Academic literature on the topic 'Plant cells and tissues'
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Journal articles on the topic "Plant cells and tissues"
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Lin, C. T., D. Sun, G. X. Song, and J. Y. Wu. "Calmodulin: localization in plant tissues." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 5 (May 1986): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.5.3084624.
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Calmodulin was purified from bovine brain by preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The denatured, purified calmodulin was used to immunize rabbits to produce antiserum. This antiserum was used to study the distribution of calmodulin in plant tissues by indirect immunohistochemistry. The root tips from corn seeds, oat seeds, peanuts, spaghetti squash seeds, and the terminal buds of spinach were investigated. A method for plant tissue sectioning and inhibition of endogenous peroxide activity was developed. In the corn root section, reaction product from anti-calmodulin was found mainly in the root cap cells. Lesser but significant amounts of calmodulin were localized in metaxylem elements, in some stele cells surrounding metaxylem elements, in apical initials, and in the cortical cells. Similar findings were also observed in other root tips from oat seeds, peanuts, and spaghetti squash seeds. In the terminal buds of the spinach, calmodulin-stained cells were highly concentrated in the apical meristem and leaf primordium. These findings suggest that the high concentration of calmodulin in the root cap may be important in relation to gravitropism and growth development.
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John, Philip. "Solute transport in plant cells and tissues:." Phytochemistry 27, no. 10 (January 1988): 3345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80068-2.
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Ryerse, Jan S., Paul C. C. Feng, and R. Douglas Sammons. "Endogenous Fluorescence Identifies Dead Cells In Plants." Microscopy Today 9, no. 2 (March 2001): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950005642x.
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Various fluorescent stains and vital dyes have been used to identify dead cells in animal tissues and celi lines. In plants, fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide have been used to label nuclei and to identify necrotic cells in plant protoplasts and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) has been used to mark senescing cells in sections of roots. However, these dyes may be problematic when used with intact plant tissue with well-developed cells walls which may impede dye penetration. Endogenous fluorescence has been used to identify dead cells in intact and sectioned plant tissues. Published procedures typically employ ultraviolet (UV) excitation wavelengths of 340-380 nm and emission wavelengths of 400- 425 nm, thus requiring a UV filter set.
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Quadt-Hallmann, A., J. W. Kloepper, and N. Benhamou. "Bacterial endophytes in cotton: mechanisms of entering the plant." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-081.
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Investigations were conducted to determine how a systemic plant-colonizing bacterium Enterobacter asburiae JM22 enters cotton plant tissues. Passive uptake was excluded for JM22 by experimentation with glutaraldehyde-fixed (killed) bacterial cells applied to seeds and leaves; no bacteria were found internally or externally on roots or leaves. In contrast, application of live JM22 cells led to colonization of external and internal root and leaf tissues. Active penetration of JM22 in the absence of external wounding was demonstrated for cotton seedlings germinated on water agar and inoculated with the bacterial suspension. The mean internal bacterial population density for seedlings was 3.8 × 103 CFU/g surface-disinfected radicle tissue. Studies of in planta enzymatic activity demonstrated hydrolysis of wall-bound cellulose in the vicinity of JM22 bacterial cells. The same phenomenon was observed for a cortical root colonizing bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens 89B-61, a plant growth-promoting strain with biocontrol potential against various pathogens.Key words: endophytic bacteria, cotton, cell wall hydrolysis.
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Kerk, Nancy M., Teresa Ceserani, S. Lorraine Tausta, Ian M. Sussex, and Timothy M. Nelson. "Laser Capture Microdissection of Cells from Plant Tissues." Plant Physiology 132, no. 1 (May 1, 2003): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.102.018127.
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Perata, Pierdomenico, Amedeo Alpi, and Fiorella Loschiavo. "Influence of Ethanol on Plant Cells and Tissues." Journal of Plant Physiology 126, no. 2-3 (December 1986): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(86)80019-0.
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SAKAI, Akira. "Cryopreservation of Cultured Plant Cells, Tissues, and Embryos." Kagaku To Seibutsu 30, no. 7 (1992): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.30.441.
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Ceccarelli, M., and P. G. Cionini. "Tissue-specific nuclear repatterning in plant cells." Genome 36, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 1092–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-145.
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Tissue-specific nuclear repatternings, consisting of changes in the number and size of the chromocenters, were observed by analyzing, in Feulgen squashes and sections, different tissues of several plant species, particularly of Ionopsidium savianum. Nuclear repatternings occur mainly near the base of the meristems. They are due to associations of chromosomes at their heterochromatic regions. This was confirmed by the results of cytophotometric measurements, showing the same contents of both Feulgen/DNA and heterochromatin in nuclei with a different number of chromocenters. These data also showed that chromosome association does not occur in endoreduplicating or endoreduplicated cells. Autoradiographic results after [3H]thymidine treatments indicated that DNA synthesis does not occur in nuclei with extensive chromosome association. A highly significant, positive correlation was found between the number of chromocenters in each nucleus and the amount of RNA synthesis as indicated by [3H]uridine incorporation. It is suggested that chromosome association plays some role in the regulation of the functional activity of the nucleus and in tissue differentiation.Key words: functional regulation, heterochromatin, nuclear repatterning, plant cell nucleus, tissue differentiation.
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Wightman, Raymond, and C. J. Luo. "From mammalian tissue engineering to 3D plant cell culture." Biochemist 38, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03804032.
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Recent advances applying mammalian tissue engineering to in vitro plant cell culture have successfully cultured single plant cells in a 3D microstructure, leading to the discovery of plant cell behaviours that were previously not envisaged. Animal and plant cells share a number of properties that rely on a hierarchical microenvironment for creating complex tissues. Both mammalian tissue engineering and 3D plant culture employ tailored scaffolds that alter a cell's behaviour from the initial culture used for seeding. For humans, these techniques are revolutionizing healthcare strategies, particularly in regenerative medicine and cancer studies. For plants, we predict applications both in fundamental research to study morphogenesis and for synthetic biology in the agri-biotech sector.
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Kunakh, V. A., D. O. Navrotska, M. O. Twardovska, and I. O. Andreev. "Peculiarities of chromosomal variability in cultured tissues of Deschampsia antarctica Desv. plants with different chromosome numbers." Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv 14, no. 1 (June 20, 2016): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.14.1.542.
