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Journal articles on the topic 'Planar cell polarity pathway'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Harrison, Carl, Hongyu Shao, Helen Strutt, and David Strutt. "Molecular mechanisms mediating asymmetric subcellular localisation of the core planar polarity pathway proteins." Biochemical Society Transactions 48, no. 4 (2020): 1297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20190404.

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Planar polarity refers to cellular polarity in an orthogonal plane to apicobasal polarity, and is seen across scales from molecular distributions of proteins to tissue patterning. In many contexts it is regulated by the evolutionarily conserved ‘core' planar polarity pathway that is essential for normal organismal development. Core planar polarity pathway components form asymmetric intercellular complexes that communicate polarity between neighbouring cells and direct polarised cell behaviours and the formation of polarised structures. The core planar polarity pathway consists of six structura

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2

Kacker, Sandeep, Varuneshwar Parsad, Naveen Singh, et al. "Planar Cell Polarity Signaling: Coordinated Crosstalk for Cell Orientation." Journal of Developmental Biology 12, no. 2 (2024): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb12020012.

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The planar cell polarity (PCP) system is essential for positioning cells in 3D networks to establish the proper morphogenesis, structure, and function of organs during embryonic development. The PCP system uses inter- and intracellular feedback interactions between components of the core PCP, characterized by coordinated planar polarization and asymmetric distribution of cell populations inside the cells. PCP signaling connects the anterior–posterior to left–right embryonic plane polarity through the polarization of cilia in the Kupffer’s vesicle/node in vertebrates. Experimental investigation

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3

Wansleeben, Carolien, and Frits Meijlink. "The planar cell polarity pathway in vertebrate development." Developmental Dynamics 240, no. 3 (2011): 616–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.22564.

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4

Wu, Gang, Jiao Ge, Xupei Huang, Yimin Hua, and Dezhi Mu. "Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Pathway in Congenital Heart Diseases." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/589414.

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Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a common cardiac disorder in humans. Despite many advances in the understanding of CHD and the identification of many associated genes, the fundamental etiology for the majority of cases remains unclear. The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway, responsible for tissue polarity inDrosophilaand gastrulation movements and cardiogenesis in vertebrates, has been shown to play multiple roles during cardiac differentiation and development. The disrupted function of PCP signaling is connected to some CHDs. Here, we summarize our current understanding of how PC

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5

Werner, Michael E., Peter Hwang, Fawn Huisman, Peter Taborek, Clare C. Yu, and Brian J. Mitchell. "Actin and microtubules drive differential aspects of planar cell polarity in multiciliated cells." Journal of Cell Biology 195, no. 1 (2011): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201106110.

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Planar cell polarization represents the ability of cells to orient within the plane of a tissue orthogonal to the apical basal axis. The proper polarized function of multiciliated cells requires the coordination of cilia spacing and cilia polarity as well as the timing of cilia beating during metachronal synchrony. The planar cell polarity pathway and hydrodynamic forces have been shown to instruct cilia polarity. In this paper, we show how intracellular effectors interpret polarity to organize cellular morphology in accordance with asymmetric cellular function. We observe that both cellular a

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6

Funato, Yosuke, Tatsuo Michiue, Takeshi Terabayashi, et al. "Nucleoredoxin regulates the Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway inXenopus." Genes to Cells 13, no. 9 (2008): 965–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01220.x.

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7

LaMonica, Kristi A., Maya Bass, and Laura Grabel. "The planar cell polarity pathway regulates parietal endoderm outgrowth." Developmental Biology 306, no. 1 (2007): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.542.

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8

LaMonica, Kristi, Maya Bass, and Laura Grabel. "The planar cell polarity pathway directs parietal endoderm migration." Developmental Biology 330, no. 1 (2009): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.03.008.

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9

Peunova, Natalia, and Grigori Enikolopov. "P61. NO links planar cell polarity pathway with ciliogenesis." Nitric Oxide 19 (2008): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2008.06.158.

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10

Rocque, Brittany, and Elena Torban. "Planar Cell Polarity Pathway in Kidney Development and Function." Advances in Nephrology 2015 (February 25, 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/764682.

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The evolutionarily conserved planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway controls tissue polarity within the plane orthogonal to the apical-basal axis. PCP was originally discovered in Drosophila melanogaster where it is required for the establishment of a uniform pattern of cell structures and appendages. In vertebrates, including mammals, the PCP pathway has been adapted to control various morphogenetic processes that are critical for tissue and organ development. These include convergent extension (crucial for neural tube closure and cochlear duct development) and oriented cell division (n

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11

Axelrod, Jeffrey D., and Helen McNeill. "Coupling Planar Cell Polarity Signaling to Morphogenesis." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 434–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.105.

