Journal articles: 'Plant cells and tissues'

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Lin, C. T., D. Sun, G. X. Song, and J. Y. Wu. "Calmodulin: localization in plant tissues." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 5 (May 1986): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.5.3084624.

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Calmodulin was purified from bovine brain by preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The denatured, purified calmodulin was used to immunize rabbits to produce antiserum. This antiserum was used to study the distribution of calmodulin in plant tissues by indirect immunohistochemistry. The root tips from corn seeds, oat seeds, peanuts, spaghetti squash seeds, and the terminal buds of spinach were investigated. A method for plant tissue sectioning and inhibition of endogenous peroxide activity was developed. In the corn root section, reaction product from anti-calmodulin was found mainly in the root cap cells. Lesser but significant amounts of calmodulin were localized in metaxylem elements, in some stele cells surrounding metaxylem elements, in apical initials, and in the cortical cells. Similar findings were also observed in other root tips from oat seeds, peanuts, and spaghetti squash seeds. In the terminal buds of the spinach, calmodulin-stained cells were highly concentrated in the apical meristem and leaf primordium. These findings suggest that the high concentration of calmodulin in the root cap may be important in relation to gravitropism and growth development.

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John, Philip. "Solute transport in plant cells and tissues:." Phytochemistry 27, no. 10 (January 1988): 3345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80068-2.

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Ryerse, Jan S., Paul C. C. Feng, and R. Douglas Sammons. "Endogenous Fluorescence Identifies Dead Cells In Plants." Microscopy Today 9, no. 2 (March 2001): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950005642x.

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Various fluorescent stains and vital dyes have been used to identify dead cells in animal tissues and celi lines. In plants, fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide have been used to label nuclei and to identify necrotic cells in plant protoplasts and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) has been used to mark senescing cells in sections of roots. However, these dyes may be problematic when used with intact plant tissue with well-developed cells walls which may impede dye penetration. Endogenous fluorescence has been used to identify dead cells in intact and sectioned plant tissues. Published procedures typically employ ultraviolet (UV) excitation wavelengths of 340-380 nm and emission wavelengths of 400- 425 nm, thus requiring a UV filter set.

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Quadt-Hallmann, A., J. W. Kloepper, and N. Benhamou. "Bacterial endophytes in cotton: mechanisms of entering the plant." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-081.

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Investigations were conducted to determine how a systemic plant-colonizing bacterium Enterobacter asburiae JM22 enters cotton plant tissues. Passive uptake was excluded for JM22 by experimentation with glutaraldehyde-fixed (killed) bacterial cells applied to seeds and leaves; no bacteria were found internally or externally on roots or leaves. In contrast, application of live JM22 cells led to colonization of external and internal root and leaf tissues. Active penetration of JM22 in the absence of external wounding was demonstrated for cotton seedlings germinated on water agar and inoculated with the bacterial suspension. The mean internal bacterial population density for seedlings was 3.8 × 103 CFU/g surface-disinfected radicle tissue. Studies of in planta enzymatic activity demonstrated hydrolysis of wall-bound cellulose in the vicinity of JM22 bacterial cells. The same phenomenon was observed for a cortical root colonizing bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens 89B-61, a plant growth-promoting strain with biocontrol potential against various pathogens.Key words: endophytic bacteria, cotton, cell wall hydrolysis.

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Kerk, Nancy M., Teresa Ceserani, S. Lorraine Tausta, Ian M. Sussex, and Timothy M. Nelson. "Laser Capture Microdissection of Cells from Plant Tissues." Plant Physiology 132, no. 1 (May 1, 2003): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.102.018127.

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Perata, Pierdomenico, Amedeo Alpi, and Fiorella Loschiavo. "Influence of Ethanol on Plant Cells and Tissues." Journal of Plant Physiology 126, no. 2-3 (December 1986): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(86)80019-0.

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SAKAI, Akira. "Cryopreservation of Cultured Plant Cells, Tissues, and Embryos." Kagaku To Seibutsu 30, no. 7 (1992): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.30.441.

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Ceccarelli, M., and P. G. Cionini. "Tissue-specific nuclear repatterning in plant cells." Genome 36, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 1092–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-145.

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Tissue-specific nuclear repatternings, consisting of changes in the number and size of the chromocenters, were observed by analyzing, in Feulgen squashes and sections, different tissues of several plant species, particularly of Ionopsidium savianum. Nuclear repatternings occur mainly near the base of the meristems. They are due to associations of chromosomes at their heterochromatic regions. This was confirmed by the results of cytophotometric measurements, showing the same contents of both Feulgen/DNA and heterochromatin in nuclei with a different number of chromocenters. These data also showed that chromosome association does not occur in endoreduplicating or endoreduplicated cells. Autoradiographic results after [3H]thymidine treatments indicated that DNA synthesis does not occur in nuclei with extensive chromosome association. A highly significant, positive correlation was found between the number of chromocenters in each nucleus and the amount of RNA synthesis as indicated by [3H]uridine incorporation. It is suggested that chromosome association plays some role in the regulation of the functional activity of the nucleus and in tissue differentiation.Key words: functional regulation, heterochromatin, nuclear repatterning, plant cell nucleus, tissue differentiation.

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Wightman, Raymond, and C. J. Luo. "From mammalian tissue engineering to 3D plant cell culture." Biochemist 38, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03804032.

