Journal articles: 'Plant competition. Plant communities'

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Mitchley, Jonathan. "Diffuse competition in plant communities." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2, no. 4 (April 1987): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(87)90168-6.

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Orrock, John L., Marissa L. Baskett, and Robert D. Holt. "Spatial interplay of plant competition and consumer foraging mediate plant coexistence and drive the invasion ratchet." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1698 (June 2, 2010): 3307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0738.

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Indirect effects may play an important role in structuring plant communities. Using a spatially explicit model of consumer foraging and plant competition, we demonstrate how the relationship between the spatial area over which plants compete and the spatial scale of consumer behaviour can determine the outcome of competition when one plant species provides a refuge for mobile consumers (i.e. refuge-mediated apparent competition). Once an initial population of the invader is established, complete invasion may be inevitable because of an ever-advancing invasion front ratchets forward driven by a feeding front of mobile consumers. Because the spatial extent of apparent competition determines the area available for colonization, consumers may also dictate the rate at which an invasion occurs. We find that, as long as refuge-mediated apparent competition is sufficiently localized, invasion is possible even in systems characterized by low overall levels of consumer pressure. Moreover, we show that a stable equilibrium can result in which both resident and invading plants coexist, suggesting that spatial heterogeneity created by refuge-mediated apparent competition may be important in mediating coexistence in plant communities. The spatial interplay of consumer behaviour and plant competition may be an underappreciated mechanism affecting the composition, diversity and spatial pattern of plant communities.

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Bengtsson, Jan, Torbjörn Fagerström, and Håkan Rydin. "Competition and coexistence in plant communities." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9, no. 7 (July 1994): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90289-5.

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Bohn, K., J. G. Dyke, R. Pavlick, B. Reineking, B. Reu, and A. Kleidon. "Linking plant ecophysiology to the dynamics of diverse communities." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 6 (November 9, 2010): 8215–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-8215-2010.

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Abstract. The local climate represents the primary selection pressure acting on vegetation, but competitive interactions between plant strategies determine their composition. We link growth and reproduction characteristics from different plant strategies, that emerge from climatic constraints, to their competitive abilities and calculate explicitly their spatial dynamics. DIVE (Dynamics and Interactions of VEgetation), a simple generic model is built, that calculates population dynamics in the presence of perturbations, seed and resource competition. To understand the impacts of competition and perturbations on the population dynamics, a range of sensitivity experiments are conducted. DIVE simulations feature successional dynamics from fast-growing towards slow-growing plant strategies and as such corresponds to widely observed characteristics of terrestrial vegetation. Perturbations, seed and resource competition were found to affect succession and diversity, with the community composition at steady state ranging from competitive exclusion to coexistence and total extinction. We conclude that linking ecophysiological characteristics of vegetation to competition is a valid approach to determine population dynamics. Furthermore, incorporating mechanisms of perturbations and competition may be essential in order to effectively predict the response of community dynamics to changing environmental conditions.

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Bazzaz, FA, and KDM McConnaughay. "Plant Plant Interactions in Elevated CO2 Environments." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 5 (1992): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920547.

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Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations present a novel resource condition for plant communities. In order to understand and predict how plant community structure and function may be altered in a high CO2world, we need to understand how interactions among neighbouring plants within a community will alter the growth and reproduction of component species. Because CO2 is readily diffusible, plants have little influence on the CO2 acquisition of their neighbours, except within particularly dense canopies. Thus, plants seldom compete directly for CO2. Rather, CO2 availability is likely to alter plant-plant interactions indirectly through its effects on plant growth and competition for other resources. As a consequence, competitive outcome under elevated CO2 atmospheres within even simple systems is not easy to predict. For example, under some conditions, C4 species in competitive assemblages have improved competitive ability relative to C3 competitors as a result of CO2 enrichment, contrary to expectations based on their photosynthetic pathways. It is now clear that individually grown plants can differ substantially from those within mono- or multispecific stands in response to CO2 enrichment. At present, our understanding of how stands of interacting plants modify the availability of CO2 and other resources is incomplete. We urgently need information about how elevated CO2 atmospheres influence stand formation and population dynamics, specifically with regard to the identities, numbers, sizes and reproductive fitnesses of individuals within single and multiple species stands, if we are to make multi-generational predictions concerning the fate of populations and communities in an elevated CO2 world.

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Cole, D. E., J. R. King, D. A. Oyarzun, T. H. Dietzler, and A. S. McClay. "Experiences with invasive plant management and ecology in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 5 (December 1, 2007): 1013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07119.

