Journal articles: 'Plane wave lens'

1

Naeem, Khalid, and Arshad Hussain. "Development of a Matlab Code for Plane Wave Lens and its Validation by Autodyn-2D." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 6 (2018): 3614–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2532672.

Full text

Abstract:

Plane wave generator is normally composed of two explosives having dissimilar detonation velocity. It is used for directing the spherically outgoing shock wave front to a planar form. Plane wave generators are utilized to find material behavior under dynamic loading. This paper presents the shock arrival time for two plane wave generators by developed Matlab code and its comparison with Ansys Autodyn. The diameter of both plane wave generators is kept the same. One plane wave generator is composed of Octogen and Barium Nitrate and the other is composed of Octogen and Tri Nitro Toluene. Obtained results were surprisingly in agreement. Maximum and minimum obtained flatness for the plane wave were ±0.56 and ±0.08ms respectively within the whole diameter of the plane wave generator. The developed code can be utilized to find the profile of a plane wave generator, minimizing the time and cost many times.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Burt, J. A. "The thermal-wave lens." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 9 (1986): 1053–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-179.

Full text

Abstract:

Ray diagrams have been calculated for a thermal-wave lens. Focussing is evident provided diffraction effects can be reduced. A practical use of the thermal lens is to scan for defects in a sample material along the focal plane of the lens.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Семерня, E. И., та С. П. Скобелев. "Анализ фокусировки волн в усеченной линзе Гутмана". Письма в журнал технической физики 47, № 15 (2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2021.15.51235.18709.

Full text

Abstract:

The problem of scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave by a truncated axisymmetric Gutman lens including calculation of the field inside the lens is considered. The problem is solved numerically using the hybrid projection method developed earlier for the general case of wave scattering by inhomogeneous bodies of revolution. New results are presented that demonstrate the accuracy of the method, as well as the field distribution in the Gutman lens, which characterize the features of wave focusing depending on the lens size, focal length, and position of the truncation plane.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Wojda, P., and S. Kshevetskii. "Oriented Gaussian beams for high-accuracy computation with accuracy control of X-ray propagation through a multi-lens system." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 2 (2019): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518017368.

Full text

Abstract:

A highly accurate method for calculating X-ray propagation is developed. Within this approach, the propagating wave is represented as a superposition of oriented Gaussian beams. The direction of wave propagation in each Gaussian beam agrees with the local direction of propagation of the X-ray wavefront. When calculating the propagation of X-ray waves through lenses, the thin lens approximation is applied. In this approximation, the wave parameters change discontinuously when the wave passes through a lens; the corresponding explicit formulae are derived. The theory is applied to highly accurate calculation of the focusing of X-rays by a system of many beryllium lenses. Fine structure of the wave electric field on the focal plane is revealed and studied. The fine structure is formed due to the diffraction of waves at the edges of the lens apertures. Tools for controlling the calculation accuracy are proposed. The amplitude of the electric field on the focal plane and the focal spot width are shown to be very sensitive to the quality of the calculation, while the best focus position can be obtained even from simple calculations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Simaciu, Ion, Gheorghe Dumitrescu, Zoltan Borsos, and Mariana Brădac. "Interactions in an Acoustic World: Dumb Hole." Advances in High Energy Physics 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7265362.

Full text

Abstract:

The present paper aims to complete an earlier paper where the acoustic world was introduced. This is accomplished by analyzing the interactions which occur between the inhomogeneities of the acoustic medium, which are induced by the acoustic vibrations travelling in the medium. When a wave packet travels in a medium, the medium becomes inhomogeneous. The spherical wave packet behaves like an acoustic spherical lens for the acoustic plane waves. According to the principle of causality, there is an interaction between the wave and plane wave packet. In specific conditions, the wave packet behaves as an acoustic black hole.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Naeem, K., and A. Hussain. "Development of a Matlab Code for Plane Wave Lens and its Validation by Autodyn-2D." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 6 (2018): 3614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2415.

Full text

Abstract:

Plane wave generator is normally composed of two explosives having dissimilar detonation velocity. It is used for directing the spherically outgoing shock wave front to a planar form. Plane wave generators are utilized to find material behavior under dynamic loading. This paper presents the shock arrival time for two plane wave generators by developed Matlab code and its comparison with Ansys Autodyn. The diameter of both plane wave generators is kept the same. One plane wave generator is composed of Octogen and Barium Nitrate and the other is composed of Octogen and Tri Nitro Toluene. Obtained results were surprisingly in agreement. Maximum and minimum obtained flatness for the plane wave were ±0.56 and ±0.08ms respectively within the whole diameter of the plane wave generator. The developed code can be utilized to find the profile of a plane wave generator, minimizing the time and cost many times.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Kamal, Surya, Yongjian Zhou, and Zizhou Gong. "Wave Optical Modeling of the SEM Column From Source to Specimen." Microscopy and Microanalysis 30, no. 5 (2024): 866–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mam/ozae072.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Probe formation in scanning electron microscope (SEM) is often reduced to objective lens action modeling based on a point-spread function or Fourier transforms. In this study, we present the first complete wave optical modeling of the whole SEM column based on plane-by-plane propagation of the electron beam wavefunction without simplifying the optical system. We identify the challenges in plane-by-plane beam propagation and show how sampling limitations produce aliased results. Through a careful selection and combination of propagators, we have developed a general wave optical propagation method that is able to overcome the aliasing problem to achieve the appropriate probe widths. Using a two-step propagator, we show that it is possible to model the electron beam distribution throughout the column from the virtual source plane to the specimen plane. We also show that our results from the wave optical simulations are consistent with the geometrical theory of probe formation. Finally, as a direct application of this method, we demonstrated that the combined effect of aberrations in the condenser lens and the probe forming objective lens cannot be accurately represented using only the objective lens. Designing beam shaping experiments and studying the effect of partial coherence can be some novel applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Ma, Duoxuan, Jie Zhao, Dayong Wang, et al. "Full-Field Super-Resolution Terahertz Imaging Based on Rotating Coherent Scattering Microscopy." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (2023): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13020982.

Full text

Abstract:

For decades, terahertz (THz) microscopic imaging has been limited by the resolution of the system due to the larger wavelength, the power of the source, and the equivalent noise power of the detector, so a lot of research has focused on single-point scanning imaging. With the development of hardware, full-field THz imaging based on high-power continuous-wave THz sources have been developed such as the direct intensity imaging method and lensless coherent imaging. In particular, the THz direct intensity imaging method requires no complicated computational reconstruction, while the high resolution, as a key issue, still needs to be improved. In this paper, the rotating coherent scattering microscopy was applied to THz imaging for the first time. Here, we designed and fabricated a hemisphere lens with high-resistance silicon. The tilted hemisphere lens transformed the incident divergent beam into a plane wave, and the total internal reflection occurred in the planar surface within the hemispherical lens, and generated evanescent waves in the rare medium. At the same time, the sample was placed very close to the plane of the hemispherical lens, so that the sample was illuminated by the evanescent waves. The scattered waves carried high frequency information to the far field, and thus through an objective, the super-resolution imaging was achieved along a single direction. Then, the hemispherical lens was rotated to obtain coherent scattering microscopic images under different evanescent wave illumination angles. Finally, the full-field super-resolution imaging results were obtained through incoherent superposition.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Ueta, Tsuyoshi. "Design concept verification for a transcranial acoustic lens with instantaneous adaptability." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 14 (2022): 144504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101875.

Full text

Abstract:

A lens constructed by optimally arranging point-like scatterers on a lattice was proposed according to the Fresnel lens concept and showed superior performance focusing an incident plane wave on a focal point and suppressing the sound field except in the vicinity of the focal point. In the present study, we investigated the transcranial focusing performance of the scatterer-array lens which is a kind of Fresnel acoustic lens. The arrangement of the scatterers was optimized by minimizing an objective function so that the sound field vanishes within the skull except at the focal point(s) and becomes higher at the focal point(s) than in the surrounding area. It was confirmed that the lens focused the incident plane wave with sufficient intensity and contrast with the surroundings, even transcranially.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Wan, Yong, Ming Hui Jia, Hao Wen Gong, Yang Yang, and Ying Cui. "Lens Design with Silicon Wafer for Terahertz Wave Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 214 (November 2012): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.214.227.

Full text

Abstract:

Terahertz waves can pass through silicon wafer with less loss than traditional lenses. By selecting square, circular and sectors as building blocks, a serial of equivalent lenses for terahertz wave transmission were designed in the vertical plane of the silicon wafer, including hemispherical convex, concave mirror, triangular prism and spherocylinder lenses. The lens’ 2-D design in this work is much simpler than its actual 3-D shape. Besides high transmit ability, silicon wafer also has high refractive index. When a lens is oriented horizontally, it can act as a graded-index photonic crystal waveguide, due to the existence of a band gap, especially for cylinder and prism lens.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Lock, James A. "Scattering of an electromagnetic plane wave by a Luneburg lens II Wave theory." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 25, no. 12 (2008): 2980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.25.002980.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Altynnikov, Andrey, Roman Platonov, Andrey Tumarkin, Peter K. Petrov, and Andrey Kozyrev. "Formation of Millimeter Waves with Electrically Tunable Orbital Angular Momentum." Coatings 11, no. 5 (2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050569.

Full text

Abstract:

A method for forming electromagnetic waves with a tunable nonzero orbital angular momentum (OAM) is proposed. The approach is based on transforming an incident plane wave into a helical one using an electrically tunable ferroelectric lens. It uses high-resistive thin/thick film electrodes with a special discrete topology. The correlation between film electrodes topology and the highest order of OAM modes that the lens can form is described. A lens prototype based on Ba0.55Sr0.45TiO3 ferroelectric material and operating at a frequency of 60 GHz was designed, manufactured, and tested. The amplitude and phase distribution of the OAM wave with l = +1 formed by prototype were measured to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed lens has a combination of advantages such as low dimensions, electrical control over the OAM modes, and the possibility to operate in the millimeter wavelength range.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Podlesnyak, S. V., N. N. Fashchevsky, Yu N. Bondarenko, and S. M. Andrievsky. "SPHERICAL PRIMARY MIRROR IN TELESCOPES WITH COMPLEX (MULTI-ELEMENT) OPTICAL DESIGNS." Odessa Astronomical Publications 34 (December 3, 2021): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/1810-4215.2021.34.244333.

