Journal articles: 'Planarian'

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Kreshchenko, Grebenshchikova, and Karpov. "INFLUENCE OF SEROTONIN ON PLANARIAN PHOTORECEPTORS’ REGENERATION." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.278-283.

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The paper presents data on the effect of biogenic amine, serotonin, on morphogenetic processes in planarians Schmidtea mediterranea and Girardia tigrina(Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes). For the study, cut-off median and tail fragments of the planarian body were used, in which eye regeneration was observed. Photoreceptor recovery occurred from the 3rd to the 6th day of regeneration. In experimental specimens exposed to serotonin at a concentration of 0.1–1 μM, acceleration of the photoreceptor regeneration process was observed. The stimulating effect was observed at 4–5 days after surgery. Planaria (Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes) are free-living flatworms related to parasitic trematodes, cestodes and monogenges. In addition to the nervous, muscular, digestive, excretory and reproductive systems, they have a pair of simple eyes (photoreceptors), so they can distinguish the intensity and direction of the light flux and are oriented in space [1]. Planarium eyes are located on the dorsal surface of the head part of the body and consist of photoreceptor and pigment cells that form an "eye cup". Planaria can regenerate the whole organism from a small fragment. In the process of regeneration, the planarium can completely restore the head ganglion (brain), as well as other organs, including the eyes.Our task was to study the dynamics of photoreceptor differentiation in planarians Schmidtea mediterranea, and to investigate the possible morphogenetic function of serotonin in S. mediterranea and G. tigrina

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Lee, Michael, Jing-Jie Syu, Chia-Ying Chu, and Yen-Wen Lu. "Gene Delivery System Using Droplet Injector and Temperature-Controlled Planarian Holder." Inventions 3, no. 3 (August 21, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions3030057.

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A microinjection system for gene delivery to a planarian was presented with materials widely used by manufacturers. The system consists of a nanoliter droplet generator/injector and a planarian holder. Glass capillary needles were used to consistently generate droplets and to inject droplets into a planarian. The holder provides a low-temperature environment that immobilizes the planarian for injection. Our system was tested and showed successful injections of microbeads and droplets with double-stranded RNA into the planarian. The results demonstrated the capability of our system as an alternative for gene delivery for studying gene functions in planarians or other living objects for regenerative medicine studies.

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Pagán, Oné R., Debra L. Baker, Sean Deats, Mary O’Brien, Rochelle Dymond, and Gabriella DeMichele. "Measuring functional brain recovery in regenerating planarians by assessing the behavioral response to the cholinergic compound cytisine." International Journal of Developmental Biology 64, no. 7-8-9 (2020): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.180145op.

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Planarians are traditional model invertebrates in regeneration and developmental biology research that also display a variety of quantifiable behaviors useful to screen for pharmacologically active compounds. One such behavior is the expression of seizure-like movements (pSLMs) induced by a variety of substances. Previous work from our laboratory showed that cocaine, but not nicotine, induced pSLMs in intact but not decapitated planarians. Interestingly, as decapitated planarians regenerated their heads, they gradually recovered their sensitivity to cocaine. These results suggested a method to assess planarian brain regeneration and a possible way of identifying compounds that could enhance or hold back brain regeneration. In the present work, we demonstrate that the cholinergic agent cytisine is a suitable reference compound to apply our method. Cytisine induces pSLMs in a concentration-dependent manner in intact (but not decapitated) planarians of the species Girardia tigrina. Based on our data, we developed a behavioral protocol to assess planarian brain regeneration over time. We tested this method to measure the effect of ethanol on G. tigrina’s brain regeneration. We found that ethanol slows down the rate of planarian brain regeneration in a concentration-dependent manner, consistently with data from other research groups that tested ethanol effects on planarian brain regeneration using different behavioral protocols. Thus, here we establish a general method using cytisine-induced pSLMs as an indicator of brain regeneration in planarians, a method that shows potential for assessing the effect of pharmacologically active compounds in this process.

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Ding, Xue, Linxia Song, Yahong Han, Yingbo Wang, Xiaowang Tang, Guicai Cui, and Zhenbiao Xu. "Effects of Fe3+ on Acute Toxicity and Regeneration of Planarian (Dugesia japonica) at Different Temperatures." BioMed Research International 2019 (August 22, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8591631.

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Objective. To investigate the effects of different concentrations of Fe3+ on the acute toxicity and regeneration of planarian at different temperatures. Method. The planarians were treated with 40 mg/l, 50 mg/l, 60 mg/l, and 70 mg/l Fe3+ solution and placed in 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C, respectively, to observe the mortality and the poisoning pattern of the planarian. In addition, the planarians were cut into three parts of head, trunk, and tail, then placed in Fe3+ solution at concentrations of 10 mg/l, 15 mg/l, 20 mg/l, and 30 mg/l, and placed in 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C respectively, and the regeneration rate of the planarian was investigated. Results. At the same temperature, in the concentration of Fe3+ from 40 mg/l to 70 mg/l, the mortality of the planarian increased with the increasing of the concentration of Fe3+; at the same concentration and different temperatures, the death speed of the planarian is the fastest at 20°C, the next at 25°C, and the lowest at 15°C, indicating that the toxic effect of Fe3+ can be accelerated at a suitable temperature of 20°C. At the same temperature, in the low concentration of Fe3+ from 10 mg/l to 30 mg/l, the regeneration rate of the planarian gradually decreased with the increasing of the concentration of Fe3+; at the same concentration and different temperature, the regeneration rate of planarian was faster at 20°C and 25°C, but the difference between 20°C and 25°C was small, and the slowest at 15°C, indicating that the low temperature significantly affects the planarian regeneration speed. The study also found the regeneration rates of the head, trunk, and tail of the planarian were different; the head regeneration was the fastest, the trunk was the second, and the tail was the slowest. Conclusion. Fe3+ had obvious toxic effects on the survival and regeneration of planarian; the planarian is sensitive to Fe3+ and may be used to detect Fe3+ water pollution; in addition, temperature can affect the toxic effects of Fe3+ and thus affect the survival and regeneration of the planarian. Therefore, the temperature should be taken into consideration when detecting water Fe3+ pollution.

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Adell, Teresa, Emili Saló, Jack J. W. A. van Loon, and Gennaro Auletta. "Planarians Sense Simulated Microgravity and Hypergravity." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/679672.

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Planarians are flatworms, which belong to the phylumPlatyhelminthes.They have been a classical subject of study due to their amazing regenerative ability, which relies on the existence of adult totipotent stem cells. Nowadays they are an emerging model system in the field of developmental, regenerative, and stem cell biology. In this study we analyze the effect of a simulated microgravity and a hypergravity environment during the process of planarian regeneration and embryogenesis. We demonstrate that simulated microgravity by means of the random positioning machine (RPM) set at a speed of 60 °/s but not at 10 °/s produces the dead of planarians. Under hypergravity of 3 g and 4 g in a large diameter centrifuge (LDC) planarians can regenerate missing tissues, although a decrease in the proliferation rate is observed. Under 8 g hypergravity small planarian fragments are not able to regenerate. Moreover, we found an effect of gravity alterations in the rate of planarian scission, which is its asexual mode of reproduction. No apparent effects of altered gravity were found during the embryonic development.

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BARAHONA-SEGOVIA, RODRIGO M., JUAN FRANCISCO ARAYA, and LAURA PAÑINAO-MONSÁLVEZ. "New records of the giant planarian Polycladus gayi Blanchard, 1845 (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) with notes on its conservation biology." Zootaxa 4822, no. 4 (August 7, 2020): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4822.4.9.

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Land planarians (Tricladida:Geoplanidae) comprise about 910 species distributed in four subfamilies and can be found on all continents except Antarctica (Sluys & Riutort 2018; Sluys 2019). The Neotropical region possesses nearly 31% of all the described terrestrial planarian species, most of them belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae (Sluys 1999; Grau & Carbayo 2010). Land planarians are mostly habitat-specialists, living in the humid soils of native forest, and predating on invertebrates like earthworms, isopods, mollusks and harvestmen, among others (Ogren 1995; Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet 2003; Boll & Leal-Zanchet 2016). Although most planarian species seem to be physiologically sensitive, for example to environmental moisture, a few land planarian genera like Bipalium Stimpson and Obama Carbayo et al., have successfully invaded many habitats, even in highly perturbed areas (Kawaguti 1932; Sluys 2019). Therefore, some of these invertebrate species appear to be good candidates as habitat quality bioindicators according to some authors (Sluys 1998; Gerlach et al., 2013; Negrete et al., 2014).

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Thumé, Isabela Salvador, and Marcos Emílio Frizzo. "Sertraline Induces Toxicity and Behavioral Alterations in Planarians." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5792621.

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Toxicity attributed to sertraline has been demonstrated recently in different cell types and also in some organisms. We investigated the effect of sertraline on planarians, which are considered suitable for investigations in neurotoxicology and currently are widely used as an animal model in neuropharmacological studies. Planarians treated with 10 µM sertraline showed a rapid reduction in their spontaneous movement until they became completely motionless and then showed a series of asynchronous paroxysms (seizures) followed by progressive tissue damage, beginning 48 h after the sertraline treatment, and died approximately 72 h later. Our data showed that sertraline does not cause planarian death within the range of therapeutic concentrations; however, behavioral alterations were observed with concentrations that can be considered compatible with therapeutic ones, such as a significant reduction in planarian locomotory activity at 0.4 µM. Treatment with 4 µM sertraline had a significant effect, reducing planarian locomotory activity and increasing the number of asynchronous paroxysms; both effects were significantly maintained even 24 h after the sertraline was withdrawn. These behavioral changes observed at low micromolar concentrations suggest that sertraline might have residual biological consequences for planarians, even after it is withdrawn.

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Owren, Michael J., and Dana L. Scheuneman. "An Inexpensive Habituation and Sensitization Learning Laboratory Exercise Using Planarians." Teaching of Psychology 20, no. 4 (December 1993): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2004_6.

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We describe an inexpensive laboratory exercise that uses planarians to demonstrate habituation and sensitization. Students drop water from an eyedropper onto a planarian's anterior region and observe its contraction responses. Initially, students practice the procedure until attaining high interobserver reliability in scoring the degree of contraction. Subsequently, they measure the decline in responsivity that occurs over repeated stimulus presentations. Following habituation, the planarian is drawn in and out of the eyedropper several times, resulting in sensitization and dishabituation of the contractile response in accordance with dual-process theory (Groves & Thompson, 1970). This procedure can also be used to demonstrate spontaneous recovery and short-versus long-term habituation processes.

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Miyamoto, Mai, Miki Hattori, Kazutaka Hosoda, Mika Sawamoto, Minako Motoishi, Tetsutaro Hayashi, Takeshi Inoue, and Yoshihiko Umesono. "The pharyngeal nervous system orchestrates feeding behavior in planarians." Science Advances 6, no. 15 (April 2020): eaaz0882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0882.

