Academic literature on the topic 'Planck units'
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Journal articles on the topic "Planck units"
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Flowers, Jeff L., and Brian W. Petley. "Planck, units, and modern metrology." Annalen der Physik 17, no. 2-3 (2008): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.200710277.
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Min, Brian B. K. "The photon element units and their relativistic properties." Physics Essays 33, no. 1 (2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-33.1.38.
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A set of natural units is determined from the “photon element” model of light, the outcome of an extended Compton analysis. In terms of these units, the speed of light and the electrical and Boltzmann constants are, respectively, on the order of unity, but the Planck constant is ∼1027 or greater and gravitational constant ∼10−59 or greater. This makes the photon element units less convenient than the Planck units. With the mass unit that is only ∼10−43 of the Planck mass, however, the photon element units can correspond better to physical realities than the Planck units. For the spacetime, a photon element forms a set of unit base vectors, a natural basis that is Lorentz covariant. There an analysis shows that (1) of the above five universal constants all are Lorentz invariants except the gravitational constant, and (2) of the five natural units (time, length, mass, electrical charge, and temperature,) only the electrical charge is a Lorentz invariant.
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Sharupov, Oleg. "PLANCK UNITS AND EXTENDED SPECIAL RELATIVITY." Respublica literaria, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47850/s.2020.1.18.
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The Planck length is an object of the relativistic quantum-gravitational theory, therefore, a more general and consistent direction of the special relativity extension, seems to be the use of the postulate of the relativistically invariant and limiting nature of all Planck units, that was introduced by V.V. Korukhov at the end of the 90s. One of the examples of the implementation of this postulate in its methodological meaning is the model of a vacuum-like medium, the physical properties of which are characterized by relativistically invariant values, which qualita-tively distinguishes it from the known types of matter –matter and field.
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Kirakosyan, Khachatur A. "To the Content of Planck Units." Theoretical Physics 3, no. 2 (2018): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22606/tp.2018.32002.
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Bunker, P. R., Ian M. Mills, and Per Jensen. "The Planck constant and its units." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 237 (November 2019): 106594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.106594.
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Humpherys, David. "Measuring Planck’s Constant With Compton Scattering." Applied Physics Research 15, no. 1 (2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n1p24.
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Measured values of the electron mass and Compton wavelength yield a value of Planck’s constant with a relative standard
 uncertainty of 3 × 10−10. This is only slightly larger than the 1.3 × 10−10 relative standard uncertainty in measurements
 performed using the Kibble balance. Compton scattering presents an alternative pathway for improving the value of
 Planck’s constant.
 Natural units of length, mass, and time offer viable solutions for improving the values of physical constants. While
 extensive values of the Planck units lie beyond the reach of present-day instrumentation, certain product and quotient
 pairs of Planck units such as the speed of light can be measured with relatively high precision. Better measurements of
 certain unit pairs will improve the value of the gravitational constant.
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Flowers, Jeff L., and Brian W. Petley. "Planck, units, and modern metrology *." Annalen der Physik 520, no. 2-3 (2008): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.200852002-307.
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Nikonenko, K. L. "On some conclusions from the relations of Planck quantities." Bulletin of State University of Education. Series: Physics and Mathematics, no. 4 (February 26, 2025): 54–85. https://doi.org/10.18384/2949-5067-2024-4-54-85.
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Aim. Search for a variant of the LT system of units that is maximally consistent with the international SI and the subsystems of the CGS system of units.Methodology. The analysis of the ratios of physical quantities in the international SI, CGS subsystems and Planck LT systems of units is carried out. A method is proposed for determining the values of physical quantities according to the criterion of the maximum degree of consistency between the recommended CODATE values of constants for defining coupling equations.Results. Conditionally accurate values of the Planck length are obtained ℓp = 1.616255272206877 ∙ 10-35 ∙ 𝑚, the fine structure constant 𝛼 = 7.297352564390205 ∙ 10-3, and a number of other physical constants were obtained. A variant of the Planck LT system of units is proposed and the conversion coefficients between the electromagnetic quantities of the analyzed systems of units are clarified.Research implications. It consists in the possibility of using the PLT system of units and conditionally accurate values of a number of physical constants for computational methods and mathematical models of physical processes in various fields of science and technology.
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Stock, M. "The watt balance: determination of the Planck constant and redefinition of the kilogram." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1953 (2011): 3936–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0184.
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Since 1889, the international prototype of the kilogram has served as the definition of the unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). It is the last material artefact to define a base unit of the SI, and it influences several other base units. This situation is no longer acceptable in a time of ever-increasing measurement precision. It is therefore planned to redefine the unit of mass by fixing the numerical value of the Planck constant. At the same time three other base units, the ampere, the kelvin and the mole, will be redefined. As a first step, the kilogram redefinition requires a highly accurate determination of the Planck constant in the present SI system, with a relative uncertainty of the order of 1 part in 10 8 . The most promising experiment for this purpose, and for the future realization of the kilogram, is the watt balance. It compares mechanical and electrical power and makes use of two macroscopic quantum effects, thus creating a relationship between a macroscopic mass and the Planck constant. In this paper, the operating principle of watt balance experiments is explained and the existing experiments are reviewed. An overview is given of all available experimental determinations of the Planck constant, and it is shown that further investigation is needed before the redefinition of the kilogram can take place. Independent of this requirement, a consensus has been reached on the form that future definitions of the SI base units will take.
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Abdukadyrov, Askar. "Fundamental Units of Measurement and Extra Dimensions." Advances in High Energy Physics 2022 (November 2, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2655733.