Full text

Abstract:

An optical design for telescope with spherical primary mirror, planoidal surface and two-lens corrector is discussed. The spherical mirror hasn aperture ratio 1/2.69. After reflection from the spherical mirror, the wave front falls on a planoidal surface and “forms” the reflected wave front from a virtual mirror with e 2 = 1.576. After passing the two-lens corrector, the light is collected in the focal plane. A dot diagram in the focal plane shows that all three-order aberrations are successfully corrected. The effective field of view is 2 degrees. The aperture ratio is 1/2.28.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Fan, Lirong, Ketao Yan, Guodong Qiao, Lijun Lu, Shuyuan Gao, and Huadong Zheng. "Determination Position and Initial Value of Aspheric Surface for Fisheye Lens Design." Photonics 10, no. 12 (2023): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10121381.

Full text

Abstract:

The aspheric surface is a commonly used method to improve the imaging quality of the fisheye lens, but it is difficult to determine the position and initial value. Based on the wave aberration theory of the plane-symmetric optical system, a method of using an aspheric surface to design a fisheye lens is proposed, which can quickly determine the appropriate aspheric surface to improve the imaging performance. First, the wave aberration of each optical surface of the fisheye lens is calculated and its aberration characteristics are analyzed. Then, a numerical evaluation function is reported based on the aberration distribution of the fisheye lens on the image plane. According to the functional relationship between the evaluation function and the aspheric coefficient, the position of the aspheric surface and the initial value of the aspheric coefficient can be calculated. Finally, the adaptive and normalized real-coded genetic algorithm is used as the evaluation function to optimize the fisheye lens using an aspheric surface. The proposed method can provide an effective solution for designing a fisheye lens using an aspheric surface.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Manikandan, R., P. H. Rao, and P. K. Jawahar. "Gain Enhancement of Horn Antenna Using Meta Surface Lens." Advanced Electromagnetics 7, no. 4 (2018): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v7i4.614.

Full text

Abstract:

Three dimensional meta surface lens is proposed to improve the gain and beam shaping of horn antenna. Hence an array of SRR as a meta surface lens has been designed, fabricated and investigated. This meta surface lens can be used to convert the spherical wave to plane wave for a wide range of frequency. It is proved by permeability and permittivity of meta surface. In this work the operating bandwidth of the proposed antenna is in the range of 9GHz to 11GHz for satellite application. The radiation pattern of E and H plane is sharpened in this work. The antenna 3dB beam width, and front to back ratio were 9.2, 28dB at 10GHz. The radiation characteristics of horn antenna with meta surface have been studied numerically and confirmed experimentally, showing an average gain improvement of ~3dB with respect to horn antenna without meta surface lens.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Rez, Peter. "Analytic integration of contrast transfer functions." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 822–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010010617x.

Full text

Abstract:

In high resolution microscopy the image amplitude is given by the convolution of the specimen exit surface wave function and the microscope objective lens transfer function. This is usually done by multiplying the wave function and the transfer function in reciprocal space and integrating over the effective aperture. For very thin specimens the scattering can be represented by a weak phase object and the amplitude observed in the image plane is1where fe (Θ) is the electron scattering factor, r is a postition variable, Θ a scattering angle and x(Θ) the lens transfer function. x(Θ) is given by2where Cs is the objective lens spherical aberration coefficient, the wavelength, and f the defocus.We shall consider one dimensional scattering that might arise from a cross sectional specimen containing disordered planes of a heavy element stacked in a regular sequence among planes of lighter elements. In a direction parallel to the disordered planes there will be a continuous distribution of scattering angle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

KAMAKURA, Tomoo, Kenichi AOKI, Toshiaki NAKAMURA, and Hideo ADACHI. "Focusing of a plane ultrasonic wave by a bi-concave lens." Journal of the Marine Acoustics Society of Japan 30, no. 1 (2003): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3135/jmasj.30.48.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Afanasyev, P. O., A. A. Akopov, A. M. Lehrer, and M. B. Manuilov. "Scattering of a Plane Electromagnetic Wave by a Multilayer Spherical Lens." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 61, no. 7 (2018): 516–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11141-018-9912-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Datta, Srijan, Antonello Tamburrino, and Lalita Udpa. "Gradient Index Metasurface Lens for Microwave Imaging." Sensors 22, no. 21 (2022): 8319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218319.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents the design, simulation and experimental validation of a gradient-index (GRIN) metasurface lens operating at 8 GHz for microwave imaging applications. The unit cell of the metasurface consists of an electric-LC (ELC) resonator. The effective refractive index of the metasurface is controlled by varying the capacitive gap at the center of the unit cell. This allows the design of a gradient index surface. A one-dimensional gradient index lens is designed and tested at first to describe the operational principle of such lenses. The design methodology is extended to a 2D gradient index lens for its potential application as a microwave imaging device. The metasurface lenses are designed and analyzed using full-wave finite element (FEM) solver. The proposed 2D lens has an aperture of size 119 mm (3.17λ) × 119 mm (3.17λ) and thickness of only 0.6 mm (0.016λ). Horn antenna is used as source of plane waves incident on the lens to evaluate the focusing performance. Field distributions of the theoretical designs and fabricated lenses are analyzed and are shown to be in good agreement. A microwave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) experiment is performed with the 2D prototype lens to image a machined groove in a Teflon sample placed at the focal plane of the lens.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Minin, Igor, and Oleg Minin. "Mesoscale Acoustical Cylindrical Superlens." MATEC Web of Conferences 155 (2018): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815501029.