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Aim. To clarify the details of chromosome variation in calli derived from D. antarctica plants in the initial passages of the culture in vitro. Methods. Induction of callus from root explants of plants, which were grown from seeds, and consequent subcultivation of tissue culture. Cytogenetic analysis of squashed slides stained by acetic-orcein and counting the number of chromosomes in mitotic metaphase plates. Results. There were analyzed the cultured tissues derived from D. antarctica plants with different chromosome numbers: diploid plants (2n=26), mixoploid plant with B-chromosomes (2n=26+1-3B), and mixoploid plant with near-triploid modal class (2n=36, 38). Analysis of callus tissues of all plants at 2-4 passages revealed mixoploidy, presence of polyploid and aneuploid cells. The modal class in all studied calli was composed of diploid and aneuploid cells with near-diploid chromosome number. The cytogenetic structure of cell population of cultured tissues was found to vary with characteristics of the karyotype of donor plant. The largest range of variation in the number of chromosomes (from 18 to 63 chromosomes) was found in tissue culture of diploid plant (2n=26) from the Galindez Island, and the highest frequencies of polyploid (47 %) and aneuploid cells were in the culture of mixoploid plant with near-triploid modal class from the Big Yalour Island. Conclusions. In different D. antarctica cultured tissues at the early stages of the culture, the modal class was composed of diploid cells and cells with near-diploid chromosome number irrespective of karyotype of donor plant (diploid, mixoploid poliploid).Key words: Deschampsia antarctica Desv., plant tissue culture, chromosomal variability in vitro, mixoploidy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant cells and tissues"
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Yang, Kung Chi. "The aging process of sapwood ray parenchyma cells in four woody species." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31096.
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Aging of ray parenchyma cells from the young sap-wood to recently formed heartwood was studied in single stems of Pinus banksiana Lamb., Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, and Populus tremuloides Michx. Season, radial location of cell within sapwood, and cell location vertically within a ray at a given radius were considered as factors which might influence the aging process. A 12 mm increment core was extracted at breast height, from the north aspect of a tree of each species in May and July for moisture content determination. Another set of cores from the south aspect of the same trees was collected in May, June, July, August, October, and November or December. These cores were used to investigate the physiological and cytological properties of living sapwood ray parenchyma cells. Qualitative and quantitative observations were made of the status of ray cells both with light and transmission electron microscopy in order to draw inferences concerning the sapwood/heartwood transformation from the aging of sapwood ray parenchyma cells.
The sapwood moisture content of the three conifers studied was higher than that of heartwood, whereas in Populus
tremuloides it was lower than that of heartwood. The sapwood moisture content in May was consistently greater than in July.
Vitality of the sapwood ray parenchyma cells expressed by a new nuclear elongation index decreased from the outer sapwood towards the heartwood. The survival rate of the cells decreased curvilinearly from the middle sapwood towards the heartwood. At a given sapwood increment, a greater percentage of dead ray parenchyma cells was found among the marginal cells than among the central cells of a ray. No statistically significant difference was found between the vitality of the marginal and central cells, nor between any two contiguous sampling periods with exceptions in Pinus banksiana and Picea mariana between two contiguous sampling periods from July to December.
No typical pattern for the distribution of lipid content was found. The pattern of starch distribution displayed significant species, radial, vertical and seasonal variation and showed two general patterns across the sapwood. Pattern A described a decreasing trend from the outer sapwood towards the inner sapwood. Pattern B was characterized by a relatively low starch content both in the outer as well as the inner sapwood. The starch content in Populus tremuloides and the
lipid content in Pinus banksiana and Picea mariana displayed no statistically significant difference between marginal and central ray cells. The majority of ray parenchyma cells showed a statistically significant difference between two contiguous sampling periods in starch and lipid contents. There was no inverse relationship between the starch and lipid content over the growing season studied.
Young ray parenchyma cells were rich in chromatin and cytoplasm which contained numerous cell organelles. These cells were characterized by amyloplasts which possessed one or more elongated starch granules with thylakoids and osmiophilic globuli, numerous small lipid droplets and mostly rod-like mitochondria. In contrast, aged ray parenchyma cells featured an aggregated, dense nucleus and cytoplasm which contained few cell organelles. These aged cells possessed enlarged swollen starch granules, large lipid droplets or lumps with two staining densities, round shaped mitochondria with inconspicuous cristae and a rough/broken plasmalemma. Some heartwood substances originated from the lipid lumps which appeared frequently in dying ray cells.
Based on microscopic observations and measurements of the loss of vitality of ray parenchyma cells, a declining survival
rate, the disintegration of cell organelles and the origin of heartwood substances from lipid lumps, it can be concluded that heartwood formation is largely associated with the death of sapwood ray parenchyma cells. The death of these cells is due to the passage of time.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Cowan, Ashton Keith. "The metabolism of abscisic acid in higher plant tissues." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002024.