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Recent advances applying mammalian tissue engineering to in vitro plant cell culture have successfully cultured single plant cells in a 3D microstructure, leading to the discovery of plant cell behaviours that were previously not envisaged. Animal and plant cells share a number of properties that rely on a hierarchical microenvironment for creating complex tissues. Both mammalian tissue engineering and 3D plant culture employ tailored scaffolds that alter a cell's behaviour from the initial culture used for seeding. For humans, these techniques are revolutionizing healthcare strategies, particularly in regenerative medicine and cancer studies. For plants, we predict applications both in fundamental research to study morphogenesis and for synthetic biology in the agri-biotech sector.

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Kunakh, V. A., D. O. Navrotska, M. O. Twardovska, and I. O. Andreev. "Peculiarities of chromosomal variability in cultured tissues of Deschampsia antarctica Desv. plants with different chromosome numbers." Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv 14, no. 1 (June 20, 2016): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.14.1.542.

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Aim. To clarify the details of chromosome variation in calli derived from D. antarctica plants in the initial passages of the culture in vitro. Methods. Induction of callus from root explants of plants, which were grown from seeds, and consequent subcultivation of tissue culture. Cytogenetic analysis of squashed slides stained by acetic-orcein and counting the number of chromosomes in mitotic metaphase plates. Results. There were analyzed the cultured tissues derived from D. antarctica plants with different chromosome numbers: diploid plants (2n=26), mixoploid plant with B-chromosomes (2n=26+1-3B), and mixoploid plant with near-triploid modal class (2n=36, 38). Analysis of callus tissues of all plants at 2-4 passages revealed mixoploidy, presence of polyploid and aneuploid cells. The modal class in all studied calli was composed of diploid and aneuploid cells with near-diploid chromosome number. The cytogenetic structure of cell population of cultured tissues was found to vary with characteristics of the karyotype of donor plant. The largest range of variation in the number of chromosomes (from 18 to 63 chromosomes) was found in tissue culture of diploid plant (2n=26) from the Galindez Island, and the highest frequencies of polyploid (47 %) and aneuploid cells were in the culture of mixoploid plant with near-triploid modal class from the Big Yalour Island. Conclusions. In different D. antarctica cultured tissues at the early stages of the culture, the modal class was composed of diploid cells and cells with near-diploid chromosome number irrespective of karyotype of donor plant (diploid, mixoploid poliploid).Key words: Deschampsia antarctica Desv., plant tissue culture, chromosomal variability in vitro, mixoploidy.

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Boekestein, Abraham, Anke C. M. Clerkx, Ruud Verkerke, Norbert Ammann, and Robert P. Baayen. "X-ray microanalysis of frozen plant cells and tissues." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1588–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100132571.

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The determination of concentrations of relatively freely diffusable ions in localized compartments of botanical tissues has become an essential technique in plant physiology . In order to analyze approximately the in vivo elemental concentrations, the scanning electron microscope has been adapted to facilitate the observation of frozen-fractured botanical cross-sections, thus enabling electronprobe X-ray microanalysis of the exposed surface. Although the analysis technique seems to have come in its productive years, it still has a number of unsolved problems, which are both related to the preparation of frozen-hydrated specimens and to the analysis method itself.The most important problem in quantitative X-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated biological specimens, is the avoidance of ice crystallization artefacts. This phenomenon is rather critical in botanical tissue preparation because plant cells are relatively big and almost entirely occupied by a central vacuole. In this situation ice crystals can grow to large dimensions and disturb the originally homogeneous ion content.

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Skorupinska-Tudek, Karolina, Anna Pytelewska, Monika Zelman-Femiak, Jakub Mikoszewski, Olga Olszowska, Dorota Gajdzis-Kuls, Natalia Urbanska, et al. "In vitro plant tissue cultures accumulate polyisoprenoid alcohols." Acta Biochimica Polonica 54, no. 4 (December 8, 2007): 847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2007_3184.

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In vitro cultivated plant cells and tissues were found to synthesize polyisoprenoids. Taxus baccata suspension cell cultures accumulated polyisoprenoids of the same pattern as the parental tissue; methyl jasmonate or chitosan treatment almost doubled their content. All the root cultures studied accumulated dolichols as predominant polyisoprenoids. Roots of Ocimum sanctum grown in vitro accumulated approx. 2.5-fold higher amount of dolichols than the roots of soil-grown plants. Dolichols dominated over polyprenols in all Triticum sp. tissues studied.

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Hickey, Michael E., and Lili He. "SERS imaging analyses of bacteria cells among plant tissues." Talanta 225 (April 2021): 122008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122008.

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Loftus, Andrew F., Matthew S. Joens, Sarah E. Dunn, Michael W. Adams, Chuong Huynh, Bernhard Goetze, and James A. J. Fitzpatrick. "Helium Ion Microscopy of Plant Tissues and Mammalian Cells." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, S3 (August 2015): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615003359.

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15

Read, N. "Imaging calcium dynamics in living plant cells and tissues." Cell Biology International 17, no. 2 (February 1993): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cbir.1993.1049.

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Dunbar, Tia, Nikolaos Tsakirpaloglou, Endang M. Septiningsih, and Michael J. Thomson. "Carbon Nanotube-Mediated Plasmid DNA Delivery in Rice Leaves and Seeds." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 4081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084081.

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CRISPR-Cas gene editing technologies offer the potential to modify crops precisely; however, in vitro plant transformation and regeneration techniques present a bottleneck due to the lengthy and genotype-specific tissue culture process. Ideally, in planta transformation can bypass tissue culture and directly lead to transformed plants, but efficient in planta delivery and transformation remains a challenge. This study investigates transformation methods that have the potential to directly alter germline cells, eliminating the challenge of in vitro plant regeneration. Recent studies have demonstrated that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) loaded with plasmid DNA can diffuse through plant cell walls, facilitating transient expression of foreign genetic elements in plant tissues. To test if this approach is a viable technique for in planta transformation, CNT-mediated plasmid DNA delivery into rice tissues was performed using leaf and excised-embryo infiltration with reporter genes. Quantitative and qualitative data indicate that CNTs facilitate plasmid DNA delivery in rice leaf and embryo tissues, resulting in transient GFP, YFP, and GUS expression. Experiments were also initiated with CRISPR-Cas vectors targeting the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene for CNT delivery into mature embryos to create heritable genetic edits. Overall, the results suggest that CNT-based delivery of plasmid DNA appears promising for in planta transformation, and further optimization can enable high-throughput gene editing to accelerate functional genomics and crop improvement activities.

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van Opheusden, Joost H. J., and Jaap Molenaar. "Algorithm for a particle-based growth model for plant tissues." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 11 (November 2018): 181127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181127.

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We have developed an algorithm for a particle-based model for the growth of plant tissues in three dimensions in which each cell is represented by a single particle, and connecting cell walls are represented as permanent bonds between particles. A sample of plant tissue is represented by a fixed network of bonded particles. If, and only if a cell divides, this network is updated locally. The update algorithm is implemented in a model where cell growth and division gives rise to forces between the cells, which are relaxed in steepest descent minimization. The same forces generate a pressure inside the cells, which moderates growth. The local nature of the algorithm makes it efficient computationally, so the model can deal with a large number of cells. We used the model to study the growth of plant tissues for a variety of model parameters, to show the viability of the algorithm.

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Kogovšek, P., A. Kladnik, J. Mlakar, M. Tušek Žnidarič, M. Dermastia, M. Ravnikar, and M. Pompe-Novak. "Distribution of Potato virus Y in Potato Plant Organs, Tissues, and Cells." Phytopathology® 101, no. 11 (November 2011): 1292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-11-0020.

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The distribution of Potato virus Y (PVY) in the systemically infected potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants of the highly susceptible cultivar Igor was investigated. Virus presence and accumulation was analyzed in different plant organs and tissues using real-time polymerase chain reaction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) negative staining methods. To get a complete insight into the location of viral RNA within the tissue, in situ hybridization was developed and optimized for the detection of PVY RNA at the cellular level. PVY was shown to accumulate in all studied leaf and stem tissues, in shoot tips, roots, and tubers; however, the level of virus accumulation was specific for each organ or tissue. The highest amounts of viral RNA and viral particles were found in symptomatic leaves and stem. By observing cell ultrastructure with TEM, viral cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were localized in close vicinity to the epidermis and in trichomes. Our results show that viral RNA, viral particles, and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies colocalize within the same type of cells or in close vicinity.

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Ikeuchi, Momoko, David S. Favero, Yuki Sakamoto, Akira Iwase, Duncan Coleman, Bart Rymen, and Keiko Sugimoto. "Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Regeneration." Annual Review of Plant Biology 70, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 377–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100434.

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Plants reprogram somatic cells following injury and regenerate new tissues and organs. Upon perception of inductive cues, somatic cells often dedifferentiate, proliferate, and acquire new fates to repair damaged tissues or develop new organs from wound sites. Wound stress activates transcriptional cascades to promote cell fate reprogramming and initiate new developmental programs. Wounding also modulates endogenous hormonal responses by triggering their biosynthesis and/or directional transport. Auxin and cytokinin play pivotal roles in determining cell fates in regenerating tissues and organs. Exogenous application of these plant hormones enhances regenerative responses in vitro by facilitating the activation of specific developmental programs. Many reprogramming regulators are epigenetically silenced during normal development but are activated by wound stress and/or hormonal cues.

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Olshanskaya, Lyubov N., Ekaterina M. Bakanova, and Elena V. Yakovleva. "HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF HEAVY METALS LOCALIZATION IN EMBRYOPHYTES TISSUES IN COURSE OF PHYTOEXTRACTION." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 59, no. 5 (July 12, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20165905.5371.

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The paper studies histochemical analysis methods and possibilities of using them to define metals localization in tissues and organs of plants. Heavy metals localizations in the plant body are of importance when studying their toxic effect and plant mechanisms of resistance. Different organs, tissues and even different cells of separate plant tissue accrete metals variously. Distribution of metals in the whole body may become strongly inhomogeneous. The paper analyses distribution and peculiarities of copper and cadmium accretion by pod and soya bean tissues in the course of phytoextraction without any influence and under the influence of external physical fields (constant magnetic field, ultraviolet irradiation). The research specified that metals localization predominantly takes place in the plant roots which tissues function as a barrier (endodermis) and protect stems, leaves, and generative organs from pollutants. External physical fields had a favorable effect on the plants in the course of Cu and Cd phytoextraction out of the soil. The plants were of greater vitality, contained more moisture under the identical conditions, and thus had a bigger amount of cell electrolyte essential for biochemical behavior in the plant cells and tissues.

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Bendayan, M., and N. Benhamou. "Ultrastructural localization of glucoside residues on tissue sections by applying the enzyme-gold approach." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 35, no. 10 (October 1987): 1149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/35.10.3114363.