Full text

Abstract:

We demonstrate experimentally for the first time the acoustojet (acoustic jets) formed from acoustic plane wave scattering by a penetrable cylindrical particle with dimensions of several wavelengths. It acts as a superlens with subwavelength localization of acoustical wave. During the scattering by elastic solid particles, additional internal shear waves are excited due to modes conversion. This mechanism allows achieving sharp focusing in the near-field zone. Such mesoscale single particle cylindrical lens may be considered as acoustic metamaterials free superlenses with resolution beyond the diffraction limit.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Ito, Y., A. L. Bleloch, and L. M. Brown. "Demonstration of Solid State Electron Optical Devices: Pixelated Fresnel Phase Lenses." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (1997): 1037–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600012071.

Full text

Abstract:

The ability to produce features of nanometer scale offers the possibility of phase manipulation of electron waves. The first conclusive results of phase manipulation by nanometer-scale diffraction gratings directly cut by the finely focused electron beam in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) have already been demonstrated. This was achieved by using a grating with a “wedge” profile. This produced an asymmetrical diffraction pattern (in violation of Friedel's law). This violation is expected only if the grating acts mostly as a strong phase object. In this paper, a demonstration of solid state Pixelated Fresnel Phase (PFP) lenses for electrons will be presented. An array of these electron lenses can be easily formed and may be utilized, for example, as compact electron-beam forming lenses for parallel electron beam lithography.In general, an incident plane wave traveling along the optic axis of a lens experiences a phase shift. A conventional Fresnel phase lens, consisting of concentric zones with a modulo of 2π phase structure, focuses an incoming electron plane wave to its focal point.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Au, Kelvin, Jason D. Fiege, and Adam Rogers. "Investigating Extreme Scattering Events by Volumetric Ray-tracing." Astrophysical Journal 961, no. 1 (2024): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad11d6.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Extreme scattering events (ESEs) are observed as dramatic (>50%) drops in flux density that occur over an extended period of weeks to months. Discrete plasma lensing structures are theorized to scatter the radio waves produced by distant sources such as pulsars, causing the signature decrease in flux density and characteristic caustic spikes in ESE light curves. While plasma lens models in the extant literature have reproduced key features of ESE light curves, they have all faced the problem of being highly overdense and overpressured relative to the surrounding interstellar medium by orders of magnitude. We model ESEs by numerically ray tracing through analytic, volumetric plasma lens models by solving the eikonal equation. Delaunay triangulation connecting the rays approximates the wave front, generating a mapping from the observer plane to the source plane to account for multiple imaging. This eikonal method of ray tracing is tested against known analytic solutions and is then applied to a three-dimensional Gaussian-distributed electron volume density lens and a filament model inspired by Grafton et al. We find convergence of our numerical results with established analytic solutions, validating our numerical method, and reproduce ESE-like light curves. Our numerical ray-tracing method lends itself well to exploring the lensing effects of volumetric turbulence as well as sheet-like lenses, which is currently in progress.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Boriskin, Artem V., and Marian Marciniak. "Near fields of elliptic dielectric lenses." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 3 (September 30, 2003): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2003.3.179.

Full text

Abstract:

The focusing properties of an elliptic dielectric cylinder taken as a 2D model of dielectric lens are studied for the plane wave illumination. An algorithm based on the concept of analytical regularization is applied for the numerical solution of the corresponding wave scattering problem. Numerical results for the near-field patterns are presented.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Frost, B. G., D. C. Joy, E. Völkl, and L. F. Allard. "The influence of the objective lens current in low magnification electron holography." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100139445.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to align an electron microscope for low magnification holography we usually completely switch off the objective lens and image the sample by the first intermediate lens. In addition, to achieve a highly coherent electron beam we highly excite the condensor lens resulting in a divergent illumination of the sample and the intermediate lens. Now negatively biasing the fiber of a Möllenstedt type biprism placed between the first an second intermediate lenses of our Hitachi HF-2000 field emission electron microscope creates two virtual sources below the back focal plane of the first intermediate lens. These two sources are necessary to form off-axis holograms. Slightly exciting the objective lens and still imaging the sample by the first intermediate lens results in two major changes in our holograms.First: Due to an electron beam less divergent or even convergent illuminating the first intermediate lens when exciting the objective lens (compare Fig. 1 to Fig.2) the angle β at which object wave and reference wave are superimposed decreases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Dahlberg, Oskar, Guido Valerio, and Oscar Quevedo-Teruel. "Fully Metallic Flat Lens Based on Locally Twist-Symmetric Array of Complementary Split-Ring Resonators." Symmetry 11, no. 4 (2019): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11040581.

Full text

Abstract:

In this article, we demonstrate how twist symmetries can be employed in the design of flat lenses. A lens design is proposed, consisting of 13 perforated metallic sheets separated by an air gap. The perforation in the metal is a two-dimensional array of complementary split-ring resonators. In this specific design, the twist symmetry is local, as it is only applied to the unit cell of the array. Moreover, the twist symmetry is an approximation, as it is only applied to part of the unit cell. First, we demonstrate that, by varying the order of twist symmetry, the phase delay experienced by a wave propagating through the array can be accurately controlled. Secondly, a lens is designed by tailoring the unit cells throughout the aperture of the lens in order to obtain the desired phase delay. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate that the lens successfully transforms a spherical wave emanating from the focal point into a plane wave at the opposite side of the lens. The demonstrated concepts find application in future wireless communication networks where fully-metallic directive antennas are desired.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Shevchenko, V. V. "The wave theory of a plane lens made from a negative material." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 53, no. 9 (2008): 1060–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226908090076.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Velichko, E., and A. Nickolaenko. "Scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave by a piecewise homogeneous Luneberg lens." RADIOFIZIKA I ELEKTRONIKA 24, no. 2 (2019): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rej2019.02.057.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Chuang, Kuo-Chih, Dan-Feng Wang, Jun-Jie Liu, and Chan-Yi Liao. "Linking Time-Domain Vibration Behaviors to Spatial-Domain Propagating Waves in a Leaf-like Gradient-Index Phononic Crystal Lens." Crystals 11, no. 12 (2021): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121490.

