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1
Andriyani, Nuraina, Arif Mahdiana, Endang Hilmi, and Samuel Kristian. "The Correlation Between Plankton Abundance And Water Quality in Donan River." Omni-Akuatika 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2020.16.3.844.
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Planktons have ability to live in aquatic ecosystem, including rivers ecosystem, estuary ecosystem, lake ecosystem and ocean ecosystem. The plankton abundance is estimated by correlation with water quality both of salinity, pH, temperature and others. This research aimed to analysis plankton abundance and to analysis correlation between plankton abundance and water quality. This research was conducted in Donan River using random sampling in 10 stations. The plankton are collected using plankton net no 25 and Lackey Drop Mikrotranset Counting (plankton analysis) and APHA (2005) to analysis water quality. The results showed that the plankton abundance ranged between 524 – 6,406 ind L-1 and best correlation with water salinity had index 0.975. Keywords: plankton abundance, water quality, Donan river, water salinity, correlation
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Maya Evita, Isnaini Nurul, Riche Hariyati, and Jafron Wasiq Hidayat. "Kelimpahan dan Keanekaragaman Plankton Sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas Air di Perairan Pantai Sayung Kabupaten Demak Jawa Tengah." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 23, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.23.1.25-32.
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Sayung coast is a area with a growing residential, sea ranching, and industrial area. Those aspects produce create waste that could harm the environment, directly or indirectly. Plankton is a biologic component that is used to indicate the changes of water quality in waters that has been polluted. These goals of this research are to know the water quality in Sayung coast area from the abundance of the plankton, physical-chemical parameter of the water, and also the status of water saprobity. The samples are taken in July 2017 and April 2018, in Sayung coast waters, Demak. Plankton sampling and water from 5 sampling stasions are considered to represent the diversity of the plankton and water stability. Plankton is sampled using plankton net No.25, then preserved using 70% alcohol + 4% formaldehyde. The abiotic data measureted is nitrate content, temperature, pH, salinity, DO, and turbidity. Data analysis are done using Shannon Weiner’s diversity index (H’), diversty index (e), domination index (C), saprobic index. The result shows that there are 49 species of planktons are found, which are 38 fitoplankton, and 11 zooplankton. The highest group is Bacillariophyta which is 14,24%. The diversty index value of H’ 1,58 – 2,45; therefore the Sayung coast waters is catagorized as stable. The index value of e ranges from 0,64 – 1; index C values ranges from 0,08 – 0,22; and the saprobirity index value is in β-Meso/Polisaprobik to α-Mesosaprobik phase with a very light to very high pollution levels. The physical-chemical parameter analysis of Sayung coast waters in overall is still suitable to support plankton’s life.
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NGUYEN-QUANG, TRI, and FREDERIC GUICHARD. "THE ROLE OF BIOCONVECTION IN PLANKTON POPULATION WITH THERMAL STRATIFICATION." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 06 (June 2010): 1761–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410026812.
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This paper investigates hydrodynamic processes of suspended planktonic population within a thermal stratification to represent a thermocline, in using a model of coupled equations: Navier–Stokes' equation for the fluid dynamic motion, Fisher's equation for the planktonic population with logistic growth, energy conservation equation for thermal effects and the Boussinesq approximation for the dependence on mass density of plankton. The planktonic population is assumed to be slightly denser than the fluid and to follow logistic growth. A numerical investigation is conducted to study patterns of plankton distribution under thermal stratification, and we adopt the finite volume method for solving the system of governing equations in simulations. It is found that thermal stratification constrains the feedback between hydrodynamic and plankton dynamics. More precisely, when temperature is lower in the upper than in the lower layer, the temperature gradient is destabilizing and both convection mechanisms — plankton motility (i.e. taxis behavior that can induce bioconvection) and temperature gradient — are additive. In the case of higher temperature in the upper than the lower layer, which applies to most natural systems, thermal stratification can dampen bioconvection and induce oscillatory dynamics if plankton diffuses faster than temperature. In all cases, if hydrodynamic and demographic time scales overlap, plankton growth rate has a strong effect on hydrodynamic processes involving both thermal convection and convection created by gravitaxis mechanism. Our study thus reveals the potential feedback between hydrodynamic and local demographic processes in plankton populations.
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Pradhan, Anisha, Pampa Bhattacharjee, and Diamond Rajakumar Tenali. "Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Plankton Communities in the Lower Haora River, Tripura, India." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, no. 9 (April 13, 2024): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i94022.
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Planktons are significant bioindicator of ecosystem functioning, knowledge of the seasonal fluctuation in the plankton population in riverine waters of Indian subcontinent is rather limited. In the present study, analysis regarding spatio-temporal variations based on different multivariate statistics and indicator value analysis is done along with analysis of community structure of plankton assemblages. A total of 46 plankton taxa out of which 38 phytoplankton and 8 zooplankton taxa have been identified based on examination of samples taken from four locations over three sampling seasons. The primary phytoplankton families that involve Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Composopogonophyceae. Chlorophyceae dominated the phytoplankton population, followed by Bacillariophyceae and Cyanophyceae. The plankton abundance was recorded highest in spring, followed by winter, and the least reported in monsoon season. The high average percent contribution of Aulacoseira, Oscillatoria, and Spirogyra species is well represented through SIMPER analysis. In addition, the Shannon–Wiener index (H) was calculated to determine plankton diversity, and Pielous' Evenness index (E) was calculated to determine individual distribution within a community whereas Margalef’s Richness index showed species richness of the study area. This qualitative and quantitative study will aid future research on the occurrence of plankton as well as the more trustworthy information generation on fish diet and feeding behaviors. The condition of planktons as bioindicators would indirectly provide an estimation of the ecosystem's natural state or amount of pollution.
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Kirby, Richard R., and John A. Lindley. "Molecular analysis of Continuous Plankton Recorder samples, an examination of echinoderm larvae in the North Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 3 (June 2005): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011392.
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Analysis of the biological time series of plankton samples collected by the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) in the North Atlantic and North Sea has shown a regime shift in the plankton in this region. Both the distributions of planktonic organisms and their timing of occurrence in the seasonal cycle have changed and these changes appear to reflect global warming. In the North Sea the planktonic larvae of echinoderms have shown a recent dramatic increase in both relative and absolute abundance and their seasonal peak of occurrence has advanced by 47 days. The identity of the echinoderm larvae involved in this change has, however, remained equivocal. The small size of many organisms like echinoderm larvae combined with incomplete taxonomic keys hinders their visual identification and their fragility often means that useful morphological features are damaged during sampling by the CPR. Here, using new molecular methods applied to CPR samples, we show that planktonic larvae of the benthic Echinocardium cordatum dominate the North Sea plankton. We argue that since this species benefits from mild winters and warmer waters their numerical increase in the plankton is consistent with recent climatic changes that appear to be affecting the wider ecology of this region.
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Prakasa, E., A. Rachman, D. R. Noerdjito, and R. Wardoyo. "Development of segmentation algorithm for determining planktonic objects from microscopic images." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 944, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/944/1/012025.