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Epithelial cells and other groups of cells acquire a polarity orthogonal to their apical–basal axes, referred to as Planar Cell Polarity (PCP). The process by which these cells become polarized requires a signaling pathway using Frizzled as a receptor. Responding cells sense cues from their environment that provide directional information, and they translate this information into cellular asymmetry. Most of what is known about PCP derives from studies in the fruit fly,Drosophila. We review what is known about how cells translate an unknown signal into asymmetric cytoskeletal reorganization. We

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12

Guillabert-Gourgues, Aude, Beatrice Jaspard-Vinassa, Marie-Lise Bats, et al. "Kif26b controls endothelial cell polarity through the Dishevelled/Daam1-dependent planar cell polarity–signaling pathway." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 6 (2016): 941–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1332.

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Angiogenesis involves the coordinated growth and migration of endothelial cells (ECs) toward a proangiogenic signal. The Wnt planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, through the recruitment of Dishevelled (Dvl) and Dvl-associated activator of morphogenesis (Daam1), has been proposed to regulate cell actin cytoskeleton and microtubule (MT) reorganization for oriented cell migration. Here we report that Kif26b—a kinesin—and Daam1 cooperatively regulate initiation of EC sprouting and directional migration via MT reorganization. First, we find that Kif26b is recruited within the Dvl3/Daam1 complex. Usi

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13

Kim, Sun K., Siwei Zhang, Michael E. Werner, et al. "CLAMP/Spef1 regulates planar cell polarity signaling and asymmetric microtubule accumulation in the Xenopus ciliated epithelia." Journal of Cell Biology 217, no. 5 (2018): 1633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201706058.

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Most epithelial cells polarize along the axis of the tissue, a feature known as planar cell polarity (PCP). The initiation of PCP requires cell–cell signaling via the noncanonical Wnt/PCP pathway. Additionally, changes in the cytoskeleton both facilitate and reflect this polarity. We have identified CLAMP/Spef1 as a novel regulator of PCP signaling. In addition to decorating microtubules (MTs) and the ciliary rootlet, a pool of CLAMP localizes at the apical cell cortex. Depletion of CLAMP leads to the loss of PCP protein asymmetry, defects in cilia polarity, and defects in the angle of cell di

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14

Torban, Elena, and Sergei Y. Sokol. "Planar cell polarity pathway in kidney development, function and disease." Nature Reviews Nephrology 17, no. 6 (2021): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00395-6.

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15

Li, Xin, Heidi Hamm, Florence Marlow, and Lilianna Solnica-Krezel. "Gpr125 - a novel planar cell polarity pathway component in zebrafish." Developmental Biology 356, no. 1 (2011): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.071.

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16

Babayeva, Sima, Brittany Rocque, Lamine Aoudjit, et al. "Planar Cell Polarity Pathway Regulates Nephrin Endocytosis in Developing Podocytes." Journal of Biological Chemistry 288, no. 33 (2013): 24035–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m113.452904.

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17

Wen, Shu, Huiping Zhu, Wei Lu, et al. "Planar cell polarity pathway genes and risk for spina bifida." American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 152A, no. 2 (2010): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.33230.

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18

Siletti, Kimberly, Basile Tarchini, and A. J. Hudspeth. "Daple coordinates organ-wide and cell-intrinsic polarity to pattern inner-ear hair bundles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 52 (2017): E11170—E11179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716522115.

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The establishment of planar polarization by mammalian cells necessitates the integration of diverse signaling pathways. In the inner ear, at least two systems regulate the planar polarity of sensory hair bundles. The core planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins coordinate the orientations of hair cells across the epithelial plane. The cell-intrinsic patterning of hair bundles is implemented independently by the G protein complex classically known for orienting the mitotic spindle. Although the primary cilium also participates in each of these pathways, its role and the integration of the two syste

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19

Segalen, Marion, and Yohanns Bellaïche. "Cell division orientation and planar cell polarity pathways." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 20, no. 8 (2009): 972–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.03.018.

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20

Artus, Cédric, Fabienne Glacial, Kayathiri Ganeshamoorthy, et al. "The Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Pathway Contributes to the Integrity of Tight Junctions in Brain Endothelial Cells." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 34, no. 3 (2013): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2013.213.