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The space available to our perception is three-dimensional with full evidence. The development of physics led to the hypothesis of extra dimensions. It is believed that an important role in the unification of physics should play by the Planck units of mass, length and time, built on the universal constants c (the speed of light in a vacuum), G (the gravitational constant), and ħ (the reduced Planck constant). In August 2021, published work in which it is shown that the fundamental role in the unification of physics, in fact, was played by the Stoney units, built on the universal constants c − G − e or c − G − ħ and α (where e is the elementary electric charge, and α is the fine-structure constant). Using this result, the presented work offers a possible solution to the riddle of extra dimensions; it is shown that any additional spatial dimension can be expressed in terms of the fundamental length or the product of the fundamental time and the speed of light in a vacuum.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Planck units"
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Reichelt, Uwe J. M. "The physical meaning of the fine structure constants." Uwe J. M. Reichelt, 2021. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A75202.
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The article solves the riddle of the fine structure constants with the help of the Planck units, derives its physical meaning and shows the consequences.:Abstract
Introduction
What is the fine structure constant?
Consequence from the existence of the fine structure constant.
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BARLOW, NADINE GAIL. "RELATIVE AGES AND THE GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION OF MARTIAN TERRAIN UNITS (MARS, CRATERS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184013.
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Existing martian relative age chronologies rely entirely or predominantly on Mariner 9 images, extrapolated numbers of craters, and craters 500(DEGREES)K) for the planet are consistent with the derived chronology.
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Guerra, Huaman Moises Daniel. "Hardy-space Function Theory on Finitely Connected Planar Domains." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31827.
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Hardy space scalar theory on the disk is now classical. Some extensions have been done,
one of them is the approach done by Donald Sarason using Laurent series. We present the
more complicated function theory, without the use of either power series or Laurent series,
for finitely-connected planar domains.<br>Master of Science
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Sheblé, Gerald B. "Unit commitment for operations." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49977.
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The topic of unit commitment has been and continues to be of interest to many researchers and is a primary operation for most utilities. Past research has utilized integer programming, dynamic programming, linear programming, gradient, and heuristic techniques. This research combines both linear programming and dynamic programming for unit commitment decisions within a weekly time frame. The result provides most of the advantages of linear programming and dynamic programming with less stringent requirements on the pre solution information needed for unit transition sequences. Further, the research yields a new tool for the solution of the Transaction Evaluation problem.<br>Ph. D.<br>incomplete_metadata
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Fluri, Thomas Peter. "Turbine layout for and optimization of solar chimney power conversion units." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4402.
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Thesis (PhD (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The power conversion unit of a large solar chimney power plant converts the fluid power, first into mechanical power, and then into electrical power. In this
dissertation a tool is developed to determine the layout and the number of turbines
of the solar chimney power conversion unit providing the lowest cost of
electricity.
First, the history of the solar chimney concept and the related fields of research
are presented. Potential features and configurations of the power conversion
unit are introduced, and it is shown how the solar chimney power conversion
unit compares to those of other applications. An outline of the dissertation
is given, and its potential impact is discussed.
An analytical turbine model is developed. Several modelling approaches and
the performance of single rotor and counter rotating turbine layouts are compared.
Preliminary turbine designs are investigated, experimentally and numerically.
The main aim of the experimental investigation is to verify the applicability
of the loss model used in the analytical turbine model. The aim of the numerical
investigation is to evaluate a commercial software package as a tool in context
with solar chimney turbines.
For each component of the power conversion unit an analytical performance
model is introduced. Using these models, the single vertical axis, multiple vertical
axis and multiple horizontal axis turbine configurations are compared from
an efficiency and energy yield point of view, and the impact of the various losses
on the overall performance is highlighted. A detailed cost model for the power
conversion unit is also presented. To optimize for cost of electricity this cost
model is then linked to the performance models, and the resulting optimization
scheme is applied to several plant configurations.
It is shown that for a large solar chimney power plant the power conversion
unit providing minimal cost of electricity consists of multiple horizontal axis turbines
using a single rotor layout including inlet guide vanes.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die drywingsomsettingseenheid van ’n groot sonskoorsteenaanleg sit die vloeidrywing om, eers in meganiese drywing en dan in elektriese drywing. In hierdie
proefskrif word ’n gereedskapstuk ontwikkel om die uitleg en aantal turbines van
die sonskoorsteen-drywingsomsettingseenheid te bepaal wat die laagste koste
van elektrisiteit lewer. Eerstens word die geskiedenis van die sonskoorsteen en verwante navorsingsvelde
behandel. Moontlike eienskappe en konfigurasies vir die drywingsomsettingseenheid word
voorgestel, en daar word aangetoon hoe die sonskoorsteendrywingsomsettings-
eenheid vergelyk met ander toepassings. ’n Raamwerk van
die proefskrif word gegee, en die potensiële trefkrag daarvan word bespreek.
’n Analitiese turbine-model word ontwikkel. Verskeie nabootsingsbenaderings
en die vertoning van ’n enkelrotor en teenroterende turbine-uitlegte word
vergelyk. Voorlopige turbine-ontwerpe word ondersoek, eksperimenteel en numeries.
Die hoofdoel van die eksperimentele ondersoek is om die toepaslikheid
van die verliesmodel in die analitiese turbine-model te bevestig. Die doel van die
numeriese ondersoek is om kommersiële sagteware op te weeg as ’n gereedskapstuk
in die konteks van sonskoorsteenturbines.
Vir elke onderdeel van die drywingsomsettingseenheid word ’n analitiese model
voorgestel. Met gebruik van hierdie modelle word die enkele vertikale-as, die
veelvoudige vertikale-as an die veelvoudige horisontale-as turbinekonfigurasies
vergelyk vanuit ’n benuttingsgraad- en energie-opbrengsoogpunt,en die uitwerking
van die verskillende verliese op die algehele gedrag word uitgewys. ’n Kostemodel
in besonderhede word vir die drywingsomsettingseenheid aangebied. Om
vir die koste van elektrisiteit te optimeer word hierdie kostemodel dan gekoppel
aan die vertoningsmodelle, en die gevolglike optimeringskema word toegepas op
verskeie aanlegkonfigurasies.