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Planarians exhibit traits of cephalization but are unique among bilaterians in that they ingest food by means of goal-directed movements of a trunk-positioned pharynx, following protrusion of the pharynx out of the body, raising the question of how planarians control such a complex set of body movements for achieving robust feeding. Here, we use the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica to show that an isolated pharynx amputated from the planarian body self-directedly executes its entire sequence of feeding functions: food sensing, approach, decisions about ingestion, and intake. Gene-specific silencing experiments by RNA interference demonstrated that the pharyngeal nervous system (PhNS) is required not only for feeding functions of the pharynx itself but also for food-localization movements of individual animals, presumably via communication with the brain. These findings reveal an unexpected central role of the PhNS in the linkage between unique morphological phenotypes and feeding behavior in planarians.

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P. Tiras, Kh, S. V. Gudkov, V. I. Emelyanenko, and K. B. Aslanidi. "Reactive Oxygen Species Registration in Planarian Regeneration." Applied Physics Research 7, no. 6 (September 24, 2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v7n6p13.

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<p class="1Body">Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are directly involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in a variety of organisms. We studied kinetics of own luminescence induced by changes of ROS in early stages of planarian regeneration. Kinetics of chemiluminescence were measured in intact planarians and the same individuals after decapitation within 15 hours. We analyzed the traumatic fluorescent signal obtained as the difference between kinetics of intact and decapitated planarians. It was found that regeneration is accompanied by changes in the content of ROS correlated with the energy-intensive process in regenerating planarians. Oxidative stress was caused by damage to cell membranes in the dissection of the planarian and it was accompanied by a drop in the intensity of luminescence with a time constant of about 3.6 hours. Phagocytosis of dying cells by neoblasts was accompanied by an increase of the luminescence intensity after 2 - 3 hours after decapitation. Neoblast mitosis was described by two maximums of luminescence over 5.1 hours and 8.3 hours after decapitation. For the first time we demonstrated the opportunity of registering the physiological state of pluripotent stem cells at the level of the organism <em>in vivo</em>.</p>

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Barzaghi, Benedetta, Davide De Giorgi, Roberta Pennati, and Raoul Manenti. "Planarians, a Neglected Component of Biodiversity in Groundwaters." Diversity 13, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13050178.

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Underground waters are still one of the most important sources of drinking water for the planet. Moreover, the fauna that inhabits these waters is still little known, even if it could be used as an effective bioindicator. Among cave invertebrates, planarians are strongly suited to be used as a study model to understand adaptations and trophic web features. Here, we show a systematic literature review that aims to investigate the studies done so far on groundwater-dwelling planarians. The research was done using Google Scholar and Web of Science databases. Using the key words “Planarian cave” and “Flatworm Cave” we found 2273 papers that our selection reduced to only 48, providing 113 usable observations on 107 different species of planarians from both groundwaters and springs. Among the most interesting results, it emerged that planarians are at the top of the food chain in two thirds of the reported caves, and in both groundwaters and springs they show a high variability of morphological adaptations to subterranean environments. This is a first attempt to review the phylogeny of the groundwater-dwelling planarias, focusing on the online literature. The paucity of information underlines that scarce attention has been dedicated to these animals. Further revisions, including old papers and books, not available online will be necessary.

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Glasgow, Benny C. "A New Species of Land Planarian, Diporodemus merridithae, and Cohabitant Specimens from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina, U.S.A." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 129, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5880-129.1.1.

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Abstract A new endemic species of land planarian, Diporodemus merridithae, belonging to subfamily Microplaninae is described from Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This is the first report of a new land planarian of the subfamily Microplaninae from the United States since 1954 (Hyman 1954). Species external and internal anatomy is described using photographs and a drawing and notes on species distribution, habitat, and conservation are provided. Identifications and previous reports of land planarians from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the United States, and Europe is discussed, as are collections of two cohabitants and the observation of asexual reproduction observed in one cohabitant specimen.

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Kim, Iana V., Sebastian Riedelbauch, and Claus-D. Kuhn. "The piRNA pathway in planarian flatworms: new model, new insights." Biological Chemistry 401, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 1123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2019-0445.

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AbstractPIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that associate with members of the PIWI clade of the Argonaute superfamily of proteins. piRNAs are predominantly found in animal gonads. There they silence transposable elements (TEs), regulate gene expression and participate in DNA methylation, thus orchestrating proper germline development. Furthermore, PIWI proteins are also indispensable for the maintenance and differentiation capabilities of pluripotent stem cells in free-living invertebrate species with regenerative potential. Thus, PIWI proteins and piRNAs seem to constitute an essential molecular feature of somatic pluripotent stem cells and the germline. In keeping with this hypothesis, both PIWI proteins and piRNAs are enriched in neoblasts, the adult stem cells of planarian flatworms, and their presence is a prerequisite for the proper regeneration and perpetual tissue homeostasis of these animals. The piRNA pathway is required to maintain the unique biology of planarians because, in analogy to the animal germline, planarian piRNAs silence TEs and ensure stable genome inheritance. Moreover, planarian piRNAs also contribute to the degradation of numerous protein-coding transcripts, a function that may be critical for neoblast differentiation. This review gives an overview of the planarian piRNA pathway and of its crucial function in neoblast biology.

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Verma, Prince, Court K. M. Waterbury, and Elizabeth M. Duncan. "Set1 Targets Genes with Essential Identity and Tumor-Suppressing Functions in Planarian Stem Cells." Genes 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081182.