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A number of invasive plant management strategies, including competition, fertilizer, herbicide, combination of fertilizer and herbicide, biological control, mowing, grazing management, prevention, eradication and education have been investigated and employed in Alberta. The integrated weed management (IWM) strategies are overlapping, interconnected and based on ecological principles. Research on several invasive plant species, including ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.), scentless chamomile [Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) Laínz] and white cockle [Silene pratensis (Raf.) Godr. & Gren.] has provided ecological information showing the importance of maintaining healthy, competitive plant communities. Key words: Invasive plants, management, ox-eye daisy, competition, Alberta

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Gopal, Brij, and Usha Goel. "Competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities." Botanical Review 59, no. 3 (July 1993): 155–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02856599.

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Dormann, C. F. "On community matrix theory in experimental plant ecology." Web Ecology 8, no. 1 (November 18, 2008): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-8-108-2008.

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Abstract. In multi-species communities the stability of a system is difficult to assess from field observations. This is the case for example for competitive interactions in plant communities. If a mathematical model can be formulated that underlies the processes in the community, a community matrix can be constructed whose elements represent the effects of each species onto every other (and itself) at equilibrium. The most common competition model is the Lotka-Volterra equation set. It contains interspecific competition coefficients to represent the interactions between species. In plant community ecology several attempts have been made to quantify competitive interactions and to assemble a community matrix, so far with limited success. In this paper we discuss a method to use pairwise interaction coefficients from experimental plant communities to analyse feasibility and stability of multi-species sets. The approach is contrasted with that of Wilson and Roxburgh (1992) and is illustrated using data from Roxburgh and Wilson (2000a). Results from Wilson and from this study differ (some times substantially), with our approach being more pessimistic about stability and coexistence in plant communities.

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Gurner, Ryan. "Plant Ecology 2nd Edition." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 2 (1998): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980173.

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Plant Ecology is the scientific study of the factors influencing the distribution and abundance of plants. This book aims to show how pattern and structure at different levels of plant organization (communities, populations and individuals) are influenced by abiotic factors like climate and soils, and biotic interactions including competition, herbivory and mutualistic relationships. One further aim has been to convey the dynamic nature of modern plant ecology and to highlight the critical Issues.

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BALL, D. A., and M. J. SHAFFER. "Simulating resource competition in multispecies agricultural plant communities." Weed Research 33, no. 4 (August 1993): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1993.tb01945.x.

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Freckleton, Robert P., Andrew R. Watkinson, and Mark Rees. "Measuring the importance of competition in plant communities." Journal of Ecology 97, no. 3 (May 2009): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01497.x.

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Violle, Cyrille, Eric Garnier, Jérémie Lecoeur, Catherine Roumet, Cécile Podeur, Alain Blanchard, and Marie-Laure Navas. "Competition, traits and resource depletion in plant communities." Oecologia 160, no. 4 (April 8, 2009): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1333-x.

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Jędruszczak, Maria, Franciszek Pawłowski, and Zdzisława Wójcik. "Plant communities of stubble-fields in the Lublin Region, P. I. Plant communities of poor sites." Acta Agrobotanica 42, no. 1-2 (2013): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1989.019.

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Floristic diversity is a specific characteristic of stubble-fields plant communities. They contain both the species which remained after harvesting cereal communities and the species developing root-plant communities. This diversity is favoured by the ecological conditions of stubble-fields (warmth, light, frequent rainfall but first of all lack of competition on the part of cultivated plants). The first part of the paper describes the plant communities of poor sites in the investigated region. It is based on 133 phytosociological records taken in August and September in 1975-1980 and on soil investigations. Three types of communities have been distingushed belonging to the Panico-Setarion association. They are: (1) Digitarietum ischaemi association, (2) Setaria glauca-Scleranthus annuus community and (3) Echinochloo-setarietum association. They all can be divided into smaller phytosociological units.

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Capitán, José A., Sara Cuenda, Alejandro Ordóñez, and David Alonso. "A signal of competitive dominance in mid-latitude herbaceous plant communities." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 9 (September 2021): 201361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201361.

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Understanding the main determinants of species coexistence across space and time is a central question in ecology. However, ecologists still know little about the scales and conditions at which biotic interactions matter and how these interact with the environment to structure species assemblages. Here we use recent theoretical developments to analyse plant distribution and trait data across Europe and find that plant height clustering is related to both evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary productivity. This clustering is a signal of interspecies competition between plants, which is most evident in mid-latitude ecoregions, where conditions for growth (reflected in actual ET rates and gross primary productivities) are optimal. Away from this optimum, climate severity probably overrides the effect of competition, or other interactions become increasingly important. Our approach bridges the gap between species-rich competition theories and large-scale species distribution data analysis.

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Shearer, C. A. "Fungal competition." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-386.

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Competition among fungal species isolated from a variety of habitats and substrates has been demonstrated frequently with laboratory studies. In some competitive interactions in culture, production of antifungal antibiotics by antagonistic fungi has been reported. Less well known is the extent to which competitive interactions occur in fungal communities in nature, the importance of competition in determining fungal community structure, and whether antifungal antibiotics are important in such interactions. Most field studies of fungal communities have been descriptive. Although such studies provide evidence of pattern in community structure, they do not demonstrate the occurrence of competition. Recent experimental field studies, in which the proportions of interacting fungal species were manipulated, provide more compelling evidence that interspecific competition does occur in nature. Knowledge about the extent of fungal competition in nature and its role in structuring fungal communities would be greatly improved if more of the following kinds of studies were undertaken: (i) experimental field studies involving manipulations of fungal species in a variety of habitats, (ii) comparative field and laboratory studies of the same fungal species, (iii) experimental field studies involving more than two fungal species, (iv) experimental and comparative studies throughout a range of environmental conditions, and (v) field experiments using both antibiotic- and nonantibiotic-producing fungal strains and (or) species. Key words: fungi, competition, community structure, antibiotics.

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Adler, Peter B., Danielle Smull, Karen H. Beard, Ryan T. Choi, Tucker Furniss, Andrew Kulmatiski, Joan M. Meiners, Andrew T. Tredennick, and Kari E. Veblen. "Competition and coexistence in plant communities: intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition." Ecology Letters 21, no. 9 (June 25, 2018): 1319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.13098.

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Cipollini, Don, and Stephanie Enright. "A Powdery Mildew Fungus Levels the Playing Field for Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and a North American Native Plant." Invasive Plant Science and Management 2, no. 3 (July 2009): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-08-144.1.

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AbstractWhen exposed to native or introduced herbivores and pathogens, invasive plants may become weaker competitors with more benign impacts on individual plants and plant communities. In a greenhouse pot study, we tested whether the presence of powdery mildew disease caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum could alter the competitive impact of garlic mustard on Impatiens pallida, a North American native understory plant. Target I. pallida plants were grown alone or with one, two, or three garlic mustard neighbors. Half of the pots exposed to garlic mustard were inoculated with conidia of E. cruciferarum. Competition with garlic mustard moderately affected aboveground growth of I. pallida, particularly at high garlic mustard density, but it strongly reduced seed output across all densities. In contrast, inoculation of garlic mustard plants with E. cruciferarum completely abolished their competitive impact on seed output of I. pallida across all densities, independent of effects on aboveground growth of target plants. This effect was likely due to alteration in the ability of garlic mustard to compete for belowground resources. Even without killing garlic mustard, these results indicate that the presence of powdery mildew disease in the field will likely dampen the competitive impact of garlic mustard on individual plants and plant communities. Escape from such attackers has likely contributed to the invasiveness and impacts of garlic mustard in North America.

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Aerts, R. "Interspecific competition in natural plant communities: mechanisms, trade-offs and plant-soil feedbacks." Journal of Experimental Botany 50, no. 330 (January 1, 1999): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/50.330.29.

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Cannell, Melvin G. R., and John Grace. "Competition for light: detection, measurement, and quantification." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 1969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-248.

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A broad review is presented of (i) indirect and direct methods of detecting and measuring competition for light in plant communities and (ii) simple methods of quantifying light interception by components in a mixture. Competition for light in plant stands may be inferred from the presence of "one-sided" competition, bimodal distributions of plant size, and even (nonrandom) spatial dispersion of plants. However, the outcome depends on the species' response to shadelight. Experimental methods are reviewed for detecting light limitation, distinguishing aboveground and belowground competition, and determining the light "foraging" capacity of plants. Dry matter production by each component in a mixture may be roughly proportional to the amount of light it intercepts. The simple Beer–Lambert equations for light interception are given for monocultures, vertically separated mixtures, and intimate two-component mixtures. These equations emphasize the penalty of being overshadowed. A survey is given of the main methods used to directly measure irradiance and interception in plant canopies.

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Tan, Xinyuan, Hong He, Shengwei Zong, Miaomiao Wu, Kai Liu, and Dandan Zhao. "Herbaceous Encroachment from Mountain Birch Forests to Alpine Tundra Plant Communities Through Above- and Belowground Competition." Forests 10, no. 2 (February 16, 2019): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020170.

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Alpine plant communities are highly sensitive to global warming. One of the consequences of the warming is encroachment by herbaceous plants from forests at low elevations into alpine ecosystems. In the Changbai Mountains, narrowleaf small reed (Deyeuxia angustifolia (Kom.) Y. L. Chang) from mountain birch forests encroached upward into alpine tundra, gradually replacing native tundra shrubs such as Rhododendron (Rhododendron aureum Georgi). How encroaching plants affect native plant communities is not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed above- and belowground biomass of alpine plant communities at five encroachment levels to investigate how biomass allocation changed at species and community scales. Our research showed that native plants are forced to change their morphology to cope with competition, at both above- and belowground levels, from encroaching plants. We found that (1) R. aureum increased the shoot height and leaf area in order to compete with D. angustifolia; (2) above- and belowground biomass of D. angustifolia increased while above- and belowground biomass of R. aureum decreased with increasing levels of encroachment; and (3) D. angustifolia encroachment reduced the total biomass of alpine tundra. Encroachment by herbaceous plants has a long-term negative impact on the ability of tundra plants to sequester carbon in the alpine tundra of the Changbai Mountains.

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Holmgren, Milena, Marten Scheffer, and Michael A. Huston. "THE INTERPLAY OF FACILITATION AND COMPETITION IN PLANT COMMUNITIES." Ecology 78, no. 7 (October 1997): 1966–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1966:tiofac]2.0.co;2.

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Choler, Philippe, Richard Michalet, and Ragan M. Callaway. "FACILITATION AND COMPETITION ON GRADIENTS IN ALPINE PLANT COMMUNITIES." Ecology 82, no. 12 (December 2001): 3295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3295:facogi]2.0.co;2.

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Rees, Mark, and Joy Bergelson. "Asymmetric Light Competition and Founder Control in Plant Communities." Journal of Theoretical Biology 184, no. 3 (February 1997): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1996.0297.

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Farrior, Caroline E., Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe, Ray Dybzinski, Simon A. Levin, and Stephen W. Pacala. "Decreased water limitation under elevated CO2 amplifies potential for forest carbon sinks." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 23 (May 26, 2015): 7213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506262112.

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Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and changing rainfall regimes are creating novel environments for plant communities around the world. The resulting changes in plant productivity and allocation among tissues will have significant impacts on forest carbon storage and the global carbon cycle, yet these effects may depend on mechanisms not included in global models. Here we focus on the role of individual-level competition for water and light in forest carbon allocation and storage across rainfall regimes. We find that the complexity of plant responses to rainfall regimes in experiments can be explained by individual-based competition for water and light within a continuously varying soil moisture environment. Further, we find that elevated CO2 leads to large amplifications of carbon storage when it alleviates competition for water by incentivizing competitive plants to divert carbon from short-lived fine roots to long-lived woody biomass. Overall, we find that plant dependence on rainfall regimes and plant responses to added CO2 are complex, but understandable. The insights developed here will serve as an important foundation as we work to predict the responses of plants to the full, multidimensional reality of climate change, which involves not only changes in rainfall and CO2 but also changes in temperature, nutrient availability, and disturbance rates, among others.

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Bohn, K., J. G. Dyke, R. Pavlick, B. Reineking, B. Reu, and A. Kleidon. "The relative importance of seed competition, resource competition and perturbations on community structure." Biogeosciences 8, no. 5 (May 11, 2011): 1107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1107-2011.

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Abstract. While the regional climate is the primary selection pressure for whether a plant strategy can survive, however, competitive interactions strongly affect the relative abundances of plant strategies within communities. Here, we investigate the relative importance of competition and perturbations on the development of vegetation community structure. To do so, we develop DIVE (Dynamics and Interactions of VEgetation), a simple general model that links plant strategies to their competitive dynamics, using growth and reproduction characteristics that emerge from climatic constraints. The model calculates population dynamics based on establishment, mortality, invasion and exclusion in the presence of different strengths of perturbations, seed and resource competition. The highest levels of diversity were found in simulations without competition as long as mortality is not too high. However, reasonable successional dynamics were only achieved when resource competition is considered. Under high levels of competition, intermediate levels of perturbations were required to obtain coexistence. Since succession and coexistence are observed in plant communities, we conclude that the DIVE model with competition and intermediate levels of perturbation represents an adequate way to model population dynamics. Because of the simplicity and generality of DIVE, it could be used to understand vegetation structure and functioning at the global scale and the response of vegetation to global change.

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Keddy, Paul A. "Effects of competition from shrubs on herbaceous wetland plants: a 4-year field experiment." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 708–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-094.

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While competition is known to occur among some species in some plant communities, we are not yet able to predict in which environments, or among which species, competitive interactions will be most intense. The objective of this study was to test for competition in a wetland plant community and then to determine which environments and which species were influenced by competition. The study site was the transition zone between shrubs and herbaceous plants on a lakeshore. To test for competitive release, shrubs were removed from treatment plots paired with controls in 25 sections of shoreline and cover of herbaceous species was monitored for 4 years. There were highly significant increases in cover, richness, and diversity in the removal plots, but less than one quarter of the individual species responded significantly. In general, these were small, partly evergreen species with high densities of buried seeds (e.g., Drosera intermedia, Hypericum boréale). On shores with frequent disturbance and low fertility there was no evidence for competitive release. The reduction in plant cover during a summer with high water levels suggests that lakeshores shift from abiotic to biotic structuring according to the water level in a particular year or series of years. Superimposed upon this is variation attributable to the type of shoreline and the type of species. Key words: competition, disturbance, exposure, lakeshores, Myrica gale, shrubs, wetlands, zonation.

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Drut, Baptiste, Nathalie Cassagne, Mario Cannavacciuolo, Gaëtan Le Floch, José F. Cobo-Díaz, and Joëlle Fustec. "Improving Complementarity Effect of Legume Intercrop by Earthworm Facilitation for Wheat Performance." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n12p1.

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Intercrops and crop mixtures are considered to be a way to increase nitrogen use efficiency by promoting niche complementarity and facilitation, reducing the input of fertilizers and herbicides, which are important factors when considering the effects of climate change. However, interactions between crop communities and soil functional diversity also have major effects on crop cover function. Our study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effects of plant composition and presence of earthworms on the growth (roots and shoots) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Mesocosms filled with soil were sown with either 6 wheat plants of the same cultivar, or 6 plants of 3 different wheat cultivars, or 3 wheat plants of 3 different cultivars with 3 clover plants (Trifolium hybridum L.). A part of the mesocosms was inoculated with either endogeic earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa S.) or a mixture of endogeic and anecic earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris S.). A relative interaction index was calculated to highlight competition strength between plants with or without earthworms. The presence of different cultivars had no influence on wheat performance, but with clover, plant competition decreased to the benefit of wheat biomass and N accumulation. Earthworms also reduced the competitive strength between wheat plants in mixed-cultivar mesocosms and in intercropping. In intercrops with clover, wheat performance was improved as a result of niche complementarity and earthworm facilitation for N resource. Our results suggest that the plant functional group, such as legumes, and earthworm communities work synergistically to improve wheat yields.

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Harms, Nathan E. "Competitive Interactions of Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus L.) Cytotypes in Submersed and Emergent Experimental Aquatic Plant Communities." Diversity 12, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12010040.

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The ability to invade communities in a variety of habitats (e.g., along a depth gradient) may facilitate establishment and spread of invasive plants, but how multiple lineages of a species perform under varying conditions is understudied. A series of greenhouse common garden experiments were conducted in which six diploid and four triploid populations of the aquatic invasive plant Butomus umbellatus L. (Butomaceae) were grown in submersed or emergent conditions, in monoculture or in a multispecies community, to compare establishment and productivity of cytotypes under competition. Diploid biomass overall was 12 times higher than triploids in the submersed experiment and three times higher in the emergent experiment. Diploid shoot:root ratio was double that of triploid plants in submersed conditions overall, and double in emergent conditions in monoculture. Relative interaction intensities (RII) indicated that triploid plants were sixteen times more negatively impacted by competition under submersed conditions but diploid plants were twice as impacted under emergent conditions. Recipient communities were similarly negatively impacted by B. umbellatus cytotypes. This study supports the idea that diploid and triploid B. umbellatus plants are equally capable of invading emergent communities, but that diploid plants may be better adapted for invading in submersed habitats. However, consistently lower shoot:root ratios in both monoculture and in communities suggests that triploid plants may be better-adapted competitors in the long term due to increased resource allocation to roots. This represents the first examination into the role of cytotype and habitat on competitive interactions of B. umbellatus.

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Wielbo, Jerzy. "Rhizobial communities in symbiosis with legumes: genetic diversity, competition and interactions with host plants." Open Life Sciences 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0032-5.

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AbstractThe term ‘Rhizobium-legume symbiosis’ refers to numerous plant-bacterial interrelationships. Typically, from an evolutionary perspective, these symbioses can be considered as species-to-species interactions, however, such plant-bacterial symbiosis may also be viewed as a low-scale environmental interplay between individual plants and the local microbial population. Rhizobium-legume interactions are therefore highly important in terms of microbial diversity and environmental adaptation thereby shaping the evolution of plant-bacterial symbiotic systems. Herein, the mechanisms underlying and modulating the diversity of rhizobial populations are presented. The roles of several factors impacting successful persistence of strains in rhizobial populations are discussed, shedding light on the complexity of rhizobial-legume interactions.

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Agathokleous, Evgenios, Zhaozhong Feng, Elina Oksanen, Pierre Sicard, Qi Wang, Costas J. Saitanis, Valda Araminiene, et al. "Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity." Science Advances 6, no. 33 (August 2020): eabc1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc1176.

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Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations induce adverse effects in plants. We reviewed how ozone affects (i) the composition and diversity of plant communities by affecting key physiological traits; (ii) foliar chemistry and the emission of volatiles, thereby affecting plant-plant competition, plant-insect interactions, and the composition of insect communities; and (iii) plant-soil-microbe interactions and the composition of soil communities by disrupting plant litterfall and altering root exudation, soil enzymatic activities, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. The community composition of soil microbes is consequently changed, and alpha diversity is often reduced. The effects depend on the environment and vary across space and time. We suggest that Atlantic islands in the Northern Hemisphere, the Mediterranean Basin, equatorial Africa, Ethiopia, the Indian coastline, the Himalayan region, southern Asia, and Japan have high endemic richness at high ozone risk by 2100.

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Levin, Sam C., Raelene M. Crandall, Tyler Pokoski, Claudia Stein, and Tiffany M. Knight. "Phylogenetic and functional distinctiveness explain alien plant population responses to competition." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1930 (July 2020): 20201070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1070.

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Several invasion hypotheses predict a positive association between phylogenetic and functional distinctiveness of aliens and their performance, leading to the idea that distinct aliens compete less with their resident communities. However, synthetic pattern relationships between distinctiveness and alien performance and direct tests of competition as the driving mechanism have not been forthcoming. This is likely because different patterns are observed at different spatial grains, because functional trait and phylogenetic information are often incomplete, and because of the need for competition experiments that measure demographic responses across a variety of alien species that vary in their distinctiveness. We conduct a competitor removal experiment and parameterize matrix population and integral projection models for 14 alien plant species. More novel aliens compete less strongly with co-occurring species in their community, but these results dissipate at a larger spatial grain of investigation. Further, we find that functional traits used in conjunction with phylogeny improve our ability to explain competitive responses. Our investigation shows that competition is an important mechanism underlying the differential success of alien species.

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Ehlers, Bodil K., Christian F. Damgaard, and Fabien Laroche. "Intraspecific genetic variation and species coexistence in plant communities." Biology Letters 12, no. 1 (January 2016): 20150853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0853.

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Many studies report that intraspecific genetic variation in plants can affect community composition and coexistence. However, less is known about which traits are responsible and the mechanisms by which variation in these traits affect the associated community. Focusing on plant–plant interactions, we review empirical studies exemplifying how intraspecific genetic variation in functional traits impacts plant coexistence. Intraspecific variation in chemical and architectural traits promotes species coexistence, by both increasing habitat heterogeneity and altering competitive hierarchies. Decomposing species interactions into interactions between genotypes shows that genotype × genotype interactions are often intransitive. The outcome of plant–plant interactions varies with local adaptation to the environment and with dominant neighbour genotypes, and some plants can recognize the genetic identity of neighbour plants if they have a common history of coexistence. Taken together, this reveals a very dynamic nature of coexistence. We outline how more traits mediating plant–plant interactions may be identified, and how future studies could use population genetic surveys of genotype distribution in nature and methods from trait-based ecology to better quantify the impact of intraspecific genetic variation on plant coexistence.

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Zhang, Y., W. Chen, and J. Li. "IPR 1.0: an efficient method for calculating solar radiation absorbed by individual plants in sparse heterogeneous woody plant communities." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 4 (December 18, 2013): 6927–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-6927-2013.

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Abstract. Climate change may alter the spatial distribution, composition, structure, and functions of plant communities. Transitional zones between biomes, or ecotones, are particularly sensitive to climate change. Ecotones are usually heterogeneous with sparse trees. The dynamics of ecotones are mainly determined by the growth and competition of individual plants in the communities. Therefore it is necessary to calculate solar radiation absorbed by individual plants for understanding and predicting their responses to climate change. In this study, we developed an individual plant radiation model, IPR (version 1.0), to calculate solar radiation absorbed by individual plants in sparse heterogeneous woody plant communities. The model is developed based on geometrical optical relationships assuming crowns of woody plants are rectangular boxes with uniform leaf area density. The model calculates the fractions of sunlit and shaded leaf classes and the solar radiation absorbed by each class, including direct radiation from the sun, diffuse radiation from the sky, and scattered radiation from the plant community. The solar radiation received on the ground is also calculated. We tested the model by comparing with the analytical solutions of random distributions of plants. The tests show that the model results are very close to the averages of the random distributions. This model is efficient in computation, and is suitable for ecological models to simulate long-term transient responses of plant communities to climate change.

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Wisheu, Irene C., and Paul A. Keddy. "Competition and centrifugal organization of plant communities: theory and tests." Journal of Vegetation Science 3, no. 2 (April 1992): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3235675.

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35

Freckleton, R. P., and A. R. Watkinson. "On detecting and measuring competition in spatially structured plant communities." Ecology Letters 3, no. 5 (September 2000): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00167.x.

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36

HARA, TOSHIHIKO. "Mode of Competition and Size-structure Dynamics in Plant Communities." Plant Species Biology 8, no. 2-3 (December 1993): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1993.tb00059.x.

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37

Boeken, Bertrand R. "Competition for microsites during recruitment in semiarid annual plant communities." Ecology 99, no. 12 (October 15, 2018): 2801–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2484.

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38

Tedersoo, Leho, Mohammad Bahram, and Martin Zobel. "How mycorrhizal associations drive plant population and community biology." Science 367, no. 6480 (February 20, 2020): eaba1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba1223.

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Mycorrhizal fungi provide plants with a range of benefits, including mineral nutrients and protection from stress and pathogens. Here we synthesize current information about how the presence and type of mycorrhizal association affect plant communities. We argue that mycorrhizal fungi regulate seedling establishment and species coexistence through stabilizing and equalizing mechanisms such as soil nutrient partitioning, feedback to soil antagonists, differential mycorrhizal benefits, and nutrient trade. Mycorrhizal fungi have strong effects on plant population and community biology, with mycorrhizal type–specific effects on seed dispersal, seedling establishment, and soil niche differentiation, as well as interspecific and intraspecific competition and hence plant diversity.

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39

Zhang, Y., W. Chen, and J. Li. "IPR 1.0: an efficient method for calculating solar radiation absorbed by individual plants in sparse heterogeneous woody plant communities." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 4 (July 10, 2014): 1357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1357-2014.

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Abstract. Climate change may alter the spatial distribution, composition, structure and functions of plant communities. Transitional zones between biomes, or ecotones, are particularly sensitive to climate change. Ecotones are usually heterogeneous with sparse trees. The dynamics of ecotones are mainly determined by the growth and competition of individual plants in the communities. Therefore it is necessary to calculate the solar radiation absorbed by individual plants in order to understand and predict their responses to climate change. In this study, we developed an individual plant radiation model, IPR (version 1.0), to calculate solar radiation absorbed by individual plants in sparse heterogeneous woody plant communities. The model is developed based on geometrical optical relationships assuming that crowns of woody plants are rectangular boxes with uniform leaf area density. The model calculates the fractions of sunlit and shaded leaf classes and the solar radiation absorbed by each class, including direct radiation from the sun, diffuse radiation from the sky, and scattered radiation from the plant community. The solar radiation received on the ground is also calculated. We tested the model by comparing with the results of random distribution of plants. The tests show that the model results are very close to the averages of the random distributions. This model is efficient in computation, and can be included in vegetation models to simulate long-term transient responses of plant communities to climate change. The code and a user's manual are provided as Supplement of the paper.

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40

Zhang, Bo, and Donald L. DeAngelis. "An overview of agent-based models in plant biology and ecology." Annals of Botany 126, no. 4 (March 16, 2020): 539–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa043.

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Abstract Agent-based modelling (ABM) has become an established methodology in many areas of biology, ranging from the cellular to the ecological population and community levels. In plant science, two different scales have predominated in their use of ABM. One is the scale of populations and communities, through the modelling of collections of agents representing individual plants, interacting with each other and with the environment. The other is the scale of the individual plant, through the modelling, by functional–structural plant models (FSPMs), of agents representing plant building blocks, or metamers, to describe the development of plant architecture and functions within individual plants. The purpose of this review is to show key results and parallels in ABM for growth, mortality, carbon allocation, competition and reproduction across the scales from the plant organ to populations and communities on a range of spatial scales to the whole landscape. Several areas of application of ABMs are reviewed, showing that some issues are addressed by both population-level ABMs and FSPMs. Continued increase in the relevance of ABM to environmental science and management will be helped by greater integration of ABMs across these two scales.

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Keddy, Paul A., and Bill Shipley. "Competitive Hierarchies in Herbaceous Plant Communities." Oikos 54, no. 2 (February 1989): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3565272.

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42

Wu, Chih-Feng, Mary Nia M. Santos, Shu-Ting Cho, Hsing-Hua Chang, Yi-Ming Tsai, Delaney A. Smith, Chih-Horng Kuo, Jeff H. Chang, and Erh-Min Lai. "Plant-Pathogenic Agrobacterium tumefaciens Strains Have Diverse Type VI Effector-Immunity Pairs and Vary in In-Planta Competitiveness." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 8 (August 2019): 961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-19-0021-r.

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The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is used by gram-negative bacteria to translocate effectors that can antagonize other bacterial cells. Models predict the variation in collections of effector and cognate immunity genes determine competitiveness and can affect the dynamics of populations and communities of bacteria. However, the outcomes of competition cannot be entirely explained by compatibility of effector-immunity (EI) pairs. Here, we characterized the diversity of T6SS loci of plant-pathogenic Agrobacterium tumefaciens and showed that factors other than EI pairs can impact interbacterial competition. All examined strains encode T6SS active in secretion and antagonism against Escherichia coli. The spectra of EI pairs as well as compositions of gene neighborhoods are diverse. Almost 30 in-planta competitions were tested between different genotypes of A. tumefaciens. Fifteen competitions between members of different species-level groups resulted in T6SS-dependent suppression in in-planta growth of prey genotypes. In contrast, ten competitions between members within species-level groups resulted in no significant effect on the growth of prey genotypes. One strain was an exceptional case and, despite encoding a functional T6SS and toxic effector protein, could not compromise the growth of the four tested prey genotypes. The data suggest T6SS-associated EI pairs can influence the competitiveness of strains of A. tumefaciens, but genetic features have a significant role on the efficacy of interbacterial antagonism.

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Sturtevant, Rochelle, El Lower, Austin Bartos, and Ashley Elgin. "A Review and Secondary Analysis of Competition-Related Impacts of Nonindigenous Aquatic Plants in the Laurentian Great Lakes." Plants 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020406.

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The Laurentian Great Lakes of North America are home to thousands of native fishes, invertebrates, plants, and other species that not only provide recreational and economic value to the region but also hold an important ecological value. However, there are also 55 nonindigenous species of aquatic plants that may be competing with native species and affecting this value. Here, we use a key regional database—the Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System (GLANSIS)—to describe the introduction of nonindigenous aquatic plants in the Great Lakes region and to examine patterns relating to their capacity to compete with native plants species. Specifically, we used an existing catalog of environmental impact assessments to qualitatively evaluate the potential for each nonindigenous plant species to outcompete native plant species for available resources. Despite an invasion record spanning nearly two centuries (1837–2020), a great deal remains unknown about the impact of competition by these species. Nonetheless, our synthesis of existing documentation reveals that many of these nonindigenous species have notable impacts on the native plant communities of the region in general and on species of concern in particular. Furthermore, we provide a thorough summary of the diverse adaptations that may contribute to giving these nonindigenous plants a competitive advantage. Adaptations that have been previously found to aid successful invasions were common in 98% of the nonindigenous aquatic plant species in the database.

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Twolan-Strutt, Lisa, and Paul A. Keddy. "Above- and Belowground Competition Intensity in Two Contrasting Wetland Plant Communities." Ecology 77, no. 1 (January 1996): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2265675.

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Callaway, Ragan M., and Lawrence R. Walker. "COMPETITION AND FACILITATION: A SYNTHETIC APPROACH TO INTERACTIONS IN PLANT COMMUNITIES." Ecology 78, no. 7 (October 1997): 1958–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1958:cafasa]2.0.co;2.

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Revilla, Tomás A., and Vlastimil Křivan. "Competition, trait–mediated facilitation, and the structure of plant–pollinator communities." Journal of Theoretical Biology 440 (March 2018): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.12.019.

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47

Yokozawa, M., Y. Kubota, and T. Hara. "Effects of competition mode on spatial pattern dynamics in plant communities." Ecological Modelling 106, no. 1 (February 1998): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(97)00181-6.

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DeMalach, Niv, Eli Zaady, Jacob Weiner, and Ronen Kadmon. "Size asymmetry of resource competition and the structure of plant communities." Journal of Ecology 104, no. 4 (March 3, 2016): 899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12557.

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Grover, James P., and Robert D. Holt. "Disentangling Resource and Apparent Competition: Realistic Models for Plant-herbivore Communities." Journal of Theoretical Biology 191, no. 4 (April 1998): 353–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1997.0562.

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Bornhofen, Stefan, and Claude Lattaud. "Competition and evolution in virtual plant communities: a new modeling approach." Natural Computing 8, no. 2 (June 22, 2008): 349–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11047-008-9089-5.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant competition. Plant communities'

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