Full text

Abstract:

It is known that a propagating wave at a certain spatial point can be decomposed into plane waves propagating at different angles. In this work, by designing a gradient index phononic crystal lens (GRIN PCL) with transverse-continuous leaf-like unit cells, we theoretically and experimentally show that the spatial-domain propagating waves in finite periodic structures can be linked to their time-domain vibration behaviors. The full-field instantaneous focusing behaviors of Lamb waves in the proposed leaf-like GRIN PCL give an example of the wave-vibration linkage in finite periodic structures while allowing a certain complexity. The conclusion in this paper can help one skip iterative time-consuming finite element analysis (e.g., time-stepping solutions) to avoid possible numerical instabilities occurred in calculating transient wave field on practical finite metamaterials or phononic crystals having unit cells with complicated configurations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Crean, G. M., and A. Waintal. "Average Rayleigh-wave velocity of a computer-simulated crystallographic plane." Journal of Applied Crystallography 19, no. 3 (1986): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889886089690.

Full text

Abstract:

A model is proposed for calculating the Rayleigh-wave velocity as obtained by an acoustic lens, taking into account the anisotropy of the material under study and the profile of the miniature acoustic probe. The results obtained by this model on different `cuts' of single-crystal silicon agree with both those published in the literature and our own experimental results. In addition, the model has been applied to the non-destructive thickness measurement of opaque thin films deposited on different anisotropic substrates. More significantly, using the model and experimental acoustic material signature (AMS) curves obtained with this acoustic measurement system, the thickness of tungsten thin films deposited on silicon (100) have been measured. The results are in good agreement with measurements made using a Rutherford back-scattering technique.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Okudan, Gorkem, Hrishikesh Danawe, Lu Zhang, Didem Ozevin, and Serife Tol. "Enhancing Acoustic Emission Characteristics in Pipe-Like Structures with Gradient-Index Phononic Crystal Lens." Materials 14, no. 6 (2021): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061552.

Full text

Abstract:

Phononic crystals have the ability to manipulate the propagation of elastic waves in solids by generating unique dispersion characteristics. They can modify the conventional behavior of wave spreading in isotropic materials, known as attenuation, which negatively influences the ability of acoustic emission method to detect active defects in long-range, pipe-like structures. In this study, pipe geometry is reconfigured by adding gradient-index (GRIN) phononic crystal lens to improve the propagation distance of waves released by active defects such as crack growth and leak. The sensing element is designed to form a ring around the pipe circumference to capture the plane wave with the improved amplitude. The GRIN lens is designed by a special gradient-index profile with varying height stubs adhesively bonded to the pipe surface. The performance of GRIN lens for improving the amplitude of localized sources is demonstrated with finite element numerical model using multiphysics software. Experiments are conducted using pencil lead break simulating crack growth, as well as an orifice with pressured pipe simulating leak. The amplitude of the burst-type signal approximately doubles on average, validating the numerical findings. Hence, the axial distance between sensors can be increased proportionally in the passive sensing of defects in pipe-like geometries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Liang, Bingyang, Yonghua Zhang, Yuanguo Zhou, et al. "A Fast Design Method of Anisotropic Dielectric Lens for Vortex Electromagnetic Wave Based on Deep Learning." Materials 16, no. 6 (2023): 2254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062254.

Full text

Abstract:

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) has made it possible to regulate classical waves in novel ways, which is more energy- or information-efficient than conventional plane wave technology. This work aims to realize the transition of antenna radiation mode through the rapid design of an anisotropic dielectric lens. The deep learning neural network (DNN) is used to train the electromagnetic properties of dielectric cell structures. Nine variable parameters for changing the dielectric unit structure are present in the input layer of the DNN network. The trained network can predict the transmission phase of the unit cell structure with greater than 98% accuracy within a specific range. Then, to build the corresponding relationship between the phase and the parameters, the gray wolf optimization algorithm is applied. In less than 0.3 s, the trained network can predict the transmission coefficients of the 31 × 31 unit structure in the arrays with great accuracy. Finally, we provide two examples of neural network-based rapid anisotropic dielectric lens design. Dielectric lenses produce the OAM modes +1, −1, and −1, +2 under TE and TM wave irradiation, respectively. This approach resolves the difficult phase matching and time-consuming design issues associated with producing a dielectric lens.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Vasilev, V. S., R. V. Skidanov, and S. V. Ganchevskaya. "Imaging systems based on generalized lenses." Computer Optics 43, no. 5 (2019): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-2019-43-5-789-795.

Full text

Abstract:

We consider the possibility of using generalized lenses in imaging optical systems. We propose using two generalized lenses in a system similar to a Fourier-correlator to obtain a point-to-point mapping, where the second lens is set so that a plane wave is also formed at the output of the system when the incident wave is plane. We show that for generalized lenses with a small deviation of their degree from 2, such a system forms a fairly high-quality image. We use a standard radial photographic chart to test the system, which allows us to determine its key optical characteristics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Lock, James A. "Scattering of an electromagnetic plane wave by a Luneburg lens I Ray theory." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 25, no. 12 (2008): 2971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.25.002971.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Park, H. J., D. H. Lee, M. Kim, D. S. Eom, and Y.-K. Chang. "A Plane-Wave Beam-Steering Lens Design Using Microstrip Switched-Line Phase Shifters." International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 26, no. 1 (2005): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10762-004-2040-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Frost, Bernhard, and David Joy. "Simulation of in - Line Holograms." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (2000): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003364x.