Daar word aangetoon dat vir ’n groot sonskoorsteenaanleg die drywingsomsettingseenheid wat
die minimumkoste van elektrisiteit gee, bestaan uit veelvoudige
horisontale-as turbines met enkelrotoruitleg en inlaatleilemme.<br>Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies
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Price, Jamie H., Aimee Govett, Misty Davis, Robyn Ivester, Teresa Howard, and Lisa Messimer. "PBL Meets PBL: Project-Based Learning Meets Planet-Based Learning." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6025.
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Project-based learning (PBL) is centred on a challenging, yet meaningful, driving question and culminates in a product that students create or do to showcase their learning to a public audience. Other essential elements of a true PBL experience include: sustained inquiry, authentic tasks, opportunities for students to make decisions about their culminating product, reflection, critique, and revision (Hallermann, Larmer, & Mergendoller, 2011). A well-designed PBL combines curriculum and instructional activities to cultivate 21st century skills in students to prepare them for future success in the workforce. Two teams of Year five teachers designed a week-long PBL unit for students organised around the characteristics of the planets, which integrated science, mathematics, and English. The teachers implemented the PBL with six classes of Year five students, documenting their thoughts on planning and implementation to reflect upon the experience.
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Jonter, Thomas. "Socialiseringen som kom av sig : Sverige, oljan och USA:s planer på en ny ekonomisk världsordning 1945-1949 /." Stockholm : Carlssons, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37023153b.
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Akademisk avhandling--Uppsala Universitet, 1978.<br>Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Socialization derailed : Sweden, oil and the USA's plansfor a new world order, 1945-1949 / Thomas Jonter. Contient un résumé en anglais. Notes bibliogr. en bas de page. Bibliogr. p. 189-198.
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Gaugris, Jerome Yves. "The impacts of herbivores and humans on the utilisation of woody resources in conserved versus non-conserved land in Maputaland, northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25278.
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This study presents an exploration of the structure, dynamics and utilisation of woody plants in vegetation units of northern Maputaland. Animal (in Tembe Elephant Park) and human (in the rural community of Manqakulane) utilisation of woody plants were compared against a control area (Tshanini Community Conservation Area) where animals were extirpated and people were precluded through tribal rules. The tree assemblages of the unique Sand Forest were explored, and compared with previous studies. A new classification was proposed and a new subcommunity was established. Contrary to previous studies, a gradient from Short to Intermediate to Tall Sand Forest was defined, and it was suggested that structurally different Sand Forest subcommunities represent a mosaic of different evolutionary states, rather than stationary states as perceived currently. Animal utilisation appeared to have transformed Sand Forest in conserved land to such an extent that it no longer resembled Sand Forest outside conserved areas. The structure of Sand Forest and woodlands of the region was evaluated at the vegetation unit level (21 vegetation units), through a size and height class distribution analysis of woody plants. Humans and animals had clearly modified the woodlands and appeared to force succession from closed woodland to open woodland. The Sand Forest appeared to benefit from low intensity animal utilisation, with increased diversity, and possibly enhanced dynamics. However, signs that current animal utilisation have negative effects were perceived. The size class distribution of Sand Forest and woodland woody species was presented and an analysis of species grain was performed. The grain concept was successfully applied to woodland species for the first time. It appeared that nearly all vegetation units were fine-grained, and therefore governed by small-scale dynamics. Frequent small disturbances are necessary to maintain diversity. There was cause for concern that current animal and human utilisation threaten such fine-scale dynamics. The utilisation level by the browsing mammals guild in Tembe Elephant Park and by small browsers and people in Manqakulane Rural Community were evaluated over two periods. Small to medium browsers utilised more woody species and height classes than any other agent, but with short-term effects. However, utilisation marks linked to elephants and people were accumulating significantly, and the long-term effects of these agents were threatening the dynamics of Maputaland vegetation. The case of woody species utilisation by elephants was evaluated further and compared with a previous study. Overall utilisation by elephants reached 100% of individuals for several woody species, while other species’ regeneration potential was severely threatened. Woody species preferred in 1994 were nearly extirpated. Utilisation of woody species by elephants throughout Tembe Elephant Park appeared correlated with distance to permanent water points during a dry spell. In conclusion, it appeared clear that policies in favour of high animal numbers in formally conserved areas were not suited for northern Maputaland and this result should be considered when the expansion of the South African protected areas of Maputaland into Mozambique becomes effective. Community-based conservation appeared promising, but novel ways of generating income should be investigated.<br>Thesis (PhD (Wildlife Management))--University of Pretoria, 2008.<br>Animal and Wildlife Sciences<br>unrestricted
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Mwinga, Makani. "Design and development of a fuel cell power supply unit." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2524.
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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.<br>Fuel cell (FC) technology is one of the most sought-after renewable energy technology. However, the output voltage of FC stacks is inherently unstable; as such, it is of little or no use for most power supply applications. In addition to the unstable output voltage, FC stacks are susceptible to high current ripple, which can reduce the system’s life expectancy. The work carried out in order to stabilise the output voltage, and to reduce the current ripple of FC stacks involves a review of some existing converter topologies used for power conditioning units (PCUs), modelling, design, control and simulation of different converter topologies and the experiment of the prototype circuit for the interleaved boost voltage multiplier (IBVM) converter topology. In the process to stabilise the stack output voltage and to reduce the stack output current ripple, it is also required to improve the system response to load changes. This work presents results that show that system works, with the voltage stabilised, the stack output current ripple reduced and the response time reduced.