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Wnt morphogens released by neural precursor cells were recently reported to control blood–brain barrier (BBB) formation during development. Indeed, in mouse brain endothelial cells, activation of the Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway, also known as the canonical Wnt pathway, was shown to stabilize endothelial tight junctions (TJs) through transcriptional regulation of the expression of TJ proteins. Because Wnt proteins activate several distinct β-catenin-dependent and independent signaling pathways, this study was designed to assess whether the noncanonical Wnt/Par/aPKC planar cell polarity (PC

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21

Lawrence, Peter A., Gary Struhl, and José Casal. "Planar cell polarity: one or two pathways?" Nature Reviews Genetics 8, no. 7 (2007): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg2125.

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22

Walczyńska, Katarzyna S., Ling Zhu, and Yujun Liang. "Insights into the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in the regeneration of animal model systems." International Journal of Developmental Biology 67, no. 3 (2023): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.220144yl.

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Regeneration enables the regrowth and restoration of missing body parts. It is a common phenomenon among animals. However, only some species exhibit remarkable regeneration capabilities and can regenerate organs such as limbs, lenses or hearts. Regeneration has been widely studied, thereby giving rise to new fields, such as regenerative medicine. Furthermore, regeneration has the potential to be applied to the human body. However, the molecular mechanisms governing this process should be elucidated first. Recent advancements in research methods have led to the identification of numerous signal

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23

Vladar, Eszter K., and Melanie Königshoff. "Noncanonical Wnt planar cell polarity signaling in lung development and disease." Biochemical Society Transactions 48, no. 1 (2020): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20190597.

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The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway is a potent developmental regulator of directional cell behaviors such as migration, asymmetric division and morphological polarization that are critical for shaping the body axis and the complex three-dimensional architecture of tissues and organs. PCP is considered a noncanonical Wnt pathway due to the involvement of Wnt ligands and Frizzled family receptors in the absence of the beta-catenin driven gene expression observed in the canonical Wnt cascade. At the heart of the PCP mechanism are protein complexes capable of generating molecular asy

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24

Gajos-Michniewicz, Anna, and Malgorzata Czyz. "WNT Signaling in Melanoma." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (2020): 4852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144852.

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WNT-signaling controls important cellular processes throughout embryonic development and adult life, so any deregulation of this signaling can result in a wide range of pathologies, including cancer. WNT-signaling is classified into two categories: β-catenin-dependent signaling (canonical pathway) and β-catenin-independent signaling (non-canonical pathway), the latter can be further divided into WNT/planar cell polarity (PCP) and calcium pathways. WNT ligands are considered as unique directional growth factors that contribute to both cell proliferation and polarity. Origin of cancer can be div

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25

Doyle, Kristy, Justin Hogan, Meagan Lester, and Simon Collier. "The Frizzled Planar Cell Polarity signaling pathway controls Drosophila wing topography." Developmental Biology 317, no. 1 (2008): 354–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.041.

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26

LaMonica, Kristi, Maya Bass, and Laura Grabel. "Parietal endoderm migration is directed by the planar cell polarity pathway." Developmental Biology 319, no. 2 (2008): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.05.274.

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27

Bastock, R., and D. Strutt. "The planar polarity pathway promotes coordinated cell migration during Drosophila oogenesis." Development 134, no. 17 (2007): 3055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.010447.

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28

Cong, Feng, Liang Schweizer та Harold Varmus. "Casein Kinase Iε Modulates the Signaling Specificities of Dishevelled". Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, № 5 (2004): 2000–2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.5.2000-2011.2004.

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ABSTRACT Wnt signaling is critical to many aspects of development, and aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway can cause cancer. Dishevelled (Dvl) protein plays a central role in this pathway by transducing the signal from the Wnt receptor complex to the β-catenin destruction complex. Dvl also plays a pivotal role in the planar cell polarity pathway that involves the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). How functions of Dvl are regulated in these two distinct pathways is not clear. We show that deleting the C-terminal two-thirds of Dvl, which includes the PDZ and DEP domains and is essentia

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29

Classen, Anne-Kathrin, Kurt I. Anderson, Eric Marois, and Suzanne Eaton. "Hexagonal Packing of Drosophila Wing Epithelial Cells by the Planar Cell Polarity Pathway." Developmental Cell 9, no. 6 (2005): 805–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2005.10.016.

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30

Sheldahl, Laird C., Diane C. Slusarski, Petra Pandur, Jeffrey R. Miller, Michael Kühl, and Randall T. Moon. "Dishevelled activates Ca2+ flux, PKC, and CamKII in vertebrate embryos." Journal of Cell Biology 161, no. 4 (2003): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200211094.

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Wnt ligands and Frizzled (Fz) receptors have been shown to activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Activation of the Wnt–β-catenin pathway has been described in greatest detail, but it has been reported that Wnts and Fzs also activate vertebrate planar cell polarity (PCP) and Wnt–Ca2+ pathways. Although the intracellular protein Dishevelled (Dsh) plays a dual role in both the Wnt–β-catenin and the PCP pathways, its potential involvement in the Wnt–Ca2+ pathway has not been investigated. Here we show that a Dsh deletion construct, XDshΔDIX, which is sufficient for activation of the

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31

Babayeva, Sima, Yulia Zilber, and Elena Torban. "Planar cell polarity pathway regulates actin rearrangement, cell shape, motility, and nephrin distribution in podocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 300, no. 2 (2011): F549—F560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00566.2009.

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Glomerular podocytes are highly polarized cells characterized by dynamic actin-based foot processes (FPs). Neighboring FPs form specialized junctions, slit diaphragms (SDs), which prevent passage of proteins into the ultrafiltrate. The SD protein complex is linked to cytoskeletal actin filaments and mutations in SD proteins lead to a dramatic change in cell morphology; proteinuria is accompanied by FP retraction and loss of SD structure. Thus, organization of the podocyte cytoskeleton is tightly linked to filtration barrier function. In a variety of cell systems, cytoskeleton arrangement is re

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32

Ayukawa, Tomonori, Masakazu Akiyama, Yasukazu Hozumi, et al. "Tissue flow regulates planar cell polarity independently of the Frizzled core pathway." Cell Reports 40, no. 12 (2022): 111388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111388.

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33

Dworkin, Sebastian, Stephen M. Jane, and Charbel Darido. "The planar cell polarity pathway in vertebrate epidermal development, homeostasis and repair." Organogenesis 7, no. 3 (2011): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/org.7.3.18431.

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34

Wada, Hironori, and Hitoshi Okamoto. "Roles of planar cell polarity pathway genes for neural migration and differentiation." Development, Growth & Differentiation 51, no. 3 (2009): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01092.x.

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35

Kelly, Michael, and Ping Chen. "Shaping the mammalian auditory sensory organ by the planar cell polarity pathway." International Journal of Developmental Biology 51, no. 6-7 (2007): 535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.072344mk.

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36

Kai, Masatake, Nina Buchan, Carl-Philipp Heisenberg, and Masazumi Tada. "06-P043 Regulation of planar cell polarity signalling by the prenylation pathway." Mechanisms of Development 126 (August 2009): S132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2009.06.269.

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37

Caddy, Jacinta, Tomasz Wilanowski, Charbel Darido, et al. "Epidermal Wound Repair Is Regulated by the Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Pathway." Developmental Cell 19, no. 1 (2010): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2010.06.008.

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38

Caddy, Jacinta, Tomasz Wilanowski, Charbel Darido, et al. "Epidermal Wound Repair Is Regulated by the Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Pathway." Developmental Cell 19, no. 2 (2010): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2010.08.003.

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39

Heinonen, Krista M., Juan Ruiz Vanegas, Deborah Lew, Jana Krosl, and Claude Perreault. "Wnt4 Enhances Murine Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Expansion Through a Planar Cell Polarity-Like Pathway." PLoS ONE 6, no. 4 (2011): e19279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019279.

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40

Bradley, Elizabeth W., and M. Hicham Drissi. "Wnt5b regulates mesenchymal cell aggregation and chondrocyte differentiation through the planar cell polarity pathway." Journal of Cellular Physiology 226, no. 6 (2011): 1683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22499.

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41

Wang, Irene-Yanran, Chen-Fang Chung, Sima Babayeva, Tamara Sogomonian, and Elena Torban. "Loss of Planar Cell Polarity Effector Fuzzy Causes Renal Hypoplasia by Disrupting Several Signaling Pathways." Journal of Developmental Biology 10, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb10010001.

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In vertebrates, the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway regulates tissue morphogenesis during organogenesis, including the kidney. Mutations in human PCP effector proteins have been associated with severe syndromic ciliopathies. Importantly, renal hypoplasia has been reported in some patients. However, the developmental disturbance that causes renal hypoplasia is unknown. Here, we describe the early onset of profound renal hypoplasia in mice homozygous for null mutation of the PCP effector gene, Fuzzy. We found that this phenotype is caused by defective branching morphogenesis of the ureteric b

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42

Miyagi, Chiemi, Susumu Yamashita, Yusuke Ohba, Hisayoshi Yoshizaki, Michiyuki Matsuda, and Toshio Hirano. "STAT3 noncell-autonomously controls planar cell polarity during zebrafish convergence and extension." Journal of Cell Biology 166, no. 7 (2004): 975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200403110.

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Zebrafish signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) controls the cell movements during gastrulation. Here, we show that noncell-autonomous activity of STAT3 signaling in gastrula organizer cells controls the polarity of neighboring cells through Dishevelled-RhoA signaling in the Wnt-planar cell polarity (Wnt-PCP) pathway. In STAT3-depleted embryos, although all the known molecules in the Wnt-PCP pathway were expressed normally, the RhoA activity in lateral mesendodermal cells was down-regulated, resulting in severe cell polarization defects in convergence and extension movemen

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43

Kim, Su Kyoung, Asako Shindo, Tae Joo Park, et al. "Planar Cell Polarity Acts Through Septins to Control Collective Cell Movement and Ciliogenesis." Science 329, no. 5997 (2010): 1337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1191184.

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The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway governs collective cell movements during vertebrate embryogenesis, and certain PCP proteins are also implicated in the assembly of cilia. The septins are cytoskeletal proteins controlling behaviors such as cell division and migration. Here, we identified control of septin localization by the PCP protein Fritz as a crucial control point for both collective cell movement and ciliogenesis in Xenopus embryos. We also linked mutations in human Fritz to Bardet-Biedl and Meckel-Gruber syndromes, a notable link given that other genes mutated in these sy

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44

Pickup, Amanda T., Michele L. Lamka, Qi Sun, Man Lun R. Yip, and Howard D. Lipshitz. "Control of photoreceptor cell morphology, planar polarity and epithelial integrity during Drosophila eye development." Development 129, no. 9 (2002): 2247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.9.2247.

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We report that the hindsight (hnt) gene, which encodes a nuclear zinc-finger protein, regulates cell morphology, cell fate specification, planar cell polarity and epithelial integrity during Drosophila retinal development. In the third instar larval eye imaginal disc, HNT protein expression begins in the morphogenetic furrow and is refined to cells in the developing photoreceptor cell clusters just before their determination as neurons. In hnt mutant larval eye tissue, furrow markers persist abnormally posterior to the furrow, there is a delay in specification of preclusters as cells exit the

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45

Saling, Mark, Jordan K. Duckett, Ian Ackers, Karen Coschigano, Scott Jenkinson, and Ramiro Malgor. "Wnt5a / planar cell polarity signaling pathway in urothelial carcinoma, a potential prognostic biomarker." Oncotarget 8, no. 19 (2017): 31655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.15877.

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46

Bosveld, F., I. Bonnet, B. Guirao, et al. "Mechanical Control of Morphogenesis by Fat/Dachsous/Four-Jointed Planar Cell Polarity Pathway." Science 336, no. 6082 (2012): 724–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1221071.

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47

VanderVorst, Kacey, Jason Hatakeyama, Anastasia Berg, Hyun Lee, and Kermit L. Carraway. "Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying planar cell polarity pathway contributions to cancer malignancy." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 81 (September 2018): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.026.

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48

Cai, Chunquan, and Ouyan Shi. "Genetic evidence in planar cell polarity signaling pathway in human neural tube defects." Frontiers of Medicine 8, no. 1 (2013): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11684-014-0308-4.

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49

Hikasa, Hiroki, Mikihito Shibata, Ichiro Hiratani, and Masanori Taira. "TheXenopusreceptor tyrosine kinase Xror2 modulates morphogenetic movements of the axial mesoderm and neuroectoderm via Wnt signaling." Development 129, no. 22 (2002): 5227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.22.5227.

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The Spemann organizer plays a central role in neural induction, patterning of the neuroectoderm and mesoderm, and morphogenetic movements during early embryogenesis. By seeking genes whose expression is activated by the organizer-specific LIM homeobox gene Xlim-1 in Xenopusanimal caps, we isolated the receptor tyrosine kinase Xror2. Xror2 is expressed initially in the dorsal marginal zone, then in the notochord and the neuroectoderm posterior to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. mRNA injection experiments revealed that overexpression of Xror2 inhibits convergent extension of the dorsal mesoderm

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50

Bentzinger, C. Florian, Julia von Maltzahn, Nicolas A. Dumont, et al. "Wnt7a stimulates myogenic stem cell motility and engraftment resulting in improved muscle strength." Journal of Cell Biology 205, no. 1 (2014): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201310035.

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Wnt7a/Fzd7 signaling stimulates skeletal muscle growth and repair by inducing the symmetric expansion of satellite stem cells through the planar cell polarity pathway and by activating the Akt/mTOR growth pathway in muscle fibers. Here we describe a third level of activity where Wnt7a/Fzd7 increases the polarity and directional migration of mouse satellite cells and human myogenic progenitors through activation of Dvl2 and the small GTPase Rac1. Importantly, these effects can be exploited to potentiate the outcome of myogenic cell transplantation into dystrophic muscles. We observed that a sho

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