Full text

Abstract:

We simulated in-line holograms as obtained from a point projection microscope (PPM) [1]. The principal of the PPM is shown in Fig.1. A coherent electron wave emitted from a point source illuminates a sample transparent to the wave and travels to an electron detector. Since the wave from a point source is divergent the distance d of two points in the object plane results in a magnified distance D in the detector plane. The magnification of this arrangement is given by M=D/d=(z1+z2)/z1, where z1 and z2 are the tip to sample distance and the sample to detector distance, respectively. As no lenses are used we find a highly defocused shadow image in the detector plane. This arrangement is equivalent to Gabor's in-line holography with a physical source in plane of a lens-focused crossover, and the out-of-focus images are in-line electron holograms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Frost, B. G., D. C. Joy, L. F. Allard, and E. Voelkl. "Electron holography of p-n junctions." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 974–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100167330.

Full text

Abstract:

A wide holographic field of view (up to 15 μm in the Hitachi-HF2000) is achieved in a TEM by switching off the objective lens and imaging the sample by the first intermediate lens. Fig.1 shows the corresponding ray diagram for low magnification image plane off-axis holography. A coherent electron beam modulated by the sample in its amplitude and its phase is superimposed on a plane reference wave by a negatively biased Möllenstedt-type biprism.Our holograms are acquired utilizing a Hitachi HF-2000 field emission electron microscope at 200 kV. Essential for holography are a field emission gun and an electron biprism. At low magnification, the excitation of each lens must be appropriately adjusted by the free lens control mode of the microscope. The holograms are acquired by a 1024 by 1024 slow-scan CCD-camera and processed by the “Holoworks” software. The hologram fringes indicate positively and negatively charged areas in a sample by the direction of the fringe bending (Fig.2).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Hosokawa, F., T. Osuna, M. Suzuki, and T. Oikawa. "Determination of Intensity Distribution of Effective Source by Means of PIXsysTEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100179117.

Full text

Abstract:

The resolution of the transmission electron microscope is discussed considering its phase contrast transfer function (PCTF). Usually, as the envelope function for PCTF, the defocus due to the chromatic aberration (ED) and the reduction of the interference (EJ) due to the incidence angle of the electron beam upon the specimen are considered. It was shown by Frank that the latter is given by the Fourier transformation of the effective source. In the present study, the author shows that EJ can be calculated from the intensity distribution of a filament image formed near the back focal plane of the objective lens. This means that we can virtually get the profile of the effective source without focusing the exact back focal plane on the fluorescent screen, in the diffraction mood. Using the PIXsysTEM, the author also investigated the profile function of the effective electron source and calculated EJ values under various illumination conditions.Assume that the specimen is thin enough to be approximated as a weak phase object. In Fig. 1, consider A and B as filament images formed near the back focal plane of the objective lens by transmitted wave and scattered wave, respectively. They act as emitting sources for the image plane.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Xu, Cheng, Hui Pang, Axiu Cao, and Qiling Deng. "Enhanced Single-Beam Multiple-Intensity Phase Retrieval Using Holographic Illumination." Photonics 9, no. 3 (2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9030187.

Full text

Abstract:

Single-beam multiple-intensity iterative phase retrieval is a high-precision and lens-free computational imaging method, which reconstructs the complex-valued distribution of the object from a volume of axially captured diffraction intensities using the post-processing algorithm. However, for the object with slowly-varying waves, the method may encounter the problem of convergence stagnation since the lack of diversity between the captured intensity patterns. In this paper, a novel technique to enhance phase retrieval using holographic illumination is proposed. One special computer-generated hologram is designed, which can generate multiple significantly different images at the required distances. The incident plane wave is firstly modulated by the hologram, and then the exit wave is used to illuminate the object. Benefitting from this holographic illumination, remarkable intensity changes in the given detector planes can be produced, which is conducive to fast and high-accuracy reconstruction. Simulation and optical experiments are performed to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Chen, Xiaoshuang, Renlong Zhou, Yong Zeng, Hongbo Chen, and Wei Lu. "Far-Field Focus and Dispersionless Anticrossing Bands in Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals." Advances in OptoElectronics 2007 (October 30, 2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/61034.

Full text

Abstract:

We review the simulation work for the far-field focus and dispersionless anticrossing bands in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals. In a two-dimensional photonic-crystal-based concave lens, the far-field focus of a plane wave is given by the distance between the focusing point and the lens. Strong and good-quality far-field focusing of a transmitted wave, explicitly following the well-known wave-beam negative refraction law, can be achieved. The spatial frequency information of the Bloch mode in multiple Brillouin zones (BZs) is investigated in order to indicate the wave propagation in two different regions. When considering the photonic transmission in a 2D photonic crystal composed of a negative phase-velocity medium (NPVM), it is shown that the dispersionless anticrossing bands are generated by the couplings among the localized surface polaritons of the NPVM rods. The photonic band structures of the NPVM photonic crystals are characterized by a topographical continuous dispersion relationship accompanied by many anticrossing bands.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Pasternak, Yuri G., Evgeny A. Rogozin, Ruslan E. Rogozin, and Sergei M. Fedorov. "Analysis of the influence of dispersion of metamaterials in a cylindrical Luneberg lens with extended focus." Physics of Wave Processes and Radio Systems 23, no. 4 (2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18469/1810-3189.2020.23.4.48-55.