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The biosynthesis of ABA from R-[2-¹⁴C]-MVA was demonstrated in Persea americana cv. Fuerte mesocarp and in mature seeds of Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan and cv. Himalaya. Radioactivity from R-[2-¹⁴-C]-MVA was also incorporated into the 1',4'-trans ABA diol in Persea americana mesocarp and a possible role for this metabolite as a precursor of ABA in plants is discussed. The biosynthesis of ABA from MVA could not be demonstrated in either turgid and waterstressed Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan, Pisum sativum cv. Black-eyed Susan and Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Top-crop or in immature seeds of Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris. (R,S,)-[2-¹⁴C]-ABA was catabolised to PA, DPA and aqueous conjugates in leaves and mature seeds of Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan, seedlings and immature seeds of Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris and in mesocarp from ripening fruits of Persea americana. PA and DPA were identified by either microchemical methods and/or capillary GC-MS. 7'-Hydroxy ABA was characterised as a novel ABA catabolite in light-grown and etiolated leaves of Hordeum vulgare by capillary GC-MS. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that it was derived predominantly from the (R)-enantiomer of ABA. This catabolite was absent in similar studies using the dicotyledons Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris. Refeeding studies with [¹⁴C]-PA, [C]-DPA and [¹⁴C]-7'-hydroxy ABA were used to confirm the metabolic interrelationship between ABA and its catabolites in both vegetative and non-vegetative tissues from monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. The methyl ester of (R,S,)-ABA was hydrolysed efficiently by light-grown leaves of Hordeum vulgare. Older, vegetative tissues catabolised (R,S,)-ABA more efficiently than their younger counterparts. In contrast, small, immature seeds of Pisum sativum catabolised (R,S,)-ABA more effectively than larger, immature seeds of this species. Light did not appear to influence ABA biosynthesis but markedly enhanced ABA catabolism. Light stimulated the overall rate of ABA catabolism in both vegetative and non-vegetative tissue. Water stress reduced ABA catabolism in Hordeum vulgare leaves but had little effect on this process in Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings. Pretreatment of tissues with (R,S,)-ABA retarded the catabolism of (R,S,)-[2-¹⁴C]-ABA, negating ABA-induced conversion to PA. Cycloheximide inhibited ABA biosynthesis and catabolism but did not affect ABA conjugation. Chloramphenicol and lincomycin had little or no effect on ABA metabolism suggesting that the enzymes involved were labile and cytoplasmic in origin. Ancymidol and cycocel inhibited ABA biosynthesis while AM01618 stimulated this process. The cytokinins, benzyladenine, kinetin, isopentenyl adenine and zeatin also inhibited ABA biosynthesis. These results are discussed in relation to the possible involvement of carotenoids in ABA biosynthesis. AM01618, ancymidol andcycocel did not significantly influence the conversion of ABA to PA and DPA while cytokinins appeared to enhance this process only in vegetative tissue. The information derived from these studies was then used in attempts to develop a cell-free system from higher plants capable of metabolising ABA. A cell-free system prepared from imbibed Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan embryos biosynthesized and catabolised ABA. This is the first demonstration of a cell-free system from non-vegetative tissue capable of metabolising ABA and could prove useful for elucidating its biosynthetic route. This cell-free system generated the terpenyl pyrophosphates IPP, FPP and GGPP from MVA. ABA was produced from both MVA and IPP in the presence of 0₂ and NADPH. The biosynthesis of ABA was stimulated by the addition of the squalene 2,3-oxide cyclase and kaurene synthetase inhibitor, AM01618 and a "cold-pool trap" of (R,S,)-ABA. Ancymidol, cycocel and cytokinins reduced incorporation of label from MVA into ABA. Similar cell-free preparations, in the absence of AM01618, converted (R,S,)-[2-¹⁴-C]-ABA into PA, 7'-hydroxy ABA and water-soluble conjugates. Although the methyl ester of (R,S,)-ABA was efficiently hydrolysed in this cell-free system no DPA was generated. The possible involvement of mixed function oxidase activity and soluble oxidases is discussed in relation to ABA metabolism. While cell-free preparations from Persea americana cv. Fuerte mesocarp and immature seeds of Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris were unable to synthesize ABA from MVA, these tissue homogenates converted ABA into more polar acidic products. PA and DPA were identified as products of ABA catabolism in extracts from immature seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris and the l',4'-cis diol of ABA in extracts from Pisum sativum immature seeds
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Liang, Benjamin Ming-Hwa. "Organization and function of microtubules and their relationship /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841166.
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Halls, Coralie Emilie. "Purification of a unique maturation enzyme involved in the processing of proaleurain." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2004/C%5FHalls%5F050704.pdf.
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Zheng, Tao. "Investigation of plant tissue by environmental scanning electron microscopy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609068.
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Tegel, Friedrich. "Die Testaepidermis der Lactuceae (Asteraceae) ihre Diversität und systematische Bedeutung /." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00000104/.
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Nogemane, Noluyolo. "Symplasmic pathway in phloem loading and unloading in source and sink leaves of Zea mays L. as evidenced under normal and elevated CO₂ conditions." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007813.
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Zea mays plants kept at ambient (ca 375ppm) and elevated CO₂ (ca 650 to 700ppm) were used to examine the possibility of a symplasmic loading, unloading and transport pathway in dark-adapted and illuminated (200μmolm⁻²sec⁻¹ ) sink and source leaves. 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate was introduced into the mesophyll cells and symplasmic transfer observed 3h after application. In sink and source leaves exposed to ambient CO₂ and illuminated at 200 molm-2sec-1, the fluorescence front was observed approximately 3cm from the point of application, while in dark-adapted plants, the fluorescence front was observed approximately 1cm from the point of application. Under elevated CO₂ conditions the fluorescence front in illuminated plants appeared to transport faster moving approximately 5cm from the point of application, and in dark-adapted plants, only 3cm from the point of application. Based on the increase in 5,6-CF accumulation under elevated CO₂ conditions, the present study suggests that there was an increase in capacity for assimilate loading and transport under elevated CO₂ conditions. In source leaves, 5,6-CFDA was taken up into the mesophyll cells, loaded symplasmically and transported basipetally. In sink leaves 5,6- CFDA was taken up from basal mesophyll and after symplasmic loading, was transported acropetally where it was offloaded into the younger immature sink region. Transport in the sieve tubes was confirmed by using aniline blue, which was applied 3h after 5,6-CF transport. Aniline blue coupled with 5,6-CF transport studies showed that the sieve tubes of both cross and longitudinal veins are involved in symplasmic unloading, loading and transport processes in sink and source leaves. Apoplasmic uptake of 5,6-CFDA by cut leaves showed that after apoplasmic transport via the transpiration stream, 5,6-CFDA was offioaded to the xylem parenchyma where it was metabolically cleaved , releasing fluorescent 5,6-CF into the xylem parenchyma. Transverse sections cut after 3h of uptake were observed after 120 and 180 min suggesting that a retrieval of solutes occurs from the xylem to the xylem parenchyma, bundle sheath, phloem parenchyma and to the th in-walled sieve tubes. It was not possible to determine if the thick-walled sieve tubes were involved or if they took up 5,6-CF. Given the available data on loading and offioading of assimilates in sink and source leaves respectively, this study demonstrated that a slow symplasmic pathway exists from the mesophyll to the phloem, and that offloading from the phloem in sink leaves can occur via a symplasmic route.
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Chen, Wei. "Analysis of mass transport properties of plant cells by confocal microscopy and imaging techniques /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9953850.
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Spokevicius, Antanas Vytas. "The use of induced somatic sectors for the elucidation of gene function and developmental patterns in xylogenic tissue /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00002300.
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Mudiyanselage, Charith Malinga Rathnayaka. "Meshfree-based numerical modelling of three-dimensional (3-D) microscale deformations of plant food cells during drying." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/118069/1/Charith_Malinga_Rathnayaka_Mudiyanselage_Thesis.pdf.
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Numerical modelling has been a helpful tool for analysing plant cellular structure and associated dynamics. It generally consumes less time, money and other resources compared to experimenting with real plant structures. In this context, investigating the morphological changes that take place in the plant cellular structure under different circumstances has recently been an important application. Drying is one of the most common and cost effective techniques for extending the shelf life of food-plant materials (for instance, fruits and vegetables). During the drying process, food-plant cellular structure undergoes structural deformations that influence drying operations in terms of performance as well as food quality. To engineer effective and efficient food drying processes, it is important to establish a good understanding of cell morphological changes and underlying mechanisms. Grid-based approaches and meshfree methods are the two main categories of numerical modelling techniques used to analyse food-plant drying phenomena. Grid-based methods encounter drawbacks in some applications due to the inherent 'grid' behaviour and subsequent inability to successfully model problems with large deformations and multiphase phenomena. To overcome these drawbacks, meshfree (or meshless) based numerical modelling and simulation methods have been developed.
There are recently reported efforts to numerically model the micro mechanics of food-plant matter using coupled Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Discrete Element Method (DEM)-based approaches. Some of these studies focus only on fresh plant cellular structures and their behaviour under external mechanical loading. There are other studies considering both fresh and dried plant cellular structures in two dimensions (2-D) along with their morphological characteristics. The overall computational approach in those investigations show a promising capacity to be further extended towards more realistic scales. However, it is difficult to describe a truly 3-D phenomenon like cellular scale drying phenomena by means of a 2-D approach. Thus, in order to approximate the morphological changes of cellular scale food-plant drying phenomena in a more detailed manner, there is a requirement to extend that approach into the 3-D level. In addition, there are conceptual constraints in using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to represent the cell wall membrane in a completely meshfree numerical model. The literature suggests that conceptually, a Coarse-Grained (CG) approach could be more suited for this application, as there is a stronger conceptual and fundamental matching in an SPH-CG coupling than in an SPH-DEM coupling.
Within this background, this investigation aimed to develop a 3-D Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Coarse Grained method (CG) coupled numerical model, which could successfully approximate the morphological behaviour of foodplant cells during drying. Initially, the fundamentals of microscale plant cellular drying phenomena were studied. The applicability of a coupled SPH-CG 3-D approach was evaluated through a basic 3-D plant cell drying model. Next, an experimental investigation was carried out to observe the real morphological changes taking place in plant cellular structure during drying. Through the learning gleaned from both the basic numerical and experimental studies, an improved 3-D SPH-CG cell drying model was developed. The 3-D nature of this model allows it to predict the morphological changes on a more realistic scale compared to the previous 2-D models developed using a SPH-DEM coupling. The numerical results are found to be well comparable, both qualitatively and quantitatively, with the experimental findings.
As the next step, the developed 3-D numerical approach was successfully applied to model different types of food-plant cells (e.g. apple, potato, grape and carrot). The agreement between the model predictions and the experimental findings was found to be favourable for all four food-plant categories selected. The 3-D SPH-CG numerical model investigated in this study can successfully model dryness states of food-plant cells in a larger moisture content range with stable results compared to the recently reported Finite Element Modelling (FEM)-based and meshfree-based plant cell drying models. The computational accuracy of the numerical modelling scheme has been maintained at a high value through limiting the percentage model consistency error to less than 1%. This developed 3-D model will provide a source of guidance for industrial practitioners to optimise food drying operations in terms of final product quality, nutritious value and overall process performance. In addition, the developed computational framework has potential future applications in modelling a wide range of plant cells and animal cells.
Books on the topic "Plant cells and tissues"
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Somervill, Barbara A. Plant cells and life processes. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2010.
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A, Baker D., and Hall J. L, eds. Solute transport in plant cells and tissues. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1988.
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A, Dixon R., ed. Plant cell culture: A practical approach. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: IRL Press, 1985.
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L, Hall J., and Hawes C. R, eds. Electron microscopy of plant cells. London: Academic Press, 1991.
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G, Payne, ed. Plant cell and tissue culture in liquid systems. Munich: Hanser Publishers, 1992.
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G, Payne, ed. Plant cell and tissue culture in liquid systems. New York: Wiley, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Plant cells and tissues"
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Bidhendi, Amir J., and Anja Geitmann. "Tensile Testing of Primary Plant Cells and Tissues." In Plant Biomechanics, 321–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79099-2_15.
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Dashek, William V. "Plant Cells and Tissues: Structure—Function Relationships." In Methods in Plant Electron Microscopy and Cytochemistry, 1–25. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-232-6_1.
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Evert, Ray F., and Susan E. Eichhorn. "Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body." In Raven Biology of Plants, 538–57. New York: Macmillan Learning, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-319-15626-8_24.
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Shimamura, Masaki. "Whole-Mount Immunofluorescence Staining of Plant Cells and Tissues." In Plant Microtechniques and Protocols, 181–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19944-3_11.
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Steingroewer, Juliane, Christiane Haas, Katja Winkler, Carolin Schott, Jost Weber, Julia Seidel, Felix Krujatz, et al. "Monitoring of Plant Cells and Tissues in Bioprocesses." In Reference Series in Phytochemistry, 433–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54600-1_7.
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Steingroewer, Juliane, Christiane Haas, Katja Winkler, Carolin Schott, Jost Weber, Julia Seidel, Felix Krujatz, et al. "Monitoring of Plant Cells and Tissues in Bioprocesses." In Reference Series in Phytochemistry, 1–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32004-5_7-1.
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Huang, Bing Quan, and Edward C. Yeung. "Chemical and Physical Fixation of Cells and Tissues: An Overview." In Plant Microtechniques and Protocols, 23–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19944-3_2.
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Wilson, J. R. "Organization of Forage Plant Tissues." In Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility, 1–32. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1993.foragecellwall.c1.
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Buntru, Matthias, Simon Vogel, Ricarda Finnern, and Stefan Schillberg. "Plant-Based Cell-Free Transcription and Translation of Recombinant Proteins." In Recombinant Proteins in Plants, 113–24. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2241-4_8.
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AbstractPlant cell-free lysates contain all the cellular components of the protein biosynthesis machinery, providing an alternative to intact plant cells, tissues, and whole plants for the production of recombinant proteins. Cell-free lysates achieve rapid protein production (within hours or days) and allow the synthesis of proteins that are cytotoxic or unstable in living cells. The open nature of cell-free lysates and their homogeneous and reproducible performance is ideal for protein production, especially for screening applications, allowing the direct addition of nucleic acid templates encoding proteins of interest, as well as other components such as enzyme substrates, chaperones, artificial amino acids, or labeling molecules. Here we describe procedures for the production of recombinant proteins in the ALiCE (Almost Living Cell-free Expression) system, a lysate derived from tobacco cell suspension cultures that can be used to manufacture protein products for molecular and biochemical analysis as well as applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Márquez-López, Ruth E., Ángela Ku-González, Hugo A. Méndez-Hernández, Rosa M. Galaz-Ávalos, and Víctor M. Loyola-Vargas. "Auxin Immunolocalization in Coffea canephora Tissues." In Plant Cell Culture Protocols, 179–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8594-4_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Plant cells and tissues"
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Hirai, Minoru, Daiki Endo, Hiroki Gonome, Takahiro Kono, Jun Yamada, and Uma M. Rajagopalan. "Laser biospeckle metrology in investigating plant-sound interactions." In Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XXXI, edited by Bennett L. Ibey and Norbert Linz. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2543663.
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Tkachenko, O. V., N. V. Evseeva, G. L. Burygin, K. Yu Kargapolova, Yu V. Lobachev, E. E. Kostina, and S. Yu Schegolev. "The effect of rhizospheric bacteria and their biomacromolecules on somatic plant cells and tissues by culture in vitro." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-437.
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Rajagopalan, Uma M., Hirofumi Kadono, and Mahjabin Kabir. "Ultrahigh accurate statistical interferometric technique utilizing uniformity of speckle phase in the study of plant physiology." In Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XXXI, edited by Bennett L. Ibey and Norbert Linz. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2543973.
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Igarashi, Hibiki, Kairi Takemura, Takahiro Kono, Hirofumi Kadono, Jun Yamada, and Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan. "Laser biospeckle based novel method in the evaluation of far-red light effects on plant growth." In Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XXXIV, edited by Norbert Linz. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2649031.
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Salahudeen Rafeeka, Rinsa, Aditya Kurup, and Mayanglambam Suheshkumar Singh. "Investigation on methanol induced cell wall degradation in plants using home-built LSFM system." In Imaging, Manipulation, and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues XX, edited by James F. Leary, Attila Tarnok, and Jessica P. Houston. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2609997.
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Paiè, Petra, Andrea Bassi, Francesca Bragheri, and Roberto Osellame. "Automated imaging of cellular spheroids with selective plane illumination microscopy on a chip (Conference Presentation)." In Imaging, Manipulation, and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues XV, edited by Daniel L. Farkas, Dan V. Nicolau, and Robert C. Leif. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2253834.
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Yabuki, Kai, and Hirofumi Kadono. "Evaluation of sub-nanometric plant growth activities under far-red light illumination using Statistical Interferometry Technique (SIT)." In Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XXXIV, edited by Norbert Linz. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2650613.
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Curry, Nathan, Hugh Sparks, Lucas Dent, Vicky Bousgouni, Vincent Maioli, Ranjeet Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Chris Bakal, and Christopher W. Dunsby. "Oblique plane microscope plate reader for time lapse 3D imaging of live cells in collagen (Conference Presentation)." In Imaging, Manipulation, and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues XVIII, edited by Daniel L. Farkas, James F. Leary, and Attila Tarnok. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2542691.
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K.S., Aiswarya, Nikhil Dev Narendradev, Piyao Narumbam, Parul Jain, Srinivasa Murty Srinivasula, and Mayanglambam Suheshkumar Singh. "A study on mitochondrial dynamics and membrane potential in mammalian cells using home-built simultaneous multiple-level magnification selective plane illumination microscopy (sMx-SPIM)." In Imaging, Manipulation, and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues XXII, edited by Attila Tarnok and Jessica P. Houston. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3003659.
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Muhammat, Zulpikar, Hirofumi Kadono, and Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan. "Monitoring the effects of heavy metal (Cu) on aquatic plant (Myriophyllum) using biospeckle optical coherence tomography and statistical interferometry technique." In Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XXXIV, edited by Norbert Linz. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2651069.
Full textReports on the topic "Plant cells and tissues"
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Levy, Avraham A., and Virginia Walbot. Regulation of Transposable Element Activities during Plant Development. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7568091.bard.
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We have studied the regulation of the maize Ac and MuDR transposable elements activities during plant development. Ac was studied in an heterologous system (transgenic tobacco plants and cell suspensions) while MuDR was studied in the native maize background. The focus of this study was on the transcriptional regulation of Ac and MuDR. For Ac, the major achievements were to show that 1-It is autoregulated in a way that the Ac-encoded transposase can repress the activity of its own promoter; 2-It is expressed at low basal level in all the plant organs that were studied, and its activity is stronger in dividing tissues -- a behaviour reminiscent of housekeeping genes; 3- the activity of Ac promoter is cell cycle regulated -- induced at early S-phase and increasing until mitosis; 4- host factor binding sites were identified at both extremities of Ac and may be important for transposition. For MuDR, It was shown that it encodes two genes, mudrA and mudrB, convergently transcribed from near-identical promoters in the terminal inverted repeats. Distinct 5' start sites, alternative splicing, production of antisense RNA and tissue specificity were all shown to be involved in the regulation of MuDR.
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Wilson, Thomas E., Avraham A. Levy, and Tzvi Tzfira. Controlling Early Stages of DNA Repair for Gene-targeting Enhancement in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697124.bard.
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Gene targeting (GT) is a much needed technology as a tool for plant research and for the precise engineering of crop species. Recent advances in this field have shown that the presence of a DNA double-strand break (DSB) in a genomic locus is critical for the integration of an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into this locus. This integration can occur via either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) into the break or homologous recombination (HR) between the broken genomic DNA and the introduced vector. A bottleneck for DNA integration via HR is the machinery responsible for homology search and strand invasion. Important proteins in this pathway are Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54. We proposed to combine our respective expertise: on the US side, in the design of zincfinger nucleases (ZFNs) for the induction of DNA DSBs at any desired genomic locus and in the integration of DNA molecules via NHEJ; and on the Israeli side in the HR events, downstream of the DSB, that lead to homology search and strand invasion. We sought to test three major pathways of targeted DNA integration: (i) integration by NHEJ into DSBs induced at desired sites by specially designed ZFNs; (ii) integration into DSBs induced at desired sites combined with the use of Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 proteins to maximize the chances for efficient and precise HR-mediated vector insertion; (iii) stimulation of HR by Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 in the absence of DSB induction. We also proposed to study the formation of dsT-DNA molecules during the transformation of plant cells. dsT-DNA molecules are an important substrate for HR and NHEJ-mediatedGT, yet the mode of their formation from single stranded T-DNA molecules is still obscure. In addition we sought to develop a system for assembly of multi-transgene binary vectors by using ZFNs. The latter may facilitate the production of binary vectors that may be ready for genome editing in transgenic plants. ZFNs were proposed for the induction of DSBs in genomic targets, namely, the FtsH2 gene whose loss of function can easily be identified in somatic tissues as white sectors, and the Cruciferin locus whose targeting by a GFP or RFP reporter vectors can give rise to fluorescent seeds. ZFNs were also proposed for the induction of DSBs in artificial targets and for assembly of multi-gene vectors. We finally sought to address two important cell types in terms of relevance to plant transformation, namely GT of germinal (egg) cells by floral dipping, and GT in somatic cells by root and leave transformation. To be successful, we made use of novel optimized expression cassettes that enable coexpression of all of the genes of interest (ZFNs and Rad genes) in the right tissues (egg or root cells) at the right time, namely when the GT vector is delivered into the cells. Methods were proposed for investigating the complementation of T-strands to dsDNA molecules in living plant cells. During the course of this research, we (i) designed, assembled and tested, in vitro, a pair of new ZFNs capable of targeting the Cruciferin gene, (ii) produced transgenic plants which expresses for ZFN monomers for targeting of the FtsH2 gene. Expression of these enzymes is controlled by constitutive or heat shock induced promoters, (iii) produced a large population of transgenic Arabidopsis lines in which mutated mGUS gene was incorporated into different genomic locations, (iv) designed a system for egg-cell-specific expression of ZFNs and RAD genes and initiate GT experiments, (v) demonstrated that we can achieve NHEJ-mediated gene replacement in plant cells (vi) developed a system for ZFN and homing endonuclease-mediated assembly of multigene plant transformation vectors and (vii) explored the mechanism of dsTDNA formation in plant cells. This work has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of DNA integration into plants and furthered the development of important new tools for GT in plants.
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Hodges, Thomas K., and David Gidoni. Regulated Expression of Yeast FLP Recombinase in Plant Cells. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7574341.bard.
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Research activities in both our laboratories were directed toward development of control of the FLP/frt recombination system for plants. As described in the text of the research proposal, the US lab has been engaged in developing regulatory strategies such as tissue-specific promoters and the steroid-inducible activation of the FLP enzyme while the main research activities in Israel have been directed toward the development and testing of a copper-regulated expression of flp recombinase in tobacco (this is an example of a promoter activation by metal ions). The Israeli lab hat additionally completed experiments of previous studies regarding factors affecting the efficiency of recombinase activity using both a gain-of-function assay (excisional-activation of a gusA marker) and loss of function assay (excision of a rolC marker) in tobacco. Site-specific recombinase systems, in particular the FLP/frt and R/RS systems of yeast and the Cre/lox system of bacteriophage P1, have become an essential component of targeted genetic transformation procedures both in animal and plant organisms. To provide more flexibility in transgene excisions by the recombinase systems as well as gene targeting, and to widen possible applications, the development of controlled or regulated recombination systems is highly desirable and was therefore the subject of this research proposal. There are a few possible mechanisms to regulate expression of a recombinase system. They include: 1) control of the recombination system by having the target sites (e.g. frt) in one plant and the flp recombinase gene in another, and bringing the two together by cross fertilization. 2) regulation of promoter activities by external stimuli such as temperature, chemicals, metal ions, etc. 3) regulation of promoter activities by internal signals, i.e. cell- or tissue-specific, or developmental regulation. 4) regulation of enzyme activity by providing cofactors essential for biochemical reactions to take place such as steroid molecules in conjunction with a steroid ligand-binding protein (domains). During the course of this research our major emphasis have been focused toward studying the feasibility of hybrid seed production in Arabidopsis, using FLP/frt. Male-sterility was induced using the antisence of a pollen- and tapetum-specific gene, bcp1, isolated from Arabidopsis. The sterility inducing gene was flanked by frt sites. Upon cross pollination of flowers of male-sterile plants with pollen from FLP-containing plants, viable seeds were produced, and the progeny hybrid plants developed normally. The major achievement from this work is the first demonstration of using a site-specific recombinase to restore fertility in male-sterile plants (see attached paper, Luo et al., Plant J 2000; 23:423-430). The implication from this finding is that site-specific recombination systems can be applied in crop plants as a useful alternative method for hybrid seed production.
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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.
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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.
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Granot, David, and Noel Michelle Holbrook. Role of Fructokinases in the Development and Function of the Vascular System. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592125.bard.
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Plant vascular tissues are superhighways whose development and function have profound implications for productivity, yield and stress response. Preliminary studies by the PI indicated that sugar metabolism mediated by fructokinases (FRKs) has a pronounced effect on the transport properties of the xylem. The goal of this research was to determine how the main fructokinase gene, FRK2, and the only plastidic fructokinase, FRK3, influence vascular development and physiology, emphasizing processes that occur at both the cellular and organismic level. We found that both genes are expressed in vascular tissues, but FRK3 is expressed primarily in vascular tissues of mature petioles. Vascular anatomy of plants with antisense suppression of FRK2 uncovered that FRK2 is necessary for xylem and phloem development, most likely due to its role in vascular cell-wall synthesis, and affects vascular development all over the plant. As a result, suppression of FRK2 reduced hydraulic conductivity of roots, stem and leaves and restricted sugar phloem transport. Vascular anatomy of plants with RNAi suppression of FRK3 uncovered that FRK3 is required for vascular development in mature petiole but its role is partially complemented by FRK2. Suppression of FRK3 combined with partial suppression of FRK2 had effects completely different from that of FRK2 suppression, resulting in wilting of mature leaves rather than young leaves of FRK2 suppressed plants, and decreased export of photoassimilates. This primary effect of FRK2 suppression on mature petioles had a secondary effect, reducing the hydraulic conductivity in roots and stem. The very fact that a plastidic fructokinase plays a role in vascular development is quite surprising and we are still seeking to uncover its metabolic mode-of-action. Yet, it is clear that these two fructokinases have different roles in the coordination between photosynthetic capacity and vascular development. We have started analyzing the role of the last third FRK, FRK1, and discovered that it is also expressed exclusively in vascular tissues. It appears therefore, that all FRKs studied here are involved in vascular development. An interesting unexpected outcome of this study was the connection of FRK2 with hormonal regulation of vascular development, most likely auxin. This observation together with the yet to be solved questions on the exact roles of FRK3 are the subjects of our current efforts.
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Handa, Avtar K., Yuval Eshdat, Avichai Perl, Bruce A. Watkins, Doron Holland, and David Levy. Enhancing Quality Attributes of Potato and Tomato by Modifying and Controlling their Oxidative Stress Outcome. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586532.bard.
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General The final goal and overall objective of the current research has been to modify lipid hydroperoxidation in order to create desirable phenotypes in two important crops, potato and tomato, which normally are exposed to abiotic stress associated with such oxidation. The specific original objectives were: (i) the roles of lipoxygenase (LOX) and phospholipids hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in regulating endogenous levels of lipid peroxidation in plant tissues; (ii) the effect of modified lipid peroxidation on fruit ripening, tuber quality, crop productivity and abiotic stress tolerance; (iii) the effect of simultaneous reduction of LOX and increase of PHGPx activities on fruit ripening and tuber quality; and (iv) the role of lipid peroxidation on expression of specific genes. We proposed to accomplish the research goal by genetic engineering of the metabolic activities of LOX and PHGPx using regulatable and tissue specific promoters, and study of the relationships between these two consecutive enzymes in the metabolism and catabolism of phospholipids hydroperoxides. USA Significant progress was made in accomplishing all objectives of proposed research. Due to inability to regenerate tomato plants after transforming with 35S-PHGPx chimeric gene construct, the role of low catalase induced oxidative stress instead of PHGPx was evaluated on agronomical performance of tomato plant and fruit quality attributes. Effects of polyamine, that protects DNA from oxidative stress, were also evaluated. The transgenic plants under expressing lipoxygenase (LOX-sup) were crossed with catalase antisense (CAT-anti) plants or polyamine over producing plants (SAM-over) and the lines homozygous for the two transgenes were selected. Agronomical performance of these line showed that low catalase induced oxidative stress negatively affected growth and development of tomato plants and resulted in a massive change in fruit gene expression. These effects of low catalase activity induced oxidative stress, including the massive shift in gene expression, were greatly overcome by the low lipoxygenase activity. Collectively results show that oxidative stress plays significant role in plant growth including the fruit growth. These results also for the first time indicated that a crosstalk between oxidative stress and lipoxygenase regulated processes determine the outcome during plant growth and development. Israel Regarding PHGPx, most of the study has concentrated on the first and the last specific objectives, since it became evident that plant transformation with this gene is not obvious. Following inability to achieve efficient transformation of potato and tomato using a variety of promoters, model plant systems (tobacco and potato cell cultures, tobacco calli and plantlets, and Arabidopsis) were used to establish the factors and to study the obstacles which prohibited the regeneration of plants carrying the genetic machinery for overproduction of PHGPx. Our results clearly demonstrate that while genetic transformation and over-expression of PHGPx occurs in pre-developmental tissue stage (cell culture, calli clusters) or in completed plant (Arabidopsis), it is likely that over-expression of this enzyme before tissue differentiation is leading to a halt of the regeneration process. To support this assumption, experiments, in which genetic engineering of a point-mutated PHGPx gene enable transformation and over-expression in plants of PhSPY modified in its catalytic site and thus inactive enzymatically, were successfully carried out. These combined results strongly suggest, that if in fact, like in animals and as we established in vitro, the plant PHGPx exhibits PH peroxidase activity, these peroxides are vital for the organisms developmental process.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Todd C. Mockler. Precise Mapping of Growth Hormone Effects by Cell-Specific Gene Activation Response. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699849.bard.
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Plant yield largely depends on a complex interplay and feedback mechanisms of distinct hormonal pathways. Over the past decade great progress has been made in elucidating the global molecular mechanisms by which each hormone is produced and perceived. However, our knowledge of how interactions between hormonal pathways are spatially and temporally regulated remains rudimentary. For example, we have demonstrated that although the BR receptor BRI1 is widely expressed, the perception of BRs in epidermal cells is sufficient to control whole-organ growth. Supported by additional recent works, it is apparent that hormones are acting in selected cells of the plant body to regulate organ growth, and furthermore, that local cell-cell communication is an important mechanism. In this proposal our goals were to identify the global profile of translated genes in response to BR stimulation and depletion in specific tissues in Arabidopsis; determine the spatio-temporal dependency of BR response on auxin transport and signaling and construct an interactive public website that will provide an integrated analysis of the data set. Our technology incorporated cell-specific polysome isolation and sequencing using the Solexa technology. In the first aim, we generated and confirmed the specificity of novel transgenic lines expressing tagged ribosomal protein in various cell types in the Arabidopsis primary root. We next crossed these lines to lines with targeted expression of BRI1 in the bri1 background. All lines were treated with BRs for two time points. The RNA-seq of their corresponding immunopurified polysomal RNA is nearly completed and the bioinformatic analysis of the data set will be completed this year. Followed, we will construct an interactive public website (our third aim). In the second aim we started revealing how spatio-temporalBR activity impinges on auxin transport in the Arabidopsis primary root. We discovered the unexpected role of BRs in controlling the expression of specific auxin efflux carriers, post-transcriptionally (Hacham et al, 2012). We also showed that this regulation depends on the specific expression of BRI1 in the epidermis. This complex and long term effect of BRs on auxin transport led us to focus on high resolution analysis of the BR signaling per se. Taking together, our ongoing collaboration and synergistic expertise (hormone action and plant development (IL) and whole-genome scale data analysis (US)) enabled the establishment of a powerful system that will tell us how distinct cell types respond to local and systemic BR signal. BR research is of special agriculture importance since BR application and BR genetic modification have been shown to significantly increase crop yield and to play an important role in plant thermotolerance. Hence, our integrated dataset is valuable for improving crop traits without unwanted impairment of unrelated pathways, for example, establishing semi-dwarf stature to allow increased yield in high planting density, inducing erect leaves for better light capture and consequent biomass increase and plant resistance to abiotic stresses.
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Lers, Amnon, and Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Small RNAs Associated with Plant Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593393.bard.
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Senescence is an agriculturally significant process due to its negative impact to crop yield and postharvest quality. The genetic regulatory systems controlling senescence induction and progress respond to both developmental and environmental stress signals and involve numerous gene expression changes. Knowledge about the key molecular factors which control senescence is very limited. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs which typically function by guiding cleavage of target messenger RNAs. They have been shown to play major roles in a variety of plant processes including development, responses to environmental stresses, and senescence. The long-term goal of this work is to elucidate roles of small RNAs associated with plant senescence. The hypothesis underlying this research is that miRNA-mediated regulation makes important contributions to the senescence process in plants. Specific, original research objectives included: 1) Profiling of small RNAs from senescing plants; 2) Data Analysis and public access via a user-friendly web interface; 3) Validation of senescence-associated miRNAs and target RNAs; 4) Development of transgenic plants for functional analysis of miRNAs in Arabidopsis. Major revisions made in the research compared to the original work plan included 1) Exclusion of the planned work with tomato as recommended by the BARD review panel; 2) Performing miRNA study also in senescing Arabidopsis siliques, in addition to senescing leaves. To identify senescenceregulation of miRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana, eight small RNA libraries were constructed and sequenced at four different stages of development and senescence from both leaves and siliques, resulting in more than 200 million genome-matched sequences. Parallel Analysis of RNA Ends (PARE) libraries, which enable the large-scale examination of miRNA-guided cleavage products, were also constructed and sequenced, resulting in over 750 million genome-matched sequences. These massive datasets lead to the identification of new miRNAs, as well as new regulation of known miRNAs and their target genes during senescence, many of which have established roles in nutrient responsiveness and cell structural integrity. In keeping with remobilization of nutrients thought to occur during senescence, many miRNAs and targets had opposite expression pattern changes between leaf and silique tissues during the progression of senescence. Taken together, these findings highlight the integral role that miRNAs may play in the remobilization of resources and alteration of cellular structure that is known to occur in senescence. Experiments were initiated for functional analysis of specific senescence-associated miRNAs and respective target genes. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated in which miR408, found in this study to be significantly induced in leaf senescence, was over-expressed either constitutively or under a senescence-specific promoter. These plants are currently being characterized for any altered phenotypes. In addition T-DNA knock out mutants for various target genes identified in this research are being analyzed. This work provides insights about specific miRNAs that contribute to leaf and silique senescence. The knowledge generated may suggest new strategies to monitor and alter the progression of senescence in crops for agricultural improvement.
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Schaffer, Arthur A., and Jocelyn Rose. Understanding Cuticle Development in Tomato through the Study of Novel Germplasm with Malformed Cuticles. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593401.bard.
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Plant cuticle development and metabolism are still poorly understood, partly due to the chemical complexity of the cuticular layer. The overall research objective was to broaden and deepen our understanding of tomato fruit cuticle development by analyzing novel germplasm with cuticular malformations and by studying the transcriptome and proteome of the fruit epidermal tissues, as strategies to overcome the challenges posed by the recalcitrance of the biological system. During the project we succeeded in identifying two genes with major impact on cuticle development. One of these encoded the first cutin synthase to be identified in plants, a metabolic step that had been a black box in cutin synthesis. In addition genes controlling the triterpenoid components of the cuticle were identified and, most interestingly, genetic variability for this component was identified among the wild tomato species germplasm. Additional germplasm was developed based on interspecific crosses that will allow for the future characterization of modifier genes that interact with the microfissuring gene (CWP) to promote or inhibit fruit cracking. One of the major accomplishments of the joint project was the integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of the fruit cuticle and underlying tissues which allows for the identification of the pericarp cell layers responsible for the extracellular, cuticle-localized protein component. The results of the project have expanded our understanding of tomato fruit cuticle development and its genetic control. In addition, germplasm developed will be useful in developing tomato varieties resistant to cracking, on the one hand, and varieties useful for the dehydration industry on the other.
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Epel, Bernard, and Roger Beachy. Mechanisms of intra- and intercellular targeting and movement of tobacco mosaic virus. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695874.bard.
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To cause disease, plant viruses must replicate and spread locally and systemically within the host. Cell-to-cell virus spread is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs), which modify the structure and function of plasmodesmata (Pd), trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels that interconnect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) employ a single MP for cell- cell spread and for which CP is not required. The PIs, Beachy (USA) and Epel (Israel) and co-workers, developed new tools and approaches for study of the mechanism of spread of TMV that lead to a partial identification and molecular characterization of the cellular machinery involved in the trafficking process. Original research objectives: Based on our data and those of others, we proposed a working model of plant viral spread. Our model stated that MPᵀᴹⱽ, an integral ER membrane protein with its C-terminus exposed to the cytoplasm (Reichel and Beachy, 1998), alters the Pd SEL, causes the Pd cytoplasmic annulus to dilate (Wolf et al., 1989), allowing ER to glide through Pd and that this gliding is cytoskeleton mediated. The model claimed that in absence of MP, the ER in Pd (the desmotubule) is stationary, i.e. does not move through the Pd. Based on this model we designed a series of experiments to test the following questions: -Does MP potentiate ER movement through the Pd? - In the presence of MP, is there communication between adjacent cells via ER lumen? -Does MP potentiate the movement of cytoskeletal elements cell to cell? -Is MP required for cell-to-cell movement of ER membranes between cells in sink tissue? -Is the binding in situ of MP to RNA specific to vRNA sequences or is it nonspecific as measured in vitro? And if specific: -What sequences of RNA are involved in binding to MP? And finally, what host proteins are associated with MP during intracellular targeting to various subcellular targets and what if any post-translational modifications occur to MP, other than phosphorylation (Kawakami et al., 1999)? Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. A new quantitative tool was developed to measure the "coefficient of conductivity" of Pd to cytoplasmic soluble proteins. Employing this tool, we measured changes in Pd conductivity in epidermal cells of sink and source leaves of wild-type and transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) plants expressing MPᵀᴹⱽ incubated both in dark and light and at 16 and 25 ᵒC (Liarzi and Epel, 2005 (appendix 1). To test our model we measured the effect of the presence of MP on cell-to-cell spread of a cytoplasmic fluorescent probe, of two ER intrinsic membrane protein-probes and two ER lumen protein-probes fused to GFP. The effect of a mutant virus that is incapable of cell-to-cell spread on the spread of these probes was also determined. Our data shows that MP reduces SEL for cytoplasmic molecules, dilates the desmotubule allowing cell-cell diffusion of proteins via the desmotubule lumen and reduces the rate of spread of the ER membrane probes. Replicase was shown to enhance cell-cell spread. The data are not in support of the proposed model and have led us to propose a new model for virus cell-cell spread: this model proposes that MP, an integral ER membrane protein, forms a MP:vRNAER complex and that this ER-membrane complex diffuses in the lipid milieu of the ER into the desmotubule (the ER within the Pd), and spreads cell to cell by simple diffusion in the ER/desmotubule membrane; the driving force for spread is the chemical potential gradient between an infected cell and contingent non-infected neighbors. Our data also suggests that the virus replicase has a function in altering the Pd conductivity. Transgenic plant lines that express the MP gene of the Cg tobamovirus fused to YFP under the control the ecdysone receptor and methoxyfenocide ligand were generated by the Beachy group and the expression pattern and the timing and targeting patterns were determined. A vector expressing this MPs was also developed for use by the Epel lab . The transgenic lines are being used to identify and isolate host genes that are required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV/tobamoviruses. This line is now being grown and to be employed in proteomic studies which will commence November 2005. T-DNA insertion mutagenesis is being developed to identify and isolate host genes required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV.