Dissertations / Theses: 'Planing of an energy production'

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Waldemarsson, Martin. "Energy and Production Planning for Process Industry Supply Chains." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Produktionsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-84990.

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This thesis addresses industrial energy issues from a production economic perspective. During the past decade, the energy issue has become more important, partly due to rising energy prices in general, but also from a political pressure on environmental awareness concerning the problems with climate change. As a large user of energy the industry sector is most likely responsible for a lot of these problems. Things need to change and are most likely to do so considering current and assumed future governmental regulations. Thus, the energy intensive process industries studied and focused on in this thesis exemplify the importance of introducing a strategic perspective on energy, an appropriate approach for planning, as well as the possibilities of including energy issues in a production and supply chain planning model. The thesis aims to provide models, methods and decision support tools for energy related production and supply chain planning issues of relevance for process industries as well as for other energy intensive industries. The overall objectives are to analyze the strategic importance of energy management, production and supply chain planning, and the opportunities provided when energy is included in a production and supply chain planning model. Three different studies are carried out, analyzed, and presented as in this thesis. The first study is a case study at a specialty chemicals company and resulted in the first paper. Since the energy issue is not only a cost issue driven by supply and demand, but also a political issue due to its environmental aspects, it is likely to believe that political influence and especially continuity will have escalating effect on the energy intensive process industry sector. Thus, the strategic dimension of energy is highly relevant in this thesis. The importance of organizational integration, having a main responsible person, locating core business, and political continuity are addressed as prerequisites for including energy into the corporate strategy. Regarding long term profitability, the importance of correctly utilizing the energy system by appropriate energy planning and with respect to energy efficiency and effectiveness in both flexibility and investment issues are addressed. Further on, the quest of finding alternative revenue while striving for a proper exergy usage is addressed. The second study is a multiple case study with four different case companies involved; pulp, specialty chemicals, specialty oils, as well as a pulp and paper company. The need for improved production and supply chain planning is also addressed where for instance the lack of planning support for process industries is still an area of improvement. The production and supply chain planning in process industries is found to be rather poor compared to regular manufacturing companies. The planning methods found are often tailor made and adapted to the individual characteristics that are typical for many process industries. It has further on been difficult to distinguish similarities and differences among process industries regarding these planning issues and thus hard to generalize. The third study focuses on mathematical modelling and programming developing a combined supply chain and energy optimization model for a pulp company. Taking the first papers together there are reasons to believe that a planning and optimization model that take energy aspects in consideration, as a previously missing link, will contribute to improve the operations in process industries. A clear impact of involving energy issues into the supply chain planning is shown. The results show that a different production schedule is optimal when the energy issues are applied, and depend on, for instance, variations in energy prices such as the one for electricity. This is shown by using a model for a supply chain where the energy flow, and especially the utilization of by-products, also is involved.

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Palhinhas, Alexandre Galrito. "Landscape and energy: from planning to landscape integration of infrastructures for renewable energy production." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15525.

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Esta dissertação é uma reflexão sobre os distúrbios climáticos devido à actividade humana e sua dependência histórica dos combustíveis fósseis para produzir energia. Chama a atenção para a necessidade do uso de energia renovável e que medidas podem ser tomadas para tal, respondendo a algumas questões neste contexto: que tipo de estruturas existem para produzir diferentes tipos de energia renovável? E no caso específico dos parques eólicos: que impactos podem ter na paisagem? O objectivo da tese é identificar os critérios mais importantes a considerar no planeamento de áreas destinadas à instalação de parques eólicos. Assumindo que a produção de energia renovável exige a instalação de estruturas, é importante uma análise cuidada no planeamento destas áreas. A tese não estabelece regras aplicáveis a todos os casos. Cada paisagem tem as suas próprias características e é percebida de forma diferente por cada pessoa; ABSTRACT:The study is a reflection on the climate disturbances due to human activity and its historic dependence on fossil fuels to produce energy. It notes the need for the use of renewable energy and what steps can be taken for such, addressing some issues in this context: what kind of structures exists to produce different types of renewable energy? And in the specific case of wind farms: what impacts have in the landscape? The aim of this thesis is to identify the most important criteria to consider when thinking about planning an area for a wind farm installation. Assuming that the production of renewable energy requires the installation of structures, is important to care on the planning of these places. The thesis does not establish any formula that applies anywhere. Each landscape has its own characteristics and is perceived differently by the people.

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Waldemarsson, Martin. "Planning production and supply chain in energy intensive process industries." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Produktionsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112289.

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To make a difference among the energy intensive process industries, this dissertation addresses production planning and supply chain planning problems related to industrial energy management issues. The energy issue is turning more and more important from different angles, involving price as well as environmental problems due to climate change leading to political pressure on all energy users. The process industry sector is one of the largest users of energy, and thus important to analyse. Process industries are also capital intensive and operate on large and expensive process equipment, making it imperative to plan their production well in order to reach preferable capacity utilisation. Therefore this dissertation strives to locate the most important energy management issues for the long term profitability of process industries, and investigates the symbiotic effects of including energy issues in production and supply chain planning. Three different studies at three case companies are carried out, analysed, and presented in five papers. The cases represent the process industry sectors: chemicals, pulp, and steel. Both qualitative case study methodologies as well as quantitative mathematical modelling and optimisation approaches have been practiced. The research questions are analysed from both an energy system and from a production process point of view, separately as well as combined. Energy is somewhat considered to be the main workforce for process industries and this dissertation exemplifies some of its most important dimensions in this context. Several prerequisites for putting energy management on the strategic agenda are located in a specialty chemical industry where the importance of introducing a strategic perspective on energy, the way energy is used, and the possibilities of increasing alternative revenue from utilising by- and/or co-products differently are pinpointed. Approaches for including energy issues in planning processes are also suggested in terms of a MILP model for the entire supply chain of a pulp company, including decisions on purchase and transportation of raw maerials, production allocation, energy mix, and distribution. Another example is presented based on the perspectives of economics of scale and lot sizing through economic order quantity principles in a steel company. By using real company data, energy smart approaches in planning and scheduling are developed with respect to the most important intersections between the production processes and their supporting energy system. The accumulated resource intensity and embedded energy could, and probably should, hence be more fairly reflected in the product price. The research finally shows some possible impact with including energy issues in a production and supply chain planning model. By planning differently, production prioritisations can be done, and it is not only possible without any large investments, but also prosperous with savings on both energy and money within reach. To conclude, planning of production and supply chain has either a direct or an indirect impact on the energy cost-effectiveness of a company. This dissertation argues that such impact also exists in its mutual form, and is very important when the energy issues are large enough, as they often are in the energy intensive process industry sector. Decision makers should thus beware of the short end of the stick that might be devastating in the long run, but also aware of all the possibilities that can bring success and prosperity when the future begins.

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Labrik, Rachid. "Integration of energy management and production planning : Application to steelmaking industry." Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141432.

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Steelmaking industry, one of the most electricity-intensive industrial processes, is seeking for new approaches to improve its competitiveness in terms of energy savings by taking advantage of the volatile electricity prices. This fluctuation in the price is mainly caused by the increasing share of renewable energy sources, the liberalization of energy markets and the growing demand of the energy. Therefore, making the production scheduling of steelmaking processes with knowledge about the cost of the energy may lead to significant cost savings in the electricity bills. With this aim in mind, different models are developed in this project in order to improve the existing monolithic models (continuous-time based scheduling) to find an efficient formulation of accounting for electricity consumption and also to expand them with more detailed scheduling of Electric Arc Furnace stage in the production process. The optimization of the energy cost with multiple electricity sources and contracts and the production planning are usually done as stand-alone optimizers due to their complexity, therefore as a new approach in addition to the monolithic model an iterative framework is developed in this work. The idea to integrate the two models in an iterative manner has potential to be useful in the industry due to low effort for reformulation of existing models. The implemented framework uses multiparametric programming together with bilevel programming in order to direct the schedule to find a compromise between the production constraints and goals, and the energy cost. To ensure applicability heuristic approaches are also examined whenever full sized models are not meeting computational performance requirements. The results show that the monolithic model implemented has a considerable advantage in terms of computational time compared to the models in the literature and in some cases, the solution can be obtained in a few minutes instead of hours. In the contrary, the iterative framework shows a bad performance in terms of computational time when dealing with real world instances. For that matter a heuristic approach, which is easy to implement, is investigated based on coordination theory and the results show that it has a potential since it provides solutions close to the optimal solutions in a reasonable amount of time. Multiparametric programming is the main core of the iterative framework developed in this internship and it is not able to give the solutions for real world instances due to computational time limitations. This computational problem is related to the nature of the algorithm behind mixed integer multiparametric programming and its ability to handle the binary variables. Therefore, further work to this project is to develop new approaches to approximate multiparametric technique or develop some heuristics to approximate the mp-MILP solutions.

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5

Kadleček, Vít. "Efektivní využití energie při spalování odpadů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231794.

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The diploma thesis deals with an increasing of utilization of energy during a combustion of waste. The introductory part deals with a presentation of the specific waste to energy unit and its combined heat and power production. In the next part is described a computing tool and the principle of its function. The main part od the thesis deals with a description of cumputing tool testing and with a summary of achieved results.

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Youngblood, Elizabeth A. "Tracking Electricity Production Patterns for Residential Solar Electric Systems in Massachusetts." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:24078372.

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The number of residential small-scale solar electric, or photovoltaic (PV) systems installed in Massachusetts has increased over the past five years. However, expanded deployment of residential solar PV may be hindered by lack of awareness of expected electricity generation of solar PV systems, and corresponding financial return. Policymakers are also interested in using limited state resources to support the installation of well-producing solar PV systems that will help meet state greenhouse gas reduction goals. Operational residential solar PV systems may provide a key to understanding electricity production that can inform prospective system owners and policymakers. This research utilizes monthly electricity production data for 5,400 residential solar PV systems in Massachusetts that were installed between 2010 and 2013. The analysis first focuses on understanding the aggregate dataset and distribution of systems, then explores the impact of fifteen different variables on residential solar PV system electricity production. These variables include shading, rebate eligibility, equipment type, ownership model, date in service year, system cost, selected installer, PTS reporting method, and others. When controlling for system size, production over all systems was normally distributed. Through a multiple regression analysis, percent shading, roof inclination and azimuth, rebate eligibility and county were variables that had the greatest impact on system production, with shading being key among them, while other variables showed a more nuanced impact. Ultimately, the full regression resulted in an r2 value of 34.2, leaving a majority of the system production variability unexplained. The data also provide insight into the impact of state policy measures surrounding system siting, validation of production data, and forecasting as part of the production based SREC incentive. Ultimately, quantifying the impact of the variables on electricity production patterns can be an effective tool to provide guidance for both prospective system owners and policymakers.

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Biel, Konstantin [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Glock, and Anne [Akademischer Betreuer] Lange. "Multi-stage production planning with special consideration of energy supply and demand / Konstantin Biel ; Christoph Glock, Anne Lange." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1147968519/34.

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8

Bakhiet, Arig G. "Investigation of Agricultural Residues Gasification for Electricity Production in Sudan as an Example for Biomass Energy Utlization under Arid Climate Conditions in Developing Countries." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1211207352814-40782.

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This study examines the possibility of electricity production through gasification of agricultural residues in Sudan. The study begins in Chapter 1, by providing general contextual analysis of the energy situation (production and consumption patterns) in Sudan with specific focus on electricity. It proceeded to study the potential of Petroleum, Biomass and other renewable sources for electricity production. Dramatic increase in electricity production was found to be essential especially through decentralised power plants as the current electricity production services cover ~ 13 % of the population of Sudan. Biomass potential in Sudan justifies the use of agricultural residues as energy source; its potential was estimated by ~ 350000 TJ/a. Further, the urban centres of arid regions in western Sudan were identified as the target group for this study. In chapter 2, specific investigations for selected study area through field work using statistical tools such as questionnaires, interviews and field observation show that income is highly correlated to electricity consumption. The flat rate system did not result in higher consumption thus the assumption that this consumption will not drastically change in the next 10 years could be accepted. As orientation value for BGPP, 8000 tons of GN.S are available annually, the average electricity consumption is ~ 4 kWh/day/family while acceptable price could be 40 SDD/kWh (0.15 €). In chapter 3, literature review was carried to spot out the comparative merits of the gasification technology and the most optimum gasifying and electricity production system. As a result downdraft gasifier and ICE were suggested as suitable systems. In chapter 4, fuel properties and fuel properties of agricultural residues were studied, different samples were tested and the results were presented. The main conclusions derived were: fuel properties of agricultural residues are modifiable properties, so utlization planning is possible as for any other energy resource. In Sudan, Baggase, Groundnuts shells and Roselle stalks could be considered as possible fuels. The experimental work done in chapter 5 showed that GN.S could be gasified in down draft gasifiers, which are less costly and simpler to operate than circulating systems. Acceptable values of gas thermal properties (c.v.~ 4 MJ/Nm3, 30 % of burnable gases) at fairly continuing processes were obtained. In chapter 6, a concept for biomass power plant was drafted, the main components are: downdraft, air based gasifier connected to ICE, multi-stage gas cleaning system (cyclones, washer and filters) mechanical ash removal and semi closed water cycle. Main operation measures are: electricity is the sole product; working time is 150 day/year between mid Novembermid Mars. Environmental hazards of waste management e.g. flue gas emission and waste water management are the limiting factors. In the last part of chapter 6 an economic analysis was carried out. At a value of 3000 €/kW for the initial system and fuel price of 100000 €/year for ~6 GWh then a price of 0.23 €/kWh and a return period of 24 years could be obtained. The study concludes in chapter 7 that biomass gasification under the local conditions has its comparative merits however a high institutional support is needed at the beginning
Diese Studie untersucht die Möglichkeit der Elektrizitätsproduktion durch Vergasung von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen im Sudan. Die Untersuchung beginnt im Kapitel 1 mit der Bereitstellung einer allgemeinen zusammenhängenden Analyse der Energiesituation (Produktions- und Verbrauchsmuster) im Sudan mit dem besonderen Fokus auf Elektrizität, gefolgt von einer Studie des Potentials von Petroleum, Biomasse und anderer erneuerbarer Quellen für die Produktion von Elektrizität. Eine starke Zunahme bei der Elektrizitätsproduktion wurde als nötig bewertet, da dezentrale Kraftwerke, als die gegenwärtigen Elektrizitätsproduktionsbetriebe, nur die Versorgung von 13 % der Bevölkerung im Sudan abdecken. Das geschätzte Potential der landwirtschaftlichen Abfälle liegt bei ca. 350.000 TJ/Jahre damit kommen sie als Energiequelle in Frage. Weiterhin wurden urbane Zentren der ariden Regionen in Westsudan als Zielgruppe für die Untersuchung ausgewählt. In Kapitel 2 werden detaillierte Untersuchungen für das ausgewählte Studiengebiet durch Feldstudien unter Verwendung von statistischen Werkzeugen, wie Fragebögen, Interviews und Felduntersuchungen dargestellt. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass das Einkommen im höchsten Maße mit dem Elektrizitätsverbrauch korreliert ist. Das Flat rate System hatte keinen höheren Verbrauch zur Folge, folglich kann die Annahme akzeptiert werden, dass sich der Verbrauch in den nächsten 10 Jahren nicht drastisch ändern wird. Als Orientierungswert für Biomasse Kraftwerk: 8.000 t/Jahr Erdnussschalen sind verfügbar. Der durchschnittliche Elektrizitätsverbrauch beträgt ca. 4 kWh/Tag/Familie betrachtet für 10.000 Familien. Im Kapitel 3 wird eine Literaturrecherche für die Vergasungstechnologie durchgeführt, zum Vergleich ihrer Vorteile und zur Auswahl des optimalen Vergasungs- und Gasumwandlungssystems. Als Ergebnis wurden der Festbett-Gleichstrom-Vergaser und gas Motor als passende Systeme vorgeschlagen. In Kapitel 4 werden Brennstoff Eigenschaften von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen untersucht, verschiedene Proben getestet und die Ergebnisse präsentiert. Die Hauptschlussfolgerung daraus ist: Brennstoff Eigenschaften von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen sind veränderbare Eigenschaften, welche eine bessere Planung erlauben und somit ihre Verwendung favorisieren. Im Sudan können Bagasse, Erdnussschalen und Rosellenstiele als optimaler Brennstoff gelten. Die experimentelle Arbeit in Kapitel 5 zeigt, dass Erdnussschalen im 75 kW Festbett-Gleichstrom-Systemen vergast werden können, welche weniger kostenintensiv und einfach zu bedienen sind als zirkulierende Systeme. Akzeptable Werte der Gaseigenschaften (c.v. ca. 4 MJ/Nm³, 35 % von brennbaren Gasen) wurden in kontinuierlichen Prozessen erreicht. In Kapitel 6 wurde ein Konzept für Biomassekraftwerke entworfen. Deren Hauptkomponenten sind: Festbett-Gleichstrom-Vergaser in Verbindung mit ICE, mehrstufige Gasreinigungssysteme (Zyklone, Wäscher und Filter), mechanische Aschensysteme und ein teilweise geschlossener Wasserkreislauf. Hauptbetriebsmaßnahmen sind: Elektrizität als das einzige Produkt, die Arbeitszeit beträgt 150 Tage pro Jahr zwischen November und April. Umweltrisiken des Abfallmanagements z.B. Rauchgas und Abwassermanagement sind die limitierenden Faktoren. Im letzten Teil von Kapitel 6 wurde eine ökonomische Analyse durchgeführt. Ein Wert von 3000 €/kW für das Anfangssystem und ein Kraftstoffpreis von 100.000 €/Jahr für 6 GWh dann ein Preis von 0,23 €/kWh und eine Amortisationszeit von 24 Jahren können angenommen werden. Die Studie schlussfolgert, dass die Vergasung unter den Bedingungen des Studiengebietes ihre Vorteile hat, jedoch ist institutionelle Unterstützung am Anfang nötig

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Juhlin, Henrik. "Planering, förutsättningar ocheffekter av implementering avsolceller i stadsutvecklingsprojekt." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-148976.

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Today, buildings utilize 40 % of the total energy consumption. New energyrestrictions and directives have entered the construction industry. Photovoltaic is asustainable, clean and quiet solution that integrates well in the urban environment buthave not yet reached a breakthrough on the Swedish market. The conditions for solarenergy production are often set in the early planning stages where they rarely arebeing prioritized.This master of engineering project focuses on identifying problems regardingimplementation of photovoltaic in city development projects and giving suggestions topossible improvements in the planning- and construction process. It also givesrecommendations on how the conditions for energy production can be optimized inthe early zoning stage.By conducting simulations with PVsystV5.21, on three ongoing city developmentprojects in Umeå, Malmö and Stockholm and by carry out and analyzing interviewswith city planners, constructors and architects, some conclusions have been made.Several improvements, both politically, with changes in the subsidization systemand/or instatement of a new law with feed-in tariffs, and within the solar- andconstruction industry itself, with better communication between different parts of theprocess as well as better use of experience, can be made. By including photovoltaic inthe local plan it is possible to give a region large areas with orientation toward south,increasing the solar energy potential with up to 50 % which also increase themotivation for implementing photovoltaic in the project. These are essential for asignificant increase of photovoltaic in city development.

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Fujii, Ricardo Junqueira. "Sustentabilidade energética: uma análise do equilíbrio econômico, humano e natural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-18122015-113716/.

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O desenvolvimento sustentável e a própria sobrevivência da humanidade dependem da compatibilização da demanda por recursos energéticos com as limitações ambientais e necessidades humanas. Dessa maneira, torna-se fundamental compreender e mensurar a sustentabilidade energética. Para tanto, esse trabalho vale-se de princípios da economia ecológica e do planejamento integrado de recursos para identificar e analisar os fatores que afetam a sustentabilidade energética de um dado sistema. A partir desses fatores são definidos indicadores de sustentabilidade, os quais compõem uma metodologia concebida para avaliar o grau de sustentabilidade da produção de energia. Tal metodologia é testada em um estudo de caso da matriz elétrica paulista, a qual mostrou um nível próximo da sustentabilidade, mas com a necessidade de aprimoramentos. Por fim, são feitas reflexões sobre a robustez, a flexibilidade e as limitações da metodologia proposta, assim como recomendações para ajustes da composição da matriz estudada com o propósito de torná-la mais sustentável.
Sustainable development and the very survival of humanity depends on the compatibility of the demand for energy resources with environmental constraints and human needs. Thus, it is essential to understand and define metrics for energy sustainability. For that reason, this work draws on principles of ecological economics and integrated resource planning to identify and analyze the factors affecting energy sustainability of a given system. From these factors are defined sustainability indicators, which are the foundations for a methodology designed to assess the degree of sustainability of energy production. The methodology is tested on a case study of the electricity matrix of the State of Sao Paulo, which is close to a sustainable level even though requiring improvements in some aspects. Finally, reflections on the sturdiness, flexibility and limitations of the proposed methodology, as well as recommendations for adjustments in the composition of the case study matrix in order to make it more sustainable are made.

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Masmoudi, Oussama. "Optimisation de la planification des systèmes industriels en présence de contraintes énergétiques." Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0031/document.

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Dans cette thèse, nous abordons le problème de la planification de la production dans un système de type flow-shop, en tenant compte de l’aspect énergétique. Le système de production est composé de différentes machines fiables, séparées par des zones de stockage à capacité infinie. L’horizon de planification est composé de différentes périodes, chacune étant caractérisée par une durée, un coût d’électricité, une puissance maximale et des demandes de chaque produit. L’objectif consiste en la minimisation du coût total de production en terme d’électricité, stockage, mise marche (ou changement de série) et puissance demandée par période. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une modélisation pour le problème de lot-sizing dans un système de type flow-shop, à capacité finie, dans le cas mono-produit. Étant donné que ce type de problème est NP-difficile, des méthodes approchées ont été développées afin de fournir des solutions de bonne qualité dans un temps réduit (heuristiques dédiées, heuristique de type Fix and Relax, algorithme génétique). Dans un deuxième temps, une généralisation du modèle pour le cas multi-produits a été considérée. De même, des méthodes approchées ont été proposées pour la résolution de ce type de problème
In this thesis, we deal with the production planning problem in a flow-shop system with energy consideration. The manufacturing system is composed of reliable machines separated by buffers with infinite capacities. The planning horizon is defined by a set of periods where each one is characterized by a length, an electricity price, a maximal allowed power and an external demand of each product. The purpose is to minimize the total production cost composed of electricity, inventory, set-up (or product series change) costs and a required power per period.In the first step, we propose mathematical models for a single item capacitated lot-sizing problem in a flow-shop system. Since this problem is known to be NP-hard, approximating methods are developed in order to provide solutions with good quality in a reasonable time (dedicated heuristics, Fix and Relax heuristic, genetic algorithm).In the second step, a generalization of the model for multi-items is considered. Similarly to the first case, approximating methods are proposed to solve this problem

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Bakhiet, Arig G. "Investigation of Agricultural Residues Gasification for Electricity Production in Sudan as an Example for Biomass Energy Utlization under Arid Climate Conditions in Developing Countries." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2007. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23713.

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This study examines the possibility of electricity production through gasification of agricultural residues in Sudan. The study begins in Chapter 1, by providing general contextual analysis of the energy situation (production and consumption patterns) in Sudan with specific focus on electricity. It proceeded to study the potential of Petroleum, Biomass and other renewable sources for electricity production. Dramatic increase in electricity production was found to be essential especially through decentralised power plants as the current electricity production services cover ~ 13 % of the population of Sudan. Biomass potential in Sudan justifies the use of agricultural residues as energy source; its potential was estimated by ~ 350000 TJ/a. Further, the urban centres of arid regions in western Sudan were identified as the target group for this study. In chapter 2, specific investigations for selected study area through field work using statistical tools such as questionnaires, interviews and field observation show that income is highly correlated to electricity consumption. The flat rate system did not result in higher consumption thus the assumption that this consumption will not drastically change in the next 10 years could be accepted. As orientation value for BGPP, 8000 tons of GN.S are available annually, the average electricity consumption is ~ 4 kWh/day/family while acceptable price could be 40 SDD/kWh (0.15 €). In chapter 3, literature review was carried to spot out the comparative merits of the gasification technology and the most optimum gasifying and electricity production system. As a result downdraft gasifier and ICE were suggested as suitable systems. In chapter 4, fuel properties and fuel properties of agricultural residues were studied, different samples were tested and the results were presented. The main conclusions derived were: fuel properties of agricultural residues are modifiable properties, so utlization planning is possible as for any other energy resource. In Sudan, Baggase, Groundnuts shells and Roselle stalks could be considered as possible fuels. The experimental work done in chapter 5 showed that GN.S could be gasified in down draft gasifiers, which are less costly and simpler to operate than circulating systems. Acceptable values of gas thermal properties (c.v.~ 4 MJ/Nm3, 30 % of burnable gases) at fairly continuing processes were obtained. In chapter 6, a concept for biomass power plant was drafted, the main components are: downdraft, air based gasifier connected to ICE, multi-stage gas cleaning system (cyclones, washer and filters) mechanical ash removal and semi closed water cycle. Main operation measures are: electricity is the sole product; working time is 150 day/year between mid Novembermid Mars. Environmental hazards of waste management e.g. flue gas emission and waste water management are the limiting factors. In the last part of chapter 6 an economic analysis was carried out. At a value of 3000 €/kW for the initial system and fuel price of 100000 €/year for ~6 GWh then a price of 0.23 €/kWh and a return period of 24 years could be obtained. The study concludes in chapter 7 that biomass gasification under the local conditions has its comparative merits however a high institutional support is needed at the beginning.
Diese Studie untersucht die Möglichkeit der Elektrizitätsproduktion durch Vergasung von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen im Sudan. Die Untersuchung beginnt im Kapitel 1 mit der Bereitstellung einer allgemeinen zusammenhängenden Analyse der Energiesituation (Produktions- und Verbrauchsmuster) im Sudan mit dem besonderen Fokus auf Elektrizität, gefolgt von einer Studie des Potentials von Petroleum, Biomasse und anderer erneuerbarer Quellen für die Produktion von Elektrizität. Eine starke Zunahme bei der Elektrizitätsproduktion wurde als nötig bewertet, da dezentrale Kraftwerke, als die gegenwärtigen Elektrizitätsproduktionsbetriebe, nur die Versorgung von 13 % der Bevölkerung im Sudan abdecken. Das geschätzte Potential der landwirtschaftlichen Abfälle liegt bei ca. 350.000 TJ/Jahre damit kommen sie als Energiequelle in Frage. Weiterhin wurden urbane Zentren der ariden Regionen in Westsudan als Zielgruppe für die Untersuchung ausgewählt. In Kapitel 2 werden detaillierte Untersuchungen für das ausgewählte Studiengebiet durch Feldstudien unter Verwendung von statistischen Werkzeugen, wie Fragebögen, Interviews und Felduntersuchungen dargestellt. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass das Einkommen im höchsten Maße mit dem Elektrizitätsverbrauch korreliert ist. Das Flat rate System hatte keinen höheren Verbrauch zur Folge, folglich kann die Annahme akzeptiert werden, dass sich der Verbrauch in den nächsten 10 Jahren nicht drastisch ändern wird. Als Orientierungswert für Biomasse Kraftwerk: 8.000 t/Jahr Erdnussschalen sind verfügbar. Der durchschnittliche Elektrizitätsverbrauch beträgt ca. 4 kWh/Tag/Familie betrachtet für 10.000 Familien. Im Kapitel 3 wird eine Literaturrecherche für die Vergasungstechnologie durchgeführt, zum Vergleich ihrer Vorteile und zur Auswahl des optimalen Vergasungs- und Gasumwandlungssystems. Als Ergebnis wurden der Festbett-Gleichstrom-Vergaser und gas Motor als passende Systeme vorgeschlagen. In Kapitel 4 werden Brennstoff Eigenschaften von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen untersucht, verschiedene Proben getestet und die Ergebnisse präsentiert. Die Hauptschlussfolgerung daraus ist: Brennstoff Eigenschaften von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen sind veränderbare Eigenschaften, welche eine bessere Planung erlauben und somit ihre Verwendung favorisieren. Im Sudan können Bagasse, Erdnussschalen und Rosellenstiele als optimaler Brennstoff gelten. Die experimentelle Arbeit in Kapitel 5 zeigt, dass Erdnussschalen im 75 kW Festbett-Gleichstrom-Systemen vergast werden können, welche weniger kostenintensiv und einfach zu bedienen sind als zirkulierende Systeme. Akzeptable Werte der Gaseigenschaften (c.v. ca. 4 MJ/Nm³, 35 % von brennbaren Gasen) wurden in kontinuierlichen Prozessen erreicht. In Kapitel 6 wurde ein Konzept für Biomassekraftwerke entworfen. Deren Hauptkomponenten sind: Festbett-Gleichstrom-Vergaser in Verbindung mit ICE, mehrstufige Gasreinigungssysteme (Zyklone, Wäscher und Filter), mechanische Aschensysteme und ein teilweise geschlossener Wasserkreislauf. Hauptbetriebsmaßnahmen sind: Elektrizität als das einzige Produkt, die Arbeitszeit beträgt 150 Tage pro Jahr zwischen November und April. Umweltrisiken des Abfallmanagements z.B. Rauchgas und Abwassermanagement sind die limitierenden Faktoren. Im letzten Teil von Kapitel 6 wurde eine ökonomische Analyse durchgeführt. Ein Wert von 3000 €/kW für das Anfangssystem und ein Kraftstoffpreis von 100.000 €/Jahr für 6 GWh dann ein Preis von 0,23 €/kWh und eine Amortisationszeit von 24 Jahren können angenommen werden. Die Studie schlussfolgert, dass die Vergasung unter den Bedingungen des Studiengebietes ihre Vorteile hat, jedoch ist institutionelle Unterstützung am Anfang nötig.

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Bergström, Jarl, and Conny Franzon. "Thermo-economic optimization of a combined heat and power plant in Sweden : A case study at Lidköping power plant." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-20766.

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Energy production in power plants comes with both high costs and turnover whereas variations in the production strategy—that is, which boilers, coolers, or generators that should be running—have big impact on the economic result. This is especially true for a combined heat and power (CHP) plant where the production of district heating and electricity is linked, thus allowing for a higher flexibility in the production strategy and potential of increasing the revenue. Previous research states that thermo-economic optimization can have a great impact on economic result of power plants, but every power plant is operating under a unique set of conditions depending on its location, operating market, load demand, construction, surrounding, and the like, and comparable studies on CHP plants in Sweden are very few. This study aims to fill this research gap by evaluating savings potential of a CHP plant in Lidköping, Sweden by utilizing thermo-economic optimization with the approach of combining actual historical data from the power plant with mass-flow equations and constraints to construct a mathematical MODEST model that is optimized by linear programming. The result demonstrates a clear theoretical potential to improve earnings and the conclusion that the studied CHP would benefit by implementing optimization procedures or software to schedule production. The result was also comparable to previous research but varied over time, which highlights how unique conditions may impact the result.

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Mirakyan, Atom. "Methodological frameworks for uncertainty analysis in long range integrated energy planning for cities and territories." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAD027.

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La thèse propose d’abord un cadre général pour l’analyse de l’incertain durant les différentes phases du processus de planification énergétique à long terme à base de modèles de villes ou territoires (IEPCT). Il inclut des critères d’évaluation de la qualité d’une démarche IEPCT. Puis deux méthodes d’analyses de l’incertain sont proposées pour les activités de modélisation et de scénarisation du système énergétique : l’une basée sur l’échantillonnage aléatoire (PRSUA) et l’autre sur les scénarios flous (FSUA). Leur implémentation sur des cas a permis de montrer leur faisabilité et leur performance du point de vue des critères de qualité. La méthode PRSUA est plus gourmande en données, elle est plus adaptée à la planification sectorielle court moyen terme et tandis que FSUA convient plus à la planification long terme intersectorielle.Enfin une méthode pour la réalisation de l’ensemble des activités liées à la structuration d’un problème de planification spécifique (IMMA) est proposée
The Phd first proposes a methodological framework for addressing different types of uncertainty within long range ntegrated energy planning for cities and territories (IEPCT) processes which includes requirements and quality factors. Second, two methods for uncertainty analysis of modelling tasks are proposed. One approach is probabilistic random sampling approach (PRSUA) another one is fuzzy scenario approach (FSUA). Compared to FSUA, the PRSUA framework is more data intensive. PRSUA is more suitable for short or midterm sector specific domain analysis, FSUA is more appropriate for long range cross sectoral integrated planning.Third it is proposed an innovative approach (IMMA) for supporting not only uncertainties in IEPCT first phase but also all other tasks relevant to this planning phase. Implementation of IMMA in Singapore shows that it can address all identified tasks and help developing requirements for innovative solutions

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Lindgren, Nicolas, and Karl Brogren. "Production optimization for district heating : Short-term planning of district heating grid in Gävle, Sweden." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44268.

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Energy systems with a high portion of renewable energy from wind and solar power can suffer from fluctuations in production due to weak winds or cloudy weather, which may affect the electricity price. When producing heat and power in a combined heat and power plant, an additional heat storage tank can be used to store the heat surplus which is obtained when the power production is high, and the heat demand is low. To optimize heat and power production economically, short-term planning can be applied. Short-term planning covers the production in the near future of 1-3 days. The optimization in this degree project is based on the district heating production, which means that the heating demand always needs to be fulfilled. The district heating production is based on the weather. Therefore a suitable period for simulation is three days due to the accuracy of the weather forecasts are reasonable. The optimization is performed on the district heat system in Gävle, Sweden. The system comprises several different production units, such as combined heat and power plants, backup plants, and industrial waste heat recovery. Two different models are made, one using linear programming and one using mixed integer non-linear programming. The model stated as a linear programming problem is not as accurate as of the one stated as a mixed integer non-linear programming problem which uses binary variables. Historical input data from Bomhus Energi AB, a company owned together by the local heat and power supplier Gävle Energi AB and the pulp and paper manufacturer BillerudKorsnäs AB, was given to simulate different scenarios. The different scenarios have various average temperatures and in some scenarios are there some issues with the pulp and paper industry affecting the waste heat recovery. In all scenarios is the heat storage tank charged when the demand is low and then discharged when the demand increases to avoid starting some of the more expensive backup plants if possible. The simulation time varies a lot between the two approaches, from a couple of seconds to several hours. Particularly when observing scenarios with a rather high demand since the backup generators use binary variables which take a lot of time to solve.

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Höök, Mikael. "Coal and Oil: The Dark Monarchs of Global Energy : Understanding Supply and Extraction Patterns and their Importance for Future Production." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Globala energisystem, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129295.

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The formation of modern society has been dominated by coal and oil, and together these two fossil fuels account for nearly two thirds of all primary energy used by mankind. This makes future production a key question for future social development and this thesis attempts to answer whether it is possible to rely on an assumption of ever increasing production of coal and oil. Both coal and oil are finite resources, created over long time scales by geological processes. It is thus impossible to extract more fossil fuels than geologically available. In other words, there are limits to growth imposed by nature. The concept of depletion and exhaustion of recoverable resources is a fundamental question for the future extraction of coal and oil. Historical experience shows that peaking is a well established phenomenon in production of various natural resources. Coal and oil are no exceptions, and historical data shows that easily exploitable resources are exhausted while more challenging deposits are left for the future. For oil, depletion can also be tied directly to the physical laws governing fluid flows in reservoirs. Understanding and predicting behaviour of individual fields, in particularly giant fields, are essential for understanding future production. Based on comprehensive databases with reserve and production data for hundreds of oilfields, typical patterns were found. Alternatively, depletion can manifest itself indirectly through various mechanisms. This has been studied for coal. Over 60% of the global crude oil production is derived from only around 330 giant oilfields, where many of them are becoming increasingly mature. The annual decline in existing oil production has been determined to be around 6% and it is unrealistic that this will be offset by new field developments, additional discoveries or unconventional oil. This implies that the peak of the oil age is here. For coal a similar picture emerges, where 90% of the global coal production originates from only 6 countries. Some of them, such as the USA show signs of increasing maturity and exhaustion of the recoverable amounts. However, there is a greater uncertainty about the recoverable reserves and coal production may yield a global maximum somewhere between 2030 and 2060. This analysis shows that the global production peaks of both oil and coal can be expected comparatively soon. This has significant consequences for the global energy supply and society, economy and environment. The results of this thesis indicate that these challenges should not be taken lightly.

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Wadensten, Fredrik. "Architecture of Power." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298827.

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The 34 silos at Jarlaberg today contain crude oil but after the lease of land expires at 2036 are refurbished and remade to hold 2 500 000 m3 of water from Stockholm archipelago. Sharing the industrial plot of the reworked silos are 13 buildings with 2000 households between them. At the shores of the rocky hills is a new landmark with two swirling metal structures reflecting daylight and the shining light from the structure bellow. The building contains two hydro turbines, with the glass roofs and metal vortexes above, a landmark to be seen from both the built plateaus above and the opposite side shores as a celebration of the renewable energy progress of 2030-2050. The project started as a look at industrial architecture and its relation to city spaces. Specifically the implementation of a stored capacity hydropower solution if placed close to major city centers which demanding more, renewable energy. At first the ambition was to integrate a series of turbines to the new Slussen water outlet from Mälaren to Saltsjön but after further readings the theme of letting the industries society’s development is dependent upon be a part in planning the cities expansion. To join a industrial function to a housing plan would make a large impact on the urban space in-between the two. To both make a bond but also show the story of the production of energy the project provides. The sides of the silos have been fitted with a series of stepped gradients for seating and to access the top of the water reservoirs. The bottom of the gradients connect to the urban spaces such as parks and squares. Providing both a sun step for seating and meeting spaces close to areas of activity.

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Abdin, Adam. "Techno-economic modeling and robust optimization of power systems planning under a high share of renewable energy sources and extreme weather events An integrated framework for operational flexibility assessment in multi-period power system planning with renewable energy production." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC046.

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Les objectifs récents en ce qui concerne la durabilité des systèmes électriques et l'atténuation des menaces liées au changement climatique modifient la portée des exigences de planification de ces systèmes. D'une part, les systèmes durables d'énergie à faible émission de carbone qui comportent une part élevée de sources d'énergie renouvelables intermittentes(IRES) se caractérisent par une forte augmentation de la variabilité intertemporelle et nécessitent des systèmes flexibles capables d'assurer la sécurité de l'approvisionnement électrique. D'autre part, la fréquence et la gravité accrues des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes menacent la fiabilité du fonctionnement des réseaux électriques et exigent des systèmes résilients capables de résister à ces impacts potentiels. Tout en s'assurant que les incertitudes inhérentes au système sont bien prises en compte directement au moment de la prise des décisions de planification à long terme. Dans ce contexte, la présente thèse vise à développer une modélisation technicoéconomique et un cadre d'optimisation robuste pour la planification des systèmes électriques multi-périodes en considérant une part élevée d'IRES et la résilience aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes. Le problème spécifique de planification considéré est celui du choix de la technologie, de la taille et du programme de mise en service des unités de production conventionnelles et renouvelables sous des contraintes techniques, économiques,environnementales et opérationnelles. Dans le cadre de ce problème, les principales questions de recherche à aborder sont : (i) l'intégration et l'évaluation appropriées des besoins de flexibilité opérationnelle en raison de la variabilité accrue des parts élevées de la production d'IRES, (ii) la modélisation et l'intégration appropriées des exigences de résilience contre les phénomènes climatiques extrêmes dans la planification du système électrique et (iii) le traitement des incertitudes inhérentes de l'offre et la demande dans ce cadre de planification. En résumé, les contributions originales de cette thèse sont :- Proposer un modèle de planification du système électrique intégré multi période avec des contraintes dynamiques et en considérant un pourcentage élevé de pénétration des énergies renouvelables.- Introduire la mesure du déficit de flexibilité prévu pour l'évaluation de la flexibilité opérationnelle.- Proposer un ensemble de modèles linéaires pour quantifier l'impact des vagues de chaleur extrêmes et de la disponibilité de l'eau sur le déclassement des unités de production d'énergie thermique et nucléaire, la production d'énergie renouvelable et la consommation électrique du système.- Présenter une méthode permettant d'intégrer explicitement l'impact des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes dans le modèle de planification du système électrique.- Traiter les incertitudes inhérentes aux paramètres de planification du système électrique par la mise en oeuvre d'un nouveau modèle d'optimisation adaptatif robuste à plusieurs phases.- Proposer une nouvelle méthode de solution basée sur l'approximation des règles de décision linéaires du modèle de planification robuste.- Appliquer le cadre proposé à des études de cas de taille pratique basées sur des projections climatiques réalistes et selon plusieurs scénarios de niveaux de pénétration des énergies renouvelables et de limites de carbone pour valider la pertinence de la modélisation globale pour des applications réelles
Recent objectives for power systems sustainability and mitigation of climate change threats are modifying the breadth of power systems planning requirements. On one hand, sustainable low carbon power systems which have a high share of intermittent renewable energy sources (IRES) are characterized by a sharp increase in inter-temporal variability and require flexible systems able to cope and ensure the security of electricity supply. On the other hand, the increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events threatens the reliability of power systems operation and require resilient systems able to withstand those potential impacts. All of which while ensuring that the inherent system uncertainties are adequately accounted for directly at the issuance of the long-term planning decisions. In this context, the present thesis aims at developing a techno-economic modeling and robust optimization framework for multi-period power systems planning considering a high share of IRES and resilience against extreme weather events. The specific planning problem considered is that of selecting the technology choice, size and commissioning schedule of conventional and renewable generation units under technical, economic, environmental and operational constraints. Within this problem, key research questions to be addressed are: (i) the proper integration and assessment of the operational flexibility needs due to the increased variability of the high shares of IRES production, (ii) the appropriate modeling and incorporation of the resilience requirements against extreme weather events within the power system planning problem and (iii) the representation and treatment of the inherent uncertainties in the system supply and demand within this planning context. In summary, the original contributions of this thesis are: - Proposing a computationally efficient multiperiod integrated generation expansion planning and unit commitment model that accounts for key short-term constraints and chronological system representation to derive the planning decisions under a high share of renewable energy penetration. - Introducing the expected flexibility shortfall metric for operational flexibility assessment. - Proposing a set of piece-wise linear models to quantify the impact of extreme heat waves and water availability on the derating of thermal and nuclear power generation units, renewable generation production and system load. - Presenting a method for explicitly incorporating the impact of the extreme weather events in a modified power system planning model. - Treating the inherent uncertainties in the electric power system planning parameters via a novel implementation of a multi-stage adaptive robust optimization model. - Proposing a novel solution method based on ``information basis'' approximation for the linear decision rules of the affinely adjustable robust planning model. - Applying the framework proposed to a practical size case studies based on realistic climate projections and under several scenarios of renewable penetration levels and carbon limits to validate the relevance of the overall modeling for real applications

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Dester, Mauricio. "Propostas para a construção da matriz de energia elétrica brasileira com foco na sustentabilidade do processo de expansão da oferta e segurança no suprimento da carga." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264640.

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Orientadores: Sérgio Valdir Bajay, Moacyr Trindade de Oliveira Andrade
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:31:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dester_Mauricio_D.pdf: 5389676 bytes, checksum: 7c5e6ad30bbd780ddf1b9300f7cc4317 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: A eletricidade é bem de consumo e também insumo posicionado dentre aqueles considerados essenciais para a sociedade moderna. Neste contexto, o planejamento e a construção de uma matriz de energia elétrica é questão de importância capital não somente para o setor elétrico, como também para o desenvolvimento do Brasil. A constituição desta matriz deve ser pautada, sobretudo, pelo aspecto sustentabilidade. Neste sentido, sua concepção deve, imprescindivelmente, contemplar todas as perspectivas que permeiam o processo estratégico que a origina, a saber: técnica, econômica e sócio-ambiental. Somente balizado por estas óticas é possível proporcionar a expansão da oferta de energia elétrica de forma sustentável e com segurança no que concerne ao atendimento pleno da demanda, um requisito indispensável para que este serviço possa ser um sólido sustentáculo de um processo maior: o desenvolvimento socioeconômico da sociedade brasileira. A participação das fontes renováveis na matriz de energia elétrica é fator desejável e colabora, de forma meritória no que diz respeito aos impactos ambientais decorrentes da produção de eletricidade. Todavia, há algumas questões de ordem econômica e principalmente técnica as quais devem ser tratadas e lapidadas de forma a eliminar as lacunas existentes, permitindo que se possa estabelecer planos de expansão da oferta de eletricidade sustentáveis sob todos os pontos de vista. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é proporcionar e aprofundar o debate sobre estas questões e apresentar uma solução que propicie a integração das fontes renováveis na matriz de energia elétrica brasileira mantendo a confiabilidade no atendimento da carga. Outrossim, não somente os aspectos técnico e econômico foram contemplados na análise, mas, também o socioambiental, possibilitando assim oferecer subsídios para a evolução da oferta com orientação para a sustentabilidade. Para elaboração da proposta foi realizado um estudo abrangente sobre as principais fontes primárias a partir das quais é possível produzir eletricidade, além de uma revisão de todo o extenso e complexo caminho pelo qual passou o setor de planejamento da expansão desde seus primórdios até o modelo atual. São também apresentados vários pontos de vista sobre as dificuldades encontradas pelo planejador, desde os empecilhos de ordem regulatória, passando por aqueles oriundos de uma falta de coordenação dentre os setores do governo envolvidos no problema, até as questões de ordem ambiental. Por fim, no decorrer do trabalho e particularmente ao concluí-lo, propõe-se um conjunto de medidas estratégicas por intermédio das quais se pode construir uma matriz de energia elétrica segura e sustentável e lograr êxito, sob as perspectivas técnica, econômica e socioambiental, ao se realizar o planejamento da expansão da oferta, seja no horizonte de curto, médio ou longo prazos
Abstract: Electricity is not just a consumer good but also an input which commands a place amongst those goods considered essential to modern society. In this context, the planning and construction of an electricity matrix is a question of paramount importance, not just for the electricity sector but also for Brazil's development as a whole. The establishment of this matrix should, above all, be regulated with an emphasis on sustainability. In this regard, its conception must necessarily embrace all the perspectives that imbue the strategic process that gives rise to it: technical, economic and socio-environmental. Delimited by these viewpoints alone, it is possible to provide the sustainable expansion of an electric power supply that is also secure in terms of being able to fully meet demand. This is a fundamental prerequisite to this service becoming a solid base for a larger process, namely the socio-economic development of Brazilian society. The participation of renewable energy sources in the electric energy matrix is a desirable factor and contributes laudably to the mitigation of environmental impacts resulting from the electricity generation. Nevertheless, there are several issues of an economic and mainly technical nature which have to be dealt with and refined in order to close the existing gaps and enable plans to be established, that are sustainable from all points of view, for the expansion of an electric power supply. The main aim of this study is to prompt, and study in greater depth, the debate over these issues and present a solution that delivers the integration of renewable sources into Brazil's electricity matrix while maintaining reliability of load fulfillment. Similarly, not only were the technical and economic aspects covered in the analysis but also the socio-environmental aspects, thereby making it possible to provide support for the evolution of a sustainability-oriented supply. For the purposes of drafting this proposal, a wide-ranging study was conducted of the principal primary sources from which it is possible to generate electricity, as well as a review of the long and complex path which the expansion planning sector has taken, from its outset through to the current model. Various points of view are also put forward about the difficulties encountered by the planner, ranging from the regulatory obstacles to those arising from a lack of coordination between the government sectors involved in the problem and to issues of an environmental nature. Finally, throughout the study and in particular in its conclusion, a set of strategic measures is proposed through which a secure, sustainable electricity matrix can be constructed from a technical, economic and socio-environmental perspective, which is successful in carrying out supply expansion planning in the short, medium and long term
Doutorado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

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20

Erneby, Robin. "KORTSIKTIG PRODUKTIONSPLANERING I MINDRE FJÄRRVÄRMESYSTEM : En studie vid Strängnäs Energi AB." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-15436.

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District heating covers around 80 % of the heating demand in apartment buildings and 10 % in single-family homes in Sweden. In the year 2010 the total input of energy to the Swedish district heating grids was about 70 TWh, which corresponds to 11 % of the total energy input to the whole energy system in the country. Through the combined production of heat and power the CHP-plants often reaches an efficiency of 90 % from energy in the fuel to produced heat and power. In order to keep the efficiency high it is important for the owners of the plant to have good knowledge about the plants performance at different operation points. Strängnäs Energi AB initiated this diploma work together with FVB Sverige ab in order to come up with a program for short term planning of the production of heat and power at the company´s CHP-plant. The work consists of three main parts. The first part is an introduction to district heating and optimization of such systems and it also handles a short explanation of the district heating system in Strängnäs. The second part covers the performance tests that have been done at Strängnäs Energi AB´s CHP-plant. The performance tests were carried out in order to investigate how the plant is operating. The results from the tests show that the efficiency of the plant is very poor. This has its explanation in the losses in forms of combustible content in the bottom ash, which in some cases reaches over 4 %. The problems with the combustion have been known for a while at Strängnäs Energi AB, but they did not have any calculated value of the efficiency. The company is working hard in order to come up with good solutions for the combustion and therefore this is not included in the diploma work. Instead the third part of the diploma work is focused on developing of a model for short term production planning. The model was made in MS Excel and it consists of a number of power and mass balances over one day. The key to the calculations in the model is the calculation of the alfa-value. The alfa-value together with the power in the hot water condenser gives an iterative calculation. The hot water accumulator is then either charged or discharged depending on current electrical price, demand of district heating and the level in the accumulator. The results from the simulations done with the model shows that it is possible for Strängnäs Energi AB to earn between 0 – 20 000 SEK during one day if they operate their plant as suggested in the model.

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Silva, Thayze D'Martin Costa da 1988. "Princípio do equivalente certo no planejamento da operação de sistemas hidrotérmicos." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259879.

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Orientadores: Secundino Soares Filho, Mônica de Souza Zambelli
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T07:16:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_ThayzeD'MartinCostada_M.pdf: 9346773 bytes, checksum: 73c504aef1611f22af50cead8deff7bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: O Princípio do Equivalente Certo (PEC) garante que as abordagens determinística e estocástica são equivalentes na otimização de sistemas dinâmicos estocásticos quando satisfeitas certas condições. É possível que o problema de planejamento da operação energética (POE) se aproxime de satisfazer as condições do PEC, apesar de não atendê-las teoricamente. Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a validade do PEC no âmbito da Programação Dinâmica aplicado ao POE de sistemas hidrotérmicos constituídos de um único reservatório e avaliar o impacto da violação de cada condição. As hipóteses do PEC foram analisadas progressivamente por meio da comparação dos resultados dos modelos considerados, desde o ideal que atende teoricamente às condições, até o mais próximo da realidade. Foram observadas diferenças pouco significativas entre as políticas de operação determinística e estocástica, indicando que o modelo de POE se aproxima de atender às condições do PEC. Uma consequência imediata deste estudo seria que a abordagem determinística do problema de POE para sistemas hidrotérmicos com um único reservatório pode ser tão eficaz quanto as abordagens estocásticas
Abstract: Certainty Equivalence Principle (CEP) ensures that deterministic and stochastic approaches are equivalent in stochastic dynamic systems optimization when some assumptions hold. It is possible that Long Term Hydrothermal Scheduling (LTHS) problem is close to attaining CEP¿s assumptions, although it does not attain them theoretically. Thus, the objective of this dissertation is to analyze the validity of CEP in Dynamic Programming framework applied to single reservoir LTHS problem and to evaluate the impacts of each CEP¿s condition violation. The CEP¿s conditions were progressive analyzed by comparison of the considered models results from an ideal case where theoretically assumptions hold until a case study closer to reality. Slight differences were observed between deterministic and stochastic operation policies, indicating that LTHS model is close to attain the CEP¿s conditions. An immediate consequence of this study would be that deterministic approach for the single reservoir LTHS problem can be as effective as stochastic ones
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestra em Engenharia Elétrica

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Cutri, Francesco Angelo. "Production enhancement in the planing and spindle moulding process utilising a mechatronic approach." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4079.

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Englberger, Julian. "Robuste Produktionsprogrammplanung in der hierarchischen Produktionsplanung für in der Industrie eingesetzte operative Produktionsplanungen und -steuerungen." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-152253.

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Dieser Beitrag basiert auf einer Planungshierarchie zur Produktionsplanung und -steuerung, die üblicherweise in der industriellen Praxis verwendet wird. In der Produktionsprogrammplanung werden meist deterministische Planungsparameter unterstellt. Tatsächlich sind insbesondere die Bedarfe zum Planungszeitpunkt nicht bekannt und somit unsicher. Zur Berücksichtigung dieser Unsicherheit wird in der aktuellen Forschung insbesondere die szenariobasierte robuste Optimierung verwendet. In diesem Forschungsvorhaben wird untersucht, wie eine robuste Produktionsprogrammplanung in einer solchen Planungshierarchie eingesetzt werden kann.

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Palmas, Claudia [Verfasser]. "Micro renewables in residential development : an integrated GIS-based multicriteria planning approach for decentralized micro renewable energy production in new settlement development under Italian planning conditions ; a case study of the eastern metropolitan area of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy / Claudia Palmas." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025794338/34.

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Briceño, Vicente Wendy Carolina. "Modélisation stochastique des réseaux de distribution sous incertitude." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENT053/document.

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Les évolutions récentes des systèmes électriques comme conséquence de la dérégulation du marché et des traités internationaux comme le protocole de Kyoto ont des répercussions importantes sur les réseaux, en particulier, ceux de distribution. En effet, une large part de la production décentralisée est prévue d'être raccordée sur ces derniers. La production décentralisée utilise des sources d'énergie renouvelables hautement imprévisibles et reparties dans la nature. Ce fait ajoute une contrainte forte sur la planification et l'exploitation des réseaux de distribution qui n'ont pas été conçus, à l'origine, pour accueillir de la production d'énergie à large échelle. Ce travail de thèse étudie l'impact de l'incertitude sur les études classiques de planification des réseaux électriques. Les études statiques et dynamiques du réseau ont été réalisées prenant en compte plusieurs sources d'incertitude dans plusieurs réseaux de distribution. Les incertitudes sont modélisées dans les études statiques par les méthodes probabilistes et possibilistes. La méthode possibilistes offre des avantages sur la méthode probabiliste. Il est déterminé le taux de pénétration éolien maximum d'un petit réseau maillé en utilisant la méthode probabiliste, ainsi que les simulations de stabilité dynamique et statique du réseau
The recent developments in power systems, as consequence of the market deregulation and the international treaties, as the ones originated by the Kyoto Protocol, have serious repercussions in power networks. Particularly on distribution networks, given that a large amount of distributed generation units are connected in the grid. For instance, renewable energy sources, that are used as distributed generation, are well-known for being distributed in nature and highly unpredictable. This fact adds a strong constraint on planning and operating the distribution networks that were not originally designed to accommodate distributed generation on a large scale. To this aim, this thesis examines the impact of uncertainties on classical power system planning studies, where classical static and dynamic planning studies are carried out in several power networks taking into account some sources of uncertainty. These uncertainties are modeled in the static studies using a probabilistic and a possibilistic approach. The possibilistic approach offers good advantages over the probabilistic method in terms of time consumption and precision. The maximum wind power penetration is determined for a small mesh network by the probabilistic method using dynamic and static stability simulations of the power system

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Leclercq, Alexandre. "Un formalisme générique pour la planification des systèmes énergétiques : application à la valorisation de la chaleur fatale." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0090.

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Lors du fonctionnement d’un procédé de production ou de transformation, l’énergie thermique produite grâce aux combustibles n’est pas utilisée en totalité. Une partie de la chaleur est inévitablement rejetée. C’est en raison de ce caractère inéluctable qu’on parle de « chaleur fatale ». Disponible le plus souvent à des températures assez basses sa valorisation demeure délicate. Le mode de valorisation le plus courant reste aujourd’hui l’intégration du procédé dans un système plus complexe tel qu’un éco-parc ou un réseau de chaleur urbain et/ou son couplage avec le réseau électrique, donnant ainsi naissance à une véritable chaîne logistique de la chaleur fatale. Deux verrous majeurs freinent pour l’heure la généralisation de ce type de systèmes intégrés : la conception de la chaîne logistique d’une part, c’est-à-dire la définition des différents maillons depuis le fournisseur de chaleur fatale jusqu’à son utilisateur final (stockage, valorisation, transport …) et d’autre part la planification de ce système qui doit en effet tenir compte du caractère souvent intermittent de la disponibilité de la source, mais aussi de la variabilité de la demande. Dans ces travaux de thèse, une approche de planification de cette chaine logistique est introduite. Cette approche repose sur la formulation et la résolution d’un modèle de Programmation Non Linéaire Mixte (PNLM). Toutefois, pour faciliter le développement de ce modèle et son adaptation à différent types de chaîne de valorisation, une extension du formalisme ERTN (‘Extended Resource Task Network’) introduit dans des travaux précédents est proposée. L’EERTN (‘Energy Extended Resource Task Network’) permet notamment de rendre compte de manière plus fine de l’influence de la température sur les phénomènes physico-chimique complexes mis en jeu dans ce type de système et ainsi de proposer une planification du système conduisant à une réduction significative de la consommation de combustible primaire du système globale et à une exploitation efficiente de la chaleur fatale générée sur le site. L’approche est appliquée sur un cas d’étude constitué d’une unité industrielle dont les besoins en chaleur sont pourvus par une centrale de production d’utilité vapeur. Non loin de cette unité industrielle existe un réseau de chaleur urbain. La chaleur fatale est constituée par les fumées issues de la chaudière de la centrale de production d’utilité. Dans cette étude, on supposera que la conception de la chaîne logistique visant à valoriser cette chaleur fatale a déjà été réalisée et qu’elle consiste à exploiter cette énergie pour subvenir à tout ou partie des besoins du réseau de chaleur urbain
When operating a production or a process, the thermal energy produced by the fuels is not entirely used. It is inevitable that a part of this heat will rejected. This part of the heat produced is known as "waste heat". Mostly available at low temperatures, its valuation remains delicate. The most common way of exploiting this energy is the integration of the process in a more complex system such as an eco-park or a district heat network and / or its coupling with the electricity network, giving rise to a real supply chain of waste heat. Actually, two major scientific locks restrict the generalisation of this type of integrated system. On the one hand, the design of the supply chain i.e. the definition of the various links from the supplier of the waste heat to its end user (storage, recovery, transport ...) is difficult. On the other hand, the planning of this system, which must take into account the often-intermittent nature of the source availability but also the variability of demand, is crucial. In this PhD thesis, a planning approach of this supply chain is established. This approach is based on the formulation and the resolution of a Mixed-Integer Non Linear Programming (MINLP) model. To facilitate the development of the model and its adaptation to different kinds of value chain, an extension of ERTN (Extended Resource Task Network) formalism, introduced in a previous work, is proposed. Mainly, the Energy Extended Resource Task Network (EERTN) framework provides a more detailed account of the influence of temperature on the complex physicochemical phenomena involved in the process. It proposes also a system planning leading to a significant reduction in the primary fuel consumption of the overall system and an efficient exploitation of the waste heat generated by the industrial site. The approach is applied to a case study consisting of an industrial unit whose heat requirements are provided by a steam utility plant. Not far from this industrial unit is a district heating network. The waste heat consists of the vapour from the boiler of the utility production plant. In this study, the design of the supply chain, able to exploit this waste heat, is assumed to be done and the problem consists to optimally plan the energy use of the district heating network

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Sankaranarayanan, Vairamayil. "Maintenance – Wind Energy Production." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Innovation och produktrealisering, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-27620.

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This thesis investigates issues like maintenance problems, key factors, maintenance challenges, maintenance solutions and practical difficulties in wind energy. In this case, surveys and interviews have been taken from several companies and maintenance experts, to find most prevailing problems and problem-solving methods since last few years. It helps to show, how the energy maintenance has been developed in past few years. Also it analyses the impact of fourth generation maintenance in wind energy production. From research questions, key factors involved in wind energy maintenance provides us with valuable suggestions to develop the maintenance methods in future vision.

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Harsan, Horea. "Analyse cyclique de sécurité : approche temps réel et intégration dans la gestion prévisionnelle." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0166.

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L'un des aspects important de la conception et de l'exploitation des grands réseaux de transport et d'interconnexion est le maintien de la sécurité du système. Cette sécurité concerne aussi bien les limites thermiques sur les ouvrages de transport que les limites de tension aux noeuds du réseau (contraintes d'isolation et de stabilité). A cet effet, le développement de méthodes nouvelles qui permettront à l'opérateur d'exploiter le réseau de façon à ce qu'aucun incident ne puisse causer les dépassements de limites de sécurité du système, est de plus en plus une nécessité. Cette thèse présente un algorithme général pour rendre plus efficace l'naisse de sécurité et donc permettre une analyse réellement systématique des incidents. Cet outil est basé sur l'utilisation des informations intrinsèquement contenues dans les résultats d'une analyse de sécurité systématique. Ces dernières peuvent être utilisées à des instants suivants en temps réel ou pour construire la carte des contraintes sur un horizon journalier. Une partie importante de cette thèse est consacrée à l'intégration de l'analyse de sécurité cyclique dans la réalisation du couplage production-réseau (introduction de la sécurité réseau dans la gestion prévisionnelle). Les résultats obtenus sur des données de planification issues du dispatching national montrent un gain de temps considérable acquit grâce à l'analyse cyclique. Elle se prête également bien aux analyses successives utilisées dans les optimisations du plan de tension en sécurité N et N-1. Un des chapitres de cette thèse traite l'analyse cyclique de sécurité en parallèle. La validation de la stratégie de parallélisation choisie a été faite sur un ordinateur parallèle CRAY

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Hand, Theodore Wayne. "Hydrogen Production Using Geothermal Energy." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/39.

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With an ever-increasing need to find alternative fuels to curb the use of oil in the world, many sources have been identified as alternative fuels. One of these sources is hydrogen. Hydrogen can be produced through an electro-chemical process. The objective of this report is to model an electrochemical process and determine gains and or losses in efficiency of the process by increasing or decreasing the temperature of the feed water. In order to make the process environmentally conscience, electricity from a geothermal plant will be used to power the electrolyzer. Using the renewable energy makes the process of producing hydrogen carbon free. Water considerations and a model of a geothermal plant were incorporated to achieve the objectives. The data show that there are optimal operating characteristics for electrolyzers. There is a 17% increase in efficiency by increasing the temperature from 20ºC to 80ºC. The greater the temperature the higher the efficiencies, but there are trade-offs with the required currents.

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Alkurdi, Nadeem. "Aide à la décision multicritère pour l’optimisation de scénarios de production énergétique via l’utilisation de données spatiales Towards robust scenarios of spatio-temporal renewable energy planning : A GIS-RO approach An integrated GIS and robust optimization framework for solar PV plant planning scenarios at utility scale A systemic decision support approach for biomass energy assessment, storage and delivery SONET analogy for solar PV site selection at utility scale." Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0006.

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Les pénuries d'électricité sont un problème mondial majeur à cause de l'augmentation de la demande d'électricité, c'est pourquoi l’implémentation des énergies renouvelables(ER) est une solution alternative importante pour répondre à nos besoins en électricité, en réduisant les émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour lutter contre le changement climatique et d'atténuer la dépendance à l'égard des ressources en combustibles fossiles. Ainsi, la planification de la transition vers les ER est une stratégie essentielle que le réseau électrique soit connecté au nationale ou hors dans les zones rurales. La plupart des pays sont déjà commencé à renforcer leurs infrastructures énergétiques pour les alimenter à partir de ressources ER durables, mais les ressources potentielles limitées pourraient arrêter ce déploiement. L’intégration de différentes ressources d'ER au réseau électrique est un enjeu majeur pour assurer la stabilité et l’implémentation de systèmes d'ER à rendement nécessite à la prise de décision pour encourager d'investissement. Donc, la planification des ER doit être évaluée à partir des critères technico-économiques et socio-environnementaux. Cette thèse surligner le concept principal de la transition 100 % ER d’ici fin 2030 en Guyane française où il y a un enjeu dans l'élaboration du scénario énergétique d'ici 2030 et les centrales électriques actuelles ne peuvent pas se nourrir l'augmentation de la demande d'électricité avec des ressources limitées. En résumé, cette thèse répondra à la question : comment optimiser différents scénarios de production d'énergie en tenant compte des dimensions spatio-temporelles du problème et des données
Currently, lack of electricity is a major global issue around the world due to the increase in power demand, that’s why implementation of renewable energy(RE) is an important alternative solution to feed our electricity needs, reducing Green House Gases (GHG) emissions to fight climate change and to mitigate the dependency on fossil fuels resources. So, (RE) transition planning is an essential ongoing strategy to feed our demand needs whether the network is grid-connected or off-grid in rural areas. Most countries have already begun to reinforce its energy infrastructure to be fed from sustainable (RE) resources but the limited potential resources could halt such deployment. So, integration of different renewable energy resources to the power network is a major challenge to secure the stability of the grid and the implementation of efficient (RE) systems requires strong decision making support to encourage investments. Thus, (RE) planning should be evaluated from the techno-economic-socio-environmental criteria. This thesis highlights the main concept of 100 % renewable energy transition by the end of 2030 in French Guiana where there is a challenge in the development of the energetic scenario by 2030 and the current energy production facilities cannot feed the increase in power demand within limited resources. As a summary, this thesis handles this research question: how to optimize different energy production scenarios combining different RE resources of maximum production at minimal costs in order to satisfy the energy needs taking into account the spatio-temporal dimensions of the problem and data?

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Broders, Adam C. "Combining of renewable energy plants to improve energy production stability." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2008. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-042908-132847/.

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Weismeier-Sammer, Daniela, and Elisabeth Reiner. "Cooperative Solutions for Renewable Energy Production." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2011. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3154/1/Case_Study_v%2Denergie_050711.pdf.

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Huang, Ke Colin. "ELECTRORHEOLOGY FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSERVATION." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/64954.

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Physics
Ph.D.
Recently, based on the physics of viscosity, we developed a new technology, which utilizes electric or magnetic fields to change the rheology of complex fluids to reduce the viscosity, while keeping the temperature unchanged. The method is universal and applicable to all complex fluids with suspended particles of nano-meter, sub-micrometer, or micrometer size. Completely different from the traditional viscosity reduction method, raising the temperature, this technology is energy-efficient, as it only requires small amount of energy to aggregate the suspended particles. In this thesis, we will first discuss this new technology in detail, both in theory and practice. Then, we will report applications of our technology to energy science research. Presently, 80% of all energy sources are liquid fuels. The viscosity of liquid fuels plays an important role in energy production and energy conservation. With an electric field, we can reduce the viscosity of asphalt-based crude oil. This is important and useful for heavy crude oil and off-shore crude oil production and transportation. Especially, since there is no practical way to raise the temperature of crude oil inside the deepwater pipelines, our technology may play a key role in future off-shore crude oil production. Electrorehology can also be used to reduce the viscosity of refinery fuels, such as diesel fuel and gasoline. When we apply this technology to fuel injection, the fuel droplets in the fuel atomization become smaller, leading to faster combustion in the engine chambers. As the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines depends on the combustion speed and timing, the fast combustion produces much higher fuel efficiency. Therefore, adding our technology on existing engines improves the engine efficiency significantly. A theoretical model for the engine combustion, which explains how fast combustion improves the engine efficiency, is also presented in the thesis.
Temple University--Theses

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Narvaez, Dinamarca Ana Lorena. "Integrated production of chemicals and energy." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5623.

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Polygeneration technologies based on synthesis gas allow for the simultaneousproduction of intermediate chemicals and the generation of electricity. The study ofthe integrated production of chemicals and power has different approachesdepending on the products and their demands. This study focuses on the combinedproduction of methanol or dimethyl ether and electricity considering a small tomedium scale production plant to provide chemicals (for applications such astransportation fuel or LPG substitute) and electricity for a small to medium-sizedpopulation. Methanol or dimethyl ether and electricity production were estimated to meet a localtransportation fuel market and off-peak load electricity demand for a small town. The methanol and dimethyl ether synthesis were simulated assuming both asynthesis loop and a once-through configuration. The effect of lower catalyticperformances on the polygeneration system performances was tested in methanoland dimethyl ether production. In addition, direct DME synthesis was assessed atdifferent catalyst loading ratios and also different H2/COx ratios. The flexibility of thecombined systems was studied assuming different approaches to cope with achange on the demand for chemical or electricity. These approaches involvedchanging operating conditions such as the recycle ratio or the synthesis gas feedrate. The feasibility of the polygeneration systems was determined through thecomparison with separate stand-alone configurations for chemical production andpower generation considering requirements of fresh synthesis gas, heating/coolingutilities, and compressor duties. In general, the simulations of the integrated system based on once-throughconfiguration for both MeOH and DME synthesis cases showed lower powerconsumptions and lower fresh synthesis gas requirements compared to theequivalent stand-alone and loop configurations. Finally, the once-throughpolygeneration system is an attractive scheme to produce chemicals and powerbecause of the simplicity of the chemical plant and its lower capital and operatingcosts.

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Filho, Oswaldo Maceron. "BNDES financing for electrical energy production: a study on wind energy." Universidade de Taubaté, 2015. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=801.

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Insufficient Brazilian production of electricity in recent years leads to essential investments in the sector, increasing the possibility of using alternative energy. BNDES participation becomes necessary, as the only Brazilian bank to finance infrastructure and to offer specific lines for the segment of renewable energy. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the lines of credit offered by the BNDES by December 2013 were adequate for the financing of wind power generation projects. In this dissertation, a survey of credit lines from BNDES is presented for wind energy, considering the context of the historical performance of the bank and the main aspects of wind energy in Brazil by the year 2013. The presented research is qualitative, bibliographic and documentary. The documents analyzed are only those of public and unrestricted access. Due to the availability of data and consolidated reports in official media, the survey period was restricted until December 2013. The results showed that the BNDES did not make available lines of specific funding for wind energy production. However, the lines oriented in a comprehensive way, the production of renewable energies were appropriate to wind projects. Despite the availability of financing lines, there are bureaucratic barriers that hinder the use of these resources.
A insuficiente produção brasileira de energia elétrica nos últimos anos leva a imprescindíveis investimentos no setor, ampliando a possibilidade de utilização das energias alternativas. A participação do BNDES torna-se necessária, por ser o único banco brasileiro a financiar a infraestrutura e a oferecer linhas específicas para o segmento das energias renováveis. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar se as linhas de crédito oferecidas pelo BNDES até dezembro de 2013 foram adequadas ao financiamento de projetos de geração de energia eólica. Nesta dissertação, é apresentado um levantamento das linhas de financiamento do BNDES para a energia eólica, considerando o contexto da atuação histórica do banco e os principais aspectos da energia eólica no Brasil até o ano de 2013. A pesquisa apresentada é de natureza qualitativa, bibliográfica e documental. Os documentos analisados são somente àqueles de acesso público e irrestrito. Devido à disponibilidade de dados e relatórios consolidados, em meios oficiais, o período da pesquisa foi restrito até dezembro de 2013. Os resultados obtidos apontaram que o BNDES não disponibilizava linhas de financiamentos específicas para a produção eólica de energia. Entretanto, as linhas voltadas, de maneira abrangente, à produção de energias renováveis foram adequadas aos projetos eólicos. Apesar da disponibilidade de linhas de financiamento, há entraves burocráticos que dificultam o uso desses recursos.

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Bulmahn, Alexander Palen. "Lepton pair production in high energy μa scattering: cross sections, energy loss, and applications to underground lepton production." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/472.

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I reevaluate the total cross section and energy loss parameter β for lepton pair production from interactions of high energy muons with atomic targets. Using a detailed structure function analysis, this evaluation is valid for both elastic and inelastic scattering and includes the entire range of allowed momentum transfers. The formalism presented here is applied to both e+e- and τ+τ- pair production. This approach to the calculation of the cross section allows for a numerical evaluation of the energy distribution of the differential cross section. Using this numerical evaluation, and parameterizations for the atmospheric muon flux, I calculate the differential flux of high energy electrons and taus produced underground from incident muons, considering both conventional and prompt atmospheric muon fluxes. An approximate form for the differential charged current neutrino cross section is presented and used to calculate the differential flux of electrons and taus produced from incident neutrinos to compare to the production by incident muons. I also calculate the underground flux of photons produced via muon bremsstrahlung and discuss the electromagnetic background from these events. The relevance of high energy lepton production for underground Cherenkov detectors is discussed.

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Andersen, Magnus Nordahl. "Energy Solution for Floating LNG Production System." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18579.

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This report considers different energy solutions for a floating LNG production vessel. The two alternatives analyzed are gas turbine and steam turbine. In addition to being stand-alone alternatives they are the basis for other alternatives, such as electric drive and combined cycle. Light side studies have been performed on the two latter ones. A LNG process model has been built in Aspen HYSYS, and from this several cases has been run. There are 3 levels of different parameters that have been run: 1) Energy system, 2) Feed Gas Composition, and 3) Liquefaction process. As mentioned the two energy systems are GT and ST. Three different feed gas compositions have been analyzed: 1) Low content of both CO2 and N2 (0.5 % and 1 % respectively), 2) High content of CO2 (9.5 %), and 3) High content of both CO2 and N2 (9.5 % and 3 %). The liquefaction processes analyzed are two of the most promising for a floating LNG application: Dual mixed refrigerant and dual N2 expander.The feed gas compositions was chosen to give a wide area of applications for the results, and to give illustration on how the two different energy solution would respond to changing feed gas composition. The DMR liquefaction process was chosen mainly because this is the one being implemented in Shell Prelude FLNG. Being the most proposed solution for offshore application the dual N2 expander was a natural alternative to the DMR.The analysis show a clear advantage for gas turbine and DMR process, when exclusively looking at efficiency. However; as the objective of the study states, important factors such as safety, vessel motion sensitivity, reliability, availability is also to be considered. The results show 245 kWh/ton LNG energy consumption with the DMR liquefaction process, whereas the dual N2 expander requires 424 kWh/ton LNG; over 70 % increase. However; the side- cases run in this report show advantages to the N2 dual expander in safety, weight/space requirements and ease of start-up and shut down.The ST/N2 has fuel gas consumption 4% higher than the GT/N2. On the basis of the results in this report and other studies performed on FLNG a selection of the ST/N2 setup will be favorable as long as there is a high CO2 content in the feed. With low CO2 content, hence heat demand, the advantage of the ST is smaller thanks to lower heat recovery demand.

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Wang, Huizhi, and 王慧至. "Electrochemical conversion of aluminum energy: energy efficiency, co-production concept and systemcharacteristics." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4697040X.

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Hahn, John J. "Hydrogen production from biomass." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4387.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 1, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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Rengel, Ana. "Energy and environmental analyses of a bioreactor for microalgae culture for energy production." Paris, ENMP, 2010. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00631067.

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Les microalgues sont des organismes photosynthétiques considérés pour la production d'énergie. Les photobioréacteurs sont des systèmes fermés avec des productivités plus importantes que les bassins ouverts. Cette étude concerne l'expérimentation et la modélisation d'un réacteur du type « airlift à circulation interne». Des microparticules sont ajoutées pour modéliser les concentrations d'algues dans le réacteur. Les fractions du gaz et les vitesses du liquide ne sont pas affectées par la présence de microparticules. La distribution de la lumière dans le réacteur est calculée en considérant les concentrations de la biomasse et les propriétés optiques des algues. La lumière est atténuée de la paroi jusqu'au centre du réacteur et cette atténuation augmente avec la concentration de la biomasse. Les productivités de biomasse, estimées en utilisant deux modèles biologiques, montrent que celles obtenues dans les photobioréacteurs sont plus élevées que celles obtenues dans les bassins ouverts. La capacité du réacteur pour absorber du CO2 et produire de l'O2 est évaluée selon les productivités obtenues. A intensités lumineuses modérées, l'O2 dissout n'atteint pas le niveau d'intoxication, même pour de faibles débits d'air. Le CO2 et le CIT deviennent limitant si de l'air naturel est injecté dans le bioréacteur. Il est donc nécessaire d'injecter de l'air enrichi en CO2. L'hydrodynamique d'un réacteur airlift hélicoïdal est également présentée. Deux diamètres de tuyaux sont testés dans la section hélicoïdale. Une corrélation est proposée pour estimer le coefficient de frottement en fonction du Reynolds et le rapport entre le diamètre d'enroulement et le diamètre de tuyau. Pour réaliser la culture de microalgues à l'échelle industrielle, il est indispensable d'obtenir un bilan énergétique positif et de faibles émissions de GES. Pour cela, il faudra intégrer la culture dans des procédés de transformation tels que la production de biodiesel et la digestion anaérobique
Microalgae are photosynthetic organisms considered today for energy production. Photobioreactors are closed systems that present higher productivities than open ponds. In this study, a hydrodynamic model is developed for an internal airlift reactor and validated experimentally. Microparticles are added to the reactor at concentrations found in current microalgae cultures. Results show that gas hold-up and liquid velocities are not affected by the presence of particles. Light distribution and availability in the internal airlift reactor is calculated, taking into account biomass concentrations and algae optical properties. Light is attenuated from the wall to the reactor center while this attenuation increases with biomass concentrations. Based on two biological models, biomass productivities achieved in photobioreactors are higher than in open ponds. From biomass productivities, the reactor capacity to absorb CO2 and to release O2 is estimated. Results show that at moderate irradiances, dissolved O2 levels do not reach intoxication at low air flow rates. If natural air is injected into the reactor, CO2 and TIC become limiting therefore, it is necessary to inject CO2-enriched air. The hydrodynamics of a helical airlift reactor is also presented. Two pipe diameters are tested in the helical section. A mathematical correlation is proposed to estimate the friction factor as a function of the Reynolds number and curvature ratios. To perform microalgae culture at large scale, it is necessary to obtain a positive energy and GHGs balance. Therefore, microalgae culture has to be integrated in a system where conversion processes such as biodiesel production and anaerobic digestion are performed

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Aleksic, Snezana. "Butanol Production from Biomass." Connect to resource online, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1242762960.

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Ingebrigtsen, Vegard Byre. "Energy Analysis of Evaporator System in Fertilizer Production." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18410.

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Yara Glomfjord is the north most production facility of compound fertilizer in the world and produces annually about 500 000 tons NPK and 200 000 tons CN. The general energy system of the process plant utilizes steam as the main energy carrier for the entire production site. Yara Glomfjord has today a general lack of steam, and steam is produced in EGA boilers approximately 75% of operational time to cover all heating tasks. The main objective of this Master thesis is to analyze energy flow in in the factory to identify energy saving potential, and later to suggest improvements for the CN-evaporator system in order to retire the use of EGA boilers and supply excess heat for other heating tasks in the factory.First off analysis was made on general energy flows in the factory. This was done in order to reveal potential for energy savings and to clarify which paths to choose for further heat integration. The result of the analysis shows that latent heat flows are of far greater importance than sensible heat flows to the general steam balance at Yara Glomfjord. It was also identified that the large potential for latent heat recovery lies within the evaporator equipment.Next up this text suggests investment in evaporator equipment in order to integrate latent heat, so that the overall steam consumption goes down. Three different suggestions were presented and analyzed in detail in the document: CN-Evaporator System Design. The most proving suggestions are new equipment coupled in cascade with old evaporators or a new independent MVR evaporator in front of old solution. Both suggestions are found to retire EGA boilers completely and also supply excess heat for other heating tasks. This text recommends one of these two suggestions.To suggest new improvements in the CN-evaporator system Epcon Evaporation Technology AS were involved. Testing at Epcon’s facilities in Trondheim indicate a new possibility. For the suggested retrofit cascade evaporation system, submergence of boiling pressure is possible. These findings supports the recommendations from this text to invest in a new evaporator coupled in cascade with the old solution with submergence of boiling pressure. In this way the energy savings in question can be implemented with only a small investment and almost no energy cost in a vacuum pump.As a huge potential for energy savings was found possible at reasonable cost and at a manageable technical level, the findings of this Master thesis hopefully settles the steam issues of the Yara Glomfjord compound fertilizer plant once and for all.In light of the late findings of this project, with the possibility of submergence of boiling pressure a hint is also sent to Yara Porsgrunn. As a great role model for Yara Glomfjord they utilize latent heat, but at the cost of expensive compressor work and not with submergence of boiling pressure which this text clearly states to be the superior technology.

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Bertrand, Martine 1976. "Photon production in high energy heavy ion collisions." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31196.

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The production of photons in the energy range of 0 to 3 GeV is discussed as a signature of the creation of a quark-gluon plasma in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions. However, they are also created in the hadronic phase. Therefore I investigate the role of the pirho → pigamma and pio → pigamma reactions in the photon emission from hot hadronic matter, and I compare their respective importance. These reactions are known to be the leading contributions. For this purpose I use diverse effective chiral Lagrangians that are in accord with known empirical properties of strong interaction. Then I discuss the relevance of my work to heavy ion collisions.

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Danje, Stephen. "Fast pyrolysis of corn residues for energy production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17822.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Increasing oil prices along with the climate change threat have forced governments, society and the energy sector to consider alternative fuels. Biofuel presents itself as a suitable replacement and has received much attention over recent years. Thermochemical conversion processes such as pyrolysis is a topic of interest for conversion of cheap agricultural wastes into clean energy and valuable products. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of the promising technologies for converting biomass into liquid fuels and regarded as a promising feedstock to replace petroleum fuels. Corn residues, corn cob and corn stover, are some of the largest agricultural waste types in South Africa amounting to 8 900 thousand metric tonnes annually (1.7% of world corn production) (Nation Master, 2005). This study looked at the pyrolysis kinetics, the characterisation and quality of by-products from fast pyrolysis of the corn residues and the upgrading of bio-oil. The first objective was to characterise the physical and chemical properties of corn residues in order to determine the suitability of these feedstocks for pyrolytic purposes. Secondly, a study was carried out to obtain the reaction kinetic information and to characterise the behaviour of corn residues during thermal decomposition. The knowledge of biomass pyrolysis kinetics is of importance in the design and optimisation of pyrolytic reactors. Fast pyrolysis experiments were carried out in 2 different reactors: a Lurgi twin screw reactor and a bubbling fluidised bed reactor. The product yields and quality were compared for different types of reactors and biomasses. Finally, a preliminary study on the upgrading of bio-oil to remove the excess water and organics inorder to improve the quality of this liquid fuel was performed. Corn residues biomass are potential thermochemical feedstocks, with the following properties (carbon 50.2 wt. %, hydrogen 5.9 wt. % and Higher heating value 19.14 MJ/kg) for corn cob and (carbon 48.9 wt. %, hydrogen 6.01 wt. % and Higher heating value 18.06 MJ/kg) for corn stover. Corn cobs and corn stover contained very low amounts of nitrogen (0.41-0.57 wt. %) and sulphur (0.03-0.05 wt. %) compared with coal (nitrogen 0.8-1.9 wt. % and sulphur 0.7-1.2 wt. %), making them emit less sulphur oxides than when burning fossil fuels. The corn residues showed three distinct stages in the thermal decomposition process, with peak temperature of pyrolysis shifting to a higher value as the heating rate increased. The activation energies (E) for corn residues, obtained by the application of an iso-conversional method from thermogravimetric tests were in the range of 220 to 270 kJ/mol. The products obtained from fast pyrolysis of corn residues were bio-oil, biochar, water and gas. Higher bio-oil yields were produced from fast pyrolysis of corn residues in a bubbling fluidised bed reactor (47.8 to 51.2 wt. %, dry ash-free) than in a Lurgi twin screw reactor (35.5 to 37 wt. %, dry ash-free). Corn cobs produced higher bio-oil yields than corn stover in both types of reactors. At the optimised operating temperature of 500-530 °C, higher biochar yields were obtained from corn stover than corn cobs in both types of reactors. There were no major differences in the chemical and physical properties of bio-oil produced from the two types of reactors. The biochar properties showed some variation in heating values, carbon content and ash content for the different biomasses. The fast pyrolysis of corn residues produced energy products, bio-oil (Higher heating value = 18.7-25.3 MJ/kg) and biochar (Higher heating value = 19.8-29.3 MJ/kg) comparable with coal (Higher heating value = 16.2-25.9 MJ/kg). The bio-oils produced had some undesirable properties for its application such as acidic (pH 3.8 to 4.3) and high water content (21.3 to 30.5 wt. %). The bio-oil upgrading method (evaporation) increased the heating value and viscosity by removal of light hydrocarbons and water. The corn residues biochar produced had a BET Brynauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of 96.7 to 158.8 m2/g making it suitable for upgrading for the manufacture of adsorbents. The gas products from fast pyrolysis were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) as CO2, CO, H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8 and C5+ hydrocarbons. The gases had CO2 and CO of more than 80% (v/V) and low heating values (8.82-8.86 MJ/kg).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die styging in olie pryse asook dreigende klimaatsveranderinge het daartoe gelei dat regerings, die samelewing asook die energie sektor alternatiewe energiebronne oorweeg. Biobrandstof as alternatiewe energiebron het in die afgope paar jaar redelik aftrek gekry. Termochemiese omskakelingsprosesse soos pirolise word oorweeg vir die omskakeling van goedkoop landbou afval na groen energie en waardevolle produkte. Snel piroliese van biomassa is een van die mees belowende tegnologië vir die omskakeling van biomassa na vloeibare brandstof en word tans gereken as ’n belowende kandidaat om petroleum brandstof te vervang. Mielieafval, stronke en strooi vorm ’n reuse deel van die Suid Afrikaanse landbou afval. Ongeveer 8900 duisend metrieke ton afval word jaarliks geproduseer wat optel na ongeveer 1.7% van die wêreld se mielie produksie uitmaak (Nation Master, 2005). Hierdie studie het gekk na die kinetika van piroliese, die karakterisering en kwaliteit van by-produkte van snel piroliese afkomstig van mielie-afval asook die opgradering van biobrandstof. Die eerste mikpunt was om die fisiese en chemiese karakteristieke van mielie-afval te bepaal om sodoende die geskiktheid van hierdie afval vir die gebruik tydens piroliese te bepaal. Tweendens is ’n kinetiese studie onderneem om reaksie parameters te bepaal asook die gedrag tydens termiese ontbinding waar te neem. Kennis van die piroliese kinetika van biomassa is van belang juis tydens die ontwerp en optimering van piroliese reaktore. Snel piroliese ekspermente is uitgevoer met behulp van twee verskillende reaktore: ’n Lurgi twee skroef reaktor en ’n borrelende gefluidiseerde-bed reaktor. Die produk opbrengs en kwaliteit is vergelyk. Eindelik is ’n voorlopige studie oor die opgradering van bio-olie uitgevoer deur te kyk na die verwydering van oortollige water en organiese materiaal om die kwaliteit van hierdie vloeibare brandstof te verbeter. Biomassa afkomstig van mielie-afval is ’n potensiële termochemiese voerbron met die volgende kenmerke: mielie stronke- (C - 50.21 massa %, H – 5.9 massa %, HHV – 19.14 MJ/kg); mielie strooi – (C – 48.9 massa %, H – 6.01 massa %, HHV – 18.06 MJ/kg). Beide van hierdie materiale bevat lae hoeveelhede N (0.41-0.57 massa %) and S (0.03-0.05 massa %) in vergelyking met steenkool N (0.8-1.9 massa %) and S (0.7-1.2 massa %). Dit beteken dat hieride bronne van biomassa laer konsentrasies van swael oksiedes vrystel in vergelyking met fossielbrandstowwe. Drie kenmerkende stadia is waargeneem tydens die termiese afbraak van mielie-afval, met die temperatuur piek van piroliese wat skuif na ’n hoër temperatuur soos die verhittingswaarde toeneem. Die waargenome aktiveringsenergie (E) van mielie-afval bereken met behulp van die iso-omskakelings metode van TGA toetse was in die bestek: 220 tot 270 kJ/mol. Die produkte verkry deur Snel Piroliese van mielie-afval was bio-olie, bio-kool en gas. ’n Hoër opbrengs van bio-olie is behaal tydens Snel Piroliese van mielie-afval in die borrelende gefluidiseerde-bed reakctor (47.8 na 51.2 massa %, droog as-vry) in vergelyking met die Lurgi twee skroef reakctor (35.5 na 37 massa %, droog as-vry). Mielie stronke sorg vir ’n hoër opbrengs van bio-olie as mielie strooi in beide reaktore. By die optimum bedryfskondisies is daar in beide reaktor ’n hoër bio-kool opbrengs verkry van mielie stingels teenoor mielie stronke. Geen aansienlike verskille is gevind in die chemise en fisiese kenmerke van van die bio-olie wat geproduseer is in die twee reaktore nie. Daar is wel variasie getoon in die bio-kool kenmerkte van die verskillende Snel Piroliese prosesse. Snel piroliese van mielie-afval lewer energie produkte, bio-olie (HVW = 18.7-25.3MJ/kg) en bio-kool (HVW = 19.8-29.3 MJ/kg) vergelykbaar met steenkool (HVW = 16.2-25.9 MJ/kg). Die bio-olies geproduseer het sommige ongewenste kenmerke getoon byvoorbeeld suurheid (pH 3.8-4.3) asook hoë water inhoud (21.3 – 30.5 massa %). Die metode (indamping) wat gebruik is vir die opgradering van bio-olie het gelei tot die verbetering van die verhittingswaarde asook die toename in viskositeit deur die verwydering van ligte koolwaterstowwe en water. Die mielie-afval bio-kool toon ’n BET (Brunauer-Emmet-Teller) oppervlakte area van 96.7-158.8 m2/g wat dit toepaslik maak as grondstof vir absorbante. The gas geproduseer tydens Snel Piroliese is geanaliseer met behulp van gas chromotografie (GC) as CO2, CO, H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8 and C5+ koolwaterstowwe. Die vlak van CO2 en CO het 80% (v/V) oorskry en met lae verhittingswaardes (8.82-8.86 MJ/kg).

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45

McGinley, John. "The production of electrical energy from biological sources." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419050.

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46

Lammers, Peter J. "Energy and nutrient cycling in pig production systems." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009.

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47

Shmeleva, Mariia. "Geothermal Energy Production from Oil and Gas Wells." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-245059.

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This Thesis presents an investigation of geothermal energy production and utilization for electricity generation on the petroleum fields. According to the global energy market in Russia, the leading position takes oil and gas industry. Experts say that most of large petroleum deposits are depleted and the water cut reaches up to 80-90%. To develop such fields and deposits is not economic attractive, that is why wells with high water cut, more than 95%, are turned into abandoned wells. The technology of obtaining geothermal energy from abandoned wells allows reusing already drilled deep wells to generate electricity in an environmentally friendly way. It is especially relevant in oilfields isolated from the grids. In this work the scheme of geothermal energy extraction and utilization is presented. Based on the knowledge of heat exchange in a well and foreign experience a mathematical model describing heat exchange between injected fluid and surrounding rocks in a double pipe was developed. Apart from that the main factors affecting the efficiency of geothermal heat extraction and electricity generation were thoroughly examined. Furthermore, the economic and ecological effect from electricity production by ORC was defined.
Denna avhandling presenterar en undersökning av produktion av geotermisk energi och utnyttjande av elproduktion på petroleumsområdena. Enligt den globala energimarknaden i Ryssland tar ledande position olje- och gasindustrin. Experter säger att de flesta stora oljefyndigheter är utarmade och vattnets snitt når upp till 80-90%. Att utveckla sådana fält och insättningar är inte ekonomiskt attraktiva, det är därför brunnar med högvattenskärning, mer än 95%, förvandlas till övergivna brunnar. Tekniken för att erhålla geotermisk energi från övergivna brunnar möjliggör återanvändning av redan borrade djupa brunnar för att generera el på ett miljövänligt sätt. Det är särskilt relevant i oljefält isolerade från nätet. I detta arbete presenteras systemet för geotermisk energiutvinning och -utnyttjande. Baserat på kunskapen om värmeväxling i en brunn och utländsk erfarenhet utvecklades en matematisk modell som beskriver värmeväxling mellan injicerad vätska och omgivande stenar i ett dubbelrör. Bortsett från detta undersöktes de viktigaste faktorerna som påverkar effektiviteten av geotermisk utvinning och elproduktion. Vidare definierades den ekonomiska och ekologiska effekten av elproduktion av ORC.

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Swanepoel, Paul. "A forecasting model for photovoltaic module energy production." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1420.

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Energy is of concern for governments and economies all over the world. As conventional methods of energy production are facing the prospect of depleting fossil fuel reserves, economies are facing energy risks. With this tension, various threats arise in terms of energy supply security. A shift from intensive fossil fuel consumption to alternative energy consumption combined with the calculated use of fossil fuels needs to be implemented. Using the energy radiated from the sun and converted to electricity through photovoltaic energy conversion is one of the alternative and renewable sources to address the limited fossil fuel dilemma. South Africa receives an abundance of sunlight irradiance, but limited knowledge of the implementation and possible energy yield of photovoltaic energy production in South Africa is available. Photovoltaic energy yield knowledge is vital in applications for farms, rural areas and remote transmitting devices where the construction of electricity grids are not cost effective. In this study various meteorological and energy parameters about photovoltaics were captured in Port Elizabeth (South Africa) and analyzed, with data being recorded every few seconds. A model for mean daily photovoltaic power output was developed and the relationships between the independent variables analyzed. A model was developed that can forecast mean daily photovoltaic power output using only temperature derived variables and time. The mean daily photovoltaic power model can then easily be used to forecast daily photovoltaic energy output using the number of sunlight seconds in a given day.

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Lange, Frederick. "Simulationsgestützte Kapazitätsbedarfsabschätzung in der operativen Produktionsplanung und -steuerung." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-152306.

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Die Produktionsplanung in kommerziellen Enterprise Ressource Planning Systemen und Produktionsplanungs- und -steuerungssystemen erfolgt unter unzureichender Berücksichtigung von beschränkten Kapazitäten. Dies führt oft zu unzulässigen Plänen, welche nicht selten zu einer Verfehlung der termingerechten Bedarfsdeckung führen. Durch den Einsatz sogenannter Clearing Functions (CF) können die nicht linearen Abhängigkeiten zwischen der Arbeitslast eines Produktionssystems und der zu erwartenden Ausbringungsmenge beschrieben werden. Eine solche CF kann empirisch durch den Einsatz von Simulation ermittelt werden und zu einer verbesserten Kapazitätsabschätzung in der operativen Produktionsplanung und -steuerung beitragen.

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Schiener, Peter. "Bioethanol production from macroalgae." Thesis, University of the Highlands and Islands, 2014. https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/bioethanol-production-from-macroalgae(d1c0fd4d-3a91-4d17-be4f-0b7b2af86e11).html.

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Seaweed biomass has been identified as a potential fermentation substrate for third generation biofuel processes due to its high carbohydrate content and its potential for mass cultivation without competing for agricultural land, fresh water and fertilisers. This thesis aimed to develop and advance existing processes to convert brown seaweeds into bioethanol. The main kelp species chosen as biomass candidates were Laminaria digitata, Laminaria hyperborea, Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta due to their abundance in Scottish waters and their identified potential for mariculturing. These kelp species were chemically characterised to identify seasonal variations, to recommend suitable seaweed candidates for bioethanol production and predict best harvest times. This has only been demonstrated before on one species - L. digitata. The chemical composition analyses were carried out over a 14 months sampling period, which focused on the storage carbohydrates laminarin and mannitol and the structural carbohydrates alginate, cellulose, fucoidan and xylose. In addition to carbohydrates the protein, nitrogen, carbon, polyphenol, ash and metal content was also profiled. Chemical profiling identified all four kelps as potential fermentation candidates, where maximum carbohydrate contents coincided with lowest ash and polyphenol content, usually seen in autumn. Biomass pre-treatment and saccharification are up-stream processes aimed at enhancing extraction of carbohydrates and converting those into fermentable substrates. Conversion of seaweed biomass into fermentation substrate evaluated acids and enzymes for seaweed pre-treatment and saccharification. Methodologies focused on optimising saccharification yields were developed to identify process critical parameters and develop methods for routine analysis of seaweed biomass. Results demonstrated that dilute acid hydrolysis was were less effective in releasing fermentable sugars, and also resulted in higher salinities compared to enzymatic hydrolysis using hemicellulosic and cellulosic enzymes, which were the preferred method of saccharification. All seaweeds in this thesis were assessed as fermentation substrates using the yeasts S. cerevisiae and P. angophorae, that principally ferment glucose or mannitol, respectively. Small-scale fermentation assays were developed for both yeasts to maximise ethanol yields and achieve process robustness. Both yeasts achieved a maximum ethanol yield of 0.17 g g-1 using Laminaria spp. On the basis of results, S. cerevisiae is recommended as the most useful yeast at this present point for ethanol fermentation from seaweed hydrolysates because of its tolerance to high salinity and ethanol concentrations. As salinity can negatively affect non-halotolerant enzymes, isolation of marine microorganisms was therefore carried out with the aim to highlight their enzymatic potential in seaweed saccharification. This was achieved through the isolation of two members of the genus Pseudoalteromonas, where saccharification yields using crude intracellular enzyme preparations exceeded those of dilute acids. In addition, the fermentative potential of microbial isolates as future ethanologenic strains was also evaluated. Understanding of the metabolic pathways is needed to fully assess the potential of those strains for genetic alteration. In conclusion, this thesis has demonstrated that up to ca. 20 g l-1 of ethanol can be produced from kelp species that grow on the west coast of Scotland. The procedure developed and used to produce ethanol requires further development, specifically the need for ethanol-fermenting microorganisms that can utilize mannitol and alginate; use of marine-adapted enzymes for saccharifiction; and the development of processes to achieve substrate concentration with reduced salinities. Comparison of theoretical ethanol yields from seaweed biomass with ethanol yields from terrestrial crops showed that the complete utilisation of all three major seaweed carbohydrates (laminarin, mannitol and alginate) from kelp species is needed for the process to be able to compete with 1st generation biofuel processes.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Planing of an energy production'

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