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Abstract Plankton are free-floating organisms that live, grow, and move along with the ocean currents. This free-floating organism plays important roles as primary producers, they serve as a link to energy transfer, and a factor that regulates the biogeochemical cycles. Indonesia, with almost 60% of its territory covered by the ocean, harbours a wide variety of planktonic species. However, one of the issues within usual planktonic studies is the lack of a fast and accurate method for identifying and classifying the plankton type. Thus, the computer vision methods on microscopic images were proposed to deal with the problem. The classification follows two main steps, detecting plankton location and followed by plankton differentiation. The segmentation algorithm is required to limit the determination area. The present study describes the segmentation methods on fifteen plankton types. The U-Net based architecture was implemented to segment the plankton texture from other objects. The segmentation result was also compared with the manual assessment to compute the performance parameters. The accuracy, 0.970±0.025, gives the highest value whereas the smallest value is found in the precision parameter, 0.761±0.156.
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Taylor, W. D., J. H. Carey, D. R. S. Lean, and D. J. McQueen. "Organochlorine Concentrations in the Plankton of Lakes in Southern Ontario and Their Relationship to Plankton Biomass." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 1960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-233.
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Hydrophobic organochlorine contaminants were surveyed in net plankton from 33 lakes in southern Ontario. Organochlorines were detected in all lakes. The relative concentrations of 12 common organochlorines were generally similar, suggesting that they derive from a common source, probably atmospheric transport. Variability in relative abundances of these contaminants increased with contaminant concentration, while contaminant concentration was related to plankton biomass, total phosphorus, and conductivity. Lakes with low plankton biomass had high organochlorine concentrations in that biomass, indicating that a large portion of the variation among lakes in the concentration of contaminants in plankton can be ascribed to variable planktonic biomass. This negative relationship with plankton biomass, or biomass dilution effect, was strongest for the more hydrophobic and refractory compounds.
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Sani, M. D., P. A. Wiradana, A. Y. Maharani, R. E. Mawli, and A. T. Mukti. "The dominance and proportions of plankton in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) ponds cultivated with the intensive system in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1036, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1036/1/012057.
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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate plankton in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi. The study was conducted in six intensive ponds for 84 days from November 2019 to February 2020. Plankton samples were collected every 10 days for 8 weeks based on the day of culture (DOC) of Pacific white shrimp since the first rearing in the pond using plankton net (mesh size of 25 μm). Then, planktons were preserved to 5% formalin buffer in 250 mL of sterile plastic. Next, the plankton densities and compositions were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that plankton dominance in Chlorophyta species and the presence was evenly distributed across all shrimp ponds in the field. The number was relatively stable in all shrimp DOCs and was the highest proportion as well; Chlorophyta (73 to 83%), Diatom group (7.75 to 15.63%), and blue-green algae (BGA) group (7.13 to 13.50%). Plankton can be used as a biomonitor of pollution and shrimp health in dominance and the percentage proportion of each species. Regular monitoring is highly recommended to minimize plankton growth, especially the BGA type that can harm shrimp health in the intensive system.
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Li, Yan, Jiahong Guo, Xiaomin Guo, Zhiqiang Hu, and Yu Tian. "Plankton Detection with Adversarial Learning and a Densely Connected Deep Learning Model for Class Imbalanced Distribution." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060636.
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Detecting and classifying the plankton in situ to analyze the population diversity and abundance is fundamental for the understanding of marine planktonic ecosystem. However, the features of plankton are subtle, and the distribution of different plankton taxa is extremely imbalanced in the real marine environment, both of which limit the detection and classification performance of them while implementing the advanced recognition models, especially for the rare taxa. In this paper, a novel plankton detection strategy is proposed combining with a cycle-consistent adversarial network and a densely connected YOLOV3 model, which not only solves the class imbalanced distribution problem of plankton by augmenting data volume for the rare taxa but also reduces the loss of the features in the plankton detection neural network. The mAP of the proposed plankton detection strategy achieved 97.21% and 97.14%, respectively, under two experimental datasets with a difference in the number of rare taxa, which demonstrated the superior performance of plankton detection comparing with other state-of-the-art models. Especially for the rare taxa, the detection accuracy for each rare taxa is improved by about 4.02% on average under the two experimental datasets. Furthermore, the proposed strategy may have the potential to be deployed into an autonomous underwater vehicle for mobile plankton ecosystem observation.
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Gong, Luo Jun, Xiao Xiao Wang, Jun Li, Wei Han, and Qian Qian Yan. "Preliminary Observation of Plankton in the Rural Village Wetland Sewage Treatment System." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.222.
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We determined that there are 5 door 35 species of phytoplankton, 6 Galaxy ecological agriculture co., LTD, The average biomass liveweight is 0.6006 mg/l. The reason of less species of plankton and low liveweight of biomass in the system is that the ecological environment of the system is not suitable for general plankton's survival and growth. Therefore, the rural village wetland sewage treatment system has certain inhibition on plankton. On the system engineering designing we shouldn’t consider the factor of plankton.
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Kumar, Vimlesh, and Devendra Pal Singh. "Diversity of Plankton and Seasonal Variation of Density in the Yamuna River in Auraiya District, Uttar Pradesh." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 6 (December 31, 2023): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.6.38.
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Plankton plays a vital role in the ecological dynamics and nutrient cycling of aquatic ecosystems. This research paper aims to investigate the diversity of plankton and their seasonal variation in density in the Yamuna River, located in the Auraiya District of Uttar Pradesh, India. Water samples were collected monthly from multiple sampling stations along the river course for one year. The collected samples were then examined to identify and quantify plankton species using standard protocols. The results revealed significant seasonal variations in the density and composition of planktonic organisms. This study contributes to our understanding of the ecological dynamics of the Yamuna River and emphasizes the importance of monitoring plankton populations for effective river management and conservation strategies.
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Walks, D. J. "Persistence of plankton in flowing water." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 1693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-131.
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Models of river plankton frequently suggest that these passively drifting communities are limited to downstream sections of larger rivers. I examine this hypothesis using a passive drift model for populations in advective environments, followed by a comparison of predicted and observed plankton populations in rivers. Under the scenario of continuous downstream drift, much of the plankton found in rivers is not predicted to occur. However, much of the observed plankton in rivers is explained through the addition of cross-channel flow heterogeneity to the model. Empirical data support the model and predict that many river plankton populations may be drifting downstream at less than 30% of the average rate of downstream flow. Plankton collections in the slower-moving edges of rivers demonstrate densities of up to 240% higher than those in adjacent midchannel flows (p = 0.009). These slow-moving areas are important habitat for river plankton and likely play a large role in planktonic food webs within rivers. These results may help explain why river productivity often decreases as a result of the loss of flow heterogeneity within river channels through human modification to landscapes.
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Giorgio, Paul A. del, and Robert H. Peters. "Balance between Phytoplankton Production and Plankton Respiration in Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-032.
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We analyzed published rates of algal photosynthesis and plankton community respiration to test the hypothesis that the ratio of planktonic primary production to community (P/R) varies systematically with lake trophy. Regression analyses show that algal production and plankton respiration are closely related to chlorophyll concentrations for lakes spanning a wide trophic range. More surprisingly, plankton respiration exceeds algal photosynthesis in oligotrophic lakes, and P/R rises above unity only when chlorophyll concentrations are above 17 mg∙m−3. A simple allometric model based on the predicted biomasses of the different planktonic component yield rates of community respiration that are in good agreement with measured values. Moreover, the model suggest that in oligotrophic lakes, microbial respiration may greatly exceed the current estimates based on bacterial production data and that heterotrophs contribute proportionately more to total plankton metabolism than they do in eutrophic lakes. Because such high respiration rates require external energy subsidies, these results; challenge the view that pelagial communities of most lakes are even approximately self-supporting.
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Zhong, Junbin, Jianji Li, Jingtian Deng, and Jinwei Fang. "Quantifying the Effects of Global Warming on the Plankton Population: An Asymmetric Multifactor Mathematical Model-Based Approach." Symmetry 15, no. 5 (May 9, 2023): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15051047.
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A nonlinear dynamical model for the plankton population in a fixed sea area under the influence of asymmetric multiple factors, including atmospheric CO2 concentration, atmospheric temperature, nutrient concentration, seawater temperature, light intensity, and predator density is proposed to address the survival of the plankton population due to global warming. The model’s accuracy is confirmed by comparison with actual data, and numerical simulations are carried out to justify the relevant findings. The results suggest that increasing plankton’s ability to absorb atmospheric CO2 or regulate atmospheric temperature can help to mitigate global warming. Furthermore, if the population density of fish, the primary predator of plankton, falls within a certain range, the increase in atmospheric temperature will be mitigated. Additionally, the stability conditions for the suggested model are obtained, along with the equilibrium point of the system. Overall, this paper considers the effects of asymmetric multifactor interaction on plankton population density and establishes a mathematical connection between environmental ecosystems and plankton that might aid in addressing the challenges posed by global warming and preserving the plankton population.
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Belmonte, Genuario, and Fernando Rubino. "POTENTIAL AND REALIZED DIVERSITY OF COASTAL PLANKTON: THE ROLE OF RESTING STAGES IN ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING." Arquivos de Ciências do Mar 55, Especial (March 21, 2022): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v55iespecial.78207.
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Resting stages are the strategy for species to avoid the variability of environmental conditions. In coastal confined marine habitats, variability of conditions is higher than in the open sea, and bottoms accumulate plankton resting stages in the so-called “marine cyst banks”. The benthic-pelagic coupling generated by this bi-location of plankton, however, is not clearly evident for all the involved species. This result is due to the still scant knowledge of the life cycles and life histories of single species. The study of plankton dynamics from the benthos point of view is useful and informative and it increases the potential complexity of a planktonic community in a confined area.
Keywords: plankton, life cycles, resting stages, cysts, benthic-pelagic coupling, resurrection ecology.
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Lowery, Christopher M., Paul R. Bown, Andrew J. Fraass, and Pincelli M. Hull. "Ecological Response of Plankton to Environmental Change: Thresholds for Extinction." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-081619-052818.
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Severe climatic and environmental changes are far more prevalent in Earth history than major extinction events, and the relationship between environmental change and extinction severity has important implications for the outcome of the ongoing anthropogenic extinction event. The response of mineralized marine plankton to environmental change offers an interesting contrast to the overall record of marine biota, which is dominated by benthic invertebrates. Here, we summarize changes in the species diversity of planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton over the Mesozoic–Cenozoic and that of radiolarians and diatoms over the Cenozoic. We find that, aside from the Triassic–Jurassic and Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction events, extinction in the plankton is decoupled from that in the benthos. Extinction in the plankton appears to be driven primarily by majorclimatic shifts affecting water column stratification, temperature, and, perhaps, chemistry. Changes that strongly affect the benthos, such as acidification and anoxia, have little effect on the plankton or are associated with radiation. ▪ Fossilizing marine plankton provide some of the most highly temporally and taxonomically resolved records of biodiversity since the Mesozoic. ▪ The record of extinction and origination in the plankton differs from the overall marine biodiversity record in revealing ways. ▪ Changes to water column stratification and global circulation are the main drivers of plankton diversity. ▪ Anoxia, acidification, and eutrophication (which strongly influence total marine fossil diversity) are less important in the plankton.
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Bueno, Marília, Samantha Fernandes Alberto, Renan de Carvalho, Tânia Marcia Costa, Áurea Maria Ciotti, and Ronaldo Adriano Christofoletti. "Plankton in waters adjacent to the Laje de Santos state marine conservation park, Brazil: spatio-temporal distribution surveys." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 65, no. 4 (December 2017): 564–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592017129006504.
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Abstract The coastal marine plankton plays a major role in ecosystem functioning by linking pelagic and benthonic environments through energy fluxes. Understanding the dynamic of planktonic organisms is also crucial for conservation and management purposes. Plankton was sampled at ten sites in the waters of the PEMLS and the adjacent area, on four different occasions through 2013 and 2015 in order to identify key planktonic groups and protocols for long-term monitoring. Ninety taxa of zooplanktonic organisms were found with holoplanktonic copepods and cladocerans dominating samples. Zooplankton biomass, mortality and taxonomic composition varied both in space and time. Surface chlorophyll-a concentrations varied spatio-temporally. A protocol for monitoring the plankton of the waters in and adjacent to the PEMLS is suggested based on biomass and mortality of zooplankton and biomass of phytoplankton using periodically in situ calibrated ocean color satellite imagery.
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Trivedi, Seema, and Anupriya Karode. "DIVERSITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN KSHIPRA RIVER- TRIVENI STATION, UJJAIN (M.P.)." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3175.
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Planktons are minute organisms and essential links in food chain in aquatic system. Plankton is most importance in the freshwater ecosystem as these are the main source of energy and having a very high nutritive value .The present study is going to centralize on kshipra river, Ujjain (M.P.) in year 2014. The plankton were collected, counted and identified by using the method suggested by APHA and Prescott. The study among all these phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae was recorded as a dominant class in Kshipra River.
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Soedibja, Petrus Hary Tjahja, Endang Hilmi, Isdy Sulystio, Florencius Eko Dwi Haryono, and Hanan Hassan Alsheikh Mahmoud. "Role of Natural Food in Enhancing the Productivity of Saline Nile Tilapia in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Segara Anakan Lagoon, Brackish Water Culture." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 28, no. 2 (April 5, 2023): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.28.2.125-135.
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Saline Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forskal, 1775) polyculture systems in brackish water culture require natural food to sustain their brackish water fish production. Brackish water culture of Saline Nile Tilapia is developed to improve the productivity of abandoned shrimp or crab pond. At present, there are no studies examining the potential of natural food to improve the productivity of these polyculture systems in the brackish water pond located in Tritih Kulon Village, Cilacap, Central Java. To assess the availability of this food source, the diversity and abundance of plankton in the water body were evaluated through analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze plankton diversity in the water body and the relationship between plankton abundance as a natural feed and saline Nile Tilapia productivity in the brackish water polyculture. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were identified according the plankton characteristic available in the references. The results showed that 21 planktons, comprising 12 phytoplankton species and 9 zooplankton groups, were identified. In spite of low plankton diversity, however, this study proved that the plankton abundance positively supported Saline Nile tilapia productivity in the polyculture system with milkfish, as indicated by low mortality (17,5 ±8,59 %; R2= 0.825-0.908), absolute high weight gain (208.2 ± 22,5 gr; R2= 0.881-0.874), and high specific growth (2,28 ± 0.77 % day-1; R2= 0.87-0.91). The productivity of Saline Nile Tilapia in brackish water polyculture with milkfish is supported by the availability of natural food, with 5.95 to 18.50% of their gut content obtained from plankton.
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ADEDEJI, Adebukola Adenike, Oluseun P. BOLAWA, and Yetunde F. TAIWO. "Ecological Status of Opa Reservoir, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, based on the Abundance and Diversity of its Planktonic Flora." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10210248.
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A study investigating the spatial and temporal distribution, composition and abundance of plankton in Opa reservoir, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria, was conducted over a period of an annual cycle. The study was undertaken with a view of providing a more recent catalogue of planktonic flora and possibly an update of the reservoir’s trophic status. Quantitative net planktons were collected monthly from both the surface and bottom levels at three sampling stations established at the dam site (lacustrine), mid-lake (transition) and upper inflow (riverine) parts of the reservoir. The divisions recorded were Bacillariophyta > Cyanophyta > Chlorophyta > Euglenophyta > Myzozoa > Ochrophyta = Charophyta > Cryptophyta in order of abundance. Vertically, the highest occurrence of species was recorded at the lacustrine bottom station (71 species), while the least occurrence was observed in the transition bottom station (51 species). A total of sixteen plankton species showed significant seasonal variation in abundance during this study period, while only seven species had significant spatial variation (p ≤ 0.05). Higher abundance was observed during the rainy season (170,797,350 Org/m3 from seventy-two species) than dry season (5,138,400 Org/m3 from forty-nine species). Notable bio-indicator plankton species recorded were Anabaena circinalis, Anabaena flos-aquae, Microcystis sp., Aphanocapsa litoralis and Microcystis aeruginosa. Some other pollution indicator species recorded were Synedra ulna, Oscillatoria agardhii, Phacus sp., Surirella sp., Closterium sp., Aphanocapsa sp. and Euglena sp. Hence, Opa reservoir is very rich in Bacillariophyta (diatoms), followed by Cyanophyta (blue-green) and Chlorophyta (green algae), which are known to characterize eutrophic lakes.
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Firman, Firman, Suardi Laheng, and Aliyas Aliyas. "Inventarisasi Plankton Di Pantai Sabang Tende, Kabupaten Tolitoli." JAGO TOLIS : Jurnal Agrokompleks Tolis 1, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56630/jago.v1i1.107.
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Informasi jenis-jenis plankton dan sruktur komunitas diperairan Sulawesi Tengah khususnya di pantai Sabang Tende masih terbatas. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis plankton di pantai Sabang Tende Kabupaten. Penentuan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling. penyaringan air menggunakan ember dengan mengambil 100 liter air yang dituangkan ke dalam planktonet. Sampel yang diperoleh dimasukkan kedalam botol sampel dan diberi label sesuai stasiun dan titik pengambilan sampel. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali ulangan. Dalam penelitian ini ditetapkan 4 stasiun pengukuran. Pengawetan plankton menggunakan larutan formalin 4% sebanyak 1 tetes untuk setiap botol sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pantai Sabang Tende terdapat fitoplankton 19 jenis dan zooplankton 2 jenis.
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Wilkens, L. A., B. Wettring, E. Wagner, W. Wojtenek, and D. Russell. "Prey detection in selective plankton feeding by the paddlefish: is the electric sense sufficient?" Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 8 (April 15, 2001): 1381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.8.1381.
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The long rostrum of the paddlefish Polyodon spathula supports an extensive array of ampullary electroreceptors and has been proposed to function as an antenna for detecting planktonic prey. Evidence in support of this hypothesis is presented in experiments that preclude the use of other sensory mechanisms for plankton detection. Paddlefish swimming in a recirculating observation chamber are shown to feed normally in the dark when prey-related chemical and hydrodynamic sensory cues are masked or attenuated. Specifically, we demonstrate that the spatial distribution of plankton captured by paddlefish is little changed when the plankton are individually encapsulated in agarose, when a high background concentration of plankton extract is added to the chamber, when the nares are plugged and under turbulent water flow conditions. Paddlefish also discriminate between encapsulated plankton and ‘empty’ agarose particles of the same size. Although capture distributions differed somewhat under certain conditions, the general pattern and effectiveness of prey capture were not disrupted by these procedures. These results support the conclusion that paddlefish, as zooplanktivores, rely on their passive electric sense for prey detection.
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Canales, T. Mariella, Richard Law, and Julia L. Blanchard. "Shifts in plankton size spectra modulate growth and coexistence of anchovy and sardine in upwelling systems." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 4 (April 2016): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0181.
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Fluctuations in the abundance of anchovy (Engraulis spp.) and sardine (Sardinops sagax) are widespread in marine ecosystems, but the causes still remain uncertain. Differences between the planktonic prey availability, selectivity, and predation between anchovy and sardine have been suggested as factors influencing their dynamics. Using a dynamical multispecies size-spectrum model, we explore the consequences of changes in plankton size composition, together with intraguild predation and cannibalism, on the coexistence of these species. The shift towards smaller plankton has led to a reduction in the growth rate of both species. The effect was more deleterious on anchovy growth because it is unable to filter small particles. In model scenarios that included the effects of cannibalism and predation, anchovy typically collapsed under conditions favouring smaller sized plankton. The two species coexisted under conditions of larger sized plankton, although strong predation in conjunction with weak cannibalism led to the loss of sardine. The model provides new testable predictions for the consequences of plankton size structure on anchovy and sardine fluctuations. Further empirical work is needed to test these predictions in the context of climate change.
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Rahmadani, Devita, and Sunu Kuntjoro. "Keanekaragaman Plankton yang Toleran di Perairan Kawasan Pulau Lusi Kabupaten Sidoarjo." LenteraBio : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 9, no. 3 (July 24, 2021): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/lenterabio.v9n3.p258-266.
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Pulau Lusi ialah pulau buatan terbentuk akibat dari hasil pengerukan endapan sedimen lumpur lapindo menuju Sungai Porong dan berakhir di ujung Sungai Porong serta mengakibatkan endapan hamparan lumpur yang yang telah kering cukup luas. Adanya bahan unsur organik dan unsur anorganik yang terbawa aliran arus akibat dari pembuangan lumpur lapindo yang kurang baik dapat mengurangi potensi pada Sungai Porong. Plankton adalah biota akuatik yang cara geraknya dipengaruhi arus air serta berukuran mikroskopis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keanekaragaman plankton yang toleran di perairan kawasan Pulau Lusi Kabupaten Sidoarjo dan mengetahui kualitas air di perairan kawasan Pulau Lusi Kabupaten Sidoarjo berdasarkan indeks keanekaragaman plankton. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode observasi, yaitu dengan pengambilan sampel pada 5 stasiun di perairan kawasan Pulau Lusi. Pengambilan sampel plankton menggunakan planktonet, selanjutnya diamati, diidentifikasi, dihitung, dan dianalisis indeks keanekaragaman plankton. Parameter fisika kimia yang diukur meliputi suhu, kecerahan, kedalaman, kecepatan aliran arus, salinitas, kekeruhan, DO, BOD, CO2, pH. Indeks keanekaragaman plankton dihitung menggunakan rumus Shannon-Weaner selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan penggolongan tingkat pencemaran perairan berdasarkan indeks keanekaragaman plankton. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fitoplankton terdiri atas 10 divisi, 12 kelas, 37 famili, 42 genus, 53 spesies serta zooplankton terdiri atas 5 divisi, 7 kelas, 9 famili, 9 genus, 13 spesies. Spesies fitoplankton yang dominan ialah Striatella unipunctata yang termasuk dalam kelas Bacillariophyceaea, serta spesies zooplankton yang dominan ialah Tintinnopsis hemiperalis, Nebela collaris, Notholca sp, dan Rotaria neptunia. Indeks keanekaragaman plankton di Pulau Lusi adalah 4,08 termasuk dalam kriteria sedang dan perairan kawasan Pulau Lusi termasuk kriteria baik.
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Hidayat, Jafron Wasiq, Maryono Maryono, and Rini Budhihastuti. "Quality of Plankton and Physic-chemical Factors to Support Fisheries and Community Care in Babon River, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 317 (2021): 01090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131701090.
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The research was conducted by observing the plankton biota, especially in the interaction and relationship between riverine biota and environmental factors. Plankton enable to provide an indication of environmental changes by determining the diversity (H’) and evenness (e) indices. Plankton sampling was carried out at 4 stations with different environmental conditions. Plankton were sampled using filtering method and analysed based on their diversity and evenness. Besides, analysis of its saprobic is also carried out to determine the level of pollution. The results showed that the most common species of planktons were Thallasiosera sp and Nitzchia spp. Thallasiosera dominates stagnant waters (dams) and prospect to support the growth of fish larvae. Other species which contribute to feed the fish larvae were Closterium. Diversity Index (H') shows that the status of the environment stability is in moderate condition, driven by temperature and speed of flow of the water. It is suggested that vegetative conservation on riverside area could reduce the temperature and speed of water flow and so providing more suitable habitat for biota therein
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Rajendrakumar Talati, Neel, Rita Nirmal Kumar, Dhara Ravikant Tuteja, and Nirmal Kumar. "Phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity in rural wetlands of Anand and Kheda districts, Gujarat India." Holistic approach to environment 13, no. 3 (June 9, 2023): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.13.3.3.
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Plankton diversity plays an essential role in aquatic wetlands. Phytoplankton and zooplankton communities were assessed in three permanent water bodies: Petli (S1), Deva (S2) and Heranj (S3) of the Anand and Kheda districts. Sampling was done from December 2020 to March 2021. Collection of plankton and identification of planktons was done using various published plankton manuals. A total of 32 phytoplankton have been recorded during the study period, from which 36 % belong to class Chlorophyta, 32 % belong to class Bacillariophyta, 16 % belong to Cyanophyta, 10 % belong to Charophyte, 3 % belong to Dinophyta, and 3 % belong to Euglenophyta. In addition, a total of 27 zooplankton species have been found, from which 46 % belong to Maxillopoda, 23 % belong to Monogononta, 19 % belong to Branchiopoda, 8 % belong to Eurotatoria, and 4 % belong to Hexanauplia. S1 has the maximum number of phytoplankton (24), followed by S3 with 18 and S2 with 15 species. Zooplankton were at the maximum in S1 (19), followed by S2 with 16, and S3 with 11 species. Results of the present study indicate that the studied wetlands have rich plankton diversity.
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Isukul, A. O., Ideozu, R. U, and Udom, G. J. "THE EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL SPILL ON PLANKTON ABUNDANCE IN SANTA BARBARA RIVER, NEMBE, BAYELSA STATE." International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research 09, no. 03 (2023): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.51193/ijaer.2023.9303.
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Plankton are the main varied group of aquatic organisms that play major roles in the aquatic environment as primary producers. The study focused on the effect of crude oil Spill on Plankton composition in Santa Barbara River, Nembe, Bayelsa State. Samples were collected and preserved in 5% formalin from ten (10) water sampling locations with one serving as control in four replicates. Standard plankton net of 55m mesh size was used for sample collection. Data recovered from the study showed the occurrence of 61 species of plankton belonging to two (2) classes, 8 families and genera. A total of 486 organisms were recovered from the surface water out of which 394 (81.06%) were phytoplankton and 92 (18.93%) were zooplankton. The families of planktons identified were Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Dinophyceae, Copepod, and Cladocera. The family Bacillariophyceae had the highest species diversity (144) within WO/SW1 having the highest species richness of (96) which represented (19.75%) of the total plankton population recovered in the study. Sampling station WO/SW2 had a species richness of 64 (13.16%) while BA/SW8 had the lowest species richness of 32 representing (6.58%) of the recovered plankton population in the study. The result shows a decrease in the distribution and abundance of the plankton species in the Santa Barbra River. The results indicate pollution caused by hydrocarbon spillage. There was phytoplankton bloom when compared to zooplankton. The zooplanktons were more sensitive to the hydrocarbon spill than phytoplanktons this is linked to hypoxic nature of surface water following the hydrocarbon spill incident significantly affecting zooplankton abundance and diversity in the Santa Babra River.
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Chaffron, Samuel, Erwan Delage, Marko Budinich, Damien Vintache, Nicolas Henry, Charlotte Nef, Mathieu Ardyna, et al. "Environmental vulnerability of the global ocean epipelagic plankton community interactome." Science Advances 7, no. 35 (August 2021): eabg1921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg1921.
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Marine plankton form complex communities of interacting organisms at the base of the food web, which sustain oceanic biogeochemical cycles and help regulate climate. Although global surveys are starting to reveal ecological drivers underlying planktonic community structure and predicted climate change responses, it is unclear how community-scale species interactions will be affected by climate change. Here, we leveraged Tara Oceans sampling to infer a global ocean cross-domain plankton co-occurrence network—the community interactome—and used niche modeling to assess its vulnerabilities to environmental change. Globally, this revealed a plankton interactome self-organized latitudinally into marine biomes (Trades, Westerlies, Polar) and more connected poleward. Integrated niche modeling revealed biome-specific community interactome responses to environmental change and forecasted the most affected lineages for each community. These results provide baseline approaches to assess community structure and organismal interactions under climate scenarios while identifying plausible plankton bioindicators for ocean monitoring of climate change.
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Utojo and Akhmad Mustafa. "PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF TRADITIONAL AND INTENSIVE BRACKISHWATER PONDS IN PROBOLINGGO REGENCY, EAST JAVA PROVINCE." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v8i1.13467.
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This experiment aimed to determine the plankton community structure in intensive and traditional ponds of Probolinggo Regency, East Java Province. Plankton collected with plankton net size of 60 μm and preserved with lugol 1%. Water qualities such as temperature, transparancy, salinity, dis-solved oxygen, pH, total organic matter, NO2-N, NO3-N, NH3-N, PO4-P, and total suspended solids were measured and analysed in this study. Planktons were identified using microscopy. Cells were counted using cell counting method. The results showed that in intensive pond we found 16 species of phytoplankton and 7 species of zooplankton with abundance 570-1.808 ind./L, while in traditional ponds, we found 10 species of phytoplankton and 3 species of zooplankton with abundance 134-776 ind./L. The dominant species of phytoplankton in the intensive and traditional ponds were Navicula sp andNitzschia sp, each of Bacillariophyceae class with abundance of 423 ind./L and 198 ind./L, res-pectively. Zooplankton species in intensive pond was copepod sp, while in traditional one was Oitho-na sp, each of Crustaceae class with abundance of 66 ind./L and 37 ind./L, respectively. Diversity and abundance of plankton in intensive pond was higher than in the traditional ponds. The water quality in intensive pond was optimal so that the response to the absorption of N and P inorganic by phyto-plankton was quicker and more effective than in traditional pond producing an increase in plankton communities. The increase value of NO3-N and total suspended solids in intensive pond caused the in-crease abundance of Navicula sp. The high value of NH3-N caused the abundance of Navicula sp to decline. The high values of dissolved oxygen, pH, total suspended solid, and NH3-N in traditional pond can decrease the Nitzschia sp abundance. Keywords: plankton communities, intensive and traditional ponds, Probolinggo, East Java
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Santos, João Pereira, Lirie Mehmeti, and Vera I. Slaveykova. "Simple Acid Digestion Procedure for the Determination of Total Mercury in Plankton by Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy." Methods and Protocols 5, no. 2 (March 25, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps5020029.
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Plankton, at the bottom of the food web, play a central role in the entry of mercury into the aquatic biota. To investigate their role in mercury uptake, reliable analytical procedures for Hg analysis are highly sought. Wet digestion procedures for determining total mercury in different biological matrices have been established since years, however only few studies focused on planktonic samples. In the present work, a simple and cost-effective wet digestion method was developed for the determination of total mercury in samples of small plankton material using a cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS). The optimization of the digestion method was achieved by using glass vessels with Teflon caps, low amount of acids (3 mL w/w 65% HNO3 or 3 mL 50% v/v HNO3), a constant temperature of 85 °C, the presence and absence of pre-ultrasound treatment, and a continuous digestion period (12 h). Certified reference materials IAEA-450 (unicellular alga Scenedesmus obliquus) and BRC-414 (plankton matrix) were used to optimize and validate the digestion method. The recovery efficiency of the proposed method for IAEA-450 and BCR-414 (3.1 mg and 21.5 mg) ranged between 94.1 ± 7.6% and 97.2 ± 4.6%. The method displayed a good recovery efficiency and precision for plankton matrices of low size. Thus, allowing better digestion of planktonic samples for mercury analysis using CVAFS techniques.
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Lord, Richard. "Plankton." American Biology Teacher 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2016.78.1.80.
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Brierley, Andrew S. "Plankton." Current Biology 27, no. 11 (June 2017): R478—R483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.045.
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Woods, John. "Understanding the ecology of plankton." European Review 7, no. 3 (July 1999): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700004154.
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Plankton are microscopic organisms living in the sea. They are responsible for more than half of the biological production of our planet. They also influence global climate, fisheries and pollution. Understanding the ever-changing distribution of plankton in the ocean is one of the grand challenges of science. The scope of the problem has been well documented in the 20th century, and new research tools should greatly accelerate progress in the 21st century. A particularly promising tool is mathematical simulation of the ecosystem, in which the demographics of plankton populations are derived from the growth and behaviour of individual organisms, each responding to its immediate environment. These use new computer codes, based on the Lagrangian Ensemble method, which are at the leading edge of complexity simulation. When integrated on massively parallel computers they can simulate the individual histories of millions of plankters for several decades. These ‘virtual plankton ecosystems’ help us to understand the complex processes responsible for the ever-changing patterns of planktonic life in the ocean.
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Patalas, K., and A. Salki. "Spatial Variation of Crustacean Plankton in Lakes of Different Size." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2626–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-286.
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The patterns of spatial distribution of planktonic crustaceans changed with increasing lake size. Greatest abundances were often found offshore in smaller lakes but nearshore in larger lakes. Interstation similarity of plankton, measured with Jaccard's and Renkonen's indices, was higher in small- to middle-sized lakes and lower in very small and very large lakes, indicating that mechanisms existed at both ends of the size spectrum which prevented plankton from mixing horizontally. The information content of a single central lake sample was evaluated against a lake average from 9–10 stations. To capture at least 80% of the species present, one station was sufficient only in smaller lakes, three to six stations were needed in the smallest and medium-sized lakes, and more than nine stations were needed in the largest lake. The single central station in small- and medium-sized lakes represented average total plankton abundance and dominant species relatively well but underestimated rare species. In larger lakes, lake average plankton was not well characterized by a single station. In Lake Superior, the central station reflected the offshore but not the nearshore community. Neither plankton abundance nor the number of species appeared related to lake size in the series of lakes investigated.
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Makhfudhoh, Dzunnuroini Khanif, Jafron Wasiq Hidayat, and Fuad Muhammad. "Struktur Komunitas Plankton sebagai Indikator Kualitas Perairan Budidaya di Tambak Lorok Semarang." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 20, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.20.2.145-153.
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Plankton is organisms that had an important role in water as natural feed of fishes and as an indicator. This study aimed to identify water quality which was suitable for fish cultivation reviewed from physics-chemicals parameters of water and its saprobic status in Tambak Lorok Tanjung Mas Kota Semarang. Sampling were take based on 5 stations that could represented from plankton variety of condition water stability . Plankton samples were by using net plankton number 25, then preserved with alcohol 70% and formalin 4%. Variables of ponds water quality measured were temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, N concentration, and Pb content. Identification of planktons used SRC method under microscop. The result of plankton analysis in Tambak Lorok water showed 42 phytoplankton species, the commonly species found are Coscinodiscus centralis, Coscinodiscus granii, Gyrosigma sp., Navicula radiosa, Pandorina sp., and Melosira sp. Meanwhile, zooplankton found was 22 species with common species are Cyclops, Harpaticoida, Tricodesmium evythraeum, Brachinus plicatilis, and Lensia subtilis. Phytoplankton diversity index are 0.057-0.367 and equity index are 0.025-0.176. Zooplankton diversity index are 0.247-0.360 and equity index are 0.157-0.201. This indices showed that there were low level of species diversity and community stability, dominance since the species occurred. Measurement of water quality variables indicated that Tambak Lorok had been contaminated and needed a preliminary management before d be used as fish cultivation ponds, because the analysis result was not appropriate with Government water quality regulation. Based on the measurement, soprobic index categories on α/β-Mesosaprobic to Oligosaprobic phase and the degree of pollution is very mild to moderate. Keywords : Community Structure, plankton, Tambak Lorok, Tanjung Mas, Semarang
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Mangolte, Inès, Marina Lévy, Clément Haëck, and Mark D. Ohman. "Sub-frontal niches of plankton communities driven by transport and trophic interactions at ocean fronts." Biogeosciences 20, no. 15 (August 11, 2023): 3273–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3273-2023.
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Abstract. Observations and theory have suggested that ocean fronts are ecological hotspots, associated with higher diversity and biomass across many trophic levels. The hypothesis that these hotspots are driven by frontal nutrient injections is seemingly supported by the frequent observation of opportunistic diatoms at fronts, but the behavior of the rest of the plankton community is largely unknown. Here we investigate the organization of planktonic communities across fronts by analyzing eight high-resolution transects in the California Current Ecosystem containing extensive data for 24 groups of bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. We find that a distinct frontal plankton community characterized by enhanced biomass of not only diatoms and copepods but many other groups of plankton such as chaetognaths, rhizarians, and appendicularians emerges over most fronts. Importantly, we find spatial variability at a finer scale (typically 1–5 km) than the width of the front itself (typically 10–30 km) with peaks of different plankton taxa at different locations across the width of a front. Our results suggest that multiple processes, including horizontal stirring and biotic interactions, are responsible for creating this fine-scale patchiness.
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Eka Putri, Wike Ayu, and Anna Ida Sunaryo Purwiyanto. "Cu AND Pb CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER COLUMN AND PLANKTON OF DOWNSTREAM SECTION OF THE MUSI RIVER." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8, no. 2 (April 6, 2017): 773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v8i2.15841.
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A wide range of the Musi river usage such as agricultural, forestry, industry, residential, fishing and transport activities has created a heavy metal pollution isues. This research aims to know the concentration of Cu and Pb in the water column (suspended and dissolved) and also on planktons found at downstream of Musi River. Water and plankton sampling was carried out in January and May 2015 across five research stations. Cu and Pb in water and plankton samples were analyzed using the USEPA 30050B method determined by using AAS SpektrAA plus variant with air mixure flame – acetylene. The average concentration of dissolved Cu and Pb were varied from 0.003-0.005 mgL-1and 0.002-0.004 mgL-1, respectively. A higher value was observed during the suspended phase which came to around 8.60-31.79 mgKg-1 for Cu dan 21.23-61.5 mgKg-1 for Pb. Furthermore, Cu and Pb concentration in plankton were varied from 1.046-2.430 mgKg-1 and 0.673-1.283 mgKg-1, respectively.
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Ozalp, Mustafa Kemal, Laura A. Miller, Thomas Dombrowski, Madeleine Braye, Thomas Dix, Liam Pongracz, Reagan Howell, Daphne Klotsa, Virginia Pasour, and Christopher Strickland. "Experiments and Agent Based Models of Zooplankton Movement within Complex Flow Environments." Biomimetics 5, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics5010002.
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The movement of plankton is often dictated by local flow patterns, particularly during storms and in environments with strong flows. Reefs, macrophyte beds, and other immersed structures can provide shelter against washout and drastically alter the distributions of plankton as these structures redirect and slow the flows through them. Advection–diffusion and agent-based models are often used to describe the movement of plankton within marine and fresh water environments and across multiple scales. Experimental validation of such models of plankton movement within complex flow environments is challenging because of the difference in both time and spatial scales. Organisms on the scale of 1 mm or less swim by beating their appendages on the order of 1 Hz and are advected meters to kilometers over days, weeks, and months. One approach to study this challenging multiscale problem is to insert actively moving agents within a background flow field. Open source tools to implement this sort of approach are, however, limited. In this paper, we combine experiments and computational fluid dynamics with a newly developed agent-based modeling platform to quantify plankton movement at the scale of tens of centimeters. We use Artemia spp., or brine shrimp, as a model organism given their availability and ease of culturing. The distribution of brine shrimp over time was recorded in a flow tank with simplified physical models of macrophytes. These simplified macrophyte models were 3D-printed arrays of cylinders of varying heights and densities. Artemia nauplii were injected within these arrays, and their distributions over time were recorded with video. The detailed three-dimensional flow fields were quantified using computational fluid dynamics and validated experimentally with particle image velocimetry. To better quantify plankton distributions, we developed an agent-based modeling framework, Planktos, to simulate the movement of plankton immersed within such flow fields. The spatially and temporally varying Artemia distributions were compared across models of varying heights and densities for both the experiments and the agent-based models. The results show that increasing the density of the macrophyte bed drastically increases the average time it takes the plankton to be swept downstream. The height of the macrophyte bed had less of an effect. These effects were easily observed in both experimental studies and in the agent-based simulations.
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Ridgwell, A., I. Zondervan, J. C. Hargreaves, J. Bijma, and T. M. Lenton. "Significant long-term increase of fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> uptake from reduced marine calcification." Biogeosciences Discussions 3, no. 6 (November 13, 2006): 1763–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-3-1763-2006.
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Abstract. Analysis of available plankton manipulation experiments demonstrates a previously unrecognized wide range of sensitivities of biogenic calcification to simulated anthropogenic acidification of the ocean, with the "lab rat" of planktic calcifiers, Emiliania huxleyi not representative of calcification generally. We assess the implications of the experimental uncertainty in plankton calcification response by creating an ensemble of realizations of an Earth system model that encapsulates a comparable range of uncertainty in calcification response. We predict a substantial future reduction in marine carbonate production, with ocean CO2 sequestration across the model ensemble enhanced by between 62 and 199 PgC by the year 3000, equivalent to a reduction in the atmospheric fossil fuel CO2 burden at that time of up to 13%. Concurrent changes in ocean circulation and surface temperatures contribute about one third to the overall importance of reduced plankton calcification.
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Vincent, Flora, and Chris Bowler. "Plancton, la nouvelle frontière révélée par l’expédition Tara Océans / Plankton, the new frontier revealed by the Tara Oceans expedition." Notes Académiques de l'Académie d'agriculture de France / Academic Notes of the French Academy of Agriculture 8 (2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.58630/pubac.not.a574644.
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The purpose of this Note is to present the diversity and importance of the plankton, while detailing the genetic approach and methodologies adopted by the ambitious Tara Oceans project. On the basis of a portion of the 40,000 samples collected from all the world’s oceans during the expedition, the team mapped the biodiversity of a wide range of planktonic organisms, explored their interactions, and how plankton impact and are affected by their environment. This is the largest DNA sequencing effort ever done for ocean science. Molecular analyses revealed around 40 million genes, the vast majority of which were new, thus hinting toward a much broader biodiversity of plankton than previously known. These data provided the scientific community with unprecedented resources, including a catalogue of several million new genes that had transform how we study the oceans and assess climate change.
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Jiang, Houshuo. "An Elastic Collision Model for Impulsive Jumping by Small Planktonic Organisms." Fluids 5, no. 3 (September 5, 2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5030154.
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Many small marine planktonic organisms converge on similar propulsion mechanisms that involve impulsively generated viscous wake vortex rings, and small-scale fluid physics is key to mechanistically understanding the adaptive values of this important behavioral trait. Here, a theoretical fluid mechanics model is developed for plankton jumping, based on observations that the initial acceleration phase for a jumping plankter to attain its maximum speed is nearly impulsive, taking only a small fraction of the viscous timescale, and therefore can be regarded as nearly inviscid, analogous to a one-dimensional elastic collision. Flow circulation time-series data measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV) are input into the model and Froude propulsion efficiencies are calculated for several plankton species. Jumping by the tailed ciliate Pseudotontonia sp. has a high Froude propulsion efficiency ~0.9. Copepod jumping also has a very high efficiency, usually >0.95. Jumping by the squid Doryteuthis pealeii paralarvae has an efficiency of 0.44 ± 0.16 (SD). Jumping by the small medusa Sarsia tubulosa has an efficiency of 0.38 ± 0.26 (SD). Differences in the calculated efficiencies are attributed to the different ways by which these plankters impart momentum on the water during the initial acceleration phase as well as the accompanied different added mass coefficients.
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Pujiyati, S., B. Hamuna, M. Hisyam, Rohilah, A. H. Azzah, E. Sunarwati, and R. Pasaribu. "Distributions of environmental parameters and fish at Humbold Bay, Jayapura." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 944, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/944/1/012003.
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Abstract Research on the distribution of fish and plankton in waters that are equipped with environmental parameters is needed to obtain maximum results and increase accuracy also it provides comprehensive information. The research, which was conducted in Humbold Bay, aimed to map the fish and plankton distribution data both vertically and horizontally and combine it with environmental parameters in the bay. Fish and plankton’s data was the volume backscattering strength (Sv) value obtained using the SIMRAD EK-15 device while environmental parameter data, such as temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll obtained from marine.copernicus.eu which processed in the 5-80 m depth range. The results showed that Humbold Bay had the highest average surface temperature distribution was 30 °C, with the highest average salinity from 35.89 ppt and the highest average chlorophyll value from 0.3859 mg/m3. The horizontal distribution of plankton had an average SV value of -76.63 dB, while the fish was -56.00 dB that evenly distributed. Vertically, the Sv of plankton decreased with increasing depth as well as the Sv of fish which its’ also did not have a distribution pattern in certain environmental parameters.
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Gunasekera, Rasanthi M., Jawahar G. Patil, Felicity R. McEnnulty, and Nicholas J. Bax. "Specific amplification of mt-COI gene of the invasive gastropod Maoricolpus roseus in planktonic samples reveals a free-living larval life-history stage." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 6 (2005): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf05045.
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The New Zealand screwshell Maoricolpus roseus was unintentionally introduced to south-eastern Tasmania in the 1920s. It has colonised more habitat than any other high-impact benthic marine pest in Australia and its wide temperature and depth tolerance makes further spread likely. We developed three sets of genetic probes, each targeting a unique region in the mitochondrial COI locus, for the rapid detection of this species in mixed plankton samples. In particular, we wanted to know whether this species has a planktonic life-history stage that could lead to its dispersal in ships’ ballast water. All probe sets were tested against as many closely related species as could be obtained and the reaction conditions were optimised for maximum sensitivity and specificity of M. roseus. Plankton samples collected in the Derwent Estuary between August 2003 and June 2004 were tested with the probes using a nested polymerase chain reaction. Maoricolpus roseus was detected in the plankton samples especially in the spring–summer period. The presence of M. roseus in the plankton and water available for ships’ ballast indicates that the risk of this species being spread by shipping needs to be managed.
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Beaugrand, Grégory. "Monitoring pelagic ecosystems using plankton indicators." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.01.002.
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Abstract Planktonic organisms are an important food resource of pelagic ecosystems, but they also serve as an integrator of hydroclimatic forcing. Four types of recently developed plankton indicator, based on the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey, are summarized here: indicators based on individual taxa; indicators based on functional attributes of the ecosystem (diversity); species assemblage indicators; and indicators of larval fish survival. All provide information on the state of a pelagic ecosystem, but have different limitations. Therefore, their combined application provides the most accurate diagnosis of ecosystem state. In most of the examples described, statistical analyses help to identify major spatial and temporal patterns, and may allow future ecosystem changes to be anticipated.
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Ebert, Thomas A., and Daniel A. Janies. "Modeling the life cycle of echinoderm larvae clones." Bulletin of Marine Science 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0060.
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Larval cloning occurs in echinoderm species and has been viewed as possibly adaptive. A species of Oreaster currently being described has linked a rare benthic stage with common planktonic larvae that clone, and this calls attention to questions in life stage linkages. Life cycle analysis shows that there are unresolved problems in our understanding of the dynamics of species with cloning larvae, in particular their survival and duration in the plankton. Possible solutions are (1) benthic adults that are rare are also very long-lived or (2) survival in the plankton is much higher than has been reported.
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Snyder, J. A., M. V. Cherepanova, and A. Bryan. "Dynamic diatom response to changing climate 0–1.2 Ma at Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic." Climate of the Past 9, no. 3 (June 24, 2013): 1309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1309-2013.
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Abstract. The Lake El'gygytgyn sediment record contains an abundant diatom flora through most intervals of the lake's history, providing a means to create and test hypotheses concerning the lake's response to changing climates. The 0–1.2 Ma core interval is characterized by shifts in the dominant planktonic genera and events of exceptional concentration and diversity. Warm interglacial intervals have enhanced concentration and diversity of the plankton. This response is most extreme during exceptional events corresponding to marine isotope stages (MIS) 11 and 31. Diatom concentration and diversity also increase during some cold intervals (e.g., MIS 2), suggesting conditions of lake circulation and nutrient cycling promoting diatom production during these events. Short intervals of low plankton concentration accompanied by shifts in the dominant genus of the lake suggest conditions during certain cold events generate a severe impact on plankton production. The absence of these events during extended intervals of low summer insolation variability suggests a muted cold-event response of the lake system linked to regional climate.
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Snyder, J. A., M. V. Cherepanova, and A. Bryan. "Dynamic diatom response to changing climate 0–1.2 Ma at Lake El'gygytgyn, far east Russian Arctic." Climate of the Past Discussions 8, no. 5 (September 18, 2012): 4601–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-4601-2012.
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Abstract. The Lake El'gygytgyn sediment record contains an abundant diatom flora through most intervals of the lake's history providing a means to create and test hypotheses concerning the lake's response to changing climates. The 0–1.2 Ma core interval is characterized by shifts in the dominant planktonic genera and events of exceptional concentration and diversity. Warm interglacial intervals have enhanced concentration and diversity of the plankton. This response is most extreme during exceptional events corresponding to MIS 11 and 31. Diatom concentration and diversity also increases during some cold intervals (e.g. MIS 2), suggesting conditions of lake circulation and nutrient cycling promoting diatom production during these events. Short intervals of low plankton concentration accompanied by shifts in the dominant genus of the lake suggest conditions during certain cold events generate a severe impact on plankton production. The absence of these events during extended intervals of low summer insolation variability suggests a muted cold-event response of the lake system linked to regional climate.
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LELES, SUZANA G., JEAN L. VALENTIN, and GISELA M. FIGUEIREDO. "Evaluation of the complexity and performance of marine planktonic trophic models." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 88, no. 3 suppl (October 24, 2016): 1971–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150588.
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ABSTRACT Planktonic models represent a powerful tool for creating hypotheses and making predictions about the functioning of marine ecosystems. Their complexity varies according to the number of state variables and the choice of functional forms. We evaluated plankton models during the last 15 years (n =145) with the aims of understanding why they differ in complexity, evaluating model robustness, and describing studies of plankton modelling around the globe. We classified models into four groups: Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton (NPZ), Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus (NPZD), Size-Structured (SS) and Plankton-Functional-Type (PFT). Our results revealed that the number of state variables varied according to the question being addressed: NPZ models were more frequently applied in physical-biological studies, while PFT models were more applied for investigating biogeochemical cycles. Most models were based on simple functional forms which neglect important feedback related to control of plankton dynamics. Modelling studies sometimes failed to describe sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation. The importance of testing different functional forms was commonly overlooked, and the lack of empirical data affected the verification of model robustness. Lastly, we highlight the need to develop modelling studies in the Southern Hemisphere, including Brazil, in order to provide predictions that assist the management of marine ecosystems.
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Dvoretsky, Vladimir G., Marina P. Venger, Anastasya V. Vashchenko, Veronika V. Vodopianova, Ivan A. Pastukhov, and Tatyana M. Maksimovskaya. "Marine Plankton during the Polar Night: Environmental Predictors of Spatial Variability." Biology 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2023): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12030368.
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We studied the spatial patterns of the planktonic ecosystems at two Arctic sites strongly affected by Atlantic Inflow (FS, the Fram Strait; and BS, the Barents Sea). A high degree of similarity in the bacterial abundance (mean: 3.1 × 105 cells mL−1 in FS vs. 3.5 × 105 cells mL−1 in BS) was found, while other plankton characteristics were different. Bacterial biomass reached a maximum in BS (3.2–7.9 mg C m−3), while viral abundances tended to be higher in FS (2.0–5.7 × 106 particles mL−1). Larger bacterial cells were found in BS, suggesting the presence of different bacterial populations at both locations. The virus-to-bacteria ratio was significantly higher in FS than in BS (13.5 vs. 4.7). Chlorophyll a concentration was extremely low (<0.25 mg m−3). The highest zooplankton abundance was in the surface layer (919 individuals m−3 in FS vs. 602 ind. m−3 in BS). Zooplankton biomass strongly varied (1–39 mg C m−3), with the maximum in BS. High proportions of boreal taxa in the total zooplankton abundance indicate the Atlantification of pelagic ecosystems in the Arctic. Plankton indicators are correlated with temperature, salinity, and sampling depth. Strong intercorrelations were found between major plankton groups, suggesting tight links in the studied plankton ecosystems.
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Berggren, W. A., M.-P. Aubry, H. M. Bolli, J. B. Saunders, and K. Perch-Nielsen. "Plankton Stratigraphy." Micropaleontology 33, no. 1 (1987): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1485530.
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