A relative evaluation of the dynamic behaviour of four converter topologies in power conditioning units is carried out, and these are the isolated current-fed full-bridge (ICFFB) converter, the boost converter, the sepic converter and the IBVM converter. The simulation results of the four topologies show that the output voltage of a PEMFC stack was stabilised, and that the IBVM topology is a better topology compared to the others, especially when it comes to reducing the stack current ripple.
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Martin, E. C., S. W. Winans, and D. Esquerra. "Determination of Heat Unit Based Crop Coefficient for Alfalfa in Western Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201439.
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Alfalfa is the second largest production crop grown in Arizona with an estimated 150,000 acres of production in 1993. Water requirements for alfalfa have been estimated at 6 acre-feet per year. These two facts together make it imperative that data be gathered to help growers apply their irrigation water efficiently while maintaining their yields. In 1994, a study was initiated in the Parker Valley region of La Paz County, Arizona, to measure daily water use in alfalfa. Two sites were chosen for measurement: one site was a surface irrigated field located at the Quail Mesa Farm; the second site was a surface irrigated field located on the Colorado River Farm. The two sites were chosen to give a contrasting schedule of irrigation and allow for data collection at differing times throughout the year. Nine neutron probes were installed in each field, three 113 in from the head, three in the center, and three 113 in from the tail on one field at each location. Neutron probe readings were taken at 18", 30", 42", and 54" depths below the soil surface to measure soil moisture from 1' -2', 2' -3', 3'-4', 4' -5'. The soil moisture for the top foot was determined by gravimetric sampling. The data gathered by this study was used to compare with data used in AZSCHED, a computerized irrigation scheduling program. With this data, determination of alfalfa water used based on heat units after cutting was made to help growers better use their irrigation water.
Books on the topic "Planck units"
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Thompson, Warren. F-117 stealth fighter units of Operation Desert Storm. Osprey Pub., 2007.
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Ann, Stein, O'Connor Don, and Instructional Fair (Firm), eds. Plant kingdom: Whole language theme unit. Instructional Fair/TS Denison, 1991.
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Alberta. Energy Resources Conservation Board. Review of the commissioning date of Genesee unit no. 1. ERCB, 1992.
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Public Service Commission of Wisconsin. WPS Weston unit 4 power plant. Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Planck units"
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Bangsow, Steffen. "Mobile Units." In Manufacturing Simulation with Plant Simulation and SimTalk. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05074-9_7.
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Reiser, Oliver L. "A Mental Pattern for the Planet." In Cosmic Humanism and World Unity. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003440796-1.
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Goddek, Simon, Alyssa Joyce, Sven Wuertz, et al. "Decoupled Aquaponics Systems." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_8.
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AbstractTraditional aquaponics systems were arranged in a single process loop that directs nutrient-rich water from fish to the plants and back. Given the differing specific nutrient and environmental requirements of plants and fish, such systems presented a compromise to the ideal conditions for rearing of both, thus reducing the efficiency and productivity of such coupled systems. More recently, designs that allow for decoupling of units provide for a more finely tuned regulation of the process water in each of the respective units while also allowing for better recycling of nutrients from sludge. Suspended solids from the fish (e.g. faeces and uneaten feed) need to be removed from the process water before water can be directed to plants in order to prevent clogging of hydroponic systems, a step that represents a significant loss of total nutrients, most importantly phosphorus. The reuse of sludge and mobilization of nutrients contained within that sludge present a number of engineering challenges that, if addressed creatively, can dramatically increase the efficiency and sustainability of aquaponics systems. One solution is to separate, or when there are pathogens or production problems, to isolate components of the system, thus maximizing overall control and efficiency of each component, while reducing compromises between the conditions and species-specific requirements of each subsystem. Another potential innovation that is made possible by the decoupling of units involves introducing additional loops wherein bioreactors can be used to treat sludge. An additional distillation loop can ensure increased nutrient concentrations to the hydroponics unit while, at the same time, reducing adverse effects on fish health from high nutrient levels in the RAS unit. Several studies have documented the aerobic and anaerobic digestion performance of bioreactors for treating sludge, but the benefits of the digestate on plant growth are not well-researched. Both remineralization and distillation components consequently have a high unexplored potential to improve decoupled aquaponics systems.
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Durner, Edward F. "The completely random design." In Applied plant science experimental design and statistical analysis using the SAS® OnDemand for Academics. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249927.0006.
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Abstract The completely random design (CRD) is the simplest experimental design available. The treatments are applied to the experimental units randomly and every experimental unit has an equal chance of receiving any treatment assignment. This chapter focuses on CRD, providing the effect of fall nitrogen application on the yield of spring-bearing strawberries as an example.
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Cheng, Yanhua, Kai Wang, Xingxing Xu, Yulong Mao, and Yousen Hu. "Analysis of Fast Power Reduction System for CPR1000 Nuclear Power Plants." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_16.
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AbstractCPR1000 nuclear power plants have the risk of reactor trip during the house load and turbine trip transients. Rapid power reduction system of AP1000 nuclear power plants and fast power setback system for VVER nuclear power plants are designed respectively, which can avoid this problem and thus provide more availability of units. It is necessary to introduce the Fast Power Reduction system to CPR1000 units to get more economy and flexibility. Based on the core control mode of CPR1000 units, the rod control assembly banks are regrouped to realize the fast power reduction function. Besides, the impact of fast power reduction system on the normal transients are evaluated. The results show that more operational margin can be released, and also the capacity of turbine bypass system can be reduced. Finally, more availability and economy can be obtained for CPR1000 units.
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Kapur, Anu. "Names of the subnational units." In Mapping Place Names of India. Routledge India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429057687-3.
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Schweingruber, Fritz H., and Annett Börner. "Stem anatomical structures of major taxonomic units." In The Plant Stem. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73524-5_7.
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Malpas, Jeff. "Unity, locality, and agency." In Place and Experience. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315265445-5.
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Sung, Kelvin, and Gregory Smith. "Vector Cross Products and 2D Planes." In Basic Math for Game Development with Unity 3D. Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5443-1_6.
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Sung, Kelvin, and Gregory Smith. "Vector Cross Products and 2D Planes." In Basic Math for Game Development with Unity 3D. Apress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9885-5_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Planck units"
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Saleem, M. A., and A. A. Hulaibi. "Corrosion Challenges in Gas Treating Units." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08416.
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Abstract Gas Treating Units are an integral part of gas processing plant's operation. An amine used as a solvent to absorb hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from sour gas. More than two decades of our operational experience demonstrated that the metallurgy selected at the initial design performed satisfactorily under normal operating conditions. However, these units experienced accelerated corrosion with complex damage mechanisms to varying extent due to various factors. The affected component can often become the source of major incident risk and therefore, timely integrity management is crucial to ensure Plant’s safety and reliability. While these corrosion concerns in new plants can be efficiently addressed by appropriate design and material selection, cost effective control of accelerated corrosion in existing plants remains a challenging task. Due to limitations with the conventional monitoring techniques, tremendous efforts need to be exerted to develop advanced corrosion mapping technologies for proactive corrosion management. A comprehensive corrosion control manual, timely implementation, adapting to Management of Change (MOC) culture and a system in place to ensure adherence to MOC are the core elements of an ideal tool box to address the integrity issues. This paper outlines specific corrosion challenges in a gas processing plant, limitations on monitoring techniques and innovative strategies adopted for integrity management.
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Babic-Samardzija, Ksenija, and Lawrence N. Kremer. "Corrosion Abatement in Amine Scrubbing Units." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02038.
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Abstract Post-combustion carbon capture includes processes in which carbon dioxide (CO2) in flue gas is selectively absorbed into amine-based solvents. During the chemical process a number of byproducts, organic acids and heat-stable amine salts are formed that limit absorbent usage and increase corrosion risk. In addition, the presence of oxygen and other gaseous contaminants, beside CO2, strongly increase corrosion potential in an amine unit. The corrosion of carbon steel in amine units for gas treatment in gas and power plants, steel mills and refineries is a major problem and requires an effective approach to measure, predict, and mitigate corrosion risk. Typically, steel is the metallurgy of choice in carbon dioxide capture units, as well as in transportation pipelines and storage locations. Corrosion inhibitors, as chemical solutions, could significantly improve the amine unit efficiency and reliability through effective corrosion control. Traditional corrosion inhibitors are found to be less efficient in oxygenated-gas systems; rapid and uncontrollable corrosion of equipment results. Corrosion abatement through innovative corrosion inhibition is shown to be successful when applied in amine scrubbing units. Operational controls and chemical solutions support corrosion control in amine-based scrubbing units. This paper discusses and explains several years of field data and summarizes the past and current amine unit operation.
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Hamza, Ameer, and Samer S. Mulla. "Corrosion Challenges in Hydrocracker Unit: Comprehensive Review." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00546.
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Abstract Hydrocracking units are versatile units in the refinery application. Their common goals are producing low-sulfur refinery products and cracking larger gasoil feeds into higher-demand jet or diesel range hydrocarbons. This unit utilizes hydrogen and operates at high elevated temperatures and pressures to improve the quality of the different feedstock. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ammonium bisulfide (NH4HS) and ammonia (NH3) are produced from the reaction of hydrogen with sulfur and other nitrogen compounds present in the hydrocarbon feed. Several other reactions can also occur, including converting any chlorides in the feed to hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ammonium chlorides (NH3CL). Hydrocracking units contain various corrodent compounds which will produce serious corrosion impact on different metallurgy in various temperature zones. Corrosion in hydrocracking units can be minimized with various factors such as control over composition, phase state, temperature, pressure, equipment selection, metallurgy, and application of anti-corrosion measures. However, the industry is still facing multiple challenges due to certain controlling factors beyond their control which is directly impacting production loss and economic impacts to the operators. Furthermore, the prediction of corrosion in hydrocracking units has become a challenging subject due to significant changes in the crude composition of the original design, which necessitates the upgradation of metallurgy to overcome the corrosion issues in this unit. This paper will focus on corrosion failure analysis associated with hydrocracking units, which will help the industry to focus on the right area either in existing plants or new construction to avoid similar deficiencies, prevent failure, and avoid any economic impact to the operator in the near future.
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Saleem, A. M., S. M. Qarni, F. A. Farook, and L. S. Alberts. "Proactive Corrosion Management Challenges." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4333.
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Abstract Gas processing plants consists of several critical operating units and the operational reliability of each unit has a direct impact on entire plant’s operation. In general, the material selection aspect plays a crucial role in determining the equipment reliability, which heavily depends on the mode of operation. Up to three decades of operational experience in gas processing plants of Saudi Aramco† revealed that the metallurgy selected at the initial design provided satisfactory performance. However, several components and equipment made of carbon steel experienced accelerated localized deterioration with erosion-corrosion, preferential weld attack being the predominant damage mechanisms. Due to complexity associated with the varying feed streams coupled with other factors, such as solids, filtration, amine chemical and thermal degradation, proactive corrosion management remains a challenging task. This paper focuses on case history from an amine treating unit, root cause analysis and ongoing efforts to restore operational reliability.
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Kumar, Dilip, Jiang Zhu, and Yongoh Shin. "Material Selection for Designing SAGD Plants." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01716.
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Abstract SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) is one of the most important processes being used for extracting oil from Alberta’s Oil Sands field. A typical SAGD facility in Alberta has several units that require careful potential corrosion evaluation and materials selection to ensure safety and integrity of the plant for full design life. These are (but not restricted to) well pads, bitumen treatment, deoiling, produced gas and evaporator systems. Many of these units are typical of SAGD and enough data on corrosion rates and materials performance may or may not be available. The major concerns that affect material selection in SAGD operations are carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion, high chlorides and total dissolved solids (TDS), oxygen ingress and operating temperature. For example, both well pads and bitumen treatment units are likely to see significant amounts of CO2 and H2S (with variation in percentages), high temperatures as well as considerable content of water and oil. High chlorides may also be present. Produced gas units will also have high levels of CO2 and H2S. Hence these units can witness high corrosion rates for carbon steel components particularly wherever conditions of two phase flow and/or high temperatures exist. High velocities may further complicate the condition. Deoiling systems may also have high levels of CO2, particularly, where there is a possibility of gas breakout due to pressure drop. Oxygen ingress in deoiling systems can also cause increased corrosion rate for carbon steel components. Evaporator systems pose another challenge in material selection due to the presence of extremely high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) up to 100,000 ppm and very high chlorides up to or greater than 40,000 ppm and normal materials of choice such as austenitic stainless steels may not have an acceptable life. This paper discusses some of the corrosion risks involved in various units and elaborates on authors’ experience in materials selection for several new projects on designing SAGD plants.
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Shargay, Cathleen A., Karly Moore, and Marty West. "Impact of Organic Acid on Materials Selection for Biofuels and Bio-Based Chemical Plants." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-3729.
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Abstract With the recent increased development of advanced biofuel and bio-based chemical processing plants, materials selections need to be done for many novel plant designs. Organic acids are one of the corrosion-causing byproducts in these plants, along with aqueous carbonic acids, chlorides, etc. (depending on feedstocks). Since no direct past experiences with some unit designs were available, especially for streams with high organic acid contents, it was necessary to extrapolate from literature data and past “somewhat similar” operating experience to select candidate materials and set up future testing programs. The materials under review include austenitic and duplex stainless steels, and nickel based alloys. This paper summarizes a review done of the risk of organic acid corrosion, and gives examples of the initial materials selection decisions for various types of biofuels units.
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Tems, Robin, and Ahmed Al-Zahrani. "Cost of Corrosion in Gas Sweetening and Fractionation Plants." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06444.
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Abstract In 2003, a major integrated oil & gas company initiated a study to define the cost of corrosion throughout the core operations with the objective of focusing plant, engineering, and research investment in corrosion control to the areas that had the largest economic impact on corporate performance. This paper reviews available literature on cost of corrosion, reports the methodology adopted for the study, and highlights the most important problems discovered in gas sweetening and fractionation plants. For gas sweetening plants, it was found that 25% of the maintenance budget was committed to corrosion control. For gas fractionation plants, 17% of the maintenance budget was due to corrosion. For plants that were capacity limited, deferred production represented the most significant cost. For gas fractionation plants, deferred production costs were estimated to be four times the direct maintenance costs. For a gas sweetening plant, a day of deferred production in one unit at one plant would be on the order of 47% of the annual direct cost of corrosion for that unit. Common failure mechanisms in amine units included velocity enhanced damage due to operation at throughputs in excess of the original design, selective weld grooving, hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), and on rare occasions, stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Failures in fractionation plants included HIC, sulfide stress cracking (SSC), and caustic SCC. All plants experienced corrosion under insulation, concrete degradation, and utility system corrosion, including firewater and steam generating systems. Plants with buried pipework experienced severe soil-side corrosion that necessitated day-lighting projects. Plants with marine facilities experienced atmospheric corrosion and there has been a major move towards nonmetallic materials for items such as deck grating.
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Osborne, Christine. "HDPE Solves Alkylation Sewer Corrosion Problem in Refinery." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08515.
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Abstract Oil refineries use sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid as a catalyst in the alkylation of isobutene. Process wastewater streams discharging from alkylation units, where this process step takes place, are often characterized by a low pH. This low pH wastewater reacts with alkaline Portland cement in concrete wastewater collection and conveyance structures, compromising their structural integrity. This paper reviews one oil refinery’s use of high-density polyethylene liners to renovate and protect its deteriorated concrete process sewer structures downstream of its sulfuric acid alkylation unit.
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LAWRENCE, MICHAEL. "Eliminating the Gravitational Constant, G, and Improving SI Units, Using Two New Planck-Unit Frameworks With All Parameters as Ratios of Only H, C, and a." In Proceedings of the 8th Symposium Honoring Mathematical Physicist Jean-Pierre Vigier. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814504782_0006.
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Chao, Leon. "The Design and Construction of the In-Vacuum Mass Exchange System for the Realization and Dissemination of the New SI Unit of Mass." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2016.04.
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The international system of units will complete a transition in 2018 from a system based on seven fundamental units to a system of seven fundamental constants. More specifically, regarding the SI unit of mass, the kilogram (kg) will be realized in terms of a fixed value of the Planck constant. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a watt balance will be used to relate the kilogram to the Planck Constant. One major challenge introduced with this new definition involves the environment where the realization occurs. In traditional mass metrology, all comparisons are completed in air and a chain of traceability can be completed back to the International Prototype Kilogram using conventional mass balances. In the new SI, the watt balance will be operated under vacuum. The vacuum environment is important for multiple reasons, including the elimination of the buoyancy correction and the introduction of sorption effects if the artifacts are transferred from vacuum to air. In order for the mass community to utilize the new vacuum-based definition in air, the scientists in the Mass and Force Group are constructing a magnetic suspension balance. This experiment will allow comparison of a mass in vacuum from the watt balance to an artifact in air that will be used for dissemination. This vacuum-to-air transfer is only worthwhile if the artifacts in the watt balance can be transferred to other instruments without breaking vacuum. To solve this problem, a complete, custom vacuum transfer system was developed for mass artifacts. The system is comprised of a series of load locks, mass exchange points and vacuum transfer arms to connect the mass transport vehicle to each experiment. Each stage of mass transfer introduces new challenges including material selection of artifact handlers, strict component design constraints and the logistics of maintaining a clean, reproducible vacuum environment during transfers that can span 100 meters of labs and hallways. This paper will explain the growing importance of vacuum technology in mass metrology and discuss how each of the aforementioned design problems were solved to create the vacuum transfer system in place today.
Reports on the topic "Planck units"
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Fan, Jianhua, Zhiyong Tian, Simon Furbo, Weiqiang Kong, and Daniel Tschopp. Simulation and design of collector array units within large systems. IEA SHC Task 55, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2019-0004.
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Solar radiation data is necessary for the design of solar heating systems and used to estimate the thermal performance of solar heating plants. Compared to global irradiance, the direct beam component shows much more variability in space and time. The global radiation split into beam and diffuse radiation on collector plane is important for the evaluation of the performance of different collector types and collector field designs.
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Beam, T. G. B Plant complex treatment, storage, and disposal units inspection plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10103122.
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Beam, T. G. B Plant treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) units inspection plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10148275.
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Hedayat, A. S., C. R. Rao, and J. Stufken. Sampling Plans Excluding Contiguous Units. Defense Technical Information Center, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada174528.
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Pavlovic, Noel, Barbara Plampin, Gayle Tonkovich, and David Hamilla. Special flora and vegetation of Indiana Dunes National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302417.
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The Indiana Dunes (comprised of 15 geographic units (see Figure 1) which include Indiana Dunes National Park, Dunes State Park, and adjacent Shirley Heinze Land Trust properties) are remarkable in the Midwest and Great Lakes region for the vascular plant diversity, with an astounding 1,212 native plant species in an area of approximately 16,000 acres! This high plant diversity is the result of the interactions among postglacial migrations, the variety of soil substrates, moisture conditions, topography, successional gradients, ?re regimes, proximity to Lake Michigan, and light levels. This richness is all the more signi?cant given the past human alterations of the landscape resulting from logging; conversion to agriculture; construction of transportation corridors, industrial sites, and residential communities; ?re suppression; land abandonment; and exotic species invasions. Despite these impacts, multiple natural areas supporting native vegetation persist. Thus, each of the 15 units of the Indiana Dunes presents up to eight subunits varying in human disturbance and consequently in ?oristic richness. Of the most signi?cant units of the park in terms of number of native species, Cowles Dunes and the Dunes State Park stand out from all the other units, with 786 and 686 native species, respectively. The next highest ranked units for numbers of native species include Keiser (630), Furnessville (574), Miller Woods (551), and Hoosier Prairie (542). The unit with lowest plant richness is Heron Rookery (220), with increasing richness in progression from Calumet Prairie (320), Hobart Prairie Grove (368), to Pinhook Bog (380). Signi?cant natural areas, retaining native vegetation composition and structure, include Cowles Bog (Cowles Dunes Unit), Howes Prairie (Cowles Dunes), Dunes Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Dunes Prairie Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Pinhook Bog, Furnessville Woods (Furnessville), Miller Woods, Inland Marsh, and Mnoke Prairie (Bailly). Wilhelm (1990) recorded a total of 1,131 native plant species for the ?ora of the Indiana Dunes. This was similar to the 1,132 species recorded by the National Park Service (2014) for the Indiana Dunes. Based on the nomenclature of Swink and Wilhelm (1994), Indiana Dunes National Park has 1,206 native plant species. If we include native varieties and hybrids, the total increases to 1,244 taxa. Based on the nomenclature used for this report?the Flora of North America (FNA 2022), and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS 2022)?Indiana Dunes National Park houses 1,206 native vascular plant species. As of this writing (2020), the Indiana Dunes is home to 37% of the species of conservation concern in Indiana (241 out of 624 Indiana-listed species): state extirpated = 10 species, state endangered = 75, and state threatened = 100. Thus, 4% of the state-listed species in the Indiana Dunes are extirpated, 31% endangered, and 41% threatened. Watch list and rare categories have been eliminated. Twenty-nine species once documented from the Indiana Dunes may be extirpated because they have not been seen since 2001. Eleven have not been seen since 1930 and 15 since 1978. If we exclude these species, then there would be a total of 1,183 species native to the Indiana Dunes. Many of these are cryptic in their life history or diminutive, and thus are di?cult to ?nd. Looking at the growth form of native plants, <1% (nine species) are clubmosses, 3% (37) are ferns, 8% (297) are grasses and sedges, 56% (682) are forbs or herbs, 1% (16) are herbaceous vines, <1% (7) are subshrubs (woody plants of herbaceous stature), 5% (60) are shrubs, 1% (11) are lianas (woody vines), and 8% (93) are trees. Of the 332 exotic species (species introduced from outside North America), 65% (219 species) are forbs such as garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), 15% (50 species) are graminoids such as phragmites (Phragmites australis ssp. australis), 2% (seven species) are vines such as ?eld bindweed (Convulvulus arvensis), <1% (two species) are subshrubs such as Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), 8% (28 species) are shrubs such as Asian bush honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), 1% (three species) are lianas such as oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), and 8% (23 species) are trees such as tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissimus). Of the 85 adventive species, native species that have invaded from elsewhere in North America, 14% (11 species) are graminoids such as broom sedge (Andropogon virginicus), 57% (48 species) are forbs such as fall phlox (Phlox paniculata), 5% (six species) are shrubs such as Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), 3% (two species) are subshrubs such as holly leaved barberry (Berberis repens), 1% (one species) is a liana (trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), 3% two species) are herbaceous vines such as tall morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), and 17% (15 species) are trees such as American holly (Ilex opaca). A total of 436 species were found to be ?special? based on political rankings (federal and state-listed threatened and endangered species), species with charismatic ?owers, and those that are locally rare.
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Telep, Cody W., and David Weisburd. Police and the Microgeography of Crime: Scientific Evaluations on the Effectiveness of Hot Spots and Places. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010567.
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This Technical Note suggests that the focus of policing should be on very small geographic units of analysis, such as street segments or small groups of street blocks. Crime at place is not simply a proxy for larger area or community effects; indeed, basic research evidence suggests that crime primarily occurs at very small geographic units of place. This research is reinforced by strong experimental evidence of the effectiveness of place-based policing in reducing crime and disorder so as not to displace crime to nearby areas. In addition, the perception of legitimacy should be a key component of place-based policing programs.
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Muldavin, Esteban, Yvonne Chauvin, Teri Neville, et al. A vegetation classi?cation and map: Guadalupe Mountains National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302855.
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A vegetation classi?cation and map for Guadalupe Mountains National Park (NP) is presented as part of the National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring - Vegetation Inventory Program to classify, describe, and map vegetation communities in more than 280 national park units across the United States. Guadalupe Mountains NP lies in far west Texas and contains the highest point in the state, Guadalupe Peak (8,751 ft; 2,667 m). The mountain escarpments descend some 5,000 ft (1,500 m) to the desert basins below forming a complex geologic landscape that supports vegetation communities ranging from montane coniferous forests down to desert grasslands and scrub. Following the US National Vegetation Classi?cation (USNVC) standard, we identi?ed 129 plant associations hierarchically tiered under 29 groups and 17 macrogroups, making it one of the most ecologically diverse National Park Service units in the southwestern United States. An aspect that adds to this diversity is that the park supports communities that extend southward from the Rocky Mountains (?ve macrogroups) and Great Plains (one macrogroup) and northward from the Chihuahuan Desert (two macrogroups) and Sierra Madre Orientale of Mexico (three macrogroups). The remaining six macrogroups are found in the Great Basin (one macrogroup), and throughout the southwestern United States (remaining ?ve macrogroups). Embedded in this matrix are gypsum dunelands and riparian zones and wetlands that add further complexity. We describe in detail this vegetation classi?cation, which is based on 540 vegetation plots collected between 2006 and 2010. Full descriptions and diagnostic keys to the plant associations along with an overall plant species list are provided as appendices. Based on the vegetation classi?cation and associated plot data, the vegetation map was developed using a combined strategy of automated digital object-oriented image classi?cation and direct-analog image interpretation of four-band National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial photography from 2004 and 2008 and Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery. The map is designed to facilitate ecologically-based natural resource management at a 1:24,000 scale with 0.5-ha minimum map unit size. The map legend is hierarchically structured: the upper Level 1 consists of 16 map units corresponding in most cases to the USNVC group level, and an additional map unit describing built-up land and agriculture; Level 2 is composed of 48 nested map units re?ecting various combinations of plant associations. A ?eld-based accuracy assessment using 341 vegetation plots revealed a Level 1 overall accuracy of 79% with 90% CI of 74?84% and 68% with 90% CI of 59?76% at Level 2. An annotated legend with summary descriptions of the units, distribution maps, aerial photo examples of map unit polygons, and representative photos are provided in Appendix D. Large wall-size poster maps at 1:35,000 scale were also produced following NPS cartographic standards. The report, plot data, and spatial layers are available at National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Program https://www.nps.gov/im/vegetation-inventory.htm). Outcomes from this project provide the most detailed vegetation classi?cation and highest resolution mapping for Guadalupe Mountains NP to date to support many uses including ?re, recreation, vegetation, and wildlife management, among others. The upper Level 1 map is particularly suited to landscape-scale, park-wide planning and linkages to its sister park, Carlsbad Caverns NP. The Level 2 mapping provides added detail for use at a more localized project scale. The overall accuracy of the maps was good, but because Guadalupe Mountains NP is primarily wilderness park, there were logistical challenges to map development and testing in remote areas that should be considered in planning management actions. In this context, some map units would bene?t from further development and accuracy assessment. In particular, a higher resolution mapping of McKittrick Creek riparian habitat at 1:6,000 scale or ?ner is recommended for this important habitat in the park. In addition, developing a structural canopy height model from LiDAR imagery would be useful to more accurately quantify woody canopy density and height to support ?re management and other habitat management issues. With respect to understanding vegetation dynamics in this time of rapid environmental change, the 540 vegetation plots themselves are su?ciently georeferenced and have the data resolution to be useful in detecting change at the decadal scales across much of the park. To this end, an additional recommendation would be to install more plots to ?ll the gaps among the main vegetation units of the park, both spatially and thematically. Overall, the Vegetation and Classi?cation Map for Guadalupe Mountains NP will support the park?s management e?orts and enhance regional understanding of vegetation and ecology of ecosystems of the southwestern United States.
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Kong, Weiqiang, Simon Furbo, and Jianhua Fan. Simulation and design of collector array units within large systems. IEA SHC Task 55, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2019-0005.
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Solar collectors are the core components of solar district heating plants. Annual solar heat yield of solar heating plants on average is around 400-500 kWh/m2 in Denmark. Most solar collectors in the large solar district heating plants in Denmark are ground-mounted flat plate collectors. Arcon-Sunmark A/S is the main manufacturer of the large flat plate collectors for district heating in Denmark. Arcon-Sunmark A/S has installed more than 80% of the world’s large solar heating plants connected to district heating networks.
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Fan, Jianhua, Weiqiang Kong, and Simon Furbo. Simulation and design of collector array units within large systems. IEA SHC Task 55, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2019-0006.
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By the end of 2017, solar heating plants with a total surface of more than 1.3 million m2 were in operation in Denmark. Most solar collectors in the existing solar heating plants are typically flat plate collectors (FPC).
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ENTROP, G. E. Plutonium Finishing Plant Treatment and Storage Unit Dangerous Waste Training Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/803937.
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