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Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are essential for normal cellular function in multicellular organisms, but many TSGs and tumor-suppressing mechanisms remain unknown. Planarian flatworms exhibit particularly robust tumor suppression, yet the specific mechanisms underlying this trait remain unclear. Here, we analyze histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) signal across the planarian genome to determine if the broad H3K4me3 chromatin signature that marks essential cell identity genes and TSGs in mammalian cells is conserved in this valuable model of in vivo stem cell function. We find that this signature is indeed conserved on the planarian genome and that the lysine methyltransferase Set1 is largely responsible for creating it at both cell identity and putative TSG loci. In addition, we show that depletion of set1 in planarians induces stem cell phenotypes that suggest loss of TSG function, including hyperproliferation and an abnormal DNA damage response (DDR). Importantly, this work establishes that Set1 targets specific gene loci in planarian stem cells and marks them with a conserved chromatin signature. Moreover, our data strongly suggest that Set1 activity at these genes has important functional consequences both during normal homeostasis and in response to genotoxic stress.

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Sureda-Gomez, Miquel, and Teresa Adell. "Planarian organizers." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 87 (March 2019): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.021.

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Slack, J. M. W. "Planarian Pluripotency." Science 332, no. 6031 (May 12, 2011): 799–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1206913.

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Bierema, Andrea M. K. "Planarian Regeneration." American Biology Teacher 82, no. 9 (November 2020): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2020.82.9.628.

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There are benefits to both laboratory exercises and scientific modeling, and connecting the two may allow for deeper understanding and interest. Laboratory exercises provide students with opportunities to experience phenomena, but without scientific modeling, students may still lack understanding of the mechanisms at play. This article describes an example of how a traditional laboratory exercise on planarian regeneration is enhanced with a modeling activity on cell signaling.

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Pineda, David, Leonardo Rossi, Renata Batistoni, Alessandra Salvetti, Maria Marsal, Vittorio Gremigni, Alessandra Falleni, Javier Gonzalez-Linares, Paolo Deri, and Emili Saló. "The genetic network of prototypic planarian eye regeneration is Pax6 independent." Development 129, no. 6 (March 15, 2002): 1423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.6.1423.

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We report the presence of two Pax6-related genes, Pax6A and Pax6B, which are highly conserved in two planarian species Dugesia japonica and Girardia tigrina (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida). Pax6A is more similar to other Pax6 proteins than Pax6B, which is the most divergent Pax6 described so far. The planarian Pax6 homologs do not show any clear orthology to the Drosophila duplicated Pax6 genes, eyeless and twin of eyeless, which suggests an independent Pax6 duplication in a triclad or platyhelminth ancestor. Pax6A is expressed in the central nervous system of intact planarians, labeling a subset of cells of both cephalic ganglia and nerve cords, and is activated during cephalic regeneration. Pax6B follows a similar pattern, but shows a lower level of expression. Pax6A and Pax6B transcripts are detected in visual cells only at the ultrastructural level, probably because a limited amount of transcripts is present in these cells. Inactivation of both Pax6A and Pax6B by RNA-mediated gene interference (RNAi) inhibits neither eye regeneration nor eye maintenance, suggesting that the genetic network that controls this process is not triggered by Pax6 in planarians.

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JONES, HUGH D., and WOLFGANG STERRER. "Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, with three new species) and nemertines of Bermuda." Zootaxa 1001, no. 1 (May 30, 2005): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1001.1.3.

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Records of terrestrial planarians and nemertines found on Bermuda are summarized. Three new species of terrestrial planarian are described though they certainly originated elsewhere. These are Amaga expatria n. sp., Gigantea gouvernoni n. sp. (both Geoplanidae and originating from South or Central America) and Bipalium vagum n. sp. (Bipaliidae, probably originating from Asia). Records of other planarians (Bipalium kewense, Anisorhynchodemus sp., Dolichoplana striata and Rhynchodemus sylvaticus) as well as nemertines (Pantinonemertes agricola and Geonemertes pelaensis) are discussed with regard to origin, distribution and mode of dispersal.

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Selvamurugan, Selvaraj, and N. Santhana Bharathi. "New locality record of Bipalium univittatum Grube, 1866 (Tricladida: Geoplanidae: Bipaliinae) from India." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2020.1217.

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Land planarians (Platyhelminthes) are likely important components of the soil cryptofauna, although relevant aspects of their ecology such as their density remain largely unstudied. The land planarian Bipalium univittatum Grube,1866 (Tricladida: Geoplanidae) is thought to be native from Southeast Asia. This species is found in Periyakallar, Valparai, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu state, India. This note gives details, distribution, description and conservation status

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Pang, Qiuxiang, Xuemei Liu, Bosheng Zhao, Wei Wei, Xiufang Zhang, Lianfei Zhao, Jingjing Xie, and Huanhuan Sun. "Purification, characterization and induction of a C-type lectin in the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica." Open Life Sciences 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0014-7.

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AbstractLectins are important components of the immune defense system of invertebrates. Given their important functions, numerous investigations have been carried out on the characterization and function of lectins in invertebrates. However, lectin studies with the freshwater planarian, an evolutionarily important animal, are rare. In this paper, we demonstrate agglutination of glutaraldehyde treated erythrocytes by a lectin with preference for rabbit erythrocytes. The result of hemagglutinating activity inhibition assays with several carbohydrates showed the most potent inhibitor was maltose. A natural lectin from the crude homogenates of freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica was purified by single step affinity chromatography using amylose-coupled agarose. The purified protein appeared as one band with a molecular mass of 350 kDa in PAGE, and as one band, approximately 56 kDa, in SDS-PAGE. The purified lectin showed dependence on calcium. The activity of the purified lectin was inhibited at temperatures greater than 50°C and showed a pH optimum between 5–8. The purified lectin also has binding activity to the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, and the Gram-positive bacteria B. subtilis. Furthermore, the purified lectin obtained from injured and bacteria-induced planarians showed increased agglutinating activity against rabbit erythrocytes. These results suggest that the purified lectin may play an important role in the innate immunity of the freshwater planarian.