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The enzyme-gold approach was applied for ultrastructural localization of glucoside residues in animal and plant tissues. A beta-glucosidase-gold complex was prepared and used on thin tissue sections to reveal the corresponding substrate molecules by electron microscopy. Conditions for preparation of the complex, as well as for its application, were determined. Once applied on thin tissue sections, the glucosidase-gold complex yielded labeling over the rough endoplasmic reticulum, mainly on the ribosomal side of the membranes, and over the dense chromatin in the nucleus. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules in liver and pancreatic cells were free of gold particles. In plant cells, the labeling pattern was similar. In addition, the stroma regions of chloroplasts were densely labeled. In the extracellular space, labeling was found over the basal laminae of cells in animal tissues and over the fibrillar wall material bordering the intercellular space in plant tissues. Fungal cell cytoplasm was also labeled, as well as the membrane delineating mycoplasma-like organisms. Control conditions confirmed these labelings, demonstrating the possibility of revealing glucoside residues on tissue sections with high resolution and specificity.

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Choudhary, Ravish, SK Malik, Rekha Chaudhury, Digvender Pal, Pravin Patel, and KC Sharma. "Scanning electron microscopic study on freezing behaviour of tissue cells in dormant bud of mulberry (Morus sp.)." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 44, no. 3 (October 13, 2018): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i3.38544.

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The freezing behaviour studies of dormant buds, were examined, employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. The differences and effect of freezing behaviour on dormant buds were observed. The dormant bud primordia of several woody plant species avoid freezing injury by deep supercooling. By slow cooling (5°C/day) of dormant buds to –30°C, all living cells in bud tissues exhibited distinct shrinkage without intracellular ice formation detectable by SEM. However, the recrystallization experiment of these slowly cooled tissue cells, which was done by further freezing of slowly cooled buds with liquid nitrogen (LN) and then rewarming to –10°C, confirmed that some of the cells in the apical meristem, area in which cells had thin walls and in which no extracellular ice accumulated, lost freezable water with slow cooling to –30°C, indicating adaptation of these cells by deep super cooling. Water in plant tissues will not supercool unless heterogeneous ice nucleating substances are absent and the spread of ice from adjacent tissue can be prevented. Deep supercooling could not occur in dormant bud primordia if xylem vessels formed a continuous conduit connecting the dormant bud primordia with the remainder of the plant. If xylem continuity was established, ice could propagate via the vascular system and nucleate the water within the primordia. It is concluded that no extracellular ice crystals accumulated in such tissues containing deep supercooling cells with thin cell walls.

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Wada, Tomikichi, and John N. A. Lott. "Light and electron microscopic and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis studies of globoids in protein bodies of embryo tissues and the aleurone layer of rice (Otyza sativa L.) grains." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 1137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-125.

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To understand the differences in mineral nutrient storage within tissues and organs of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains, the distribution of globoids in rice embryo and endosperm tissues was examined using light and transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was used to study globoid composition. Globoids were found in most embryo tissues, including provascular cells, and their location and size in sections of protein bodies is described. While P, Mg, and K were commonly detected in all globoids, other elements such as Ca, Mn, Fe, and Zn were sometimes detected in globoids of specific tissues and (or) regions. High peak-to-background ratios for P were obtained in globoids of scutellar and aleurone cells, and moderately high values were detected in ground meristem regions of the mesocotyl and coleoptile. Relatively high K levels were found in globoids in parenchyma cells of the scutellum and coleorhiza; in provascular cells of the radicle; and in ground meristem cells from the mesocotyl, coleoptile, and plumule. Calcium was mainly detected in globoids of the aleurone layer. Iron was mostly found in radicle tissue globoids. Zinc was commonly found in globoids of the scutellar epithelium and in provascular tissues of the mesocotyl, coleoptile, and radicle. Manganese was distributed throughout most of the tissues examined, but the highest levels of Mn were detected in globoids from the coleoptile tip regions and the plumule. A novel finding was that, in the provascular tissues of the coleoptile tip, distinctive differences were found in Mn, Fe, and Zn storage between globoids in the future xylem and the future phloem. Key words: EDX analysis, embryos, globoids, mineral storage, phytate, Oryza sativa, rice.

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Vitha, Stanislav, František Baluška, Miriam Mews, and Dieter Volkmann. "Immunofluorescence Detection of F-actin on Low Melting Point Wax Sections from Plant Tissues." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 45, no. 1 (January 1997): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549704500112.

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We developed a simple and reliable technique for immunofluorescence detection of F-actin on microtome sections of plant tissues. For the first time, large numbers of plant cells from various tissues that pass through their developmental stages could be consistently visualized on one section from plant organs. n-Maleimidobenzoic acid N-hydroxy-succinimide ester-pretreated and formalin-fixed segments of plant roots and shoots were embedded in low melting point ester wax at 37C and sectioned on a microtome. After dewaxing and rehydration, microfilaments were visualized by indirect immunofluorescence technique with a monoclonal anti-actin antibody. The technique has been successfully used for visualization of tissue- and development-specific F-actin arrays in cells of Zea mays and Lepidium sativum root tips and of maize stem nodes.

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Huang, H. C., and E. G. Kokko. "Ultrastructure of hyperparasitism of Coniothyrium minitans on sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-337.

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Transmission electron microscopy revealed that hyphae of the hyperparasite Coniothyrium minitans invade sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, resulting in the destruction and disintegration of the sclerotium tissues. The dark-pigmented rind tissue is more resistant to invasion by the hyperparasite than the unpigmented cortical and medullary tissues. Evidence from cell wall etching at the penetration site suggests that chemical activity is required for hyphae of C. minitans to penetrate the thick, melanized rind walls. The medullary tissue infected by C. minitans shows signs of plasmolysis, aggregation, and vacuolization of cytoplasm and dissolution of the cell walls. While most of the hyphal cells of C. minitans in the infected sclerotium tissue are normal, some younger hyphal cells in the rind tissue were lysed and devoid of normal contents.

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Rioux, Danny. "Anatomy and Ultrastructure of Pith Fleck-Like Tissues in Some Rosaceae Tree Species." IAWA Journal 15, no. 1 (1994): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001344.

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Unusual xylem tissues were found in Amelanchier laevis, Prunus pensylvanica, P. virginiana, Sorbus americana and S. aucuparia. These zones of abnormal xylem were composed of hypertrophied cells and bands that apparently comprised collapsed cells. The hypertrophied cells appeared to occupy gaps that began to form in the cambial zone. Histochemical tests indicated that the bands were highly lignified and impermeable to an aqueous solution of KMnO4, as revealed by fluorescence. Transmission electron microscope examination disclosed clearly that the bands were composed of collapsed cells and showed that the hypertrophied cells had thicker walls which contained, at times, additional layers. Although the cause of this tissue formation is unknown, its anatomy is quite similar to pith fleck tissues reported by others as being caused by cambium mining insects.

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Lee, Kyu Bae, and Chai Doo Lee. "The structure and development of the haustorium in Cuscuta australis." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 2975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-381.

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The structure and development of the haustorium of a parasitic angiosperm Cuscuta australis R. Brown growing on the host plant Trifolium repens L. was studied with light and electron microscopy. The upper haustorium, which lies external to the host organ, initiates endogenously from cortical cells of the middle layers of the parasite stem. The initial cells develop into a group of meristematic cells. As haustorial maturation progresses, the meristematic cells develop into an endophyte primordium that penetrates the host tissue. The endophyte primordium consists of three cell types: (i) remarkably enlarged elongate cells (digitate cells) with very dense cytoplasm and large nuclei at the central region; (ii) smaller file cells with prominent nuclei proximal to the digitate cells; and (iii) highly compressed cells distal to the digitate cells. Evidence suggests that the digitate cells are metabolically very active. The endophyte, which lies internal to the host tissue, consists of parenchymatous axial cells and elongate tip cells with dense cytoplasm and conspicuous nuclei. The axial and tip cells of endophyte are interpreted as originating from the file and digitate cells of the endophyte primordium, respectively. The tip cells independently penetrate the host tissues and transform into the filamentous hyphae. The hyphae reach the host vascular tissues and eventually differentiate into xylary or phloic conductive hyphae.

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Vitecek, Jan, Vilem Reinohl, and Russell L. Jones. "Measuring NO Production by Plant Tissues and Suspension Cultured Cells." Molecular Plant 1, no. 2 (March 2008): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssm020.

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Hall, A. J., G. C. Wake, and P. W. Gandar. "Steady size distributions for cells in one-dimensional plant tissues." Journal of Mathematical Biology 30, no. 2 (November 1991): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00160330.

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Razikova, I. S., N. P. Aidarova, N. D. Dustbabaeva, V. F. Baibekova, and Q. F. Nizamov. "EXPERIENCE OF USING STEM CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS." American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/volume04issue04-07.

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Recent research in this area has shown that in many tissues, including skin, stem cells become dormant as they mature, slowing down their rate of division and not responding as effectively to stimulation [1]. A decrease in the activity of stem cells leads to the fact that the rate of skin renewal slows down and defects begin to accumulate in it; the skin ages [2]. Recently, the attention of scientists has been attracted by plant stem cells, which produce a complex of molecular regulators that are universal. These regulators are capable of changing the functioning of human skin stem cells, partially returning them the energy of youth [3]. One of the most popular ingredients today is Swiss apple stem cells. Each adult apple stem cell can independently generate new cells and, in a concentration of just 0.1%, stimulate the division of human stem cells by 80% [4]. Phytostem (plant) cells were discovered relatively recently - only in the second half of the 20th century [5]. And the most effective in influencing human cells are considered to be plant stem cells, green apple phytostem cells. Scientists have proven that they are active biostimulators of human cells [6]. Plant cell preparations are absolutely hypoallergenic, unlike those obtained from animal or human tissues.

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Hansen, Geneviève. "Evidence for Agrobacterium-Induced Apoptosis in Maize Cells." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 13, no. 6 (June 2000): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.6.649.

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Agrobacterium spp. can genetically transform most dicotyledonous plant cells whereas many monocot species are recalcitrant to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. One major obstacle is that co-cultivation of Agrobacterium spp. with plant tissues often results in cell death. Report here is that, in maize tissues, this process resembles apoptosis, with characteristic DNA cleavage into oligonucleosomal fragments and morphological changes. Two anti-apoptotic genes from baculovirus, p35 and iap, had the ability to prevent the onset of apoptosis triggered by Agrobacterium spp. in maize tissues. p35 is reported to act as a direct inhibitor of a certain class of proteases (caspase) whereas iap may act upstream to prevent their activation. This evidence raises the possibility that caspase-like proteases may also be involved in the apoptotic pathway in plant cells.

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32

Moore, Carolyn J., Paul W. Sutherland, Richard L. S. Forster, Richard C. Gardner, and Robin M. MacDiarmid. "Dark Green Islands in Plant Virus Infection are the Result of Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 8 (August 2001): 939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.8.939.

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Dark green islands (DGIs) are a common symptom of plants systemically infected with a mosaic virus. DGIs are clusters of green leaf cells that are free of virus but surrounded by yellow, virus-infected tissue. We report here on two lines of evidence showing that DGIs are caused by posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). First, transcripts of a transgene derived from the coat protein of Tamarillo mosaic potyvirus (TaMV) were reduced in DGIs relative to adjacent yellow tissues when the plants were infected with TaMV. Second, nontransgenic plants coinfected with TaMV and a heterologous virus vector carrying TaMV sequences showed reduced titers of the vector in DGIs compared with surrounding tissues. DGIs also were compared with recovered tissue at the top of transgenic plants because recovery has been shown previously to involve PTGS. Cytological analysis of the cells at the junction between recovered and infected tissue was undertaken. The interface between recovered and infected cells had very similar features to that surrounding DGIs. We conclude that DGIs and recovery are related phenomena, differing in their ability to amplify or transport the silencing signal.

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33

Nagaki, K., and N. Yamaji. "Decrosslinking enables visualization of RNA-guided endonuclease–in situ labeling signals for DNA sequences in plant tissues." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 6 (November 30, 2019): 1792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz534.

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Abstract Information about the positioning of individual loci in the nucleus and the status of epigenetic modifications at these loci in each cell contained in plant tissue increases our understanding of how cells in a tissue coordinate gene expression. To obtain such information, a less damaging method of visualizing DNA in tissue that can be used with immunohistochemistry is required. Recently, a less damaging DNA visualization method using the CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated caspase 9) system, named RNA-guided endonuclease–in situ labeling (RGEN-ISL), was reported. This system made it possible to visualize a target DNA locus in a nucleus fixed on a glass slide with a set of simple operations, but it could not be applied to cells in plant tissues. In this work, we have developed a modified RGEN-ISL method with decrosslinking that made it possible to simultaneously detect the DNA loci and immunohistochemistry signals, including histone modification, in various types of plant tissues and species.

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Lux, Alexander, Zuzana Lukačová, Marek Vaculík, Renáta Švubová, Jana Kohanová, Milan Soukup, Michal Martinka, and Boris Bokor. "Silicification of Root Tissues." Plants 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010111.

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Silicon (Si) is not considered an essential element, however, its tissue concentration can exceed that of many essential elements in several evolutionary distant plant species. Roots take up Si using Si transporters and then translocate it to aboveground organs. In some plant species, root tissues are also places where a high accumulation of Si can be found. Three basic modes of Si deposition in roots have been identified so far: (1) impregnation of endodermal cell walls (e.g., in cereals, such as Triticum (wheat)); (2) formation of Si-aggregates associated with endodermal cell walls (in the Andropogoneae family, which includes Sorghum and Saccharum (sugarcane)); (3) formation of Si aggregates in “stegmata” cells, which form a sheath around sclerenchyma fibers e.g., in some palm species (Phoenix (date palm)). In addition to these three major and most studied modes of Si deposition in roots, there are also less-known locations, such as deposits in xylem cells and intercellular deposits. In our research, the ontogenesis of individual root cells that accumulate Si is discussed. The documented and expected roles of Si deposition in the root is outlined mostly as a reaction of plants to abiotic and biotic stresses.

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35

Guinel, Frédérique C., and Alan W. Bown. "Mechanically isolated photosynthetic cells from asparagus cladophylls originate from two distinct tissue locations." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-131.

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Photosynthetically competent cells from cladophylls of Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop, previously called Asparagus sprengeri Regel, are readily isolated using mechanical disruption of tissue. They have been used in many physiological and biochemical studies. Light microscopy indicates an apparently homogeneous population of cells. However, the tissue locations of the isolated cells is not clear, and more than one cell type may be present. A light microscope examination of fresh and cleared cladophyll tissue revealed a complex articulated network of photosynthetic cells between the epidermal and vascular tissues. Three types of photosynthetic cell were identified. The first type, referred to as the spongy mesophyll cells, had a shape distinct from that of the isolated cells; they were elongated and often branched. The two other types of cells were similar in shape to the isolated cells and were found attached to the epidermal and spongy mesophyll tissues. Those attached to the epidermis, the palisade cells, had a length to width ratio of 2.7 (± 0.5), while those attached to the spongy cells had a length to width ratio of 2.2 (± 0.5). Analysis of the isolated photosynthetic cells indicated an overall ratio of 2.4 (± 0.7) and that only the last two cell types were represented. The elongated spongy mesophyll cells were therefore excluded during the isolation procedures; because of their elongated irregular shape they were probably eliminated during cell filtration to remove debris. Consequently, isolated cells represent two distinct cell types that may respond differently to experimental treatments. Key words: asparagus, cladophyll, isolated photosynthetic cell, structure.

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36

Williams, Livy, and N. Philip Tugwell. "Histological Description of Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) Feeding on Small Cotton Floral Buds." Journal of Entomological Science 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-35.2.187.

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Microscopic features of small cotton floral buds abscised due to Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) feeding and non-insect factors were identified and contrasted with healthy buds. Feeding damage appeared to be most common on staminal columns, developing anthers, and corollas. These tissues exhibited gross enlargement and varying degrees of cellular degradation. Fragmented cell walls were thinner and stained lighter than those that were intact. Desiccation of buds abscised due to Lygus feeding was irregular. Tissues of buds abscised due to non-insect factors stained uniformly and all cells were intact. Uniform basipetal desiccation throughout the bud occurred in non-insect damaged buds, especially in anthers, staminal columns, and carpels. Tissues and cells of healthy buds stained uniformly and consistently and were without structural abnormalities. The biochemical composition of male reproductive tissue of cotton floral buds appears to play an important role in the nutritional physiology of L. lineolaris.

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37

Kudirka, Dalia T., and Peter L. Webster. "Temporal differences in cellular activity between tissues of the petal of Tradescantia clone 4430." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 1075–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-134.

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Cellular behavior was analysed in different tissues of petals of Tradescantia clone 4430 during lamina development. Previous work demonstrated that a period of relatively high mitotic activity is followed by a brief period of arrest in the G1 stage of the cell cycle before a shift of cells from G1 and G2 in the mature petal. In this study, the same sequence of events was seen to occur in both provascular–vascular tissue and epidermis and mesophyll. However, analysis of mitotic frequencies, shown to reflect mitotic rates in whole petals, indicated that mitotic activity peaks later and (or) lasts longer in the provascular–vascular tissue than in the epidermis and mesophyll. Similarly, there is a corresponding delay in the subsequent shift of the cells of the provascular–vascular tissue from G1, to G2, with the result that at anthesis only about 40% of the cells of the provascular tissue have reached G2 DNA values compared with 100% of the rest of the cells of the petal.

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38

Karunasena, H. C. P., W. Senadeera, R. J. Brown, and Y. T. Gu. "A particle based model to simulate microscale morphological changes of plant tissues during drying." Soft Matter 10, no. 29 (2014): 5249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm00526k.

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SPH–DEM based microscale drying model can predict shrinkage and cell wall wrinkling of plant cells in tissues at different moisture contents and turgor pressures during drying (top row: full tissue view, bottom row: enlarged view).

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39

Charlton, W. A. "Pattern formation in plant tissues." Trends in Cell Biology 1, no. 5 (November 1991): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(91)90120-x.

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40

Bruck, David K., and Dan B. Walker. "Cell determination during embryogenesis in Citrus jambhiri. III. Graft formation and nonformation in embryonic tissues." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 2057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-269.

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Approach grafts were constructed using embryos in vitro with and without surface tissue removal along the root–hypocotyl axis. All embryonic stages from mid-heart through mature proved competent to graft after surface excision. Early heart-shaped embryos grafted back to themselves when a longitudinal incision was made which cut the hypocotyl in half but left the root intact. Cut globular embryos could not be maintained in position for a sufficient period to generate a graft union. Callus tissue was produced in all cut embryos by internal cells but not by surface cells neighboring the cut region. Intact embryos failed to graft or respond in any fashion. The incompetence to graft of surface tissues at all embryonic stages indicates that those tissues are determined as epidermal even in the earliest stages of embryogenesis. Internal cells of the embryo were not epidermal in response. They were able to form callus and graft with increasing ease toward older stages of embryogenesis.

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41

Rittinger, P. A., A. R. Biggs, and D. R. Peirson. "Histochemistry of lignin and suberin deposition in boundary layers formed after wounding in various plant species and organs." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1886–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-258.

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Wound responses in a variety of injured plant tissues were assessed using conventional lignin tests and fluorescence techniques for suberin detection in tissues present at the time of wounding. The tissue assessed included twigs of four conifer species, barley and cherry foliage, fern rachis, potato tuber, carrot root, musksmelon cotyledons, and cucumber hypocotyl. Apple leaves infected by a leaf spotting fungus (Botryosphaeria obtusa) were also examined. All tissues, except barley and apple foliage and fern rachis, formed a morphologically distinct lignosuberized boundary layer from cells present at the time of wounding. The boundary layer consisted initially of cells with lignified walls which with time developed suberin lamellae. In the fern rachis, the boundary layer was suberized in the absence of lignin. In the wounded barley and infected apple foliage, neither lignin nor suberin was detected histochemically.

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42

Stewart, Derek. "Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy of Plant Tissues." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 3 (March 1996): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963906384.

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Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy was applied to three distinct types of plant tissue. Reflectance microspectroscopy of nutshells highlighted the differences between the chemistries of the inner and outer surfaces and the tissue as a whole. The outer surfaces were suberized, while the inner surfaces contained absorbances indicative of lignin or tannins or both. Transmission microspectroscopy was used to follow the changes in cell wall structure and composition of flax epidermal cells during development and showed that initial development was accompanied by suberin and lignin deposition, which was followed by polysaccharide deposition characteristic of secondary cell wall formation. These results were compared with those obtained from bamboo. Transmission microspectroscopy was also used to study the infection of potato tubers by Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The spectra suggested that both infective conditions produced cell wall degradation, whereas anaerobic infection was accompanied by extensive breakdown of starch and plasma membrane.

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43

Park, Mi-Jeong, Hak-Sung Jung, Young-Jae Kim, Young-Ju Kwon, Jin-Kyu Lee, and Chung-Mo Park. "High-sensitivity fluorescence imaging of iron in plant tissues." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 62 (2014): 8547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc02132k.

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Fluorescence imaging of Fe ions in (a) leaf epidermal cells, (b) the stem, and (c) the root stem of Arabidopsis plants by the rapid, simple, and inexpensive photoinduced electron transfer (PET) fluorescent probing method.

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44

Brooks, Scott E., and Joseph D. Shorthouse. "Developmental morphology of stem galls of Diplolepis nodulosa (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and those modified by the inquiline Periclistus pirata (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Rosa blanda (Rosaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-001.

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Diplolepis nodulosa (Beutenmüller) induces small, single-chambered, prosoplasmic galls in stems of Rosa blanda Ait. Gall initiation begins when adult females deposit a single egg into the procambium of R. blanda buds. Pith cells at the distal pole of the egg lyse forming a chamber into which the hatching larva enters. Cells lining the chamber differentiate into nutritive cells, which serve as the larval food. Gall growth is characterized by the proliferation of parenchymatous nutritive cells causing gall enlargement. A separate gall vasculature does not form, but instead, gall tissues are irrigated by the existing stem vasculature. Maturation begins when gall tissues cease proliferating and differentiate into distinct layers concentrically arranged around the larval chamber. The innermost layer is composed of cytoplasmically dense nutritive tissue, followed by parenchymatous nutritive tissue, sclerenchyma, cortex, and epidermis. Parenchymatous nutritive tissue differentiates into nutritive tissue and is consumed by the larva. Galls of D. nodulosa are susceptible to anatomical modification by the phytophagous inquiline Periclistus pirata (Osten Sacken). Galls attacked by P. pirata become enlarged and multichambered, with little resemblance to inducer-inhabited galls. Periclistus pirata kill the larva of D. nodulosa at oviposition and deposit several eggs per host gall. Inquiline-occupied galls may contain the eggs of several females. Nutritive tissue induced by D. nodulosa disintegrates. Growth of attacked galls occurs prior to hatching of P. pirata eggs. At egg hatch, the gall appears as an enlarged hollow sphere and larvae disperse over the chamber surface and feed on parenchymatous tissue. Feeding induces tissue proliferation, which surrounds each larva within its own chamber. As galls mature, cells surrounding each larval chamber lignify forming a sclerenchyma sheath. Cells inside the sclerenchyma sheath differentiate into nutritive cells and are consumed by the inquiline larvae.Key words: Rosa, Cynipidae, gall, developmental morphology, inquiline.

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45

SUGAWARA, Yasutake. "A Simple Freezing-Device for Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Tissues." Plant tissue culture letters 3, no. 1 (1986): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology1984.3.45.

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46

Piatnitski, Andrey, and Mariya Ptashnyk. "Homogenization of biomechanical models of plant tissues with randomly distributed cells." Nonlinearity 33, no. 10 (September 18, 2020): 5510–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6544/ab95ab.

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47

Felle, Hubert. "Ca2+-Selective Microelectrodes and Their Application to Plant Cells and Tissues." Plant Physiology 91, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 1239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.91.4.1239.

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48

Chang, Shin-Shinge, Floyd M. Ashton, and David E. Bayer. "Butachlor influence on selected metabolic processes of plant cells and tissues." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 4, no. 1-4 (February 1985): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02266938.

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49

Torii, Keiko U. "Stomatal development in the context of epidermal tissues." Annals of Botany 128, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab052.

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Abstract Background Stomata are adjustable pores on the surface of plant shoots for efficient gas exchange and water control. The presence of stomata is essential for plant growth and survival, and the evolution of stomata is considered as a key developmental innovation of the land plants, allowing colonization on land from aquatic environments some 450 million years ago. In the past two decades, molecular genetic studies using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana identified key genes and signalling modules that regulate stomatal development: master regulatory transcription factors that orchestrate cell state transitions and peptide–receptor signal transduction pathways, which, together, enforce proper patterning of stomata within the epidermis. Studies in diverse plant species, ranging from bryophytes to angiosperm grasses, have begun to unravel the conservation and uniqueness of the core modules in stomatal development. Scope Here, I review the mechanisms of stomatal development in the context of epidermal tissue patterning. First, I introduce the core regulatory mechanisms of stomatal patterning and differentiation in the model species A. thaliana. Subsequently, experimental evidence is presented supporting the idea that different cell types within the leaf epidermis, namely stomata, hydathodes pores, pavement cells and trichomes, either share developmental origins or mutually influence each other’s gene regulatory circuits during development. Emphasis is placed on extrinsic and intrinsic signals regulating the balance between stomata and pavement cells, specifically by controlling the fate of stomatal-lineage ground cells (SLGCs) to remain within the stomatal cell lineage or differentiate into pavement cells. Finally, I discuss the influence of intertissue layer communication between the epidermis and underlying mesophyll/vascular tissues on stomatal differentiation. Understanding the dynamic behaviours of stomatal precursor cells and their differentiation in the broader context of tissue and organ development may help design plants tailored for optimal growth and productivity in specific agricultural applications and a changing environment.

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50

Siddique, A. B. M., J. N. Guthrie, K. B. Walsh, D. T. White, and P. T. Scott. "Histopathology and Within-Plant Distribution of the Phytoplasma Associated with Australian Papaya Dieback." Plant Disease 82, no. 10 (October 1998): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.10.1112.

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Dieback-affected papaya plants were characterized by a discoloration of the contents of laticifers, while the anatomy of sieve elements was healthy in appearance until the necrotic stages of the disorder were reached. Laticifer discoloration was not always associated with the presence of phytoplasma in affected tissue, as judged by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers based on the 16S rRNA gene and 16S-23S intergenic spacer region. Phytoplasma DNA was detected in a range of plant tissues, including roots, but not in mature leaves which would act as photoassimilate sources. As plants recovered from a dieback period, the extent of the distribution of both laticifer discoloration and phytoplasma DNA decreased. Phytoplasma cells were not observed in transmission electron microscopy studies of mature sieve elements of dieback-affected leaf, stem, or fruit tissue from plants at various stages of symptom expression, although PCR tests indicated the presence of phytoplasma DNA. Membrane-bound structures, similar in shape and size to phytoplasma cells but interpreted as autophagic vesicles or latex vesicles in immature laticifers, were observed within vacuoles of cells in phloem tissue in leaves displaying tissue breakdown in the form of a water-soaked appearance to veins (“X-Y” patterning). In contrast, phytoplasmas were readily observed in papaya leaves displaying symptoms of yellow crinkle. We conclude that phytoplasma cells are present in very low titer in dieback-affected tissues and that, while the plant appears to limit proliferation of the dieback-associated pathogen, this defense strategy is ultimately unsuccessful because it is associated with a rapid decline of the papaya plant.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant cells and tissues'

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