Full text

Abstract:

Cylindrical Lunebeg lenses allow azimuthal scanning in a wide sector of angles. The article discusses a cylindrical Luneberg lens with an out-of-focus parallel printed circuit boards made of thin fiberglass (FR-4) with an etched H-shaped metamaterial structure. The distribution of the electric field in the azimuthal plane is shown when a linearly polarized plane wave is incident on the lens surface parallel to the printed circuit boards. The dependence of the focal length on the frequency is shown. Conclusions are drawn about the effect of dispersion on the focal length. To clarify the value of the focal length, thedirectional characteristics of the antenna system are considered when the focal length is changed. Directional characteristics are investigated when the feed is rotated in the azimuthal plane. The results presented in the article are planned to be used to create broadband Luneberg lenses from metamaterials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Kirkland, Angus I., and Rüdiger R. Meyer. "“Indirect” High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy: Aberration Measurement and Wavefunction Reconstruction." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, no. 4 (2004): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604040437.

Full text

Abstract:

Improvements in instrumentation and image processing techniques mean that methods involving reconstruction of focal or beam-tilt series of images are now realizing the promise they have long offered. This indirect approach recovers both the phase and the modulus of the specimen exit plane wave function and can extend the interpretable resolution. However, such reconstructions require thea posterioridetermination of the objective lens aberrations, including the actual beam tilt, defocus, and twofold and threefold astigmatism. In this review, we outline the theory behind exit plane wavefunction reconstruction and describe methods for the accurate and automated determination of the required coefficients of the wave aberration function. Finally, recent applications of indirect reconstruction in the structural analysis of complex oxides are presented.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Le Sommer, J., E. Scherer, and V. Zeitlin. "Inertial Motions during the Transient Adjustment of a Density Anomaly in the Equatorial Ocean with Application to the Western Pacific Warm Pool." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 12 (2006): 2283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2975.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This paper is focused on the spontaneous transient adjustment of a buoyant lens of water with uniform density, initially at rest in the vicinity of the equator. For parameters typical of the western Pacific warm pool, the adjustment is shown to generate finite-amplitude wave motions with period ∼8 days, which are not covered by the standard theory of linear equatorial waves. This mechanism may be at the origin of inertial motions at the early stages of ENSO events in the western Pacific Ocean. The lens adjustment is studied within the 11/2-layer reduced-gravity approximation on the equatorial β plane, using the high-resolution finite-volume numerical methods that are specially designed to handle outcropping isopycnals. Under the reduced-gravity approximation, a buoyant region of light water with outcropping boundaries in the vicinity of the equator is described by two parameters: the meridional-to-zonal scale aspect ratio δ and the ratio γ of the Coriolis force to the pressure force on its meridional boundary. For realistic parameters (δ ∼ 10−1; γ ∼ 1), the lens, initially at rest, spreads eastward in accord with nonrotating gravity current dynamics, whereas its westward extrusion is arrested so that the western edge splits into two anticyclonic vortices. Meanwhile finite-amplitude westward-propagating inertial wave motions develop at the interface between the spreading current and the ambient fluid. The inertial wave structure is shown to be consistent with the structure of stable wave modes predicted by linear analysis of small amplitude perturbations superimposed on a zonally symmetric equatorial current with outcropping isopycnals. A Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin–Jeffreys ray-tracing analysis indicates that the inertial wave is emitted during the early stage of the gravity current evolution and then dispersed on the spreading current.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Leuthner, Thomas, Hannes Lichte, Karl-Heinz Herrmann, and Jürgen Sum. "Stem Holography." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100179877.

Full text

Abstract:

Electron optical imaging is a wave optical process. Therefore, to obtain the whole information about the object structure, one must record both amplitude and phase of the electron in the detector plane, e.g. in the Fourier plane or in the image plane. In the general case, an electron image detected only by its intensity is in principle incomplete [1]. This is true in particular in face of the lens aberrations which scramble amplitude and phase hence limit resolution and interpretability of an electron image.Following Gabor’s proposal of electron holography, these problems are being solved in the TEM [2], and in the STEM we try to tackle them in the following way [3] (fig.l): Two coherent waves, produced by means of the Mollenstedt electron biprism, are focused in the object plane. One of them is transmitted through the object and modulated in amplitude a(x,y) and phase φ(x,y) whereas the other one instead goes through empty space. Subsequently they are superimposed and give rise to an interference pattern (spatial frequency Rc) in the detector plane (coordinate u ) as

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Amirkulova, Feruza A., Samer Gerges, and Andrew N. Norris. "Broadband acoustic lens design by reciprocity and optimization." JASA Express Letters 2, no. 2 (2022): 024005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0009633.

Full text

Abstract:

A broadband acoustic lens is designed based on the principle of reciprocity and gradient-based optimization. Acoustic reciprocity is used to define the pressure at the focal point due to a source located in a far-field and to relate the response by a configuration of scatterers for an incident plane wave. The pressure at the focal point is maximized by rearranging the scatterers and supplying the gradients of absolute pressure at the focal point with respect to scatterer positions. Numerical examples are given for clusters of cylindrical voids and sets of elastic thin shells in water.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Wang, Jian, Junping Duan, Xinxin Shen, Yongsheng Wang, and Binzhen Zhang. "Miniaturized Lens Antenna with Enhanced Gain and Dual-Focusing for Millimeter-Wave Radar System." Micromachines 15, no. 3 (2024): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15030335.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents a waveguide Lens antenna at the W-band adopting dual-focusing Lens to improve the performance. The Lens antenna consisted of a waveguide slotted structure and lenses processed using NOA73 meet the demands of miniaturization for current communication systems. The antenna radome fabricated using NOA73 not only protects the antenna structure but also improves the gain of the antenna by about 9.5 dBi via electromagnetic wave dual-focusing. A prototype is fabricated using novel UV-LIGA technology. Measured results are compared with simulated values. Measured results confirmed the fabricated antenna operated in the W-band with a 10 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 6.5% from 97.5 to 104 GHz and a peak gain of 22 dBi at 100 GHz in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the feed waveguide. A good agreement between simulation and measurement is obtained, demonstrating efficient radiations in the operating band.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Lichte, Hannes. "Electron Holography Improving Transmission Electron Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100179798.

Full text

Abstract:

Generally, the electron object wave o(r) is modulated both in amplitude and phase. In the image plane of an ideal imaging system we would expect to find an image wave b(r) that is modulated in exactly the same way, i. e. b(r) =o(r). If, however, there are aberrations, the image wave instead reads as b(r) =o(r) * FT(WTF) i. e. the convolution of the object wave with the Fourier transform of the wave transfer function WTF . Taking into account chromatic aberration, illumination divergence and the wave aberration of the objective lens, one finds WTF(R) = Echrom(R)Ediv(R).exp(iX(R)) . The envelope functions Echrom(R) and Ediv(R) damp the image wave, whereas the effect of the wave aberration X(R) is to disorder amplitude and phase according to real and imaginary part of exp(iX(R)) , as is schematically sketched in fig. 1.Since in ordinary electron microscopy only the amplitude of the image wave can be recorded by the intensity of the image, the wave aberration has to be chosen such that the object component of interest (phase or amplitude) is directed into the image amplitude. Using an aberration free objective lens, for X=0 one sees the object amplitude, for X= π/2 (“Zernike phase contrast”) the object phase. For a real objective lens, however, the wave aberration is given by X(R) = 2π (.25 Csλ3R4 + 0.5ΔzλR2), Cs meaning the coefficient of spherical aberration and Δz defocusing. Consequently, the transfer functions sin X(R) and cos(X(R)) strongly depend on R such that amplitude and phase of the image wave represent only fragments of the object which, fortunately, supplement each other. However, recording only the amplitude gives rise to the fundamental problems, restricting resolution and interpretability of ordinary electron images:

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Петрин, А. Б. "О теории плоской линзы из материала с отрицательным преломлением". Оптика и спектроскопия 129, № 1 (2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2021.01.50440.240-20.

Full text

Abstract:

A rigorous theory of propagation of an electromagnetic wave from a point elementary current source is considered when it is focused by a plane layer filled with a material with a negative refractive index (Veselago lens). The distributions of the electromagnetic field in the focal region are investigated and its dimensions are determined. Key theoretical questions are discussed in detail.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Bergmann, J. R., and L. S. Patinos. "Shaped Omnidirectional Reflector Fed by a Dielectric Lens Associated with a Coaxial Feed Horn." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2023 (May 23, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2729945.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper explores an omnidirectional antenna configuration composed of a reflector fed by a shaped dielectric lens associated with a coaxial TEM horn. A simple formula describes the lens shape obtained by applying Fermat’s principle to control the rays’ caustic emerging from the dielectric interface. Based on geometrical optics (GO) principles, a synthesis technique defines the reflector shape to control the antenna radiation pattern in the vertical plane. Concatenated conic describes the reflector generatrix. The study employs a full-wave analysis to validate the designs and explores the proposed configuration to attend two distinct far-field specifications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Yu, Qiming, Shaobin Liu, Zhengyu Huang, Xiangkun Kong, Yuehong Hu, and Yongdiao Wen. "Gain Enhancement Planar Lens Antenna based on Wideband Focusing Gradient Meta-surface." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 6 (2021): 650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360605.

Full text

Abstract:

A three-layered transmitting focusing gradient meta-surface (FGMS) has been proposed, which can achieve broadband gain enhancement from 8.2 GHz to 10 GHz. The element of broadband transmitting FGMS has high transmitting efficiencies that over 0.7 and achieve [0, 2π] phase range with a flat and linear trend in the operating band. The FGMS can transform the spherical waves into plane waves. Three patch antennas working at 8.2 GHz, 9.1 GHz, and 10 GHz respectively are placed the focus of broadband FGMS as the spherical-wave source to build a broadband planar lens antenna system. It achieves a simulation gain of 15.44 dBi which is 7.51dB higher than that of the bare patch antenna at 10 GHz with satisfying SLLs and beamwidths. However, it enhanced the gain of the bare patch antenna in a wide operating band. Finally, the FGMS and the patch antenna are fabricated and measured. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Ghaffar, Abdul, and Qaisar Abbas Naqvi. "FOCUSING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC PLANE WAVE INTO UNIAXIAL CRYSTAL BY A THREE DIMENSIONAL PLANO CONVEX LENS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research 83 (2008): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pier08041404.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Plane wave lens'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles