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1
Steiner, Christoph, Keith Harris, Julia Gaskin, and K. C. Das. "The Nitrogen Contained in Carbonized Poultry Litter is not Plant Available." Open Agriculture 3, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0030.
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Abstract Pyrolysis of biomass, reduces its volume, mass, odour, and potential pathogens, while concentrating nutrients in the resulting biochar. However, the plant availability of nutrients in particular of nitrogen remains largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the nutrient availability of carbonized poultry litter. A nutrient poor soil was either fertilized with poultry litter or poultry litter carbonized at 500°C at the rates of 1.5, 3 and 6 t/ha. These organic amendments were compared with corresponding rates of mineral fertilizers (NH4NO3, KCl, CaHPO4, MgSO4) in a pot experiment. After four successive harvests of ryegrass (Lolium sp.) in a greenhouse we analyzed plant nutrient uptake and nutrient concentrations in the soil. While all treatments showed a linear increase in plant growth and nitrogen uptake, the plants fertilized with carbonized poultry litter did not show such a response. The carbonized poultry litter treatment produced more biomass than the unfertilized control, but the tissue concentration of nitrogen was below that of the control. Mehlich 1 extractable nutrients in the soil showed that there is more available phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the soil fertilized with the carbonized poultry manure, but these available nutrients were not utilized due to the nitrogen limitation to plant growth. The results clearly show that nitrogen contained in carbonized poultry litter is not available for plants
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Asghari, Hamid Reza, and Timothy Richard Cavagnaro. "Arbuscular mycorrhizas enhance plant interception of leached nutrients." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 3 (2011): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10180.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase plant growth and nutrition. However, their capacity to reduce the leaching of nutrients through the soil profile is less well understood. Here we present results of an experiment in which the effects of forming arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) on plant growth and nutrition, nutrient depletion from soil, and nutrient leaching, were investigated in microcosms containing the grass Phalaris aquatica L. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants were grown in a mixture of riparian soil and sand under glasshouse conditions. The formation of AM by P. aquatica significantly increased plant growth and nutrient uptake. Lower levels of NO3–, NH4+ and plant available P in both soil and leachate were observed in columns containing mycorrhizal root systems. These differences in nutrient interception were proportionally greater than the increase in root biomass of the mycorrhizal plants, compared with their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. Taken together, these data indicate that mycorrhizal root systems have an important, but previously little considered, role to play reducing the net loss of nutrients via leaching.
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Sloan, John, Cynthia McKenney, James McAfee, and Wayne Mackay. "(301) Bioavailability of Dairy Manure Compost Nutrients to Urban Landscape Plants." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1023D—1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1023d.
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Dairy manure compost (DMC) may be an effective soil amendment when establishing new urban landscapes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of DMC nutrients to typical urban landscape plants. In March 2003, DMC rates of 0, 9, 18, and 27 kg/m2 (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 cm) were incorporated into the top 10 to 15 cm of Austin silty clay soil. Half of each 6 x 6-m plot was established with bermudagrass sod and the other half with six types of ornamental plants consisting of annual, perennial, and woody species. During the third 2005 growing season, plant tissue was harvested from selected landscape plants to measure biomass production and nutrient uptake. Plant growth and nutrient contents were compared to plant available soil nutrients that were measured during fall 2004 and 2005. Plant available P in the upper 7.5 cm of soil ranged from 89 to 170 mg/kg in September 2004 and from 31.3 to 105.5 mg/kg in August 2004. Potassium and trace elements (Fe, Cu, and Zn) were also increased in the upper 7.5 cm by DMC applications. Increased concentrations of plant available soil nutrients in DMC-amended plots were correlated to overall increases in plant growth and nutrient uptake. Bermuda grass exhibited increased growth and increased tissue concentrations of N, P, K, and Zn. Penta biomass and nutrient uptake were also increased by DMC applications. Lantana stem weights significantly increased with DMC application rate up to 18 kg/m2, but no additional increases were obtained with the 27 kg/m2 rate. Results of this study show that, after three growing seasons with no additional fertilization, a 1- to 2-cm application of dairy manure compost is sufficient to provide continued fertility to landscape plants.
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Kim Anh, Bui Thi. "SELECTION OF SUITABLE PLANT SPECIES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY CONSTRUCTED WETLAND AT THE FORMOSA HA TINH STEEL COMPANY." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 2C (August 29, 2018): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/2c/13043.
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The study aimed to select suitable plant species in constructed wetland at Formosa Ha Tinh steel company and identify proper nutrient supplements for these plants growth. The tolerance of different aquatic plant species was tested with treated wastewater. Phragmites australis (Cav.), Typha angustifolia L. and Cyperus tegetiformis were selected for vegetation. In this experiment, removal efficiencies for monitored chemical parameters were in the range of 26.5 – 91.7 %, while elimination rates of total coliform were about 50 %. In the beginning, the plant nutrient demand for the first 3 months estimated based on theoretical mean annual nutrient uptake was 495 kg N, 153 kg P and 36 kg K per ha. When the wastewater entered CWs, the available nutrients in the influent could be enough for the plants growth. In fact, observations of the health status of the plants would serve as a basis for the fertilizer feeding decision, the concentration of mineral nutrients available in the wastewater are very important.
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Schoenau, J. J., and J. G. Davis. "Optimizing soil and plant responses to land-applied manure nutrients in the Great Plains of North America." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-115.
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Animal manures are recognized as valuable sources of plant nutrients in cropping systems and also play a role in soil improvement through the input of organic matter. Using recent research examples from Saskatchewan and Colorado, this paper covers beneficial management practices for effective recycling of manure nutrients applicable to the Great Plains region of North America. Challenges in using animal manures as fertilizers include low nutrient content per unit weight, variability and availability of nutrient content, and a balance of available nutrients that often does not meet the relative nutrient requirements of the crop. Examples of imbalances that may arise requiring special management considerations include low available N content relative to available P for many solid manures, and low available S relative to N for some liquid manures. Application decisions are best supported by manure and soil analyses, with nutrient balance issues addressed by rate adjustments and the addition of supplemental commercial fertilizer to avoid deficiency or loading of specific nutrients. Placement of manure into the soil by injection or incorporation is desirable in that nutrient losses by volatilization and runoff are reduced and crop recovery is increased. Balancing the rate of nutrient application with crop requirement and removal over time is key to avoiding nutrient loading on soils receiving repeated applications of manure. Key words: Manure management, nutrient cycling, beneficial management practices, Great Plains
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Mattson, Neil S., and Marc W. van Iersel. "Application of the “4R” Nutrient Stewardship Concept to Horticultural Crops: Applying Nutrients at the “Right Time”." HortTechnology 21, no. 6 (December 2011): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.6.667.
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The 4R nutrient stewardship framework presents four concepts to consider when applying fertilizers in a responsible matter; the “right source” of nutrients should be applied at the “right rate” during the “right time” and supplied to the “right place” to ensure their uptake. In this article, we provide ideas to consider when attempting to provide nutrients at the right time. When nutrients are applied at a time when they are not required by the plant, the result can be economic and environmental losses. Oversupply relative to plant demand can result in losses of applied nutrients because of leaching or volatilization. Undersupply relative to demand, especially in the case of phloem-immobile nutrients, may limit plant growth and yield. Several factors interact to affect plant nutrient demand such as growth stage, life history (annual vs. perennial), environmental conditions, and plant health. Techniques such as soil and tissue testing, isotopic labeling, and spectral reflectance have been used with varying degrees of success and expense to measure plant nutrient demand and guide fertilizer decisions. Besides knowledge of plant nutrient demand, efficient nutrient supply also depends on systems that allow precise spatial and temporal delivery of nutrients. Future improvements to the timing of nutrient delivery will depend on improvement in knowledge of plant nutrient demands. For example, targeted gene expression chips show promise for use in rapidly assessing plant status for a broad suite of nutrients. Future developments that allow more precise nutrient delivery or more robust agroecosystems that scavenge available nutrients before they are lost to the environment will also help producers use nutrients more efficiently.
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Ayyaz Khan, Muhammad, and T. H. Flower. "Extraction of Plant Available Nutrients in Algal Pond Effluent." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 3 (February 15, 2000): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2000.496.497.
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Bagale, Suman. "Nutrient Management for Soybean Crops." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (September 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3304634.
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Soybean is one of the most important pulse crops in the world which supplies most of the protein and oil requirements. The efficient production of soybean crops is a constraint, with several biotic factors, abiotic factors, and crop management practices. Nutrient management is one of the important aspects for achieving higher production of crops. Effective nutrient management helps to assure the required nutrients needed for the plant without causing a significant decrease in the yield of crops. In addition to this, managing the nutrient efficiently helps the crop to cope with several types of biotic and abiotic stress. For soybean crop, altogether fifteen nutrients are needed, which comprises six macronutrients, namely, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, which are required relatively in large amounts, and nine micronutrients which include iron, boron, zinc, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and chlorine. These nutrients can be supplied to the plants through soil incorporation or foliar spray of commercially available fertilizers. Nutrient requirements for soybean crops vary in concentration, and deviations can cause nutrient deficiency or toxicity in soybean crops. Nutrient availability to soybean crops depends on the available nutrients in the soil solution, the form of available soil nutrients, mode of uptake of nutrients, its interaction with other soil nutrients, soil chemistry, and method of fertilizer application. This review article explores essential nutrients for sustainable soybean production in relation to the role and functions of nutrients, required concentration, and visual syndrome shown during deficiency, including findings from several researches. The review article is aimed to guide soybean farmers for effective nutrient management and academicians in reviewing the literature in soybean nutrient management.
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Havlin, John, and Ron Heiniger. "Soil Fertility Management for Better Crop Production." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091349.
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Increasing crop productivity per unit of land area to meet future food and fiber demand increases both soil nutrient removal and the importance of replenishing soil fertility through efficient nutrient management practices. Significant progress in enhancing nutrient-use efficiency in production agriculture requires improved estimates of plant-available nutrients in the root zone, enhanced crop response to applied nutrients, and reduced offsite nutrient transport. This special issue, Soil Fertility Management for Better Crop Production, presents 15 manuscripts that advance our knowledge of interrelated soil, plant, and management factors important to increasing the nutrient availability and crop recovery of applied nutrients.
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Whalen, Joann K. "Managing Soil Biota-Mediated Decomposition and Nutrient Mineralization in Sustainable Agroecosystems." Advances in Agriculture 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/384604.
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Transformation of organic residues into plant-available nutrients occurs through decomposition and mineralization and is mediated by saprophytic microorganisms and fauna. Of particular interest is the recycling of the essential plant elements—N, P, and S—contained in organic residues. If organic residues can supply sufficient nutrients during crop growth, a reduction in fertilizer use is possible. The challenge is synchronizing nutrient release from organic residues with crop nutrient demands throughout the growing season. This paper presents a conceptual model describing the pattern of nutrient release from organic residues in relation to crop nutrient uptake. Next, it explores experimental approaches to measure the physical, chemical, and biological barriers to decomposition and nutrient mineralization. Methods are proposed to determine the rates of decomposition and nutrient release from organic residues. Practically, this information can be used by agricultural producers to determine if plant-available nutrient supply is sufficient to meet crop demands at key growth stages or whether additional fertilizer is needed. Finally, agronomic practices that control the rate of soil biota-mediated decomposition and mineralization, as well as those that facilitate uptake of plant-available nutrients, are identified. Increasing reliance on soil biological activity could benefit crop nutrition and health in sustainable agroecosystems.
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Davenport, Joan R., and Daniel E. Schiffhauer. "Using Commercially Available Ion‐Exchange Membranes to Monitor Plant‐Available Nutrients in Cranberry." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 38, no. 9-10 (May 2007): 1331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620701328651.
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Pavla, Ochecová, Mercl Filip, Košnář Zdeněk, and Tlustoš Pavel. "Fertilization efficiency of wood ash pellets amended by gypsum and superphosphate in the ryegrass growth." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 2 (February 3, 2017): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/142/2016-pse.
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Application of biomass ash to soil can save mineral nutrients due to its relatively high contents of Ca, K, and P. The study assessed the effect of powdered ash and pellets made from wood fly ash (WFA), combined moreover with additives rich in S (flue gas desulfurization gypsum – FGDG) and P (single superphosphate – SP) on the yield and uptake of nutrients (Ca, K, P, and S) by ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), the accumulation of nutrients in plant biomass at individual four cuttings, and the available nutrients amount in the acidic loamy soil after the last harvest. Plants grown in pots enriched by wood ash showed significantly higher yield and nutrient uptake than in the unamended treatments. The uptake of nutrients by plants, content of nutrients in plants and in soil was substantially positively influenced by both components added to the wood ash, especially by FGD gypsum. The combination of wood ash with additives proved to be effective. The soil enrichment by WFA + SP + FGDG increased the availability of SP-contained P and available P content in soil even after harvest.
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Abd El-Hady, Abd El-Nabi Mohamed, Emad Fawzy Abdelaty, and Abdubaset Egrira Salama. "GIS-Mapping of Soil Available Plant Nutrients (Potentiality, Gradient, Anisotropy)." Open Journal of Soil Science 08, no. 12 (2018): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2018.812023.
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Funke, Axel. "Fate of Plant Available Nutrients during Hydrothermal Carbonization of Digestate." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 87, no. 12 (August 11, 2015): 1713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201400182.
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Sarkar, Dibyendu, Lohit K. Baishya, Ch Bungbungcha Meitei, and Lydia Zimik. "Plant available nutrients in acidic inceptisols of Imphal Valley, Manipur." Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 68, no. 2 (2020): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0228.2020.00020.1.
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Hofmann, Julia, and Florian Grundler. "How do nematodes get their sweets? Solute supply to sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes." Nematology 9, no. 4 (2007): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854107781487305.
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AbstractSedentary cyst and root-knot nematodes withdraw large amounts of solutes from feeding structures induced in host roots. The feeding structures are specialised cells with a high metabolic activity and a tremendous capacity in translocation of nutrients. The required nutrients are provided by the plant transport systems – water and inorganic solutes from the xylem, assimilates such as sugars and amino acids from the phloem. Here we discuss the available data on the mechanisms by which nutrients are translocated into the nematode feeding sites. The interaction between Heterodera schachtii and Arabidopsis thaliana serves as a model system for cyst nematodes. In this case sufficient data are available to propose a conclusive concept for the mechanisms of nutrient flow: basically, in the early stages of nematode development syncytia are symplasmically isolated, so that transport proteins are responsible for the nutrient supply. Later, connections to the phloem via plasmodesmata are established, so that developing females are well supplied with assimilates. The interactions of root-knot nematodes with their hosts share a number of similarities but the data currently available are not sufficient to draw similar conclusions. As nutrient supply and functionality of feeding structures are the basis of biotrophic parasitism of sedentary nematodes, it is tempting to unravel the mechanisms by which both plant and nematodes influence each other via nutrient fluxes.
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Oldroyd, Giles E. D., and Ottoline Leyser. "A plant’s diet, surviving in a variable nutrient environment." Science 368, no. 6486 (April 2, 2020): eaba0196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba0196.
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As primary producers, plants rely on a large aboveground surface area to collect carbon dioxide and sunlight and a large underground surface area to collect the water and mineral nutrients needed to support their growth and development. Accessibility of the essential nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil is affected by many factors that create a variable spatiotemporal landscape of their availability both at the local and global scale. Plants optimize uptake of the N and P available through modifications to their growth and development and engagement with microorganisms that facilitate their capture. The sensing of these nutrients, as well as the perception of overall nutrient status, shapes the plant’s response to its nutrient environment, coordinating its development with microbial engagement to optimize N and P capture and regulate overall plant growth.
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Chaka, Bakari A., Aloys M. Osano, Justin K. Maghanga, and Martin M. Magu. "Optimization of Bioslurry-Available Plant Nutrients Using T. brownii and Acanthaceae spp. Biocatalysts." Advances in Agriculture 2020 (November 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4526485.
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The plant extracts of T. brownii and Acanthaceae spp. have been used as biocatalysts by several communities in Kenya to hasten anaerobic digestion. This study aimed at assessing the viability of these two extracts in hastening the availability of plant nutrients from bioslurry at ambient conditions. A controlled research design was followed using uncooked kitchen waste as the substrate for 28 retention days. Changes in bioslurry physicochemical properties and available plant nutrients were monitored every 7 days using wet chemistry and spectroscopic methods. The findings indicated that the two extracts significantly impacted the levels of available plant nutrients in the bioslurry compared to the control samples. T. brownii additives significantly increased the levels of lime content, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, phosphoric acid, sulfur, and soluble silicic acid. On the contrary, Acanthaceae spp. additives significantly increased the levels of calcium, potassium, nitrates, total ammoniacal nitrogen, sulfates, and phosphates in the bioslurry samples. The use of these plant extracts thus reduces the time taken while increasing the concentration of available plant nutrients from bioslurry.
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Rahman, Inayat Ur, Aftab Afzal, Farhana Ijaz, Shajaul M. Khan, Sabaz A. Khan, Khalid Khan, and Niaz Ali. "Influence of foliar nutrients application on growth and yield of onion grown in nutrient deficient soil." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 44, no. 4 (October 21, 2018): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i4.38598.
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Commercially available foliar spray labeled as ‘Planto-fuel’ increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) most of the growth traits viz., leaf length, bulb diameter (7.6 cm), bulb length (5.9 cm), leaves fresh weight/plant, neck fresh weight/plant, bulb fresh weight/plant (166.6 g) and plant fresh weight. It also produced the maximum yield (14.2 tons/ha) while the basal application of DAP significantly increased the number of leaves/plant and 2nd best results in yield whereas the lowest yield was observed through water spray. It is observed that the foliar application of micronutrients mixture in combination with nitrogen is the most suitable method to increase the onion production.
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Selvarajh, Gunavathy, Huck Ywih Ch’ng, Norhafizah Md Zain, Palsan Sannasi, and Siti Nuurul Huda Mohammad Azmin. "Improving Soil Nitrogen Availability and Rice Growth Performance on a Tropical Acid Soil via Mixture of Rice Husk and Rice Straw Biochars." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010108.
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Nitrogen deficiency frequently occurs at agricultural soil because of NH3 volatilization to the environment which results in low urea-N use efficiency by rice plants. A pot experiment was conducted to assess the synergistic effects of a mixture of rice straw and rice husk biochars (RSRH) on (1) total N, soil exchangeable NH4+, and available NO3−, and (2) uptake of N, P, and K in rice plant. RSRH biochar at 5 and 10 t ha−1 had significantly minimized ammonia volatilization by 33.5% and 40.7%. Further, RSRH biochars also had significantly increased available NH4+, NO3−, available P, and available K in the soil over T1. In line to increase in soil nutrient availability, the rice plant height, tiller number, greenness, and panicle number were increased. This resulted in an increase of nutrient uptake, use efficiency, and dry matter production of the rice plant. RSRH biochar altered the soil environment by minimizing NH3 loss and increasing soil nutrients for efficient plant uptake.
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Brar, Amandeep Singh, Parmodh Sharma, Charanjit Singh Kahlon, and U. S. Walia. "Available plant nutrients in soil as influenced by planting methods and herbicidal treatments." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (July 19, 2019): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0031.
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AbstractRice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the predominant cropping system of North Indian region. Due to continuous following of rice-wheat cropping system every year, weed infestation particularly in wheat, has emerged a major problem resulting in reduced wheat yield and nutrient mining. Integration of suitable planting methods, along with effective weed control measures, can reduce the weed infestation and nutrient mining from the soil and can enhance available plant nutrients in the soil. To evaluate the influence of different planting techniques and weed control practices in wheat on available plant nutrients in soil, a field study was conducted at the department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (India) for two consecutive years. The treatments comprised of five planting techniques: conventional tillage, zero till sowing without rice stubbles, zero till sowing in standing rice stubbles , zero till sowing after partial burning of rice stubbles and bed planting and five weed control treatments i.e. clodinafop 60 g/ha, clodinafop 60 g/ha fb 2, 4-D 0.5 kg/ha, sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 12 g/ha and unweeded (control). The experiment was conducted in split plot design with planting methods in the main plot and herbicidal treatments in the sub plot with three replications. The results of the study showed that zero till sowing of wheat in standing rice stubbles observed significantly higher soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium than conventional till wheat sowing after removal of rice residues. Although partial burning of rice stubbles also showed positive trend in soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium but retort was less distinct than rice stubbles without burning. Further, zero tillage alone also showed improvement in soil organic carbon and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium over conventional tillage. Application of herbicides did not diverge soil organic carbon, but significantly improved the available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in soil than the unweeded (control).
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Swanton, C. J., and P. B. Cavers. "Biomass and nutrient allocation patterns in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 2880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-369.
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The partitioning of dry matter and nutrients into component plant parts was determined for a weedy population of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.). The annual allocation pattern, studied over two growing seasons, was characterized by a relatively large distribution of energy to structural increases in height, leaf number, and lateral spread. Biomass and nutrient allocation to clonal growth (rhizomes and tubers) was much greater than to reproductive organs (flowers and seeds). Reproductive and clonal allocation of nutrients showed a different pattern than allocation of biomass. Plants severely defoliated by hail in 1984 redistributed available nutrients and generated new leaves. Although rhizome and tuber size and number were reduced after the hail storm, the overall strategy of Jerusalem artichoke appears to involve a constancy of nutrient allocation to clonal structures. In contrast with previous reports for cultivated populations of Jerusalem artichoke, we found that the leaves, not the stem, constituted the primary temporary sink for assimilates that were later distributed to developing rhizomes and tubers.
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Ma, Qifu, Zed Rengel, and Terry Rose. "The effectiveness of deep placement of fertilisers is determined by crop species and edaphic conditions in Mediterranean-type environments: a review." Soil Research 47, no. 1 (2009): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08105.
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Much of our knowledge of plant growth in response to soil nutrient supply comes from studies under homogeneous soil conditions. However, the adoption of reduced or nil tillage and shallow banding of fertilisers at the time of seeding causes spatially variable distribution and availability of soil nutrients in agricultural lands. Soil available nutrients, particularly the poorly mobile ones such as phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu), stratify within the fertilised topsoil. In water-limited environments where the topsoil is prone to drying, soil nutrient stratification may influence nutrient availability and plant uptake because of impeded root growth or reduced diffusion of immobile nutrients to the root surface, or more likely a combination of both factors. Placing fertilisers deeper in the soil profile could increase nutrient acquisition and utilisation by plants as fertiliser nutrients are in the moist soil for a longer part of the growing season. However, the effectiveness of deep placement of fertilisers may also be determined by soil texture, tillage, fertilising history, nutrient mobility, and crop species. In Mediterranean-type climates of southern Australia, a yield response of winter crops to deep fertiliser mostly occurs on infertile sandy soils in low rainfall regions. This contrasts with the responses of winter and summer crops in northern Australia on soils with optimum-to-high nutrients but subjected to rapid and frequent drying of topsoil because of high temperatures and high evaporation demand during the growing season. The pattern of nutrient accumulation by crop species (indeterminate v. determinate) and the mobility of mineral nutrients in the phloem would also modify the effectiveness of deep-placed nutrients under drought. The complexity of plant responses to subsoil nutrition may suggest that before adopting deep fertiliser practice in a paddock it is essential to understand the effects of edaphic and climatic conditions, soil management, and plant–soil interactions in order to achieve maximum yield benefit.
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Baumgarten, A. "CEN-METHODS (EUROPEAN STANDARDS) FOR DETERMINING PLANT AVAILABLE NUTRIENTS - A COMPARISON." Acta Horticulturae, no. 644 (February 2004): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.644.46.
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Tan, Yue, Qingliang Li, Yan Zhao, Hairong Wei, Jiawei Wang, Con Jacyn Baker, Qingzhong Liu, and Wei Wei. "Integration of metabolomics and existing omics data reveals new insights into phytoplasma-induced metabolic reprogramming in host plants." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): e0246203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246203.
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Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less bacteria that induce abnormal plant growth and various diseases, causing severe economic loss. Phytoplasmas are highly dependent on nutrients imported from host cells because they have lost many genes involved in essential metabolic pathways during reductive evolution. However, metabolic crosstalk between phytoplasmas and host plants and the mechanisms of phytoplasma nutrient acquisition remain poorly understood. In this study, using metabolomics approach, sweet cherry virescence (SCV) phytoplasma-induced metabolite alterations in sweet cherry trees were investigated. A total of 676 metabolites were identified in SCV phytoplasma-infected and mock inoculated leaves, of which 187 metabolites were differentially expressed, with an overwhelming majority belonging to carbohydrates, fatty acids/lipids, amino acids, and flavonoids. Available omics data of interactions between plant and phytoplasma were also deciphered and integrated into the present study. The results demonstrated that phytoplasma infection promoted glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway activities, which provide energy and nutrients, and facilitate biosynthesis of necessary low-molecular metabolites. Our findings indicated that phytoplasma can induce reprograming of plant metabolism to obtain nutrients for its own replication and infection. The findings from this study provide new insight into interactions of host plants and phytoplasmas from a nutrient acquisition perspective.
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Pavlů, Klára, Teowdroes Kassahun, Chukwudi Nwaogu, Lenka Pavlů, Jan Gaisler, Petr Homolka, and Vilem Pavlů. "Effect of grazing intensity and dung on herbage and soil nutrients." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 7 (August 1, 2019): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/177/2019-pse.
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Dung deposited by grazing animals is a key driver affecting sward structure and nutrient cycling in pastures. We tested herbage and soil properties in three types of tall sward-height patches (> 10 cm): (i) patches with dung under intensive grazing; (ii) patches with dung under extensive grazing; and (iii) patches with no dung under extensive grazing. These patches were compared with grazed swards under intensive and extensive grazing. Analyses indicated no significant effect of different types of patches on plant available nutrients. Herbage nutrient concentrations from the different types of patches differed significantly. The highest concentrations of nitrogen (30.65 g/kg), phosphorus (4.51 g/kg) and potassium (22.06 g/kg) in the herbage dry matter were in the tall patches with dung presence under intensive grazing regime because of nutrients from dung utilized for sward regrowth. Regardless of dung presence, similar herbage nutrient concentrations were revealed in non-grazed tall sward-height patches in extensive grazing regime. The presence of dung did not have any effect on the plant available nutrients in any type of patches, therefore we suppose that non-utilized nutrients were probably leached, volatilised or transformed into unavailable forms and thus soil nutrient enrichment was low.
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Kuehny, Jeff, Mary Halbrooks, and Charles Graham. "GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE PATTERNS OF AN EPISODIC AND CONTINUOUS GROWING WOODY PLANT." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1067e—1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1067e.
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Current recommendations for sufficiency of nutrients in soil-less media for container grown nursery crops have been based on weak acid extraction and pour through sampling of media. Since the concentration of nutrients found in pour through samples are similar to those available in the media solution, sufficiency levels as determined by hydroponics studies have also been considered to be applicable to plants grown in a solid medium such as pine bark. Many variables, however, may affect nutrient availability in a solid medium which are not the same as those in a well-stirred hydroponics system. Objectives of this experiment were to compare growth and nutrient uptake patterns of Euonymous kiautschovica `Manhattan' and Prunus persica `Jefferson' grown in a pine bark/sand medium or a hydroponics system. Quantitative growth characteristics, depletion rates of nutrients in solution, concentration of ions in pour through samples, and tissue levels of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg will be reported.
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Turner, Peter J., John K. Scott, and Helen Spafford. "Bridal Creeper (Asparagus asparagoides)–Invaded Sites with Elevated Levels of Available Soil Nutrients: Barrier to Restoration?" Invasive Plant Science and Management 4, no. 2 (April 2011): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-10-00032.1.
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AbstractBridal creeper has become a serious environmental weed in southern Australia. Historically the invaded areas had low soil nutrient levels. However, our field surveys indicate that soils in bridal creeper–invaded areas have higher phosphorus and iron levels than soils in nearby native reference areas regardless of the proximity to agriculture or other disturbances. A glasshouse experiment was undertaken to determine the influence of increased nutrients on plants that co-occur with bridal creeper in order to (1) assess the impact of changed soil conditions and (2) predict the response of dominant species following the biological control of bridal creeper. The relative growth rate (RGR) of bridal creeper, two native shrubs (narrow-leaved thomasia [Thomasia angustifolia] and bluebell creeper [Billardiera heterophylla]), and an invasive exotic grass (annual veldt grass [Ehrharta longiflora]) were determined in three soil types: soil collected within a bridal creeper stand, soil collected from a nearby reference area, and a potting mix with nutrient levels higher than that recorded in the field. The plant species were chosen due to their association with bridal creeper. For example, the native species narrow-leaved thomasia was identified in a previous survey as the most abundant shrub at the invaded site where the soil was collected. The two other species, bluebell creeper and annual veldt grass, were identified from a previous seedbank trial as being abundant (in the seedbank) and able to readily germinate in invaded areas. When grown in either the bridal creeper–invaded soil or reference soil, bluebell creeper had significantly lower RGRs than narrow-leaved thomasia and annual veldt grass. However, as all these species showed increases in RGRs between reference soil and bridal creeper soil, this study indicates that for at least these three species the impact of increased nutrients may not be a barrier to the recovery of invaded areas following the control of bridal creeper.
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Boddy, Lynne, and Sarah C. Watkinson. "Wood decomposition, higher fungi, and their role in nutrient redistribution." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-400.
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Dead wood litter input to mature forest ecosystems represents 30–40% of the total biomass, containing about 1–4 and 0.1–0.8 kg/(ha∙year), of N and P, respectively. However, since wood decomposes relatively slowly, it represents a much larger proportion of the standing crop of plant litter on the forest floor, forming a large reservoir of mineral nutrients, which are unavailable for primary producers until they are released by decomposer organisms, primarily basidiomycetes and to a lesser extent ascomycetes. Readily available nutrients are utilized rapidly leaving other nutrients locked up in the recalcitrant lignocellulose complex. As decomposition proceeds the relative concentration of N and P in wood increases (i.e., carbon/nutrient ratio decreases), as C is lost as CO2, but these nutrients are rapidly sequestered in mycelial biomass. Formerly it was thought that nutrients were released when the carbon/nutrient ratio of the wood approximated that of mycelium. However, fungi are inherently greedy using excess nutrients for production of reproductive structures and foraging mycelium. The latter, which is often aggregated to form rhizomorphs or cords, grows out of wood in search of new resources, often forming extensive long-lived networks that exhibit remarkable patterns of reallocation of fungal biomass and nutrients. Within these systems, nutrients are conserved and are often relocated for many metres and may aid in establishment of mycelia in new resources. Nutrients are probably largely released when mycelia are grazed upon by invertebrates, nonbiotically damaged, interact with other fungi and bacteria, or die. Key words: ecology, lignocellulose, basidiomycetes, rhizomorph, translocation.
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Jahan, Badar, Faisal Rasheed, Zebus Sehar, Mehar Fatma, Noushina Iqbal, Asim Masood, Naser A. Anjum, and Nafees A. Khan. "Coordinated Role of Nitric Oxide, Ethylene, Nitrogen, and Sulfur in Plant Salt Stress Tolerance." Stresses 1, no. 3 (September 8, 2021): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stresses1030014.
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Salt stress significantly contributes to major losses in agricultural productivity worldwide. The sustainable approach for salinity-accrued toxicity has been explored. The use of plant growth regulators/phytohormones, mineral nutrients and other signaling molecules is one of the major approaches for reversing salt-induced toxicity in plants. Application of the signaling molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and ethylene (ETH) and major mineral nutrient such as nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) play significant roles in combatting the major consequences of salt stress impacts in plants. However, the literature available on gaseous signaling molecules (NO/ETH) or/and mineral nutrients (N/S) stands alone, and major insights into the role of NO or/and ETH along with N and S in plant-tolerance to salt remained unclear. Thus, this review aimed to (a) briefly overview salt stress and highlight salt-induced toxicity, (b) appraise the literature reporting potential mechanisms underlying the role of gaseous signaling molecules and mineral nutrient in salt stress tolerance, and (c) discuss NO and ETH along with N and S in relation to salt stress tolerance. In addition, significant issues that have still to be investigated in this context have been mentioned.
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Kabir, G. "Genetic approaches of increasing nutrient use efficiency especially nitrogen in cereal crops A review." Journal of Bio-Science 22 (October 21, 2016): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v22i0.30015.
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Nutrient use efficiency determines precisely a certain amount of plant yield in terms of grains or biomass per unit of applied nutrients. Crop plants contain many more elements but for their growth and development basically they require almost sixteen mineral nutrients, among which N, P, K are used in large amount and N covers manifold function for contribution of the yield attributes. In deficiency of any micro- or macro-nutrient and due to few environmental factors plant growth along with its yield are affected adversely. In addition to physiological and breeding strategies genetic progress and implications have characterized this area to some extent. As nutrient efficiency is expressed in several ways, this phenomenon is taken in a wrong sense among the concerned persons and thus, there should be a balance between optimum nutrient use efficiency and optimum crop productivity based on the selected phenotypic characters of crop plants. Nutrient use efficiency is said to be a complex trait. Even its different stages of action are also considered complicated in nature. In such case a single gene can provide huge benefit. This is why modern genetic tools and resources available to the scientists have provided a great possibility for increasing nutrient use efficiency in crop plants. Molecular biology offers possibility for improving the desired characters by introduction of the specific gene(s). Augmentation of nutrient content of crop plants is being caused through genetic engineering. This article makes review and discussion on the genetic approaches in terms of exploited genetic engineering and biotechnological tools for increasing the specific nutrients especially nitrogen in cereal crops.J. bio-sci. 22: 111-125, 2014
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M. Farid, Ihab, Mohamed A. El-Ghozoli, Mohamed H. H. Abbas, Dalia S. El-Atrony, Hassan H. Abbas, Mohamed Elsadek, Hosam A. Saad, Nihal El Nahhas, and Ibrahim Mohamed. "Organic Materials and Their Chemically Extracted Humic and Fulvic Acids as Potential Soil Amendments for Faba Bean Cultivation in Soils with Varying CaCO3 Contents." Horticulturae 7, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080205.
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Organic amendments are important sources of nutrients that release upon organic matter degradation, yet the stability of these organics in arid and semi-arid regions is relatively low. In contrast, humic substances (HS) are resistant to biodegradation and can keep nutrients in the soil available for the plant over a long time. Combinations between humic substances (HS) and mineral-N fertilizers are assumed to retain higher available nutrients in soils than those recorded for the sole application of either mineral or organic applications. We anticipate, however, that humic substances might not be as efficient as the organics from which they were extracted in increasing NP uptake by plants. To test these assumptions, faba bean was planted in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions following a complete randomized design while considering three factors: two soils (calcareous and non-calcareous, Factor A), two organics (biogas and compost, Factor B) and combinations of the organics and their extracts (HA or FA) together with complementary doses of mineral-N ((NH4)2SO4) to attain a total rate of 50 kg N ha−1 (the recommended dose for faba bean plants) (Factor C). Results indicated that nitrogenase activity increased significantly due to the application of the used organics. In this respect, compost manure caused higher nitrogenase activity than biogas manure did. Humic substances raised NP-availability and the uptake by plants significantly; however, the values of increase were lower than those that occurred due to the compost or biogas manure. Moreover, the sole application of the used organics recorded the highest increases in plant biomass. Significant correlations were also detected between NP-availability, uptake and plant biomass. This means that HS could probably retain nutrients in available forms for long time periods, yet nutrients released continuously but slowly upon decomposition of organics seemed more important for plant nutrition.
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Rice, BL, M. Westoby, GF Griffin, and MH Friedel. "Effects of Supplementary Soil Nutrients on Hummock Grasses." Australian Journal of Botany 42, no. 6 (1994): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9940687.
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Hummocks of Triodia basedowii E. Pritz, T. pungens R.Br. and Plectrachne schinzii Henr. were treated with ash and with standard and high applications of slow-release fertiliser. Following rain and the ensuing growth and flowering, the soils and the hummocks were sampled for biomass and for nutrient content, and compared to controls. In a similar but separate experiment, seed set in inflorescences was assessed for hummocks treated with standard fertiliser application, for hummocks treated by removal of neighbouring hummocks, and for controls. In the absence of nutrient addition, total topsoil nitrogen concentration was higher under hummocks than outside, whereas total topsoil phosphorus concentration was lower under hummocks than outside. The absolute amount of phosphorus in the hummock itself was insufficient to account for the depletion of phosphorus in topsoil under the hummock. Available soil phosphorus was about 1-4% of total phosphorus, and was generally highest towards the edge of hummocks. Additions of ash did not significantly affect soil nutrients, while addition of fertiliser produced substantial increases in total nitrogen and in available and total phosphorus. The increases did not extend to the area surrounding the hummock. The increases in soil nutrients did not result in significant increases in new green growth, or in inflorescence biomass or number. However, nutrients appear to have been taken up into the plants, including into old tissue, because there were increases in nutrient concentration in plant tissues, which sometimes were statistically significant and sometimes not. In the second experiment, neither increased soil nutrients nor removal of neighbours increased the number of inflorescences produced, or the proportion of florets that gave rise to filled grain.
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Hallett, R. A., and J. W. Hornbeck. "Managing Oak and Pine Stands on Outwash Sands: Protecting Plant Nutrients." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/17.2.57.
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Abstract In New England, red oak and white pine forests growing on sandy outwash sites are susceptible to nutrient losses due to inherently low nutrient capitals and/or nutrient depletion by past activities such as farming, fire, and intensive harvesting. Key nutrients such as calcium (Ca),magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) are removed with biomass during harvesting operations, and are lost to increased leaching and erosion during and immediately after logging. In these forests, the highest base saturation or concentration of plant-available Ca, Mg, and K(63 to 92%) is found in the O horizon. As a result, special precautions are needed during harvest to prevent damage and nutrient depletion of the upper soil horizons. To mitigate nutrient losses we recommend using low-impact logging techniques, winter harvesting, and managing for white pine on these sites. North.J. Appl. For. 17(2):57-61.
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Velthof, G. L., M. L. Van Beusichem, W. M. F. Raijmakers, and B. H. Janssen. "Assessment of Plant Available Nutrients in Organic Products using an Airlift Bioreactor." Journal of Environmental Quality 27, no. 5 (September 1998): 1261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700050035x.
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El Agyzy, Fatma, and M. Aboukota. "IMPACT OF SOIL SALINITY ON AVAILABLE MACRO NUTRIENTS UPTAKE BY WHEAT PLANT." Menoufia Journal of Soil Science 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjss.2019.117004.
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Ashraf, Muhammad. "Distribution and Indexation of Plant Available Nutrients of District Layyah, Punjab Pakistan." American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 3, no. 2 (2015): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150302.11.
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Mohamed, Abdelmenam, Werner Härdtle, Bettina Jirjahn, Thomas Niemeyer, and Goddert von Oheimb. "Effects of prescribed burning on plant available nutrients in dry heathland ecosystems." Plant Ecology 189, no. 2 (July 28, 2006): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-006-9183-7.
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El Agyzy, Fatma, and M. Aboukota. "IMPACT OF SOIL SALINITY ON AVAILABLE MACRO NUTRIENTS UPTAKE BY WHEAT PLANT." Menoufia Journal of Soil Science 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjss.2019.174275.
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Abdelfattah, Mahmoud A., Mostafa M. Rady, Hussein E. E. Belal, Eman E. Belal, Rahmah Al-Qthanin, Hatim M. Al-Yasi, and Esmat F. Ali. "Revitalizing Fertility of Nutrient-Deficient Virgin Sandy Soil Using Leguminous Biocompost Boosts Phaseolus vulgaris Performance." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081637.
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During the 2019 and 2020 seasons, nutrient-deficient virgin sandy soil was examined along with the investigation of the response of Phaseolus vulgaris plants to soil application with biocompost in integration with chemical fertilizers applied to soil and plants. Four treatments (100% of the recommended NPK fertilizer dose (control), 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray, 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray + leguminous compost (CL), and 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray + CL containing Bacillus subtilis (biocompost; CLB)) were applied in a randomized complete block design. The 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray + CLB was the best treatment, which exceeded other treatments in improving soil fertility and plant performance. It noticeably improved soil physicochemical properties, including available nutrients, activities of various soil enzymes (cellulase, invertase, urease, and catalase), soil cation exchange capacity, organic carbon content, and pH, as well as plant growth and productivity, and plant physiobiochemistry, including nutrients and water contents, and various antioxidant activities. The results of the 2020 season significantly outperformed those of the 2019 season, indicating the positive effects of biofertilizers as a strategy to combine soil supplementation with NPK fertilizers and allocate a portion of NPK fertilizers for foliar spraying of plants in nutrient-deficient sandy soils.
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Nambiar, E. K. Sadanandan, and Roger Sands. "Competition for water and nutrients in forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 1955–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-247.
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Competition for water and nutrients between trees and other vegetation is discussed using examples from the interactions between tree and weeds in production forests, and trees and pasture in agroforestry systems. Production and economic viability of plantation forests are dependent upon sound weed management practices. Competition for water and nutrients by a plant is registered as a water deficit or a nutrient deficit. Plant responses to competition are similar to those for coping with water and nutrient deficiency in the soil. One species may have a competitive advantage over another for water and nutrients by (i) acquiring a greater proportion of available soil water and (or) nutrients, (ii) using water and nutrients more efficiently in producing biomass, and (or) (iii) allocating assimilate in ways that maximize survival and growth. The benefits from managing weeds during establishment of a stand have been demonstrated, but the value of managing understory in older stands is unclear. It is not possible to have water stress (through competition) without some degree of nutrient stress, but the opposite may not be the case in some environments. Managing competition effectively requires a clearer understanding of the dynamics of water × nutrient interactions, as well as the dynamics of the interactions between trees and associated vegetation and how this is modified by silviculture. Experiments where variables are well controlled and supported by simultaneous and regular measurements of both water and nutrients are required.
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le Roux, Elizabeth, Laura S. van Veenhuisen, Graham I. H. Kerley, and Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt. "Animal body size distribution influences the ratios of nutrients supplied to plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 36 (August 24, 2020): 22256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003269117.
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Nutrients released through herbivore feces have the potential to influence plant-available nutrients and affect primary productivity. However, herbivore species use nutrients in set stoichiometric ratios that vary with body size. Such differences in the ratios at which nutrients are used leads to differences in the ratios at which nutrients are deposited through feces. Thus, local environmental factors that affect the average body size of an herbivore community (such as predation risk and food availability) influence the ratios at which fecal nutrients are supplied to plants. Here, we assess the relationship between herbivore body size and the nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios of herbivore feces. We examine how shifts in the average body size of an herbivore community alter the ratios at which nitrogen and phosphorus are supplied to plants and test whether such differences in the stoichiometry of nutrient supply propagate through plants. We show that dung from larger-bodied herbivores contain lower quantities of phosphorus per unit mass and were higher in N:P ratio. We demonstrate that spatial heterogeneity in visibility (a proxy for predation risk and/or food availability) and rainfall (a proxy for food availability), did not affect the overall amount of feces deposited but led to changes in the average body size of the defecating community. Feces deposited in areas of higher rainfall and reduced visibility originated from larger herbivores and were higher in N:P ratios. This indicates that processes that change the size distribution of herbivore communities, such as predation or size-biased extinction, have the potential to alter the nutrient landscape for plants.
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King, Janet C. "Biotechnology: A Solution for Improving Nutrient Bioavailability." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.1.7.
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Biotechnology strategies are now available to improve the amount and availability of nutrients in plant crops. Those strategies include simple plant selection for varieties with high nutrient density in the seeds, cross-breeding for incorporating a desired trait within a plant, and genetic engineering to manipulate the nutrient content of the plant. In plant cross-breeding, all genes of the parent plants are combined and the progeny have both desirable and undesirable traits. To eliminate undesirable traits, plant breeders «back-cross» the new plant varieties with other plants over several generations. This technique, called hybridization, has been used to create varieties of low-phytate corn, barley, and rice. Using the techniques of genetic engineering, the gene(s) encoding for a desired trait(s) in a plant are introduced in a precise and controlled manner within a relatively short period of time. Golden rice, containing carotenoids, and rice with higher amounts of iron, are two examples of genetically engineered plants for improved nutrition. Genetic engineering has tremendous potential for revolutionizing nutrition. However, public concerns regarding safety, appearance, and ethics must be overcome before these products can be effectively introduced into the food supply.
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Young, Hillary S., Douglas J. McCauley, Robert B. Dunbar, and Rodolfo Dirzo. "Plants cause ecosystem nutrient depletion via the interruption of bird-derived spatial subsidies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 5 (January 19, 2010): 2072–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914169107.
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Plant introductions and subsequent community shifts are known to affect nutrient cycling, but most such studies have focused on nutrient enrichment effects. The nature of plant-driven nutrient depletions and the mechanisms by which these might occur are relatively poorly understood. In this study we demonstrate that the proliferation of the commonly introduced coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, interrupts the flow of allochthonous marine subsidies to terrestrial ecosystems via an indirect effect: impact on birds. Birds avoid nesting or roosting in C. nucifera, thus reducing the critical nutrient inputs they bring from the marine environment. These decreases in marine subsidies then lead to reductions in available soil nutrients, decreases in leaf nutrient quality, diminished leaf palatability, and reduced herbivory. This nutrient depletion pathway contrasts the more typical patterns of nutrient enrichment that follow plant species introductions. Research on the effects of spatial subsidy disruptions on ecosystems has not yet examined interruptions driven by changes within the recipient community, such as plant community shifts. The ubiquity of coconut palm introductions across the tropics and subtropics makes these observations particularly noteworthy. Equally important, the case of C. nucifera provides a strong demonstration of how plant community changes can dramatically impact the supply of allochthonous nutrients and thereby reshape energy flow in ecosystems.
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Martínez-Sánchez, José Luis. "Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption in trees of a neotropical rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 4 (July 2003): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740300350x.
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In lowland tropical and temperate forests, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption from senesced leaves may reflect a mechanism of conservation of a limiting nutrient (Edwards & Grubb 1982, Killingbeck 1996, Proctor et al. 1989, Scott et al. 1992, Songwe et al. 1997, Vitousek & Sanford 1986). At the ecosystem level it has important implications for element cycling. The nutrients which are resorbed during leaf senescence are directly available for further plant growth, which makes a species less dependent on current nutrient uptake. Nutrients which are not resorbed, however, will be circulated through litterfall in the longer term (Aerts 1996).
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Blanchard, Caroline, Daniel E. Wells, Jeremy M. Pickens, and David M. Blersch. "Effect of pH on Cucumber Growth and Nutrient Availability in a Decoupled Aquaponic System with Minimal Solids Removal." Horticulturae 6, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6010010.
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Decoupled aquaponic systems are gaining popularity as a way to manage water quality in aquaponic systems to suit plant and fish growth independently. Aquaponic systems are known to be deficient in several plant-essential elements, which can be affected by solution pH to either increase or decrease available nutrients. To determine the effect of pH in a decoupled aquaponic system, a study was conducted using aquaculture effluent from tilapia culture tanks at four pH treatments: 5.0, 5.8, 6.5, and 7.0, used to irrigate a cucumber crop. Growth and yield parameters, nutrient content of the irrigation water, and nutrients incorporated into the plant tissue were collected over two growing seasons. pH did not have a practical effect on growth rate, internode length or yield over the two growing seasons. Availability and uptake of several nutrients were affected by pH, but there was no overarching effect that would necessitate its use in commercial systems. Nutrient concentrations in the aquaculture effluent would be considered low compared to hydroponic solutions; however, elemental analysis of leaf tissues was within the recommended ranges. Research into other nutrient sources provided by the system (i.e., solid particles carried with the irrigation water) would provide further information into the nutrient dynamics of this system.
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Walker, Brian, and Jenny Langridge. "Predicting savanna vegetation structure on the basis of plant available moisture (PAM) and plant available nutrients (PAN): a case study from Australia." Journal of Biogeography 24, no. 6 (October 31, 2003): 813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1997.00123.x.
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Ramesh, S., Balakrishna Gowda, H. B. Raghu, and B. C. Shivakumar. "Manurial value of byproducts of bio-diesel feed stocks on finger millet grain and dry fodder productivity." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v1i2.64.
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A replicated field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Madenur located in Hassan District, Karnataka in rainy season during 2007 to assess the manurial value of by-products of bio-diesel feed stocks-pongamia and neem oil seed cakes vis-à-vis conventional plant nutrients sources (combination of farm yard manure and inorganic fertilizers) on the grain and fodder productivity of finger millet, the staple food cereal of southern Karnataka. Grain and dry fodder productivity of finger millet crop grown using pongamia and neem seedoil cakes is comparable to that grown using conventional plant nutrient sources. Application of plant nutrients only through pongamia and neem seed oil cakes resulted in higher available soil Nitrogen, Potassium and Organic Carbon contents.
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Foereid, Bente, Emilio Alvarenga, Julia Szocs, and Marianna Makadi. "Ammonium Sorbed to Zeolite Is Partly Available to Wheat in the First Growth Cycle." Agronomy 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030122.
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Sorption could be a way to concentrate nutrients in diluted waste streams to bring more nutrients back to agriculture. However, the sorbed nutrients must be plant available. The aim of this work was to investigate how plant available nitrogen (N) added sorbed to zeolite and is compared to conventionally added N. First, 15N labelled ammonium was sorbed to a sorbent, zeolite, in an aqueous solution. Then, the fertilizer effect was compared to the ammonium fertilizer and added the conventional way, with and without zeolite. A pot experiment with two soil types (chernozem and sandy soil) and wheat as test crop was used. Results indicated that the fertilizer effect of sorbed ammonium in the first growth cycle is about 50% of ammonium added conventionally. The sorbent itself had a positive effect in sandy soil, but not in chernozem. N uptake without added N was higher in chernozem than in sandy soil and more N from fertilizer was left in the soil after the experiment in the chernozem than in the sandy soil. In conclusion, ammonium added sorbed is plant available to some extent, but less so than conventionally added ammonium.
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Wang, Changting, Ruijun Long, Qilan Wang, Zengchun Jing, Yangong Du, and Guangmin Cao. "Effects of Soil Resources on Species Composition, Plant Diversity, and Plant Biomass in an Alpine Meadow, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 54, no. 2 (May 6, 2008): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2008.10639613.
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We investigated the effects of soil resources on species composition, plant diversity, and plant biomass in four alpine Kobresia meadow communities. Species diversity was lower in the Kobresia tibetica swamp meadow community than in the other three communities, but this community was characterized by the highest aboveground and belowground biomass and soil nutrients. Aboveground biomass was positively correlated with soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen in all four alpine meadow communities. The proportion of light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) was positively correlated with soil total organic carbon in all types of grassland. In alpine meadows, belowground biomass mostly occurred at 0-10 cm soil, as did soil nutrients. Community differences in plant species composition were reflected in biomass distribution. The highest total biomass (13,759 ± 497 g/m2) including above- and belowground biomass appeared in the sedge-dominated Kobresia tibetica swamp meadow community. Intermediate biomass (3,235 ± 142 g/m2, 2,645 ± 16 g/m2) was found in the Kobresia pygmaea swamp meadow and Potentilla fruticosa shrubs meadow community, dominated by forbs, sedges, and woody plants. The lowest biomass (2,433 ± 162 g/m2) was observed in the Kobresia humilis meadow, mainly dominated by forbs and grasses. The results indicated that fertility of the vegetation caused a decrease in plant species, increase in plant biomass, and also changes in species composition. Species traits (such as ability to respond to higher nutrient levels) as well as competitive interaction may determine ecosystem function (e.g., productivity). Plants with higher competitive ability would then have access to a greater proportion of available resources, leading to increased total resource uptake by roots, lower nutrient losses from the ecosystems, and increased aboveground and belowground biomass. The distribution of aboveground and belowground biomass is largely influenced by the plant species and growth forms within spatial gradients in soil moisture and edaphic conditions.