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Asano, Y., S. Nakamura, S. Ishida, K. Azuma, and T. Shinozawa. "Rhodopsin-like proteins in planarian eye and auricle: detection and functional analysis." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 1263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.9.1263.

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The presence of rhodopsin-like proteins in the eyes and auricles of the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica was confirmed using anti-frog-rhodopsin rabbit IgG. The apparent relative molecular masses of these proteins were 65x10(3) and 62x10(3), and positive reactions to IgG were localized to the microvilli of the photoreceptor cells in the eyes and to the sensory cilia, rootlets and microvilli in the auricles. Eye- or head-excised planarians showed no negative phototaxis, whereas intact or auricle-excised planarians did. During regeneration in head-excised planarians, the appearance of rhodopsin-like proteins in the regenerating eyes corresponded to the recovery of negative phototaxis behaviour. Head or auricle excision enhanced asexual fission under continuous illumination. However, eye excision had no such effect. These results suggest that the rhodopsin-like proteins in the eyes work as photoreceptors for negative phototaxis behaviour and that, in the auricles, they are involved in asexual fission originating from the circadian rhythm.

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Cao, Zhonghong, Hongjin Liu, Bosheng Zhao, Qiuxiang Pang, and Xiufang Zhang. "Extreme Environmental Stress-Induced Biological Responses in the Planarian." BioMed Research International 2020 (June 11, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7164230.

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Planarians are bilaterally symmetric metazoans of the phylum Platyhelminthes. They have well-defined anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes and have a highly structured true brain which consists of all neural cell types and neuropeptides found in a vertebrate. Planarian flatworms are famous for their strong regenerative ability; they can easily regenerate any part of the body including the complete neoformation of a functional brain within a few days and can survive a series of extreme environmental stress. Nowadays, they are an emerging model system in the field of developmental, regenerative, and stem cell biology and have offered lots of helpful information for these realms. In this review, we will summarize the response of planarians to some typical environmental stress and hope to shed light on basic mechanisms of how organisms interact with extreme environmental stress and survive it, such as altered gravity, temperature, and oxygen, and this information will help researchers improve the design in future studies.

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Agata, Kiyokazu, and Yoshihiko Umesono. "Brain regeneration from pluripotent stem cells in planarian." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1500 (March 28, 2008): 2071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.2260.

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How can planarians regenerate their brain? Recently we have identified many genes critical for this process. Brain regeneration can be divided into five steps: (1) anterior blastema formation, (2) brain rudiment formation, (3) pattern formation, (4) neural network formation, and (5) functional recovery. Here we will describe the structure and process of regeneration of the planarian brain in the first part, and then introduce genes involved in brain regeneration in the second part. Especially, we will speculate about molecular events during the early steps of brain regeneration in this review. The finding providing the greatest insight thus far is the discovery of the nou-darake ( ndk ; ‘brains everywhere’ in Japanese) gene, since brain neurons are formed throughout the entire body as a result of loss of function of the ndk gene. This finding provides a clue for elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying brain regeneration. Here we describe the molecular action of the nou-darake gene and propose a new model to explain brain regeneration and restriction in the head region of the planarians.

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Kreshchenko, Skavulyak, Bondarenko, and Ermakov. "MELATONIN MODULATES DYNAMICS OF PLANARIAN STEM CELL PROLIFERATION." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 21 (May 29, 2020): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.157-163.

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Melatonin is a derivate of biogenic amine of serotonin identified in all classes of animals including flatworms. Melatonin demonstrates different physiological functions the main of which is circadian rhythm regulation. Via specific G-protein coupled receptors, melatonin affects the target cells changing the levels of other hormones. On early stages of embryonic development, biogenic amines as well as melatonin play a role of specific signal cell molecules that regulate processes of cellular renewal. This work has studied physiological function of melatonin in free-living flatworms, planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. The influence of melatonin on diurnal dynamics of stem cells proliferation was investigated using an immunocytochemical method and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The specific antibodies against H3 phosphohistones were applied for immunocytochemical identification of proliferative cells. It was shown that melatonin (1 µМ) decreased the total number of proliferative cells in planarians. It was also found that the diurnal dynamics of cells proliferation in planarians was changed by melatonin: regular rhythmic oscillations observed in the control group of animals were smoothening. Further researches are required to clarify mechanisms of melatonin actions.

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KANANA, YULIIA, and MARTA RIUTORT. "First record of freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Continenticola) in Eastern Europe." Zootaxa 4624, no. 4 (July 2, 2019): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4624.4.13.

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The genus Girardia Ball, 1974 houses freshwater planarian species and is the second after Dugesia Girard, 1850 within Dugesiidae regarding the number of species. It contains 45 species (Tyler et al. 2006–2019) including three recently described: one from China—Girardia sinensis Chen & Wang 2015 (Chen et al. 2015), and two cave-dwelling planarians from Brasil—Girardia desiderensis Souza & Leal-Zanchet 2016 and Girardia pierremartini Souza & Leal-Zanchet 2016 (Souza et al. 2016).

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Kreshchenko, Grebenshchikov, Grebenshchikova, and Karpov. "SEROTONIN ACCELERATES HEAD END REGENERATION IN PLANARIAN SCHMIDTEA MEDITERRANEA AND GIRARDIA TIGRINA (PLATYHELMINTHES)." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.284-289.

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Free-living flatworms – planarians posses fascinated regenerative ability amongst metazoan. They can regenerate whole organism from small body piece. Precise mechanisms of its regeneration remain poorly investigated. The results of the experiments on head blastema growth, which was formed in regenerating planarians Schmidtea mediterranea and Girardia tigrina after decapitation, have been presented. Planarians were operated with thin scalpel under dissecting microscope and left for regeneration. Animals from control group were kept in normal water. And to the experimental group of animals the solutions of the serotonin in concentration of 0.1 and 1 μM have been added. The experiments were repeated several times. With the methods of vital computer morphomethry the areas of blastemas were measured in regenerating control and experimental (treated with serotonin) planarians. The results were analyzed by t-Student statistical method. The observation indicated the acceleration of blastema growth under serotonin treatment (0.1–1 μM) in two planarian species – S. mediterraneaand G. tigrina. Stimulating effect of serotonin has attained the level of significance on day 2 or day 3 after the operation. Serotonin is known as regulator of neural development in vertebrate organisms. In present work the morphogenetic action of biogenic amine, serotonin, in lower metazoan is postulated.

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Bayascas, J. R., E. Castillo, A. M. Munoz-Marmol, and E. Salo. "Planarian Hox genes: novel patterns of expression during regeneration." Development 124, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.1.141.

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Platyhelminthes are widely considered to be the sister group of coelomates (Philippe, H., Chenuil, A. and Adoutte, A. (1994)Development 1994 Supplement, 15–24) and the first organisms to show bilateral symmetry and cephalization. Within this phylum, the freshwater planarians (Turbellaria, Tricladida) have been used as model systems for studying bidirectional regeneration (Slack, J. M. W. (1980) J. Theor. Biol 82, 105–140). We have been attempting to identify potential pattern-control genes involved in the regeneration of planarian heads and tails after amputation. Since Hox cluster genes determine positional identity along the anteroposterior axis in a wide range of animals (Slack, J. M. W., Holland, P. W. H. and Graham, C. F. (1993) Nature 361,490-492), we performed an extensive search for Hox-related genes in the planarian Dugesia(G)tigrina. Sequence analyses of seven planarian Dthox genes (Dthox-A to Dthox-G) reveal high similarities with the homeodomain region of the Hox cluster genes, allowing us to assign planarian Dthox genes to anterior and medial Hox cluster paralogous groups. Whole-mount in situ hybridization studies in regenerating adults showed very early, synchronous and colocalized activation of Dthox-D, Dthox-A, Dthox-C, Dthox-E, Dthox-G and Dthox-F. After one hour of regeneration a clear expression was observed in all Dthox genes studied. In addition, all seemed to be expressed in the same regenerative tissue, although in the last stages of regeneration (9 to 15 days) a differential timing of deactivation was observed. The same Dthox genes were also expressed synchronously and were colocalized during intercalary regeneration, although their expression was delayed. Terminal regeneration showed identical Dthox gene expression in anterior and posterior blastemas, which may prevent these genes from directing the distinction between head and tail. Finally, continuous expression along the whole lateral blastema in sagittal regenerates reflected a ubiquitous Dthox response in all types of regeneration that was not related specifically with the anteroposterior polarity.

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Kreshchenko, Grebenshchikova, Karpov, and Mitkovsky. "SEROTONIN ACCELERATED PHARYNGEAL REGENERATION IN PLANARIAN SCHMIDTEA MEDITERRANEA TAIL FRAGMENTS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 21 (May 29, 2020): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.151-156.

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Serotonin has been identified in all classes of parasitic and free-living Platyhelminthes. Its function in the body of Platyhelminthes remains poorly studied. In present work, the serotonin effect on morphogenetic processes in planarian Schmidtea mediterranea was studied for the first time. Pharyngeal regeneration was studied in Schmidtea mediterranea planaria. Pharynx is a relatively autonomous organ with well differentiated morphological structure and specialized function. The dissected planarian body fragments were able to regenerate the new pharynx and restore its function – food uptake and feeding. It was observed that in group of animals, the pharynx regeneration occurred from day 5 to day 10 after amputation. The regeneration time varied in different experimental series and seems to depend on the season of the experiment. The maximum number of animals restored their feeding response for 6–8 days after the intervention. Under the serotonin treatments (10–0.001 µМ), the acceleration of the restoration of a new pharynx function has been observed as compared to the control animals. The preliminary results exhibit the stimulatory action of serotonin on pharyngeal regeneration in tail fragments of S. mediterranea, thus, indicating the morphogenetic properties of serotonin.

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Iwasa, T., H. Orii, A. Tasaki, K. Agata, K. Watanabe, and M. Tsuda. "The planarian visual system." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 124 (August 1999): S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(99)90210-6.

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de Souza, Natalie. "The planarian Prometheus, quantified." Nature Methods 9, no. 5 (April 27, 2012): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2005.

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Reddien, Peter W., and Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado. "FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANARIAN REGENERATION." Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20, no. 1 (November 2004): 725–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.095114.

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Purnell, Beverly A. "Mapping the planarian transcriptome." Science 360, no. 6391 (May 24, 2018): 870.11–872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.360.6391.870-k.

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Rozario, Tania, and Phillip A. Newmark. "Prospecting for Planarian Pluripotency." Cell 173, no. 7 (June 2018): 1566–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.062.

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Barghouth, Paul G., and Néstor J. Oviedo. "Whole planarian chromosome squash." STAR Protocols 2, no. 1 (March 2021): 100257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100257.

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Sluys, R. "On Bdellasimilis Barwicki (Platyhelminthes : Tricladida) and its phyletic position." Invertebrate Systematics 4, no. 1 (1990): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9900149.

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The planarian Bdellasimilis barwicki is redescribed on the basis of newly collected and paratype material. The species is ectoconsortic on Australian freshwater turtles and has the following characteristic features: two posterior adhesive disks, voluminous false seminal vesicles, highly glandular common atrium, resorptive vesicles, and a gonopore at the posterior end of the body. The highly developed musculature around the mouth opening ensures that the mouth remains fully closed during the aberrant manner of feeding in which food items are enclosed in the pharyngeal cavity. B. barwicki should be classified with the Paludicola or freshwater planarians.

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Tazaki, Akira, Silvana Gaudieri, Kazuho Ikeo, Takashi Gojobori, Kenji Watanabe, and Kiyokazu Agata. "Neural Network in Planarian Revealed by an Antibody against Planarian Synaptotagmin Homologue." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 260, no. 2 (July 1999): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.0933.

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Cheng, Xina, Yingzhao Li, Qi Guo, Qingnan Tian, Yizhe Zhang, Huimin Fang, Shoutao Zhang, and Yanan Guo. "A planarian RPS3 homolog is critical to the modulation of planarian regeneration." Gene 691 (April 2019): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.027.

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Accorsi, Alice, Monique M. Williams, Eric J. Ross, Sofia M. C. Robb, Sarah A. Elliott, Kimberly C. Tu, and Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado. "Hands-On Classroom Activities for Exploring Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology with Planarians." American Biology Teacher 79, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.3.208.

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Regeneration has long fascinated humanity, and its documentation has progressed from simple descriptive observations to the intense molecular and cellular investigations of today. The overarching goal of this work is to make the key methods and tools being used in modern regeneration and stem cell biology research accessible to docents and students in the classroom. We have designed a series of experimental activities with accompanying protocols using four inexpensive, commercially available planarian species indigenous to North America: Girardia sp., Dugesia dorotocephala, Phagocata morgani, and Phagocata gracilis. These planarians are fast and robust regenerators, and can easily be maintained in the classroom. The activities presented here can be used to guide students through hypothesis-driven experiments, and range from simple manipulations aimed at high school students (e.g., planarian husbandry, feeding, and cutting experiments) to gene expression and protein function analyses suitable for college students. Regeneration time courses, the more complex whole worm in situ hybridizations, and RNA interference for gene knock-down experiments are described for each of the four species. Cumulatively, the suggested methods and experiments will facilitate the exploration of animal regeneration biology and promote curiosity-driven, hands-on application of the scientific method.

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Emili, Elena, Macià Esteve Pallarès, Rafael Romero, and Francesc Cebrià. "Smed-egfr-4 is required for planarian eye regeneration." International Journal of Developmental Biology 63, no. 1-2 (2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.180361fc.

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Planarians are remarkable organisms that can regenerate their entire body from a tiny portion thereof. This capability is made possible by the persistence throughout the lifespan of these animals of a population of pluripotent stem cells known as neoblasts. Planarian neoblasts include both pluripotent stem cells and specialized lineage-committed progenitors that give rise to all mature cell types during regeneration and homeostatic cell turnover. However, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate neoblast differentiation. A recent study demonstrated that Smed-egfr-1, a homologue of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is required for final differentiation, but not specification, of gut progenitor cells into mature cells. Given the expression by planarians of several EGFR homologues, it has been proposed that these homologues may have diverged functionally to regulate the differentiation of distinct cell types in these animals. In this study, we investigated the role of Smed-egfr-4 in eye regeneration. Compared with controls, animals in which this gene was silenced by RNA interference (RNAi) regenerated smaller eyes. Moreover, the numbers of both mature eye cell types, photoreceptor neurons and cells of the pigment cup, were significantly reduced in Smed-egfr-4(RNAi) animals. By contrast, these animals exhibited an increase in the numbers of eye progenitor cells expressing the specific markers Smed-ovo and Smed-sp6-9. These results suggest that Smed-egfr-4 is required not for the specification of eye progenitor cells but for their final differentiation, and support the view that in planarians the EGFR pathway might play a general role in regulating the differentiation of lineage-committed progenitors.

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Cleveland, G., and G. C. Kearn. "The function of the paraoesophageal glands in an echinostome (digenean) cercaria (? Cercaria spinifera La Valette, 1855)." Journal of Helminthology 63, no. 3 (September 1989): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00009032.

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ABSTRACTAn echinostome cercaria (? Cercaria spinifera La Valette, 1855) with 37 collar spines and paraoesophageal glands has been recorded for the first time in Britain from the gastropod Planorbarius corneus. The cercariae penetrate into and encyst in planarians. Observations made on cercariae during penetration indicate that the paraoesophageal glands are used to enter the body of the planarian and that the so-called penetration glands have some other function. Gastropod molluscs may also serve as second intermediate hosts, but there is evidence to indicate that anatomically similar cercariae from different host individuals vary in their second intermediate host preferences.

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Bijnens, Karolien, Vincent Jaenen, Annelies Wouters, Nathalie Leynen, Nicky Pirotte, Tom Artois, and Karen Smeets. "A Spatiotemporal Characterisation of Redox Molecules in Planarians, with a Focus on the Role of Glutathione during Regeneration." Biomolecules 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11050714.

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A strict coordination between pro- and antioxidative molecules is needed for normal animal physiology, although their exact function and dynamics during regeneration and development remains largely unknown. Via in vivo imaging, we were able to locate and discriminate between reactive oxygen species (ROS) in real-time during different physiological stages of the highly regenerative planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. All ROS signals were strong enough to overcome the detected autofluorescence. Combined with an in situ characterisation and quantification of the transcription of several antioxidant genes, our data showed that the planarian gut and epidermis have a well-equipped redox system. Pharmacological inhibition or RNA interference of either side of the redox balance resulted in alterations in the regeneration process, characterised by decreased blastema sizes and delayed neurodevelopment, thereby affecting tails more than heads. Focusing on glutathione, a central component in the redox balance, we found that it is highly present in planarians and that a significant reduction in glutathione content led to regenerative failure with tissue lesions, characterised by underlying stem cell alterations. This exploratory study indicates that ROS and antioxidants are tightly intertwined and should be studied as a whole to fully comprehend the function of the redox balance in animal physiology.

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Sarnat, Harvey B., and Martin G. Netsky. "The Brain of the Planarian as the Ancestor of the Human Brain." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 12, no. 4 (November 1985): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s031716710003537x.

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ABSTRACT:The planarian is the simplest living animal having a body plan of bilateral symmetry and cephalization. The brain of these free-living flatworms is a biiobed structure with a cortex of nerve cells and a core of nerve fibres including some that decussate to form commissures. Special sensory input from chemoreceptors, photoreceptor cells of primitive eyes, and tactile receptors are integrated to provide motor responses of the entire body, and local reflexes. Many morphological, electrophysiological, and pharmacological features of planarian neurons, as well as synaptic organization, are reminiscent of the vertebrate brain. Multipolar neurons and dendritic spines are rare in higher invertebrates, but are found in the planarian. Several neurotransmitter substances identified in the human brain also occur in the planarian nervous system. The planarian evolved before the divergence of the phylogenetic line leading to vertebrates. This simple worm therefore is suggested as a living example of the early evolution of the vertebrate brain. An extraordinary plasticity and regenerative capacity, and sensitivity to neurotoxins, provide unique opportunities for studying the reorganization of the nervous system after injury. Study of this simple organism may also contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of the human nervous system.

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De Simone, S. Giovanni, J. Torres da Matta, and A. Nery da Mattaa. "Acetylcholinesterase and Non-Specific Esterase Activities during the Regeneration of Planaria Dugesia tigrina (Girard)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 49, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1994): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1994-7-817.

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Biochemical modification of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and non-specific esterases of a planarian species [Dugesia tigrina (Girard)] were studied as a function of regeneration. The enzymatic activities were measured in regenerating planarians at regular time intervals from the beginning of the regeneration process to the complete restoration of the animal. Both enzymatic activities were substantially altered during the regeneration process of caudal and cephalic segments. Polyacrylamide gel zymograms for soluble α-naphthyl acetate hydrolytic activity revealed four bands of activities. These activities were fractioned into two major on cation exchange high performance h between 6 and 7 and were inhibited by PMSF, TPCK, TLCK and n-ethyl maleimide.

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Forsthoefel, David J., and Phillip A. Newmark. "Emerging patterns in planarian regeneration." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 19, no. 4 (August 2009): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2009.05.003.

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Stary, Joel M., and Phillip A. Newmark. "Functional genomics of planarian regeneration." Developmental Biology 319, no. 2 (July 2008): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.05.328.

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Shinozawa, Takao, Syuichi Shiozaki, Masanobu Ezaki, Hideki Fujino, Takeshi Tanaka, and Toshihiko Saheki. "Regulation factor for planarian regeneration." Hydrobiologia 305, no. 1-3 (June 1995): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00036397.

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Mateos, Eduardo, Gonzalo Giribet, and Salvador Carranza. "Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola) from the Iberian peninsula: first records of the family Rhynchodemidae, with the description of a new Microplana species." Contributions to Zoology 67, no. 4 (1998): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-06704004.

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The first records of terrestrial planarians belonging to the family Rhynchodemidae are reported for the Iberian Peninsula. A new endemic species from the Spanish Pyrenees, Microplana Nana sp. nov., is described. The characteristic features of this species are: i) small size (8-10 mm) in adult individuals, ii) very long conical penis papilla and iii) absence of seminal vesicle, bursa copulatrix, genito-intestinal duct, and well-developed penial bulb. Moreover, the widespread common European land planarian Microplana terrestris (Müller, 1774) is reported for the first time from the Iberian Peninsula. The two species, M. nana sp. nov. and M. terrestris, are described by means of external morphology using histological sections, and have been characterized by the ITS-1 molecular marker. The study of molecular markers such as ITS-1 is proposed as a powerful technique for identification at the species level in terrestrial planarians.

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Park, Woong, Du Man Yoo, and June No So. "Effects of Ukgansan (Yokukansan in Japanese, Yigansan in chinese) on the Locomotor Velocity and Glutamate-Induce Paroxysm in Planarian." KSBB Journal 29, no. 1 (February 27, 2014): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7841/ksbbj.2014.29.1.67.

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Grohme, Markus Alexander, Siegfried Schloissnig, Andrei Rozanski, Martin Pippel, George Robert Young, Sylke Winkler, Holger Brandl, et al. "The genome of Schmidtea mediterranea and the evolution of core cellular mechanisms." Nature 554, no. 7690 (January 24, 2018): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature25473.

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Abstract The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea is an important model for stem cell research and regeneration, but adequate genome resources for this species have been lacking. Here we report a highly contiguous genome assembly of S. mediterranea, using long-read sequencing and a de novo assembler (MARVEL) enhanced for low-complexity reads. The S. mediterranea genome is highly polymorphic and repetitive, and harbours a novel class of giant retroelements. Furthermore, the genome assembly lacks a number of highly conserved genes, including critical components of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint, but planarians maintain checkpoint function. Our genome assembly provides a key model system resource that will be useful for studying regeneration and the evolutionary plasticity of core cell biological mechanisms.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Planarian'

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