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Journal articles on the topic 'Planimetric survey'
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Riva, Edoardo. "Problems Related to the Planimetric Survey of Road Accidents." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24, no. 1 (February 2021): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mim.2021.9345598.
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Barbieri, Andrea, and Carlos López-Vázquez. "Admissible relative errors of the parcel aerea of a land parcel map base created as a synthesis of indiviual survey maps." Revista Cartográfica, no. 98 (June 6, 2019): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35424/rcarto.i98.31.
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Today the land parcel map of Uruguay is available as an updated, integrated legacy digital cadastre which planimetric accuracy is not enough to assure geometric interoperability. The creation of a brand new land parcel map is being considered with a procedure yet to be defined but in any case subject to reasonable goals in terms of geometric accuracy. In this paper we have tested a direct procedure in which each parcel is joined to its immediate neighbors until a block is formed. In Uruguay such block will grow until a road, river or similar object is found. The block is manually inserted within the road network, which has absolute coordinates.The rural survey maps (approx. 250 000) are already scanned but they need to be vectorized and edited through scaling, rotation and manual matching to its neighbors. GNSS tracks for roads and highways are available for the whole country, so we could fit the block within them in order to properly register it. The resulting geometric accuracy was evaluated in terms of the relative error in area, which has a normal distribution with a mean 0.10% and a standard deviation 3.51%, leaving 82.0% of the parcels with relative area error less than 5%. The planimetric error, crucial to assure interoperability, was 53.79 m at the 95% confidence level.
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Tait, Alex. "Mountain Ski Maps of North America: Preliminary Survey and Analysis of Style." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 67 (September 1, 2010): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp67.110.
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This article examines mountain ski resort trail maps in North America in 2008. It looks at the styles of maps used by resorts and at the main artists involved in producing the maps. The survey included maps from 428 resorts with additional analysis of maps from the 100 largest resorts. Point of view and creation method are the primary factors in determining the style of each ski trail map. Artists have employed three main types of views for ski mountains: panoramas, profiles, and planimetric maps. Panoramic views are by far the most common type of map (86% of all maps and all of the maps at the top 100 areas). Profile views are used in 8% of the maps and planimetric views in only 6%. Production methods for ski trail maps fall into three main categories: painting, illustrating, and computer rendering. Maps created with painting techniques are the most widespread, in use at 72% of all resorts and at 89% of the top 100 areas. Those created in a hard-edged vector-based illustration style are in use at 20% of resorts and those created through computer modeling and rendering at 3% of resorts.Many artists have created ski trail maps for resorts in North America but one artist, James Niehues, has produced by far the most maps in current use. His maps are in use at over a quarter of all ski areas and at half of the top resorts. Niehues follows in the footsteps of two other Coloradans, Hal Shelton and then Bill Brown, and this Colorado School has been key in the development of a classic painted panoramic style of North American ski maps. Additional research is recommended to provide further details of the history of the maps and their creators as well as to analyze the artists’ terrain manipulations and to look at the growing use of electronic trail maps.
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Lynch, Julieta, and Gustavo Corrado. "Arqueología virtual aplicada al sitio Villavil, Catamarca, Argentina." Virtual Archaeology Review 5, no. 11 (October 23, 2014): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2014.4184.
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In this paper we present the results of the planimetric survey in the archaeological site of Villavil. This site its on the north of Hualfín valley, Catamarca, Argentina. This region was habitated since remote times until the Inca and the Spanish conquest. From the registration of the site with total station and virtual reality programs it was provided a more complete dataset for the interpretation of the functionality intrasite, in pre and post times to Inca arrival in the Northwestern Argentina.
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Predari, G., C. Bartolomei, C. Morganti, G. Mochi, and R. Gulli. "EXPEDITIOUS METHODS OF URBAN SURVEY FOR SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W17 (November 29, 2019): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w17-271-2019.
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Abstract. The aim of the proposal is to illustrate how expeditious procedures of urban survey carried out through photomodeling can be the most suitable representation tool in combination with an expeditious procedure for assessing the seismic vulnerability of the historic building heritage in Italian city centres. For some years, in fact, the research group is developing a protocol for the rapid assessment of the seismic vulnerability of masonry aggregate buildings in Italian historic centres.The protocol is based on the determination of synthetic indicators providing a preventive quantification of the possible earthquake damage. This evaluation procedure is oriented to prevent and reduce the current vulnerability, aiming at the conservation and preservation of the historic building heritage. The synthetic indicators are defined by identifying expeditious evaluation procedures based on the typical evolutionary processes suffered by each aggregate in its planimetric and height development, on the construction techniques and on the design concepts used in the local area; these aspects are directly correlated to failure modes.The application of the entire process (starting from the rapid survey phases up to the final restitution of the seismic vulnerability assessment results) is illustrated for the historic centre of Imola. The ancient nucleus of this city constitutes an excellent example, as it is clearly representative of the Emilian historical architecture both for the processes of formation and transformation of the inhabited area, both for what concerns the constructive characterization deriving from the local building traditions.
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Chilton, Steve, Hazel Faulkner, and Paul Zukowskyj. "Moderating accurate topographic EDM survey with expert-derived planimetric geomorphological information: a case study mapping soil pipes, Mocatán, SE Spain." Journal of Maps 4, no. 1 (January 2008): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4113/jom.2008.1012.
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Wang, De Bao, Jun Feng Qu, Xue Ling Fang, and Mei Lan Yu. "Key Technology Discussion on Surveying and Mapping 1:1000 Photogrammetric Digital Topographic Map of Laicheng Industrial Zone in Laiwu City." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 1166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.1166.
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Taking use of VirtuoZos digital photogrametric workstations of Supresoft Inc., employing full digital aerophotogrammetric mapping method, according to existing aerial photographic image database, at the foundation of basic control survey, we carry out aerial photographic control survey, surveying and mapping with pile point method, digital aerotriangulation and full digital stereocompilation. When taking 1:1000 topographic map obtained by indoor edition to field work for compration, supplement and regulation, we mainly aim at the following purposes: determining the nature and quantity as well as filling vacancy for ground and land features obtained by indoor stereocompilation; positioning for habitation, wall and railing, incompletely surveyed, drop shadow-covered and trees-obstructed ground features, as well as newly-added planimetric features after aerial photogrammetry; especially measuring the solid width of a house to centimeter and making eaves correction after measuring the length of a house when needed; correcting the geomatric positioning relationand of ground features according to their solid shape and fairly drawing them in the map; afterwards, we carry out graphic edition again during indoor work. Only in this way can we guarantee the horizontal and vertical accuracy of large scale photogrammetric mapping.
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Trizio, I., F. Savini, A. Giannangeli, S. Fiore, A. Marra, G. Fabbrocino, and A. Ruggieri. "VERSATIL TOOLS: DIGITAL SURVEY AND VIRTUAL REALITY FOR DOCUMENTATION, ANALYSIS AND FRUITION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN SEISMIC AREAS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W17 (November 29, 2019): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w17-377-2019.
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Abstract. The paper deals with an interdisciplinary research activity aiming at developing a digital and integrated tool able to collect several data concerning the cultural heritage, and to manage and communicate them to a wide community. The small church of San Menna, located in the hamlet with same name in the municipality of Lucoli not so far from L’Aquila city, was the object of the research. The church has been chosen for its historical significance, its architectural peculiarity and for the valuable artworks that it preserves. Based on a photogrammetric model of the church, also used for the remote analysis of cultural asset (planimetric and evolutionary hypotheses, three-dimensional stratigraphic analysis, etc.) a virtual word usable in Virtual Reality (VR) has been developed. The VR setting allows the accessibility of a digital semantic model with information that can be activated with special interactive hotspots (images, texts and audio), which are able to provide an immersive and all-encompassing experience to the tourist. The potentialities of the same tool in the context of diagnosis and conservation process related to cultural heritage in seismic areas, such as those of the Abruzzi Apennines, have also been investigated through the integration of forms concerning the significant features of the artistic assets surveyed in the construction.
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Aliberti, L., and P. Iglesias Picazo. "CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY PRACTICE: GRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION OF THE INTERIOR OF THE WALLS OF AVILA (SPAIN)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 19, 2019): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-49-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This work presents the results of the photogrammetric survey of the inner side of the walls of Avila. The graphical restitution realized is part of the studies for the Master Plan of the walls of Avila promoted by the Cultural Heritage Institute (IPCE), under the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport in 2017. The monument has been extensively drawn throughout history, but there isn’t a complete and detailed planimetric documentation of its whole extent. The huge dimensions of the walls and the different conditions of the visible sectors of the interior side were difficult conditions to overcome. The versatility and great accuracy of photogrammetric method allowed the reconstruction of the interior of the walls in a short time and with accurate results . Moreover the possibility of integrating the results with previous surveys made it possible to present a complete and coherent documentation of the walls. This is an important point and in the research a continuity is sought between restitutions carried out with tools and at different times. In addition, a series of considerations are advanced about the transformation of traditional methods of representation of architectural heritage.</p>
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Galizia, Mariateresa, Cettina Santagati, and Mariarita Sgarlata. "Topografía digital y nuevas perspectivas en el oratorio bizantino de la catacumba de Santa Lucía de Siracusa." Virtual Archaeology Review 5, no. 11 (October 23, 2014): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2014.4175.
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The study conducted Oratory Byzantine catacombs of Saint Lucia in Syracuse comes from the observation of the precarious condition of the underground funerary complex from the point of view of the static structures, which have undergone several alterations over the centuries due to landslides, blockages, collapses and subsequent excavations, conservation of the frescoes found that as a result of survey campaigns that have occurred intermittently on the monument. These difficulties have conditioned the public opening of only a part of the catacombs -la region A and the Oratory of the Forty Martiri- leaving hidden the community many significant spaces including the Oratory. The research will then, through the survey instrument with laser scanner, acquire a geometric-formal documentation of this important area through a 3D model on which to investigate aspects of a static nature, geological, material, historical, archaeological, necessary for a proper design of future interventions for the protection and consolidation of the catacomb. In fact, the 3D model obtained is a virtual copy of the recorded space through which it is possible to speculate on some design and physical environmental conditions of the sites, such as lighting and ventilation, and on some solutions distribution-functional, providing also a possible model for 3D navigation allows the virtual tour of the places underground. The location of the site, the distribution of the planimetric and static environmental conditions represented in research critical issues to be addressed in the survey phase of underground sites, providing for the research group of the fixed points on which to structure a possible protocol operating acquisition, integration, management and processing of the acquired data subject to change.
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Le Bris, A., S. Giordano, and C. Mallet. "CNN SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION TO RETRIEVE PAST LAND COVER OUT OF HISTORICAL ORTHOIMAGES AND DSM: FIRST EXPERIMENTS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-2-2020 (August 3, 2020): 1013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-2-2020-1013-2020.
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Abstract. Images from archival aerial photogrammetric surveys are a unique and relatively unexplored means to chronicle 3D land-cover changes occurred since the mid 20th century. They provide a relatively dense temporal sampling of the territories with a very high spatial resolution. Thus, they offer time series data which can answer a large variety of long-term environmental monitoring studies. Besides, they are generally stereoscopic surveys, making it possible to derive 3D information (Digital Surface Models). In recent years, they have often been digitized, making them more suitable to be considered in automatic analyses processes. Some photogrammetric softwares make it possible to retrieve their geometry (pose and camera calibration) and to generate corresponding DSM and orthophotomosaic. Thus, archival aerial photogrammetric surveys appear as being a powerful remote sensing data source to study land use/cover evolution over the last century. However, several difficulties have to be faced to be able to use them in automatic analysis processes. Indeed, surveys available on a study area can exhibit very different characteristics: survey pattern, focal, spatial resolution, modality (panchromatic, colour, infrared…). Planimetric and altimetric accuracies of derived products strongly depend on these characteristics. Thus, analysis processes have to cope with these uncertainties. Another important gap states in the lack of training data. Deep learning methods and especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are at present the most efficient semantic segmentation methods as long as a sufficient training dataset is available. However, temporal gaps can be very important between existing available databases and archival data. In this study, two custom variants of simple yet effective U-net - Deconv-Net inspired DL architectures are developed to process ortho-image and DSM based information. They are then trained out of a groundtruth derived out of a recent database to process archival datasets.
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Lopez, J., and R. Munjy. "DIGITAL SURFACE MODEL DERIVED FROM UAS IMAGERY ASSESSMENT USING HIGH-PRECISION AERIAL LIDAR AS REFERENCE SURFACE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-2-2020 (November 17, 2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-2-2020-61-2020.
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Abstract. Imagery captured from aerial unmanned systems (UAS) has found significant utility in the field of surveying and mapping as the efforts of the computer vision field combined the principles of photogrammetry. Its respectability in the remote sensing community as increased as the miniaturization of on-board survey-grade global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal receivers has made it possible to produce high network accuracy contributing to effective aerotriangulation. UAS photogrammetry has gained much popularity because of its effectiveness, efficiency, economy, and especially its availability and ease of use. Although photogrammetry has proven to meet and exceed planimetric precision and accuracy, variables tend to cause deficiencies in the achievement of accuracy in the vertical plane. This research aims to demonstrate achievable overall accuracy of surface modelling through minimization of systematic errors at a significant level using a fixed-wing platform designed for high-accuracy surveying with the eBee Plus and X models by SenseFly equipped with survey-grade GNSS signal-receiving capabilities and 20MP integrated, fixed-focal length camera. The UAS campaign was flown over a site 320 m by 320 m with 81 surveyed 3D ground control points, where horizontal positions were surveyed to 1.0 cm horizontal accuracy and 0.5 cm vertical accuracy using static GNSS methods and digital leveling respectively. All AT accuracy was based on 75 independent checkpoints. The digital surface model (DSM) was compared to a reference DSM generated from high-precision manned aerial LiDAR using the Optech Galaxy scanner. Overall accuracy was in the sub-decimeter level vertically in both commercial software used, including Pix4Dmapper and Agisoft Metashape.
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Darwin, Norhadija, and Anuar Ahmad. "Fast Data Acquisition of Aerial Images Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v3i3.pp162-170.
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The present work discusses the technique and methodology of analysing the potential of fast data acquisition of aerial images using unmanned aerial vehicle system. This study utilizes UAV system for large scale mapping by using digital camera attached to the UAV. UAV is developed from the low-altitude photogrammetric mapping to perform the accuracy of the aerial photography and the resolution of the image. The Ground Control Points (GCPs) and Check Points (CPs) are established using Rapid Static techniques through GPS observation for registration purpose in photogrammetric process. The GCPs is used in the photogrammetric processes to produce photogrammetric output while the CP is employed for accuracy assessment. A Pentax Optio W90 consumer digital camera is also used in image acquisition of the aerial photograph. Besides, this study also involves image processing and map production using Erdas Imagine 8.6 software. The accuracy of the orthophoto is determined using the equation of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The final result from orthophoto is compared to the ground survey using total station to show the different accuracy of DEM and planimetric survey. It is discovered that root mean square errors obtained from UAV system are ± 0.510, ± 0.564 and ± 0.622 for coordinate x, y and z respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that the accuracy obtained from UAV system is achieved in sub meter. In a nutshell, UAV system has potential use for large scale mapping in field of surveying and other diversified environmental applications especially for small area which has limited time and less man power.
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García-Pulido, L. J., J. Ruiz Jaramillo, and M. I. Alba Dorado. "HERITAGE SURVEY AND SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE WATCHTOWERS THAT DEFENDED THE LAST ISLAMIC KINGDOM IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA (THIRTEEN TO FIFETEENTH CENTURY)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-259-2017.
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The Islamic Nasrid kingdom of Granada occupied the mountainous areas of the southeastern area of the Iberian Peninsula. There, a natural border was established between the Nasrid kingdom and the Christian kingdom of Castile from 1232 to 1492. To control this frontier and establish visual communication between it and the Nasrid center at the Alhambra citadel, an extensive network of watchtowers and defensive towers was constructed.<br><br> Studies have been done of individual towers, but no comparative study has been undertaken of all of them. Graphic, homogenous, and exhaustively planimetric documentation would bring together existing information on the majority of them and enable comparative analysis. For this reason, this work conducts systematic architectural surveys of all these military structures, using photogrammetry.<br><br> In addition to studying the construction typology and techniques, the structural capacity of these towers has been analyzed. It examines how they have been affected by human and natural destructive forces, especially earthquakes, which are common in eastern Andalusia. Although all the historical military architecture is protected by the Spanish and Andalusian Heritage laws, many of these medieval towers and their cultural landscapes are in severe risk.<br><br> The towers are being studied as individual specimens (emphasizing their differences) and as a unit in a typological group (looking for similarities and unifying characteristics). New technologies for Information and Communication are being used in order to disseminate the results among specialists and to make them available to the general public. Guidelines for restoration projects are also being formulated from the cases analyzed.
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Wagle, Nimisha, and Tri Dev Acharya. "Past and Present Practices of Topographic Base Map Database Update in Nepal." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060397.
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Topographic Base Maps (TBMs) are those maps that portray ground relief as the form of contour lines and show planimetric details. Various other maps like geomorphological maps, contour maps, and land use planning maps are derived from topographical maps. In this constantly changing world, the update of TBMs is indispensable. In Nepal, their update and maintenance are done by the Survey Department (SD) as a national mapping agency. This paper presents the history of topographical mapping and the reasons for the lack of updates. Currently, the SD is updating the TBM database using panchromatic and multispectral images from the Zi Yuan-3 (ZY-3) satellite with a resolution of 2.1 and 5.8 m, respectively. The updated methodology includes the orthorectification of images, the pansharpening of images, field data collection, digitization, change detection, and updating, the overlay of vector data and field verification, data quality control, and printing map production. A TBM in the Dang district of Nepal is presented as casework to show the changes in the area and issues faced during the update. Though the present digitizing procedure is time-consuming and labor-intensive, the use of high-resolution imagery has made mapping accurate and has produced high-quality maps. However, audit and automation can be introduced from the experiences of other countries for accurate and frequent updates of the TBM database in Nepal.
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Tennant, C., B. Menounos, and R. Wheate. "Area change of glaciers in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, 1919 to 2006." Cryosphere Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 9, 2012): 2327–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-6-2327-2012.
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Abstract. We used Interprovincial Boundary Commission Survey (IBCS) maps of the Alberta–British Columbia (BC) border (1903–1924), BC Terrain Resource Information Management (TRIM) data (1982–1987), and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery (2000–2002 and 2006) to document planimetric changes in glacier cover in the Central and Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains between 1919 and 2006. Total glacierized area decreased by 590 ± 100 km2 (40 ± 7%), with 17 of 523 glaciers disappearing and 124 glaciers fragmenting into multiple ice masses. Fourteen of the glaciers that disappeared were less than 0.5 km2, and glaciers smaller than 1.0 km2 experienced the greatest relative area loss (64 ± 17%). Variation in area loss increased with small glaciers, suggesting local topographic setting controls the response of these glaciers to climate change. Absolute area loss negatively correlates with slope and minimum elevation, and relative area change negatively correlates with mean and median elevations. Similar average rates of area change were observed for the periods 1919–1985 and 1985–2001, at −6.3 ± 0.9 km2 yr−1 (−0.4 ± 0.1% yr−1) and −5.0 ± 0.5 km2 yr−1 (−0.3 ± 0.1% yr−1), respectively. The rate of area loss significantly increased for the period 2001–2006, −19.3 ± 2.4 km2 yr−1 (−1.3 ± 0.2% yr−1), with continued high minimum and accumulation season temperature anomalies and variable precipitation anomalies.
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Collado-Espejo, P. E., J. García-León, F. J. Jiménez-González, and C. M. Sánchez-Yepes. "DIGITAL ANALYSIS WITH 3D SCANNING AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELLING OF THE MAIN CHURCH OF ST. MARY – THE OLD CATHEDRAL, CARTAGENA (REGION OF MURCIA, SPAIN)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-327-2020.
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Abstract. The former Church of St. Mary, known as the Old Cathedral, in Cartagena (Region of Murcia, Spain), is a construction from the beginning of the 13th century, but it was transformed in the 16th century and rebuilt at the beginning of the 20th century. The bombings occurring during the Spanish Civil War caused the partial collapse of the building and the state of ruin that it currently presents. It is protected as a PCI with the category of monument. A Master Plan is currently being developed that should lead to the recovery of the building. The "Thermal Analysis and Geomatics (TAG)" Research Group of the Polytechnic University of Cartagena has collaborated in the drafting of the Master Plan with a planimetric survey and graphic analysis of the entire building. For this purpose, digital terrestrial photogrammetry techniques and a 3D laser scanner compatible with classical topography have been used, in order to obtain an accurate three-dimensional model. All this graphic information has been contrasted with the historical, typological, material and constructive information currently available about the building, which has facilitated the making of an exhaustive three-dimensional analysis that permits us to know this ancient Cathedral in depth. This paper will describe the work methodology followed, the technical means used and the results achieved, which have been incorporated into the Master Plan that is being prepared. Undoubtedly, the digital analysis has helped to obtain a better general understanding of the building and to be able to propose a correct formal, structural and material recomposition.
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Li, Teng, Baogang Zhang, Xiao Cheng, Matthew Westoby, Zhenhong Li, Chi Ma, Fengming Hui, et al. "Resolving Fine-Scale Surface Features on Polar Sea Ice: A First Assessment of UAS Photogrammetry Without Ground Control." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070784.
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Mapping landfast sea ice at a fine spatial scale is not only meaningful for geophysical study, but is also of benefit for providing information about human activities upon it. The combination of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) with structure from motion (SfM) methods have already revolutionized the current close-range Earth observation paradigm. To test their feasibility in characterizing the properties and dynamics of fast ice, three flights were carried out in the 2016–2017 austral summer during the 33rd Chinese National Antarctic Expedition (CHINARE), focusing on the area of the Prydz Bay in East Antarctica. Three-dimensional models and orthomosaics from three sorties were constructed from a total of 205 photos using Agisoft PhotoScan software. Logistical challenges presented by the terrain precluded the deployment of a dedicated ground control network; however, it was still possible to indirectly assess the performance of the photogrammetric products through an analysis of the statistics of the matching network, bundle adjustment, and Monte-Carlo simulation. Our results show that the matching networks are quite strong, given a sufficient number of feature points (mostly > 20,000) or valid matches (mostly > 1000). The largest contribution to the total error using our direct georeferencing approach is attributed to inaccuracies in the onboard position and orientation system (POS) records, especially in the vehicle height and yaw angle. On one hand, the 3D precision map reveals that planimetric precision is usually about one-third of the vertical estimate (typically 20 cm in the network centre). On the other hand, shape-only errors account for less than 5% for the X and Y dimensions and 20% for the Z dimension. To further illustrate the UAS’s capability, six representative surface features are selected and interpreted by sea ice experts. Finally, we offer pragmatic suggestions and guidelines for planning future UAS-SfM surveys without the use of ground control. The work represents a pioneering attempt to comprehensively assess UAS-SfM survey capability in fast ice environments, and could serve as a reference for future improvements.
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Tennant, C., B. Menounos, R. Wheate, and J. J. Clague. "Area change of glaciers in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, 1919 to 2006." Cryosphere 6, no. 6 (December 20, 2012): 1541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1541-2012.
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Abstract. Glaciers in the Canadian Rocky Mountains constitute an important freshwater resource. To enhance our understanding of the influence climate and local topography have on glacier area, large numbers of glaciers of different sizes and attributes need to be monitored over periods of many decades. We used Interprovincial Boundary Commission Survey (IBCS) maps of the Alberta–British Columbia (BC) border (1903–1924), BC Terrain Resource Information Management (TRIM) data (1982–1987), and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery (2000–2002 and 2006) to document planimetric changes in glacier cover in the central and southern Canadian Rocky Mountains between 1919 and 2006. Over this period, glacier cover in the study area decreased by 590 ± 70 km2 (40 ± 5%), 17 of 523 glaciers disappeared and 124 glaciers fragmented into multiple ice masses. Glaciers smaller than 1.0 km2 experienced the greatest relative area loss (64 ± 8%), and relative area loss is more variable with small glaciers, suggesting that the local topographic setting controls the response of these glaciers to climate change. Small glaciers with low slopes, low mean/median elevations, south to west aspects, and high insolation experienced the largest reduction in area. Similar rates of area change characterize the periods 1919–1985 and 1985–2001; −6.3 ± 0.6 km2 yr−1 (−0.4 ± 0.1% yr−1) and −5.0 ± 0.5 km2 yr−1 (−0.5 ± 0.1% yr−1), respectively. The rate of area loss, however, increased over the period 2001–2006; −19.3 ± 2.4 km2 yr−1 (−2.0 ± 0.2% yr−1). Applying size class-specific scaling factors, we estimate a total reduction in glacier cover in the central and southern Canadian Rocky Mountains for the period 1919–2006 of 750 km2 (30%).
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Lucchitta, B. K., K. Edwards, E. M. Eliason, and J. Bowell. "Multi-Spectral Landsat Image Maps of Antarctica (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 9 (1987): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500000926.
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The US Geological Survey is conducting a program to prepare digitally enhanced Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Landsat images of Antarctica. The goal is to furnish accurate planimetric, false-colour composite image maps in Lambert conformal conic projection for the following purposes: (1) to locate and delineate blue-ice areas for the collection of meteorites; (2) to produce special purpose maps showing selected features; (3) to provide synoptic views that aid in the detection and interpretation of glaciological features associated with the inland ice sheet, outlet glaciers, ice streams, and ice shelves; (4) to monitor changes in coastline and glacial features; (5) to enable the superposition and correlation of different types of digital cartographic data; and (6) to furnish spectral and (or) structural information in areas of limited bedrock outcrop to aid in regional geologic interpretation. Only the first four of these objectives are addressed here. About 170 Landsat computer-compatible tapes covering Victoria Land, the coastline of West Antarctica, the Antarctic Peninsula, and other selected areas were assembled into false-color, multi-spectral, digital composites of band 4 (0.5 to 0.6 μm, green), band 5 (0.6 to 0.7 μm, red) and band 7 (0.8 to 1.1 μm, near infra-red). The tapes were subjected to routine image-processing procedures, such as noise removal and radiometric and geometric corrections. Further processing included haze removal and enhancement by linear stretching of individual MSS bands based on inspection of gray-value (digital-number) histograms. Saturation of snow-covered scenes in bands 4, 5, and 6 is a severe problem in Landsat MSS images of Antarctica and makes many images unsuitable for multi-spectral work. We have developed special techniques to restore the saturated snow-and-ice information in these bands to overcome this problem. The Landsat image maps have different formats, depending on their planned applications. An example of a planimetric image map is the one of the McMurdo Sound area; it is based on excellent ground control and processed at full spatial resolution. It comprises five complete and three partial 1 : 250 000 scale topographic quadrangles. One of these is the Convoy Range quadrangle which includes the Allan Hills meteorite-collection site. Blue-ice areas show exceptionally well on this quadrangle, and new information on blue-ice locations and delineations was obtained from it. Thematic maps prepared for the Byrd Glacier area selectively show only rock or ice areas, thus depicting the location of desired features. Synoptic-view maps and mosaics provide information on flow lines associated with ice streams, the location of ice rises, ice rumples, and other possible grounded areas, and the location and extent of buried mountain ranges. Image maps which cover the same area at different times do show changes: a 10-year interval between Landsat images obtained in the Byrd Glacier area shows that crevasses had opened and rifts had drifted within the floating part of the glacier; measurements of the changed positions have yielded average velocities for glacier and ice-shelf movements in that area. The ease with which the dynamics of the coastline can be monitored on Landsat images is particularly useful, because such changes have implications for variations in world climate.
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Lucchitta, B. K., K. Edwards, E. M. Eliason, and J. Bowell. "Multi-Spectral Landsat Image Maps of Antarctica (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 9 (1987): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500000926.
Full textAbstract:
The US Geological Survey is conducting a program to prepare digitally enhanced Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Landsat images of Antarctica. The goal is to furnish accurate planimetric, false-colour composite image maps in Lambert conformal conic projection for the following purposes: (1) to locate and delineate blue-ice areas for the collection of meteorites; (2) to produce special purpose maps showing selected features; (3) to provide synoptic views that aid in the detection and interpretation of glaciological features associated with the inland ice sheet, outlet glaciers, ice streams, and ice shelves; (4) to monitor changes in coastline and glacial features; (5) to enable the superposition and correlation of different types of digital cartographic data; and (6) to furnish spectral and (or) structural information in areas of limited bedrock outcrop to aid in regional geologic interpretation. Only the first four of these objectives are addressed here.About 170 Landsat computer-compatible tapes covering Victoria Land, the coastline of West Antarctica, the Antarctic Peninsula, and other selected areas were assembled into false-color, multi-spectral, digital composites of band 4 (0.5 to 0.6 μm, green), band 5 (0.6 to 0.7 μm, red) and band 7 (0.8 to 1.1 μm, near infra-red). The tapes were subjected to routine image-processing procedures, such as noise removal and radiometric and geometric corrections. Further processing included haze removal and enhancement by linear stretching of individual MSS bands based on inspection of gray-value (digital-number) histograms. Saturation of snow-covered scenes in bands 4, 5, and 6 is a severe problem in Landsat MSS images of Antarctica and makes many images unsuitable for multi-spectral work. We have developed special techniques to restore the saturated snow-and-ice information in these bands to overcome this problem.The Landsat image maps have different formats, depending on their planned applications. An example of a planimetric image map is the one of the McMurdo Sound area; it is based on excellent ground control and processed at full spatial resolution. It comprises five complete and three partial 1 : 250 000 scale topographic quadrangles. One of these is the Convoy Range quadrangle which includes the Allan Hills meteorite-collection site. Blue-ice areas show exceptionally well on this quadrangle, and new information on blue-ice locations and delineations was obtained from it.Thematic maps prepared for the Byrd Glacier area selectively show only rock or ice areas, thus depicting the location of desired features. Synoptic-view maps and mosaics provide information on flow lines associated with ice streams, the location of ice rises, ice rumples, and other possible grounded areas, and the location and extent of buried mountain ranges. Image maps which cover the same area at different times do show changes: a 10-year interval between Landsat images obtained in the Byrd Glacier area shows that crevasses had opened and rifts had drifted within the floating part of the glacier; measurements of the changed positions have yielded average velocities for glacier and ice-shelf movements in that area. The ease with which the dynamics of the coastline can be monitored on Landsat images is particularly useful, because such changes have implications for variations in world climate.
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Mileto, Camilla, Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares, Valentina Cristini, and Pedro M. Cabezos Bernal. "Burial architecture. 3D dissemination study for a selection of Byzantine graves." Virtual Archaeology Review 12, no. 24 (January 19, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2021.13187.
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<p class="VARAbstract">The former polis of Tall-as-Sin (in the current province of Deir ez-Zor, Syria) grew considerably during Justinian's reign in the 6<sup>th</sup> century AD. Its cemetery, outside the walls, presents an extraordinary Byzantine necropolis, where 163 hypogea graves were documented, thanks to recent archaeological campaigns financed by the Ministry of Culture (PAMES-Sirio Euphrates Middle Archaeological Project). This paper presents the research for obtaining three-dimensional (3D) models of graves, selected in the cemetery, by combining information (obtained from planimetric and photographic surveys of the site) with taxonomic features (types of arcosolia, vaults, accesses, stairways...). The 3D modelling process is carried out using data collected during the survey of the graves. These data are then used to restore the surfaces which cover the burial chambers dug out in the ground. The modelling technique was based on generating surfaces, incorporating the different sections and profiles obtained during the data collection phase. The surfaces generated enclose the volume of the dug-out space so that the definitive grave models were obtained using a simple Boolean operation, removing these volumes from a prism-shaped piece representing a portion of the land, thus emptying the interior. The result has provided a reliable and rigorous graphic basis for the design and printing of 3D mockups, contributing to the dissemination of the exhibition called "A retrospective on five years of archaeological activities in Syria".</p><p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Contributing to Byzantine architecture classification in the Middle East, including specific case-studies, interesting both from archaeological and architectural research fields.</p></li><li><p>Experimenting and investigating tools for the study, representation and conservation of archaeological finds, combining 3D digital and 3D printing mockups.</p></li><li><p>Incorporating resources for promoting and disseminating archaeological and architectural heritage, raising awareness among local Syrian population and authorities, allowing them to rediscover their own heritage, often neglected.</p></li></ul>
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Editorial, Equipo. "Planimetría de tres catedrales españolas: Segovia, Burgos y Palencia." Informes de la Construcción 41, no. 401 (June 30, 1989): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ic.1989.v41.i401.1532.
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Matracchi, P., F. Radicioni, A. Stoppini, and G. Tosi. "THE CATHEDRAL OF S. LORENZO IN PERUGIA AND THE HYPOGEAL SPACES. GEOMATIC TECHNIQUES FOR SPATIAL INVESTIGATIONS AIMED AT THE KNOWLEDGE AND INTERPRETATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE TRANSEPT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-849-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The area of the monumental complex of the Cathedral and the rectories of S. Lorenzo, located on the “acropolis” of Perugia, has been for more than two thousand years the main religious and civil reference site of all populations since the origin of the city of Perugia. The aim of this research was to survey the monumental complex of the Cathedral of San Lorenzo through the use of various geomatic techniques, with particular attention to the areas of the apse, the transept, the attic, the upper courtyard and the lower one, together with the hypogeal rooms of the Capitular Museum underlying the church, including important and impressive ruins as a portion of an Etruscan terracing wall (2nd century BC).</p><p>The complex is extremely articulated, so it was necessary to correlate external and hypogeal internal spaces; the site is also characterized by the existence of numerous archaeological traces of various origins, resulting from the succession of events developed over the centuries and countless works that have been integrated, juxtaposed and in some cases replaced by previous ones. All this circumstances contribute to make not easy the understanding of the planimetric and altimetric relationships existing between the different parts and the identification of the real context of the architectural elements is equally complex. The need to connect different areas of the monumental complex located at different levels (from hypogeal rooms and vaults to the church, the attic and the external squares and streets) has required a coordinated and integrated use of geomatic techniques such as precision GNSS positioning (outside the building) and the creation of a very articulated three-dimensional geodetic network connecting the external GNSS vertices with the internal reference points and targets placed in the different areas to frame in a unique global datum the subsequent detailed surveys performed with LIDAR and photogrammetric techniques, so that the single scans and local surveys could be assembled to form a unique 3D model. Among the many aspects highlighted, in particular, it was possible to understand the genesis of the cathedral transept, whose size was dictated by an imposing Etruscan wall. Until now the ruins of the ancient cathedral complex were known - referring to three different buildings, the cathedral, the dodecagonal bell tower and the chapel of Sant'Ercolano - incorporated into the side of the basilical body in front of Piazza IV Novembre. From additional ruins attributed to the structure of the ancient cathedral, it was obtained that the level of the floor of the church has been substantially maintained in the current cathedral.</p>
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Tampubolon, W., and W. Reinhardt. "UAV Data Processing for Large Scale Topographical Mapping." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5 (June 6, 2014): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-565-2014.
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Large scale topographical mapping in the third world countries is really a prominent challenge in geospatial industries nowadays. On one side the demand is significantly increasing while on the other hand it is constrained by limited budgets available for mapping projects. Since the advent of Act Nr.4/yr.2011 about Geospatial Information in Indonesia, large scale topographical mapping has been on high priority for supporting the nationwide development e.g. detail spatial planning. Usually large scale topographical mapping relies on conventional aerial survey campaigns in order to provide high resolution 3D geospatial data sources. Widely growing on a leisure hobby, aero models in form of the so-called Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) bring up alternative semi photogrammetric aerial data acquisition possibilities suitable for relatively small Area of Interest (AOI) i.e. <5,000 hectares. For detail spatial planning purposes in Indonesia this area size can be used as a mapping unit since it usually concentrates on the basis of sub district area (kecamatan) level. In this paper different camera and processing software systems will be further analyzed for identifying the best optimum UAV data acquisition campaign components in combination with the data processing scheme. The selected AOI is covering the cultural heritage of Borobudur Temple as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. A detailed accuracy assessment will be concentrated within the object feature of the temple at the first place. Feature compilation involving planimetric objects (2D) and digital terrain models (3D) will be integrated in order to provide Digital Elevation Models (DEM) as the main interest of the topographic mapping activity. By doing this research, incorporating the optimum amount of GCPs in the UAV photo data processing will increase the accuracy along with its high resolution in 5 cm Ground Sampling Distance (GSD). Finally this result will be used as the benchmark for alternative geospatial data acquisition in the future in which it can support national large scale topographical mapping program up to the 1:1.000 map scale.
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Machado, Roriz Luciano, Alexander Silva de Resende, Eduardo Francia Carneiro Campello, José Arimathéa Oliveira, and Avílio Antônio Franco. "Soil and nutrient losses in erosion gullies at different degrees of restoration." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 34, no. 3 (June 2010): 945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832010000300036.
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The most advanced stage of water erosion, the gully, represents severe problems in different contexts, both in rural and urban environments. In the search for a stabilization of the process in a viable manner it is of utmost importance to assess the efficiency of evaluation methodologies. For this purpose, the efficiency of low-cost conservation practices were tested for the reduction of soil and nutrient losses caused by erosion from gullies in Pinheiral, state of Rio de Janeiro. The following areas were studied: gully recovered by means of physical and biological strategies; gullies in recovering stage, by means of physical strategies only, and gullies under no restoration treatment. During the summer of 2005/2006, the following data sets were collected for this study: soil classification of each of the eroded gully areas; planimetric and altimetric survey; determination of rain erosivity indexes; determination of amount of soil sediment; sediment grain size characteristics; natural amounts of nutrients Ca, Mg, K and P, as well as total C and N concentrations. The results for the three first measurements were 52.5, 20.5, and 29.0 Mg in the sediments from the gully without intervention, and of 1.0, 1.7 and 1.8 Mg from the gully with physical interventions, indicating an average reduction of 95 %. The fully recovered gully produced no sediment during the period. The data of total nutrient loss from the three gullies under investigation showed reductions of 98 % for the recovering gully, and 99 % for the fully recovered one. As for the loss of nutrients, the data indicate a nutrient loss of 1,811 kg from for the non-treated gully. The use of physical and biological interventions made it possible to reduce overall nutrient loss by more than 96 %, over the entire rainy season, as compared to the non-treated gully. Results show that the methods used were effective in reducing soil and nutrient losses from gullies.
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Seyhan, Ahmet. "PLANIMETRIC GAIN IN Z-PLASTY." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 107, no. 6 (May 2001): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200105000-00066.
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Irlbeck, Thomas, Silke Janitza, Balázs Poros, Monika Golebiewski, Lorenz Frey, Philipp M. Paprottka, Teresa da Silva, Michael Irlbeck, Wolfgang Böcker, and Thomas Weig. "Quantification of Adipose Tissue and Muscle Mass Based on Computed Tomography Scans: Comparison of Eight Planimetric and Diametric Techniques Including a Step-By-Step Guide." European Surgical Research 59, no. 1-2 (2018): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000486173.
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Background: Recent scientific work proved that knowledge about body composition beyond the body mass index is essential. Both adipose tissue and muscular status are determining risk factors of morbidity and mortality. Analysis of single cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) images, acquired during routine care only to prevent additional radiation exposure, provide a detailed insight into the body composition of chronically and critically ill patients. Methods: This retrospective study included 490 trauma patients of whom a whole-body multiple detector CT scan was acquired at admission. From a single cross-sectional CT, we compared eight diametric and planimetric techniques for the assessment of core muscle mass as well as visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Furthermore, we derived formulas for converting the measurement results of various techniques into each other. Results: For intra- and interobserver reliability, we obtained intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranging from 0.947 to 0.997 (intraobserver reliability) and from 0.850 to 0.998 (interobserver reliability) for planimetric measurements. Diametric techniques conferred lower ICCs with 0.851–0.995 and 0.833–0.971, respectively. Overall, area-based measurements of abdominal adipose tissue yielded highly correlated results with diametric measures of obesity. For example, the Pearson correlation of visceral adipose tissue and sagittal abdominal diameter was 0.87 for male and 0.82 for female patients. Planimetric and diametric muscle measurements correlated best for lean psoas area and bilateral diametric measurement of the psoas with a Pearson correlation of 0.90 and 0.93 for male and female patients, respectively. Conclusion: Planimetric measurements should remain the gold standard to describe fat and muscle compartments. Diametric measurements could however serve as a surrogate if planimetric techniques are not readily available or feasible as for example in large registries.
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Mahaley, M. Stephen, G. Yancey Gillespie, and Rita Hammett. "Computerized tomography brain scan tumor volume determinations." Journal of Neurosurgery 72, no. 6 (June 1990): 872–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.72.6.0872.
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✓ In an effort to define more precisely and objectively computerized tomography (CT) brain scan evidence of glioma patient response to treatment, planimetric measurements of serial CT images of enhancing tumor areas were made using a digitizing tablet interfaced to a microcomputer for computing three-dimensional tumor volumes. The ability of a single investigator to measure a “significant change” in tumor volume was determined from that investigator's coefficient of variation (COV) for triplicate volume measurements (a total of 1701) on 155 scans of 27 patients with malignant gliomas. Planimetric volume data were compared with geometric computation of volumes based upon the product of the maximum diameter of enhancing tumor and the perpendicular diameter for each image made simultaneously with each planimetric measurement. The planimetric method COV was less than that for geometric computation, and the former method was employed for analysis of response to therapy in these same patients. Overall, for a tumor volume change to be significant (COV plus 2 standard errors of the means), the percentage change was determined to be 20%. However, the smaller the tumor volume being measured, the greater was the percentage change required in order to be significant. Thus, minimal measurable changes (%) were separately defined for large (> 14 cc), medium (8 to 14 cc), and small (< 8 cc) tumor volumes. Tumor volumes computed from baseline (prior to investigational therapy) and from subsequent serial CT scans were compared, with response defined as a significant change. Responses to therapy based on significant volume changes were compared in each instance to the conventional visual viewbox comparison (“Gestalt”) of serial scans. In 28% of scan comparisons, planimetric technique sensitivity permitted determination of significant enlargement or reduction in tumor size, while Gestalt comparison suggested no change. The use of quantitative tumor volume analysis of planimetric determinations of changes in tumor size during investigational therapy appears to permit recognition of either progression or regression of tumor size earlier than by Gestalt comparison in one-fourth of instances.
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Vosselman, George. "Automated planimetric quality control in high accuracy airborne laser scanning surveys." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 74 (November 2012): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2012.09.002.
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Ribeiro, Roberto de Figueiredo. "Measuring distance through topographic models." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-313-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Accurate measurement of distances is of paramount importance to transportation infrastructure planning. Be it for estimating travel time, locating accidents and hazards through road markers, planning maintenance services, or setting prices for building contracts, distance is the primary metric upon which all aspects of the job are based, given that transportation infrastructure deals mostly with linear features. Yet, countries with older infrastructure often don’t know for how long their networks run &ndash; especially so in case of developing countries. Brazil currently has over 2640000&thinsp;km of roads, with construction documentation lacking for most of the network. The most used method for generating distance measurements, the car odometer from driving between two points, while apt for doing macro-regional planning, is unfit for large-scale engineering work, as this study shows below.</p><p>The industry standard for measuring distances uses a precision odometer connected to specialized tires, used either on their own or as a “fifth wheel” on a vehicle. Such method, however, is laborious and slow, and only generates a scalar between two points, with any new distance necessitating a new measurement, even if the two sets share a common space, or if one distance is a subset of the other. This paper proposes the usage of systematic mapping techniques to generate topographic linear features with measuring information, from which any distance can be calculated. To generate these features, first a linear path is constructed in GIS software over a route. The height information of each node in the path is then extracted from a source, and then the topographic distance is calculated from the vertical profile. Finally, an M coordinate is generated for each node.</p><p>For comparison between sources, a base path was used as ground truth. This path was constructed from a GNSS survey along the road, collected on cinematic mode at 10Hz (1.1&thinsp;m gap between points), and post-processed with fixed-phase relative positioning tied to a base station. The mean positional quality achieved was 2.5 cm of planimetric, and 4.3&thinsp;cm of altimetric precision. Two other sources of height information were used for comparison, one a flight DTM with 33&thinsp;cm LE90 and 1 m of cell size, and the NASA 1 Arc-second SRTM with a nominal 9&thinsp;m LE90 and 30&thinsp;m cell size. Furthermore, a planimetric distance using a navigational GPS device (C/A code only) was also calculated. Two highways were selected for testing, and divided into 341 segments of 200 meters each, to account for the influence of slope in the calculations.</p><p>As expected, the flight DTM came the closest to the base model, deviating from it at an average of 31.95&thinsp;ppm, with 2.8&thinsp;ppm of standard error. It is, however, the most expensive and time-consuming method. The SRTM deviated an average of 5131.53&thinsp;ppm and showed very high variation, with 8481.96&thinsp;ppm of standard error. The navigation GPS deviated at an average of 685.18 ppm, with 633.11&thinsp;ppm of standard error. Both the SRTM and GPS appear to deviate further from the base model as slope increases, but given that few segments with over 2.5&deg; of slope were present in the sample, a correlation could not yet be established. For comparison, the average of the car odometer method was 16654.51 ppm, with a standard error of 22661.69&thinsp;ppm.</p><p> Given its high deviation, the SRTM is unfit for precision work, but is a big improvement over using the car odometer for general indications. Further studies with mid-range DTMs should be done to provide a remote sensing alternative. The handheld GPS had better results than expected, given its nominal precision of 15&thinsp;m. Despite a probable larger absolute positioning error, its relative error distribution remained steady enough to allow a good distance measurement.</p>
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Rudnicki, Mark, and Thomas H. Meyer. "Methods to Convert Local Sampling Coordinates into Geographic Information System/Global Positioning Systems (GIS/GPS)–Compatible Coordinate Systems." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/24.3.233.
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Abstract Laying out a sampling transect in the field is a common task when researching natural systems and resources. With widespread availability of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), such as the US global positioning system (GPS), it is becoming more common to resurvey legacy transects to establish them in globally referenced coordinate systems such as geodetic latitude/longitude or planimetric systems such as the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) or the State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS). Transforming local coordinates into a globally referenced coordinate system allows (1) disparate legacy surveys to be combined into a common geographic information system (GIS) database, (2) new GPS measurements to be incorporated into that same database, and (3) GPS-based navigation to be used for plot establishment and resampling. This article presents the mathematics necessary to determine the globally referenced planimetric coordinates of established linear, rectangular, or nominally rectangular transects (such as a rhombus) using formulas that are easily implemented on a spreadsheet. In addition, methods are given to determine the planimetric coordinates of new transects.
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Golovanev, Yu I. "The Unevenness of the Footing And Its Impact on the Results of Photogrammetric Transformation." Geodesy and Cartography 921, no. 3 (April 20, 2017): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2017-921-3-43-47.
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The article deals with the fact, that the state or special geodetic networks points identified on the aerial photographs, control network and aerial photographs field control surveys points including contour points with coordinates taken from the topographic map of larger scale and defined when creating topographic maps can be used for exterior orientation of photogrammetric networks during the implementation of works on topographic maps revision. Besides planimetric points of the map that has been revising can also be used. The ground control point (reference point) coordinates are not of equal accuracy, as their values were got from the sources that have different plane coordinates accuracy. This fact has a significant influence on the point coordinates planimetric position of the route photogrammetric network that is developed. There is some information in the article about the control points unequal accuracy influence on the point planimetric position of the route photogrammetric network. This fact occurs when part of control points was obtained by means of accurate surveying methods but other control points plane coordinates due to their unavailability have to be obtained from the topographic map. The results of the experiment are given as evidence.
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Wu, Hoover, and Michael Ujiki. "Intraoperative Impedance Planimetry (ENDOFLIP)." Digestive Disease Interventions 05, no. 01 (March 2021): 003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726326.
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AbstractThe Endoluminal Functional Imaging Probe (EndoFLIP, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) impedance planimetry system provides real-time three-dimensional images of gastrointestinal sphincters of interest, particularly the esophagogastric junction. This allows for real-time objective measurements during the surgical management of foregut diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux and achalasia. Literature continues to grow on how to best utilize this recent technology to improve patient outcomes. This outlines the intraoperative utilization of EndoFLIP.
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Sen, M. K., and R. R. Samaddar. "Variation in the size of frontal sinus in adults : A radiographic planimetric study." Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 45, no. 1 (March 1993): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03051617.
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SCOTT-CONNER, CAROL E. H., KEVIN M. CLARKE, and HARRY F. CONNER. "Burn Area Measurement by Computerized Planimetry." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 28, no. 5 (May 1988): 638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-198805000-00013.
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Miccinesi, Lapo, Alessandra Beni, Silvia Monchetti, Michele Betti, Claudio Borri, and Massimiliano Pieraccini. "Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of the Floor of the Accademia Gallery (Florence, Italy)." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071273.
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This paper reports the results of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey of the ground-floor of Academia Gallery (Florence, Italy) where the Michelangelo’s David is exhibited to the public. The equipment used was a step-frequency GPR operating in the 100 MHz-1 GHz band, named ORFEUS. The survey covered an area of 13 m × 7.3 m, and the scans were performed along two orthogonal directions. Acquisitions in the same direction were separated by 0.25 m from each other. The GPR was able to confirm the underground structure, as it can be deducted by planimetry and historical documentation. In particular, the radar clearly detected the air-conditioning ducts under the floor and an approximately circular foundation below the basement of the statue.
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Say, Ferhat, Murat Gölpınar, Cem Yalın Kılınç, and Bünyamin Şahin. "The estimation of bone cyst volume using the Cavalieri principle on computed tomography images." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 230949901877237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499018772373.
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Purpose: To evaluate the volume of bone cyst using the planimetry method of the Cavalieri principle. Methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out on data from 25 computed tomography (CT) images of patients with bone cyst. The volume of the cysts was calculated by two independent observers using the planimetry method. The procedures were repeated 1 month later by each observer. Results: The overall mean volume of the bone cyst was 29.25 ± 25.86 cm3. The mean bone cyst volumes calculated by the first observer for the first and second sessions were 29.18 ± 26.14 and 29.27 ± 26.19 cm3, respectively. The mean bone cyst volumes calculated by the second observer for the first and second sessions were 29.32 ± 26.36 and 29.23 ± 26.36 cm3, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no difference and high agreement between the first and second measurements of both observers. The Bland–Altman plots showed strong intraobserver and interobserver concordance in the measurement of the bone cyst volume. The mean total time necessary to obtain the cyst volume by the two observers was 5.27 ± 2.30 min. Conclusion: The bone cyst of the patients can be objectively evaluated using the planimetry method of the Cavalieri principle on CT. This method showed high interobserver and intraobserver agreement. This volume measurement can be used to evaluate cyst remodeling, including complete healing and cyst recurrence.
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Uagoda, Rogério, André De Souza Avelar, and Ana Luiza Coelho Netto. "Depressões fechadas em relevo cárstico-quartzítico, bacia do Ribeirão Santana, médio vale do rio Paraíba do Sul." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 29, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2006_2_87-100.
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Karstic features generally develop in carbonatic rocks, but can also occur in siliciclastic rocks, as quartzites. The present research aims to create superficial morphology mapping and reconnaissance of karstic area deposits in quartzitic rocks. The study was developed in the hydrographic basin of the Ribeirão Santana (210 km²), mid-valley of the Preto river, a tributary of the Paraíba do Sul river, located between the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, Brazil. Aerial photographs at 1:25.000 scale were reconstituted in 3D environments, resulting in a planimetric and altitudinal map at 1:10.000 scale. Closed depressions, concavities with and without channels and deposits, were detached from these maps. Precise field topographic surveys at 1:500 scale resulted in planimetric and altitudinal maps related to identified forms. Also, soil samples were collected in the valley basins and depressions and analyzed according to their color, texture and grain morphoscopy criteria. Such study resulted in soil profiles for deposits confined at the bottoms of depressions and schematic representations of sediments from valley bottoms and slopes. The results indicate that the closed depressions a generally positioned at the limit of the drainage. In all sampler from the slope and fluvial valley bottom deposits the sand fraction predominates over fine particles, which were probably carried away in solution. Similar to the literature description, deep organic and/or hydromorphic profiles were found in depressions confined deposits. The present data can contribute to future geologic, hydrologic and geochemical characteristics to interpretet the origin and development of karstic features
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Bertocci, Stefano, Andrea Arrighetti, and Matteo Bigongiari. "Digital Survey for the Archaeological Analysis and the Enhancement of Gropina Archaeological Site." Heritage 2, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 848–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010056.
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This paper concerns the path of knowledge that leads to the understanding of the morphology and evolution of the archaeological area discovered in the 1960s below the parish church of Gropina (AR). By dealing with archaeological surveying methods, the attention is focused on the digital survey technologies used, integrating data from laser scanner instruments with photogrammetric ones. The morphological base was necessary for the preparation of stratigraphic analyses, and allowed us to check the previous studies carried out on the building to extract a periodized planimetry. Finally, the digital drawing technologies have allowed us to hypothesize the schematic evolutionary models of the different phases of the building, and to use the digital survey to create a virtual platform through which to interact with the archaeological site, which is now closed to visitors.
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Giordano, S., A. Le Bris, and C. Mallet. "TOWARD AUTOMATIC GEOREFERENCING OF ARCHIVAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2 (May 28, 2018): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-105-2018.
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Images from archival aerial photogrammetric surveys are a unique and relatively unexplored means to chronicle 3D land-cover changes over the past 100 years. They provide a relatively dense temporal sampling of the territories with very high spatial resolution. Such time series image analysis is a mandatory baseline for a large variety of long-term environmental monitoring studies. The current bottleneck for accurate comparison between epochs is their fine georeferencing step. No fully automatic method has been proposed yet and existing studies are rather limited in terms of area and number of dates. State-of-the art shows that the major challenge is the identification of ground references: cartographic coordinates and their position in the archival images. This task is manually performed, and extremely time-consuming. This paper proposes to use a photogrammetric approach, and states that the 3D information that can be computed is the key to full automation. Its original idea lies in a 2-step approach: (i) the computation of a coarse absolute image orientation; (ii) the use of the coarse Digital Surface Model (DSM) information for automatic absolute image orientation. It only relies on a recent orthoimage+DSM, used as master reference for all epochs. The coarse orthoimage, compared with such a reference, allows the identification of dense ground references and the coarse DSM provides their position in the archival images. Results on two areas and 5 dates show that this method is compatible with long and dense archival aerial image series. Satisfactory planimetric and altimetric accuracies are reported, with variations depending on the ground sampling distance of the images and the location of the Ground Control Points.
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Taccola, E., M. C. Parra, and C. Ampolo. "The sanctuary of Punta Stilo at Kaulonia-Monasterace (Rc, Italy): preliminary results of the close range photogrammetric surveys 2012-2013." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5 (June 6, 2014): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-559-2014.
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During the 2012–2013 excavations at the Sanctuary of Punta Stilo at Kaulonia, carried out by the University of Pisa and the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa, close range aerial and terrestrial photogrammetric surveys were tested for the first time. The aim of the test was to verify the accuracy of the site planimetry currently used, dating back also to a century ago. The 3D data obtained have allowed new data to be acquired for correcting and updating the mapping of the site.
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Gabara, Grzegorz, and Piotr Sawicki. "Multi-Variant Accuracy Evaluation of UAV Imaging Surveys: A Case Study on Investment Area." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 5229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235229.
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The main focus of the presented study is a multi-variant accuracy assessment of a photogrammetric 2D and 3D data collection, whose accuracy meets the appropriate technical requirements, based on the block of 858 digital images (4.6 cm ground sample distance) acquired by Trimble® UX5 unmanned aircraft system equipped with Sony NEX-5T compact system camera. All 1418 well-defined ground control and check points were a posteriori measured applying Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) using the real-time network method. High accuracy of photogrammetric products was obtained by the computations performed according to the proposed methodology, which assumes multi-variant images processing and extended error analysis. The detection of blurred images was preprocessed applying Laplacian operator and Fourier transform implemented in Python using the Open Source Computer Vision library. The data collection was performed in Pix4Dmapper suite supported by additional software: in the bundle block adjustment (results verified using RealityCapure and PhotoScan applications), on the digital surface model (CloudCompare), and georeferenced orthomosaic in GeoTIFF format (AutoCAD Civil 3D). The study proved the high accuracy and significant statistical reliability of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imaging 2D and 3D surveys. The accuracy fulfills Polish and US technical requirements of planimetric and vertical accuracy (root mean square error less than or equal to 0.10 m and 0.05 m).
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Watanabe, Hiroki, and Munekado Kojima. "The role of prostatic planimetry using transrectal sonography in prostatic diseases." Seminars in Surgical Oncology 13, no. 6 (November 1997): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2388(199711/12)13:6<425::aid-ssu6>3.0.co;2-c.
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Jianming, Chen. "Map of the Mount Gongga Glacier: A Combination of Terrestrial and Aerial Photogrammetry." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500001099.
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For use in glaciological research, between 1982 and 1984, we succeeded in surveying and mapping the Mount Gongga Glacier, on a scale of 1:25 000, by means of a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. This paper describes the method in detail. In the survey area, we set up an independent, triangulation network, with microwave distance measurement, and two, independent, straight-line traverses, for basic control. Control points were observed by intersection. The terrestrial, photogrammetric baselines were projected and corrected into distances on the. plane of the map. Terrestrial photography accounted for the majority of the photographs of the survey area. Surveying and mapping of planimetrie and topographic features were completed on a stereo-autograph, using plates mainly from terrestrial photogrammetry. Where these data were insufficient, they were supplemented by aerial photography, plotted on a photographic plotting instrument. Orientation points of the aerial photographs were established by terrestrial, photogrammetric analysis and located on the map by an optical, mechanical method. The practical result showed that a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, in mapping a high, mountain, glacier area, on a large scale, is more feasible and flexible than other methods and more economical as well.
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Jianming, Chen. "Map of the Mount Gongga Glacier: A Combination of Terrestrial and Aerial Photogrammetry." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500001099.
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For use in glaciological research, between 1982 and 1984, we succeeded in surveying and mapping the Mount Gongga Glacier, on a scale of 1:25 000, by means of a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. This paper describes the method in detail.In the survey area, we set up an independent, triangulation network, with microwave distance measurement, and two, independent, straight-line traverses, for basic control. Control points were observed by intersection. The terrestrial, photogrammetric baselines were projected and corrected into distances on the. plane of the map.Terrestrial photography accounted for the majority of the photographs of the survey area. Surveying and mapping of planimetrie and topographic features were completed on a stereo-autograph, using plates mainly from terrestrial photogrammetry. Where these data were insufficient, they were supplemented by aerial photography, plotted on a photographic plotting instrument. Orientation points of the aerial photographs were established by terrestrial, photogrammetric analysis and located on the map by an optical, mechanical method.The practical result showed that a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, in mapping a high, mountain, glacier area, on a large scale, is more feasible and flexible than other methods and more economical as well.
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Montufo Martín, Antonio Manuel, José Manuel López Sánchez, Stefano Ferrario, Isidoro Gómez Cápitas, and Isabel García Garzón. "Integración de sensores aéreos y terrestres para la producción de cartografía multiescala 3D en la Alhambra y su territorio." Virtual Archaeology Review 3, no. 7 (November 18, 2012): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2012.4385.
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<p>The production of new digital cartography and ortophotos for the monuments of the Alhambra and Generalife is part of the SIALH project, which aims for the development of the Information System of the Alhambra. Map production in the area of the Alhambra is a challenge due to various factors such as the heritage value of the elements to be represented, the complex topography of the territory under study and the requirements of precision and detail exceeding the usual standards in cartography. The need for a multiscale cartography which must support both local-scale projects (up to 1:5000) and detailed planimetric surveys also<br />constitutes a challenge. The methodology employed combines aerial (LiDAR, digital photogrammetry) and ground sensors (laser scanning) to ensure maximum precision while emphasizing the role of data model as a key element for ensuring the multi-scale information and its usability in projects of very different scales.</p>
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Purkiss, S. F. "The assessment of percentage hepatic replacement using planimetry of computerized tomographic images." Surgical Oncology 5, no. 5-6 (October 1996): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-7404(96)80026-0.
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OLIVEIRA, GISELE V., DAVID CHINKES, CHARLES MITCHELL, GLORIA OLIVERAS, HAL K. HAWKINS, and DAVID N. HERNDON. "Objective Assessment of Burn Scar Vascularity, Erythema, Pliability, Thickness, and Planimetry." Dermatologic Surgery 31, no. 1 (January 2005): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042728-200501000-00010.
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Oliveira, Gisele V., David Chinkes, Charles Mitchell, Gloria Oliveras, Hal K. Hawkins, and David N. Herndon. "Objective Assessment of Burn Scar Vascularity, Erythema, Pliability, Thickness, and Planimetry." Dermatologic Surgery 31, no. 1 (March 21, 2006): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2005.31004.
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