Academic literature on the topic 'Plant available nutrients'
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Journal articles on the topic "Plant available nutrients"
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Steiner, Christoph, Keith Harris, Julia Gaskin, and K. C. Das. "The Nitrogen Contained in Carbonized Poultry Litter is not Plant Available." Open Agriculture 3, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0030.
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Abstract Pyrolysis of biomass, reduces its volume, mass, odour, and potential pathogens, while concentrating nutrients in the resulting biochar. However, the plant availability of nutrients in particular of nitrogen remains largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the nutrient availability of carbonized poultry litter. A nutrient poor soil was either fertilized with poultry litter or poultry litter carbonized at 500°C at the rates of 1.5, 3 and 6 t/ha. These organic amendments were compared with corresponding rates of mineral fertilizers (NH4NO3, KCl, CaHPO4, MgSO4) in a pot experiment. After four successive harvests of ryegrass (Lolium sp.) in a greenhouse we analyzed plant nutrient uptake and nutrient concentrations in the soil. While all treatments showed a linear increase in plant growth and nitrogen uptake, the plants fertilized with carbonized poultry litter did not show such a response. The carbonized poultry litter treatment produced more biomass than the unfertilized control, but the tissue concentration of nitrogen was below that of the control. Mehlich 1 extractable nutrients in the soil showed that there is more available phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the soil fertilized with the carbonized poultry manure, but these available nutrients were not utilized due to the nitrogen limitation to plant growth. The results clearly show that nitrogen contained in carbonized poultry litter is not available for plants
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Asghari, Hamid Reza, and Timothy Richard Cavagnaro. "Arbuscular mycorrhizas enhance plant interception of leached nutrients." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 3 (2011): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10180.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase plant growth and nutrition. However, their capacity to reduce the leaching of nutrients through the soil profile is less well understood. Here we present results of an experiment in which the effects of forming arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) on plant growth and nutrition, nutrient depletion from soil, and nutrient leaching, were investigated in microcosms containing the grass Phalaris aquatica L. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants were grown in a mixture of riparian soil and sand under glasshouse conditions. The formation of AM by P. aquatica significantly increased plant growth and nutrient uptake. Lower levels of NO3–, NH4+ and plant available P in both soil and leachate were observed in columns containing mycorrhizal root systems. These differences in nutrient interception were proportionally greater than the increase in root biomass of the mycorrhizal plants, compared with their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. Taken together, these data indicate that mycorrhizal root systems have an important, but previously little considered, role to play reducing the net loss of nutrients via leaching.
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Sloan, John, Cynthia McKenney, James McAfee, and Wayne Mackay. "(301) Bioavailability of Dairy Manure Compost Nutrients to Urban Landscape Plants." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1023D—1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1023d.
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Dairy manure compost (DMC) may be an effective soil amendment when establishing new urban landscapes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of DMC nutrients to typical urban landscape plants. In March 2003, DMC rates of 0, 9, 18, and 27 kg/m2 (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 cm) were incorporated into the top 10 to 15 cm of Austin silty clay soil. Half of each 6 x 6-m plot was established with bermudagrass sod and the other half with six types of ornamental plants consisting of annual, perennial, and woody species. During the third 2005 growing season, plant tissue was harvested from selected landscape plants to measure biomass production and nutrient uptake. Plant growth and nutrient contents were compared to plant available soil nutrients that were measured during fall 2004 and 2005. Plant available P in the upper 7.5 cm of soil ranged from 89 to 170 mg/kg in September 2004 and from 31.3 to 105.5 mg/kg in August 2004. Potassium and trace elements (Fe, Cu, and Zn) were also increased in the upper 7.5 cm by DMC applications. Increased concentrations of plant available soil nutrients in DMC-amended plots were correlated to overall increases in plant growth and nutrient uptake. Bermuda grass exhibited increased growth and increased tissue concentrations of N, P, K, and Zn. Penta biomass and nutrient uptake were also increased by DMC applications. Lantana stem weights significantly increased with DMC application rate up to 18 kg/m2, but no additional increases were obtained with the 27 kg/m2 rate. Results of this study show that, after three growing seasons with no additional fertilization, a 1- to 2-cm application of dairy manure compost is sufficient to provide continued fertility to landscape plants.
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Kim Anh, Bui Thi. "SELECTION OF SUITABLE PLANT SPECIES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY CONSTRUCTED WETLAND AT THE FORMOSA HA TINH STEEL COMPANY." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 2C (August 29, 2018): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/2c/13043.
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The study aimed to select suitable plant species in constructed wetland at Formosa Ha Tinh steel company and identify proper nutrient supplements for these plants growth. The tolerance of different aquatic plant species was tested with treated wastewater. Phragmites australis (Cav.), Typha angustifolia L. and Cyperus tegetiformis were selected for vegetation. In this experiment, removal efficiencies for monitored chemical parameters were in the range of 26.5 – 91.7 %, while elimination rates of total coliform were about 50 %. In the beginning, the plant nutrient demand for the first 3 months estimated based on theoretical mean annual nutrient uptake was 495 kg N, 153 kg P and 36 kg K per ha. When the wastewater entered CWs, the available nutrients in the influent could be enough for the plants growth. In fact, observations of the health status of the plants would serve as a basis for the fertilizer feeding decision, the concentration of mineral nutrients available in the wastewater are very important.
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Schoenau, J. J., and J. G. Davis. "Optimizing soil and plant responses to land-applied manure nutrients in the Great Plains of North America." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-115.
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Animal manures are recognized as valuable sources of plant nutrients in cropping systems and also play a role in soil improvement through the input of organic matter. Using recent research examples from Saskatchewan and Colorado, this paper covers beneficial management practices for effective recycling of manure nutrients applicable to the Great Plains region of North America. Challenges in using animal manures as fertilizers include low nutrient content per unit weight, variability and availability of nutrient content, and a balance of available nutrients that often does not meet the relative nutrient requirements of the crop. Examples of imbalances that may arise requiring special management considerations include low available N content relative to available P for many solid manures, and low available S relative to N for some liquid manures. Application decisions are best supported by manure and soil analyses, with nutrient balance issues addressed by rate adjustments and the addition of supplemental commercial fertilizer to avoid deficiency or loading of specific nutrients. Placement of manure into the soil by injection or incorporation is desirable in that nutrient losses by volatilization and runoff are reduced and crop recovery is increased. Balancing the rate of nutrient application with crop requirement and removal over time is key to avoiding nutrient loading on soils receiving repeated applications of manure. Key words: Manure management, nutrient cycling, beneficial management practices, Great Plains
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Mattson, Neil S., and Marc W. van Iersel. "Application of the “4R” Nutrient Stewardship Concept to Horticultural Crops: Applying Nutrients at the “Right Time”." HortTechnology 21, no. 6 (December 2011): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.6.667.
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The 4R nutrient stewardship framework presents four concepts to consider when applying fertilizers in a responsible matter; the “right source” of nutrients should be applied at the “right rate” during the “right time” and supplied to the “right place” to ensure their uptake. In this article, we provide ideas to consider when attempting to provide nutrients at the right time. When nutrients are applied at a time when they are not required by the plant, the result can be economic and environmental losses. Oversupply relative to plant demand can result in losses of applied nutrients because of leaching or volatilization. Undersupply relative to demand, especially in the case of phloem-immobile nutrients, may limit plant growth and yield. Several factors interact to affect plant nutrient demand such as growth stage, life history (annual vs. perennial), environmental conditions, and plant health. Techniques such as soil and tissue testing, isotopic labeling, and spectral reflectance have been used with varying degrees of success and expense to measure plant nutrient demand and guide fertilizer decisions. Besides knowledge of plant nutrient demand, efficient nutrient supply also depends on systems that allow precise spatial and temporal delivery of nutrients. Future improvements to the timing of nutrient delivery will depend on improvement in knowledge of plant nutrient demands. For example, targeted gene expression chips show promise for use in rapidly assessing plant status for a broad suite of nutrients. Future developments that allow more precise nutrient delivery or more robust agroecosystems that scavenge available nutrients before they are lost to the environment will also help producers use nutrients more efficiently.
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Ayyaz Khan, Muhammad, and T. H. Flower. "Extraction of Plant Available Nutrients in Algal Pond Effluent." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 3 (February 15, 2000): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2000.496.497.
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Bagale, Suman. "Nutrient Management for Soybean Crops." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (September 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3304634.
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Soybean is one of the most important pulse crops in the world which supplies most of the protein and oil requirements. The efficient production of soybean crops is a constraint, with several biotic factors, abiotic factors, and crop management practices. Nutrient management is one of the important aspects for achieving higher production of crops. Effective nutrient management helps to assure the required nutrients needed for the plant without causing a significant decrease in the yield of crops. In addition to this, managing the nutrient efficiently helps the crop to cope with several types of biotic and abiotic stress. For soybean crop, altogether fifteen nutrients are needed, which comprises six macronutrients, namely, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, which are required relatively in large amounts, and nine micronutrients which include iron, boron, zinc, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and chlorine. These nutrients can be supplied to the plants through soil incorporation or foliar spray of commercially available fertilizers. Nutrient requirements for soybean crops vary in concentration, and deviations can cause nutrient deficiency or toxicity in soybean crops. Nutrient availability to soybean crops depends on the available nutrients in the soil solution, the form of available soil nutrients, mode of uptake of nutrients, its interaction with other soil nutrients, soil chemistry, and method of fertilizer application. This review article explores essential nutrients for sustainable soybean production in relation to the role and functions of nutrients, required concentration, and visual syndrome shown during deficiency, including findings from several researches. The review article is aimed to guide soybean farmers for effective nutrient management and academicians in reviewing the literature in soybean nutrient management.
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Havlin, John, and Ron Heiniger. "Soil Fertility Management for Better Crop Production." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091349.
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Increasing crop productivity per unit of land area to meet future food and fiber demand increases both soil nutrient removal and the importance of replenishing soil fertility through efficient nutrient management practices. Significant progress in enhancing nutrient-use efficiency in production agriculture requires improved estimates of plant-available nutrients in the root zone, enhanced crop response to applied nutrients, and reduced offsite nutrient transport. This special issue, Soil Fertility Management for Better Crop Production, presents 15 manuscripts that advance our knowledge of interrelated soil, plant, and management factors important to increasing the nutrient availability and crop recovery of applied nutrients.
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Whalen, Joann K. "Managing Soil Biota-Mediated Decomposition and Nutrient Mineralization in Sustainable Agroecosystems." Advances in Agriculture 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/384604.
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Transformation of organic residues into plant-available nutrients occurs through decomposition and mineralization and is mediated by saprophytic microorganisms and fauna. Of particular interest is the recycling of the essential plant elements—N, P, and S—contained in organic residues. If organic residues can supply sufficient nutrients during crop growth, a reduction in fertilizer use is possible. The challenge is synchronizing nutrient release from organic residues with crop nutrient demands throughout the growing season. This paper presents a conceptual model describing the pattern of nutrient release from organic residues in relation to crop nutrient uptake. Next, it explores experimental approaches to measure the physical, chemical, and biological barriers to decomposition and nutrient mineralization. Methods are proposed to determine the rates of decomposition and nutrient release from organic residues. Practically, this information can be used by agricultural producers to determine if plant-available nutrient supply is sufficient to meet crop demands at key growth stages or whether additional fertilizer is needed. Finally, agronomic practices that control the rate of soil biota-mediated decomposition and mineralization, as well as those that facilitate uptake of plant-available nutrients, are identified. Increasing reliance on soil biological activity could benefit crop nutrition and health in sustainable agroecosystems.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant available nutrients"
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Schweizer, Amelia Lee. "Determination and assessment of procedures of the pour-through nutrient extraction procedure for bedding flats and plug trays." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10312009-020402/.
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Jones, Mary Pletsch. "Evaluating Nutrient Availability in Low Fertility Soils With Resin Capsules and Conventional Soil Tests." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3049.
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Commonly used soil analysis and resin capsule procedures are used to assess nutrient status in fertile soils, but their validity in semi-arid ecosystems is unknown. Three studies were performed to assess resin capsule effectiveness in semi-arid ecosystems. An incubation study was completed in which loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils were treated with rates of N, P, Fe and Zn. Each soil treatment was implanted with a resin capsule and incubated for 60 or 120 days. Resin capsules reflected NH4-N and P fertilizer at low rates in the loamy sand. NO3-N reflected rates in both soils, but did not reflect Fe or Zn application. Resin capsule NH4-N was a better indicator than KCl-extractable NH4-N, but resin capsule NO3-N was not as effective as water extraction, and resin capsule P was poor compared to NaHCO3-P. A second study was performed in glasshouse conditions using the incubation study soils. Soils were treated with rates of N, P and resin capsules were placed in pots. Pots were seeded with squirreltail grass (Elymus elymoides) and placed in a glasshouse. Resin capsules were removed at 120 days, soil samples taken, grass harvested and yield measured. Yield and total nutrient removal was correlated to resin NH4-N, marginally related to resin or soil NO3-N, and unrelated to resin P. Yield and total nutrient removal was correlated with application rates and resin NH4-N and NaHCO3-extracted P. The third field study, compared two sites with rates of N and P application were established on clay loam and sandy loam soils. Resin capsule and conventional soil tests for NO3-N, NH4-N and P were measured and plant nutrient status examined. Resin capsules were removed and replaced and soil samples taken every 90 days. Resins P was not related to P application or to plant tissue P but NaHCO3-extracted P was, while resin NO3-N, KCl-extracted NO3-N and NH4-N were correlated to N application and plant N. Soil test P was more effective in predicting P status and bioavailability than resin capsules. Resin NH4-N and NO3-N predicted N status and bioavailability, but soil tests were just as effective in semi-arid conditions.
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Buck, Rachel Lynn. "Importance of Placement Depth in Evaluating Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Using Ion Exchange Resin Capsules in Semi-Arid, Low Fertility Soils." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4293.
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Ion exchange resin capsules provide a possible alternative to conventional soil testing procedures. Previous studies with semi-arid, low fertility soils observed poor relationships with poorly mobile nutrients such as phosphorus (P). We propose that placement depth may improve those relationships. Our objective was to (1) determine if placement depth could improve resin capsule estimation of the bioavailability of nitrogen (N), P, and sulfur (S) and (2) to determine if resin capsules can effectively estimate S availability in semi-arid, low fertility soils. Field sites were established in Rush and Skull Valleys, Utah on loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. Fertilizer was surface applied as ammonium sulfate and triple superphosphate with six N, P and S treatments (0, 5.5, 11, 22, 44 and 88 kg ha-1 of N and P2O5 and 0, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 kg ha-1 of S). Thirty 4.0-m2 plots were established at each field location. Resin capsules were placed three per plot at 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm deep in the soil and soil samples taken at respective depths. The capsules were removed and replaced after approximately 90 d. Final removal and soil sampling occurred approximately 240 d later. For the second study, fertilizer was surface applied as ammonium sulfate with six S treatments (0, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 kg ha-1 of S) with one resin capsule placed in each 4.0-m2 plot at a depth of 5 cm in the soil. Resin capsules were removed and replaced approximately every 90 d for a total of four samplings. Soil samples were taken with every resin capsules install and removal. In the first study, bicarbonate extractable P was significantly related to P application at all depths and times except the two lowest depths at the time of final sampling, and resin capsule P was only related to P application 398 days after application in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths. However, this is an improvement in estimates of bioavailability compared to a single placement depth. The 5–10 cm depth was the best for placement for determination of NH4-N, and resin capsules improved upon soil test estimates. For NO3-N, depth was not important, but resin capsules had a stronger relationship with N applied than the soil test 398 d after application. In addition, both resin capsules and the S soil test were related to S applied, but resin capsules were more able to pick up S cycling through the system. In the second study resin capsules and conventional soil tests were both effective in distinguishing between fertilizer rates, though only the conventional soil test was related to S applied at the last sampling (366 d after fertilizer application). Overall resin capsules were effective at reflecting application rates, and may be a good tool to estimate nutrient bioavailability. Correlation with plant uptake is required to determine if soil tests or resin capsules were a better estimate of bioavailable nutrients.
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Romagnano, Joseph F. "Aeration and mode of nutrient delivery affects growth of peas in a controlled environment." Link to electronic thesis, 2004. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0121104-221651.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Keywords: advanced life support; ethylene; carbon dioxide; pisum sativum; root hypoxia; oxygen; bioregenerative life support. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-57).
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Randall, William O. "The Effects of a phosphate detergent ban on a biological nutrient removal plant and anaerobic digester /." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03122009-040637/.
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Gregg, John Patrick. "Herbicide and Nutrient Effects on the Development of Gray Leaf Spot Caused by Pyricularia grisea on Tall Fescue." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07082004-113557/.
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Gray leaf spot, induced by Pyricularia grisea, is a disease of increasing importance in tall fescue in the southeastern United States. Previous research has shown that several herbicides may predispose turfgrasses to some diseases and that certain essential nutrients may have antagonistic effects on fungal plant pathogens. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of herbicide and nutrient treatments on gray leaf spot development in tall fescue. Inoculation techniques were also evaluated for establishing gray leaf spot on tall fescue in controlled environments. Field studies revealed that 2,4-D applications resulted in significantly higher quality turf and lower gray leaf spot incidence than the untreated control. Turf treated with 2,4-D amine + mecoprop + dicamba also exhibited significantly less foliar blight symptoms than the untreated control. In vitro experiments revealed the growth-inhibiting effects of 2,4-D on P. grisea implicated in the field, as mycelial growth was completely inhibited at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L-1. Colony growth was not affected at 2,4-D concentrations up to 100 mg L-1. Phosphorous acid treatments resulted in a reduction in turf quality compared to an untreated control, as did manganese and zinc treatments. Foliar blight caused by P. grisea was substantially increased in H3PO3-treated plots in 2003, where a 40% difference in blighted turf was observed between plots that received H3PO3 treatments every 14 days and the untreated control. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) analysis also revealed the significant detrimental effects of the phosphorous acid treatments. No significant differences in disease incidence or leaf spot size among nutrient treatments were observed in greenhouse treatments. Isolate selection was a significant factor for disease development and leaf spot size following spray inoculation under optimal environmental conditions. In general, disease incidence increased as inoculum density increased. Placing plants in covered containers or plastic bags immediately following inoculation for a 24-h period also appeared to promote disease development. Seeding rate did not have a significant effect on gray leaf spot development. We conclude that herbicide applications do not predispose tall fescue to gray leaf spot development and that applications of nutrients alone do not suppress development of gray leaf spot in tall fescue. Adjusting cultural practices as additional control measures for gray leaf spot does not appear to be a successful approach to managing this increasingly important disease.
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Stewart, C. Neal. "The ecophysiological significance of insectivory as well as nitrogen and phosphorus availability to sundew nutrient cycling, growth, and success." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03242009-040824/.
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Blackmore, Andrew Craig. "The variation of ecophysiological trains of Savanna plants, in relation to indices of plant available moisture and nutrients." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20834.
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A thesis submi.tted to the Faculty of Science, University of
the witwatersrand, Johannesburg I in the fulfillmen,,;"o:f' 't\ :he
requirements of the Degree of Magister Scienta~.
June 1992The present study was undertaken; withirl the South African " savannas, to provide "insight into a j;unctional classification of aavanna plants using ecophY$iologiLcal charact~:t's.THe pri.mary r.:>bjective of this study Was to investigate the vari.ation of these tt'aits throughout: the savanna, aridto relate this variation to plant avail.able moisture and nU~l'ie~~s• !t was conclu.ded that~ 1) no formal or specialized strategies have evolved within a number of the study sites, .2) unlike the woody component I neither divergellce nor convergence was demonstrated within the grass layer, c' 3) plant aVailable nutrients did not appear to be a major determinant of either component. Although plant available moistur~ proved to be unimportant in the woody layer, it did playa role as a determinant of the grass layer, and 4) constancy of the plant traits was not demonstrated to \": OCCllr over the gr~~ing season. A succeisf',\lclassification' would require the components to be separat~pl specific determinan.ts be identified for each component, and an element of time be included into both edaphic and biotic measurements.
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Schmidt, Marcus. "Nutrient response efficiency, tree-microbe competition for nutrients and tree neighborhood dynamics in a mixed-species temperate deciduous forest in central Germany." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9657-1.
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In den meisten Ländern Mitteleuropas gilt weniger als ein Prozent des verbleibenden Laubwaldes als ungestört und temperierte Wälder sind Herausforderungen wie Arteninvasion, Klimawandel und steigender Stickstoff(N)-Deposition ausgesetzt. In der Vergangenheit wurde gezeigt, dass hohe N-Einträge N-Limitierungen verringern, Phosphor(P)aufnahme behindern und P-Mängel in der Buche auslösen können. Die Artendiversität von Bäumen kann die Bestandsproduktivität durch die Prozesse Komplementarität und Facilitation (Wachstumserleichterung) erhöhen, wenn diese einen wachstumslimitierenden Nährstoff betreffen. Ein Schlüsselprozess im Nährstoffkreislauf ist der Weg von Nährstoffen durch die mikrobielle Biomasse während der Dekomposition. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die mikrobielle Biomasse um N bspw. mit Buchen und um P mit tropischen Moorpflanzen konkurriert. Die Buche ist eine sehr konkurrenzfähige Baumart in temperierten Waldökosystemen aber kann von der Eiche in trockenen Bereichen übertrumpft werden, während Hainbuche und Linde eine geringere Rolle spielen. Eichen erfahren jedoch in der jüngsten Vergangenheit in europäischen Wäldern einen Rückgang, der womöglich auf hohe N-Einträge zurückzuführen ist.
Für diese Arbeit untersuchten wir die Nährstoff-, Konkurrenz- und strukturelle Dynamik eines unbewirtschafteten, sehr naturnahen Laubwaldes in Mitteldeutschland, der aus Buche (Fagus sylvatica), Eiche (Quercus petraea und Quercus robur), Hainbuche (Carpinus betulus) und Linde (Tilia cordata und Tilia platyphyllus) aufgebaut ist. Unsere Ziele waren (1) zu erforschen, ob Komplementarität und/oder Facilitation die Produktivität in diesem Waldökosystem erhöht, (2) festzustellen, ob es Konkurrenz um die Nährstoffe N, P und K zwischen Bäumen und mikrobieller Biomasse gibt und, (3) die Nachbarschaftsdynamik der genannten Baumarten zu untersuchen und herauszufinden, ob der Eichenrückgang mit hoher N-Deposition einhergeht.
In Beständen einer Art sowie verschiedenen Mischbeständen aus je drei Arten ermittelten wir Biomasseproduktion und Nährstoffverfügbarkeit. Nährstoffnutzungseffizienzkurven (Nährstoffnutzungseffizienz = Biomasseproduktion pro verfügbare Nährstoffe) wurden genutzt um festzustellen, ob ein bestimmter Nährstoff das Baumwachstum limitiert. Die jährliche Netto-Nährstoffveränderung wurde in einer Laubbeutel-Studie als Differenz zwischen ursprünglichem und verbleibendem Nährstoffgehalt des sich zersetzenden Laubfalls nach einem Jahr kalkuliert. Die Nährstoffresorptionseffizienz berechneten wir über die Ermittlung der N-, P- und Kalium(K)-Konzentrationen in sonnenexponierten Blättern und im gefallenen Laub. Die Nachbarschaftsdynamik von Bäumen wurde über die Durchmesserverteilung, überirdische Holzbiomasse für jede Artenkombination sowie eine Polygon-Abschätzung von Wachstumsräumen erforscht. Zusätzlich wurde eine durchmesserbasierte nearest neighbor(nächster-Nachbar)-Analyse für Baumpaare durchgeführt. Ein Geographisches Informationssystem (GIS) wurde genutzt um Wachstumsraum-Polygone zu erstellen und nächste Nachbarn zu bestimmen.
Auf Einzelbaum-Level, ermittelt durch einen Nachbarschaftsansatz, waren relative Wachstumsraten von Buchen im Einzelbestand geringer als in der Mischung mit Linde und Hainbuche während das Wachstum von Linde im Einzelbestand größer war als in Mischung mit Buche und Eiche. Die Nährstoffnutzungseffizienzkurve für Buche zeigte optimale P- und K-Nutzungseffizienz für die Art in Mischbeständen, während sie in Einzelbeständen P- und K-limitiert war. Während die jährliche Netto-Nährstoffveränderung in sich zersetzendem Blattlaub die Verfügbarkeit von P und K im Boden beeinflusste, war dies für N nicht der Fall. Resorptionseffizienzen von N, P und K hingen negativ mit der jährlichen Netto-Nährstoffveränderung zusammen. In unserer Studie zur Nachbarschaftsdynamik von Bäumen fanden wir heraus, dass intraspezifische nearest neighbors gleiche Durchmesser aufwiesen und ihren Durchmesser gleichzeitig mit dem des Nachbarn vergrößerten. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die Durchmesser von interspezifischen nearest neighbors im Allgemeinen unterschiedlich und der Durchmesser des Nachbarn verringerte sich mit zunehmendem Durchmesser des Zielbaums. Eichen konnten ihren Wachstumsraum mit zunehmendem Durchmesser nicht vergrößern, aber dominierten ihre nearest neighbor über die Größe.
Unsere Ergebnisse zeigten, dass im untersuchten Waldökosystem Nährstofflimitierungen artabhängig waren und dass die Nutzung von Nährstoffnutzungseffizienz und Nachbarschaftsansatz geeignete Mittel sind, den Einfluss einzelner Baumarten auf die Produktivität einer Art im Rein- und Mischbestand zu ermitteln – so wie die beobachtete Facilitation der Buche im Mischbestand. Diese Werkzeuge stellen eine wichtige Basis zur verbesserten Bewirtschaftung typischer temperierter Mischwälder dar. Wir schlussfolgerten weiterhin, dass Konkurrenz zwischen mikrobieller Biomasse und Bäumen für P und K hoch, aber für N weniger bedeutend war, was wahrscheinlich in hoher N-Deposition in diesem Waldökosystem begründet liegt, welche den internen N-Kreislauf entkoppelte. Die hohe N-Deposition trug wahrscheinlich auch zu geringer Verjüngung der Eiche bei, während ältere Eichen in unserem Untersuchungsgebiet im Wettbewerb um Licht erfolgreich waren. Die Bestandsstruktur war charakterisiert durch stärkere interspezifische verglichen mit intraspezifischer Konkurrenz. Daraus resultierend bildeten Reinbestände aus Buche, Eiche und Linde Klimaxbestände hoher Biomasse innerhalb eines sich verändernden, kleinskaligen Mosaiks verschiedener Artenzusammensetzungen. In Reaktion auf neue Bewirtschaftungsanforderungen des Globalen Wandels sind weiterführende Forschungen zu Nutzungseffizienz unterschiedlicher Ressourcen für Baumarten in verschiedenen Zusammensetzungen empfehlenswert.
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O'Connell, Suzanne. "Grafted tomato performance in organic production systems nutrient uptake, plant growth and fruit yield /." 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11072008-152636/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Plant available nutrients"
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Matušíková, Ildikó, Andrej Pavlovič, and Tanya Renner. Biochemistry of prey digestion and nutrient absorption. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0016.
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Digestion of captured prey and retrieval of nutrients by plants is a central feature of carnivorous plants. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the composition of digestive fluids and the general mechanisms of prey digestion in carnivorous plant genera. Genus-specific features and enzyme regulatory mechanisms are presented that might contribute to the success and efficiency of carnivory in the Caryophyllales. The available evidence for the hypothesis that proteins involved in prey decomposition evolved as a result of a functional shift from defense-related activities is presented.
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Ellison, Aaron, and Lubomír Adamec, eds. Carnivorous Plants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.001.0001.
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Carnivorous plants have fascinated botanists, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, physiologists, developmental biologists, anatomists, horticulturalists, and the general public for centuries. Charles Darwin was the first scientist to demonstrate experimentally that some plants could actually attract, kill, digest, and absorb nutrients from insect prey; his book Insectivorous Plants (1875) remains a widely cited classic. Subsequent monographs by Lloyd (1942) and Juniper et al. (1989) summarized and synthesized available scientific data on these remarkable plants. Scientific investigations and understanding of carnivorous plants has evolved and changed dramatically in the nearly 30 years since Juniper et al’s Carnivorous Plants was published, and thousands of scientific papers on carnivorous plants have appeared in the academic literature. In putting together this fourth major work on the biology of carnivorous plants, Ellison and Adamec have assembled the world’s leading experts to provide a truly modern synthesis. The contributing authors examine every aspect of systematics, physiology, biochemistry, genomics, ecology, and evolution of what Darwin called ‘the most wonderful plants in the world,’ and describe the serious threats they now face from over-collection, poaching, habitat loss, and climatic change, which directly threaten their habitats and continued persistence in them. This accessible text is suitable for senior undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers in plant biology, ecology, and evolutionary biology. It will also be of relevance and use to horticulturalists and carnivorous plant enthusiasts.
Book chapters on the topic "Plant available nutrients"
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Cermak, P. "Nutrient balances and present state of available nutrients in the soil." In Plant Nutrition, 868–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_423.
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Eck, Mathilde, Oliver Körner, and M. Haïssam Jijakli. "Nutrient Cycling in Aquaponics Systems." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 231–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_9.
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AbstractIn aquaponics, nutrients originate mainly from the fish feed and water inputs in the system. A substantial part of the feed is ingested by the fish and either used for growth and metabolism or excreted as soluble and solid faeces, while the rest of any uneaten feed decays in the tanks. While the soluble excretions are readily available for the plants, the solid faeces need to be mineralised by microorganisms in order for its nutrient content to be available for plant uptake. It is thus more challenging to control the available nutrient concentrations in aquaponics than in hydroponics. Furthermore, many factors, amongst others pH, temperature and light intensity, influence the nutrient availability and plant uptake. Until today, most studies have focused on the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. However, to ensure good crop yields, it is necessary to provide the plants with sufficient levels of all key nutrients. It is therefore essential to better understand and control nutrient cycles in aquaponics.
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Lennard, Wilson, and Simon Goddek. "Aquaponics: The Basics." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 113–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_5.
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AbstractAquaponics is a technology that is part of the broader integrated agri-aquaculture systems discipline which seeks to combine animal and plant culture technologies to confer advantages and conserve nutrients and other biological and economic resources. It emerged in the USA in the early 1970s and has recently seen a resurgence, especially in Europe. Whilst aquaponics broadly combines recirculating fish culture with hydroponic plant production, the application of the term aquaponic is broad and many technologies claim use of the name. Combining fish culture with aquatic-based, terrestrial plant culture via aquaponics may be better defined via its nutrient resource sharing credentials. Aquaponics applies several principles including, but not limited to, efficient water use, efficient nutrient use, lowered or negated environmental impact and the application of biological and ecological approaches to agricultural fish and plant production. Water sources are important so that the nutrients required for fish and plant production are available and balanced, and system water chemistry is paramount to optimised fish and plant production. Systems may be configured in several ways, including those that are fully recirculating and those that are decoupled. Aquaponics importantly seeks to apply methods that provide technical, biological, chemical, environmental and economic advantages.
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Reetsch, Anika, Didas Kimaro, Karl-Heinz Feger, and Kai Schwärzel. "Traditional and Adapted Composting Practices Applied in Smallholder Banana-Coffee-Based Farming Systems: Case Studies from Kagera and Morogoro Regions, Tanzania." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 165–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_8.
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AbstractIn Tanzania, about 90% of the banana-coffee-based farming systems lie in the hands of smallholder farmer families. In these systems, smallholder farmers traditionally add farm waste to crop fields, making soils rich in organic matter (humus) and plant-available nutrients. Correspondingly, soils remained fertile during cultivation for over a century. Since the 1960s, the increasing demand for food and biofuels of a growing population has resulted in an overuse of these farming systems, which has occurred in tandem with deforestation, omitted fallows, declined farm size, and soil erosion. Hence, humus and nutrient contents in soils have decreased and soils gradually degraded. Inadequate use of farm waste has led to a further reduction in soil fertility, as less organic material is added to the soils for nutrient supply than is removed during harvesting. Acknowledging that the traditional use of farm waste successfully built up soil fertility over a century and has been reduced in only a few decades, we argue that traditional composting practices can play a key role in rebuilding soil fertility, if such practices are adapted to face the modern challenges. In this chapter, we discuss two cases in Tanzania: one on the traditional use of compost in the Kagera region (Great African Rift Valley) and another about adapted practices to produce compost manure in the Morogoro region (Uluguru Mountains). Both cases refer to rainfed, smallholder banana-coffee-based farming systems. To conclude, optimised composting practices enable the replenishment of soil nutrients, increase the capacity of soils to store plant-available nutrients and water and thus, enhance soil fertility and food production in degraded banana-coffee-based farming systems. We further conclude that future research is needed on a) nutrient cycling in farms implementing different composting practices and on b) socio-economic analyses of farm households that do not successfully restore soil fertility through composting.
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Krause, Ariane. "Valuing Waste – A Multi-method Analysis of the Use of Household Refuse from Cooking and Sanitation for Soil Fertility Management in Tanzanian Smallholdings." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 91–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_5.
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AbstractThe starting point of this work is the intention of two farmers’ initiatives to disseminate locally developed and adapted cooking and sanitation technologies to smallholder households in Karagwe District, in northwest Tanzania. These technologies include improved cooking stoves (ICSs), such as microgasifiers, and a system combining biogas digesters and burners for cooking, as well as urine-diverting dry toilets, and thermal sterilisation/pasteurisation for ecological sanitation (EcoSan). Switching to the new alternatives could lead to a higher availability of domestic residues for soil fertility management. These residues include biogas slurry from anaerobic digestion, powdery biochar from microgasifiers and sanitised human excreta from EcoSan facilities. Such recycling-driven approaches address an existing problem for many smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa, namely, the lack of soil amenders to sufficiently replenish soil nutrients and soil organic matter (SOM) in soils used for agricultural activity. This example from Tanzania systematically examines the nexus of ‘energy-sanitation-agriculture’ in smallholder farming systems. The short-term experiments demonstrated that all soil amenders that were analysed could significantly enhance crop productivity. CaSa-compost – the product of co-composting biochar with sanitised human excreta – quadrupled grain yields. The observed stimulation of crop yield and also plant nutrition is attributed to improved nutrient availability caused by a direct increase of soil pH and of plant-available phosphorus (P) in the soil. The assessment of the lasting soil implications revealed that CaSa-compost and biogas slurry both show the long-term potential to roughly double yields of maize. Corresponding nutrient requirements can be adequately compensated through residue capturing and subsistence production of soil amenders. The potential of CaSa-compost for sustainable soil fertility management is superior to that of standard compost, especially with respect to liming, replenishing soil P and restoring SOM. Biogas slurry, however, yields inferior results in all aspects when compared to compost amendments.
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Dryden, Gordon McL. "Animal feeds." In Fundamentals of applied animal nutrition, 60–81. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786394453.0006.
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Abstract This chapter describes the classification of feeds according to their available nutrient content, the types and amounts of constituents such as fibre and starch, the feed's origin (animal or plant or processing byproduct), the part of the original material which makes up the feed, any processing that the feed has been subjected to and the feed's physical characteristics.
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Hash, C. T., R. E. Schaffert, and J. M. Peacock. "Prospects for using conventional techniques and molecular biological tools to enhance performance of ‘orphan’ crop plants on soils low in available phosphorus." In Food Security in Nutrient-Stressed Environments: Exploiting Plants’ Genetic Capabilities, 25–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1570-6_4.
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Joyce, Alyssa, Simon Goddek, Benz Kotzen, and Sven Wuertz. "Aquaponics: Closing the Cycle on Limited Water, Land and Nutrient Resources." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 19–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_2.
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AbstractHydroponics initially developed in arid regions in response to freshwater shortages, while in areas with poor soil, it was viewed as an opportunity to increase productivity with fewer fertilizer inputs. In the 1950s, recirculating aquaculture also emerged in response to similar water limitations in arid regions in order to make better use of available water resources and better contain wastes. However, disposal of sludge from such systems remained problematic, thus leading to the advent of aquaponics, wherein the recycling of nutrients produced by fish as fertilizer for plants proved to be an innovative solution to waste discharge that also had economic advantages by producing a second marketable product. Aquaponics was also shown to be an adaptable and cost-effective technology given that farms could be situated in areas that are otherwise unsuitable for agriculture, for instance, on rooftops and on unused, derelict factory sites. A wide range of cost savings could be achieved through strategic placement of aquaponics sites to reduce land acquisition costs, and by also allowing farming closer to suburban and urban areas, thus reducing transportation costs to markets and hence also the fossil fuel and CO2 footprints of production.
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Chakravarty, Sumit, Prakash Rai, Vineeta, Nazir A. Pala, and Gopal Shukla. "Litter Production and Decomposition in Tropical Forest." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 193–212. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0014-9.ch010.
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Plant litter production and decomposition is a crucial ecosystem process that defines and governs the plant-soil relationships by regulating the nutrient turnover and the build-up of soil organic matter. Litter is the principal source of organic matter for soils in the forest ecosystem. The litter, upon decomposition, makes available essential nutrients for the growth and development of a forest stand. Different tree components contain different amounts of nutrients; and build up of soil organic matter. The amount of nutrients added through litter decomposition varies with forest types, species, stand attributes, and variation in seasonal environmental conditions. Nutrient return from organic matter is estimated by the physico-chemical properties of the litter. Moreover, the rate of decomposition and the nutrient releases are highly influenced by magnitude of litter produced, litter quality and nutrients release, as well as, by climatic conditions and existing microbial communities in the soil system. Ecological impact of carbon and nutrient dynamics in the litter layer is considerable in a forest ecosystem.
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Alexander, Earl B., Roger G. Coleman, Todd Keeler-Wolfe, and Susan P. Harrison. "Serpentine Soils as Media for Plant Growth." In Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165081.003.0012.
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Plants and animals require water, energy sources, and nutrients to make tissues and perform vital functions. The primary source of energy is the sun. Green plants use solar energy to manufacture organic compounds that are later oxidized to produce energy for both plants and animals. Many microorganisms produce energy by inorganic chemical reactions, but that source of energy is minor compared to the very large amounts of solar energy used by green plants. The major source of water and nutrients (other than CO2) for green plants is soil. Barren rocks, including ultramafic rock outcrop and talus, are colonized by lichens, which are symbiotic alliances of fungi and either cyanobacteria or green algae. These and other small organisms promote weathering and contribute to soil formation. Once soils are deep enough to support vascular plants (plants with roots), plants are the primary users of soils and producers of ecosystem biomass. Vascular plants send roots into soils and exploit both a high soil particle surface area and soil solutions, neither of which are available to lichens growing on rock surfaces. The surface area of particles in a soil 10 cm deep is about a thousand times greater than a planar bedrock surface if the soil is coarse sand, or about a billion times greater if the soil is clayey. With these dramatic increases in surface area accompanying soil formation, and lack of water retained on rock surfaces, it is easy to understand that ecosystem productivity is relatively low on rock surfaces and increases greatly with soil depth in very shallow soils. Annual plants approach maximum productivity in moderately deep soils and trees in deep or very deep soils. Ecosystems with serpentine soils are generally less productive than ecosystems with other kinds of soils, and they have unique plant species distributions. Therefore, serpentine soils attract attention from botanists who are interested in the profound effects that serpentine soils have on plant distributions and growth. These effects include those that affect the supply of water (section 8.1) and those that affect the supply of nutrients (section 8.2) to plants. These in turn affect plant growth and productivity (section 8.3).
Conference papers on the topic "Plant available nutrients"
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Nedyalkov, Ivaylo, Todd Guerdat, Drue Seksinsky, Sylvia Romero, Justin Stickney, and Ethan Pirie. "Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Flow in Fish Tanks for Small-Scale Aquaponic Systems." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69395.
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Aquaponic systems combine recirculating aquaculture (growing of fish) with hydroponics (growing of plants in water). The fish in the recirculating aquaculture systems provide nutrients for the plants and the plants remove excess nutrients from the water, making these systems more efficient than traditional farming methods in terms of nutrient utilization. Small, recirculating aquaponic systems may provide a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative for securing food supply in both developing and developed nations. Recirculating aquaculture systems tend to be capital-intensive and require significant power to circulate the water in the fish tanks, which helps with the removal of waste and the distribution of oxygen. To reduce capital costs, alternative, culture vessels made from locally available materials were investigated (i.e. square-shaped tanks, and international bulk containers - IBC). These non-standard shaped culture tanks, pose an additional challenge for proper circulation of the water as compared to traditional round tanks. To address the issue of circulation, numerical and experimental data were obtained for rectangular containers. The numerical results were obtained using OpenFoam models of the experimental setup. The experimental data were obtained by measuring flow velocities in an IBC tank using Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry. Currently the experimental data show good repeatability when data are taken for at least five minutes at each position in the tank. The focus of the continuing work is to establish a good agreement between numerical and experimental results. Ultimately the study will contribute to the design of cost-effective recirculating aquaponic fish and plant systems which require lower capital expenditures and achieve energy-efficient circulation of water in the fish culture tanks.
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Kintl, Antonin, Martin Brtnicky, Vladena Koukalova, Igor Hunady, and Tomas Vitez. "RESPONSE OF CLOVER TO FERTILIZATION WITH NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS � EFFECT ON CONTENT OF PLANT AVAILABLE NUTRIENT IN SOIL AND BIOMASS YIELD." In 20th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Proceedings SGEM 2020. STEF92 Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2020/3.1/s13.069.
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Snegirev, D. V. "THE RESPONSE OF THE WHITE CABBAGE VARIETY AMAGER 611 TO THE APPLICATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL FERTILIZER BIOVEL-ROST MARKA-A IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MOSCOW REGION." In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-225-229.
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To meet the nutritional needs of cabbage plants and ensure the maximum growth rate and high productivity, a special attention must be paid to the presence of a sufficient amount of readily available nutrients in the soil, primarily nitrogen. Cabbage grows faster against the background of mineral fertilizers, which is explained by the easy availability of the nutrients included in their composition, in comparison with organic fertilizers. At the same time, I.V. Gulyakin notes that the combined application of mineral and organic fertilizers is much more effective than using only mineral or only organic fertilizers. The analysis of the literature data on the effect of agrochemicals on the chemical composition of cabbage indicates that the ratio of individual components of the applied fertilizers, as well as the time of application, can significantly change its chemical composition both towards improving and deteriorating of the basic biochemical parameters.