater comes from many sources. Groundwater contamination in a major issue, especially in industrial areas especially like Dindigul. The presence of large number of tanniers and allied industrial unit such as dyeing and bleaching units in and around the town are the main factors, which affect the environmental quality of the town. Dindigul town is not having the physical expansion since 1981 with an area of 14.01sq.km. Only wards are increased by enjoying the rapid growth of population. Dindigul is the main industrial hub for the Tanneries. Effluents from the tanneries are discharged in to streams which drain into ponds, thereby polluting the ground water sources and cultivable land. These values are more than the permissible limit in and around the tannery cluster compared to other parts of the area. The pH,CO3, Na, Ca, Mg, NO3, and SO4 values of all groundwater samples are within the permissible limits but all the EC, TDS, HCO3and K values are exceeding the permissible limit. According to TH and Cl 6 samples are exceeding the prescribed limits. There are about 80 tanneries spread within 4-6 kms radius in the south western part of the town i.e., near Paraipatti, so ground water pollution is very high compared to other places. Madurai road tanneries are located so in Begampur near Annamalayar school pollution is high. R. M. Colony is having the highest household wastages because of its vertical expansion so in that areas also pollution is high.