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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant cross-breeding'
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Kuranouchi, Toshikazu, Tadashi Kumazaki, Toru Kumagai, and Makoto Nakatani. "Breeding erect plant type sweetpotato lines using cross breeding and gamma-ray irradiation." Breeding Science 66, no. 3 (2016): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.15134.
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Armita, Devi. "Plant Breeding Through Protoplast Fusion." Jurnal Biologi UNAND 8, no. 2 (2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jbioua.8.2.42-47.2020.
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Protoplast culture (protoplast fusion) is one method of tissue culture that is widely used in plant breeding programs in a relatively short time. This method is used to overcome the problem of plants that are difficult or impossible to cross conventionally as well as used for species improvement by transferring the desired gene from the donor plant to the target plant via protoplast fusion. Protoplast fusion makes it possible to produce plants that are resistant to a disease and various abiotic stresses, rapid growth rates and have a better quantity and quality of metabolites than their parents. Various factors affect the success of fusion and regeneration of protoplasts into whole plants, including the source of explants, the composition of the enzyme solution and the duration of incubation, fusagen type and culture media for regeneration.
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King, Janet C. "Biotechnology: A Solution for Improving Nutrient Bioavailability." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 1 (2002): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.1.7.
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Biotechnology strategies are now available to improve the amount and availability of nutrients in plant crops. Those strategies include simple plant selection for varieties with high nutrient density in the seeds, cross-breeding for incorporating a desired trait within a plant, and genetic engineering to manipulate the nutrient content of the plant. In plant cross-breeding, all genes of the parent plants are combined and the progeny have both desirable and undesirable traits. To eliminate undesirable traits, plant breeders «back-cross» the new plant varieties with other plants over several generations. This technique, called hybridization, has been used to create varieties of low-phytate corn, barley, and rice. Using the techniques of genetic engineering, the gene(s) encoding for a desired trait(s) in a plant are introduced in a precise and controlled manner within a relatively short period of time. Golden rice, containing carotenoids, and rice with higher amounts of iron, are two examples of genetically engineered plants for improved nutrition. Genetic engineering has tremendous potential for revolutionizing nutrition. However, public concerns regarding safety, appearance, and ethics must be overcome before these products can be effectively introduced into the food supply.
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PHILLIPS, S. L., and M. S. WOLFE. "Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems." Journal of Agricultural Science 143, no. 4 (2005): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005009.
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Heritable variation is at the heart of the process of evolution. However, variation is restricted in breeding for uniform crop populations using the pedigree line approach. Pedigree lines are successful in agriculture because synthetic inputs are used to raise fertility and control weeds, pests and diseases. An alternative method promoted for exploring the value of variation and evolutionary fitness in crops is to create composite cross populations. Composite cross populations are formed by assembling seed stocks with diverse evolutionary origins, recombination of these stocks by hybridization, the bulking of F1 progeny, and subsequent natural selection for mass sorting of the progeny in successive natural cropping environments. Composite cross populations can provide dynamic gene pools, which in turn provide a means of conserving germplasm resources: they can also allow selection of heterogeneous crop varieties. The value of composite cross populations in achieving these aims is dependent on the outcome of mass trials by artificial and natural selection acting upon the heterogeneous mixture. There is evidence to suggest that composite cross populations may be an efficient way of providing heterogeneous crops and of selecting superior pure lines for low input systems characterized by unpredictable stress conditions.
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Hoyos-Villegas, Valerio, Vivi N. Arief, Wen-Hsi Yang, et al. "QuLinePlus: extending plant breeding strategy and genetic model simulation to cross-pollinated populations—case studies in forage breeding." Heredity 122, no. 5 (2018): 684–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-018-0156-0.
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Polley, Andreas, Martin W. Ganal, and Elisabeth Seigner. "Identification of sex in hop (Humulus lupulus) using molecular markers." Genome 40, no. 3 (1997): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-048.
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The rapid identification of sex in the dioecious hop (Humulus lupulus) is important for the breeding of this cultivated plant because only unfertilized flowers of the female plants are used as an ingredient in the production of beer. It is thought that a sex-chromosome mechanism controls the development of male or female plants. We have compared pools of male and female plants derived from a hop cross to identify molecular markers associated with the Y or male-specific chromosome. Of 900 functional RAPD primers, 32 revealed fragments specific for male plants that were absent in female plants of this cross. Subsequently, the 32 positive primers were tested on unrelated male and female plants. Three of these 32 primers were specific for the Y chromosome in all lines. The Y-specific product derived from one of these primers (OPJ9) was of low copy in hybridization experiments and predominantly present in male plants. Primers developed from the DNA sequence of this product provide a marker for rapid sex identification in crosses of hop by means of PCR.Key words: chromosomes, RAPD, sex-specific DNA sequences, plant breeding, Y chromosome.
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Vogel, J. M., A. Rafalski, M. Morgante, et al. "The Application of Genetic Diagnostics to Plant Genome Analysis and Plant Breeding." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 749A—749. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.749a.
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DNA-based diagnostics are now well-established as a means to assay diversity at the locus, chromosome, and whole-genome levels. As technology has advanced, DNA sequence-based assays have become easier to use, more efficient at screening for nucleotide sequence-based polymorphisms, and available to a wider cross-section of the research community. A review of the use of molecular markers in several different areas of genetics and plant breeding will be presented, as well as a discussion about their advantages and limitations. Recent advances in several areas of technology development and laboratory automation will also be presented, including a summary of direct comparison of different DNA marker systems against a common set of soybean cultivars.
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Liu, Qingsong, Xiaowei Yang, Vered Tzin, Yufa Peng, Jörg Romeis, and Yunhe Li. "Plant breeding involving genetic engineering does not result in unacceptable unintended effects in rice relative to conventional cross‐breeding." Plant Journal 103, no. 6 (2020): 2236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14895.
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Campanelli, Gabriele, Sara Sestili, Nazzareno Acciarri, et al. "Multi-Parental Advances Generation Inter-Cross Population, to Develop Organic Tomato Genotypes by Participatory Plant Breeding." Agronomy 9, no. 3 (2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030119.
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A Multi-parent Advanced Generation Intercross (MAGIC) tomato population was developed by crossing eight founder lines chosen to include a wide range of variability. The lines were previously genotyped by a genotyping by sequencing approach. The MAGIC population was used to develop genotypes with important agronomic traits and to perform the Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB). Among the 400 plants of generation 4 (G4) of the MAGIC population cultivated in an organic field experiment, 22 individuals were phenotypically selected and a molecular analysis was done for both presence of resistance genes and fruit shape (marker assisted selection) on G5 seedlings. Three selected plants showed both the pyramiding gene of resistance to the main diseases and the ovate gene for pear shape typology. The 400 G10 stable lines that obtained from single seed descent will represent an important genetic resource for the tomato scientific community. The MAGIC population G4 was also cultivated in three organic farms located in North, Central and South Italy to carry out the PPB. The plants showed significant phenotypic differences in development, productivity and fruit color. This variability was used to select families of tomato adapted to low input crop management, different environments, agricultural practices and market conditions.
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Thondehaalmath, Tejas, Dilsher Singh Kulaar, Ramesh Bondada, and Ravi Maruthachalam. "Understanding and exploiting uniparental genome elimination in plants: insights from Arabidopsis thaliana." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 13 (2021): 4646–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab161.
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Abstract Uniparental genome elimination (UGE) refers to the preferential exclusion of one set of the parental chromosome complement during embryogenesis following successful fertilization, giving rise to uniparental haploid progeny. This artificially induced phenomenon was documented as one of the consequences of distant (wide) hybridization in plants. Ten decades since its discovery, attempts to unravel the molecular mechanism behind this process remained elusive due to a lack of genetic tools and genomic resources in the species exhibiting UGE. Hence, its successful adoption in agronomic crops for in planta (in vivo) haploid production remains implausible. Recently, Arabidopsis thaliana has emerged as a model system to unravel the molecular basis of UGE. It is now possible to simulate the genetic consequences of distant crosses in an A. thaliana intraspecific cross by a simple modification of centromeres, via the manipulation of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant gene, CENH3. Thus, the experimental advantages conferred by A. thaliana have been used to elucidate and exploit the benefits of UGE in crop breeding. In this review, we discuss developments and prospects of CENH3 gene-mediated UGE and other in planta haploid induction strategies to illustrate its potential in expediting plant breeding and genetics in A. thaliana and other model plants.
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Sharp, P. J., S. Johnston, G. Brown, et al. "Validation of molecular markers for wheat breeding." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 12 (2001): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01052.
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Five sets of markers were assessed for their usefulness in breeding, two linked to wheat stem rust gene Sr2, several markers linked to a chromosome segment conferring Yr17/Lr37/Sr38 resistance, two reported markers for the linked genes Lr35 andSr39, one for Lr28, and one linked to flour colour. The gene for Sr2 confers adult plant resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) and was originally transferred to bread wheat from the tetraploid emmer (‘Yaroslav’) to the cultivars Hope and H-44. The gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 3B and confers a durable adult plant resistance to stem rust usually expressed only in the field. The chromosome segment carrying the Lr37, Sr38, Yr17 resistance genes is located on 2AS and was originally introduced into wheat through an Aegilops ventricosa Triticum persicum cross, followed by a cross to the cultivar Marne (VPM1). The flour colour quantitative trait locus was originally described in a Yarralinka Schomburg cross and is located on chromosome 7A. The primers as originally developed required optimisation for more routine use in a breeding program.
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MANGKITA, Wanna, Prapapan PIMKAEW, Yongsak KACHONPADUNGKITTI, Ryo OHSAWA, and Shigeru HISAJIMA. "In vitro Cross Breeding in Plant-intraspecific Hybrid Production of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) Plant in vitro." Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku 19, no. 2 (2007): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2525/shita.19.89.
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Bariana, H. S., G. N. Brown, U. K. Bansal, H. Miah, G. E. Standen, and M. Lu. "Breeding triple rust resistant wheat cultivars for Australia using conventional and marker-assisted selection technologies." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 6 (2007): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07124.
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Stem rust susceptibility of European wheats under Australian conditions posed a significant threat to wheat production for the early British settlers in Australia. The famous Australian wheat breeder, William Farrer, tackled the problem of stem rust susceptibility through breeding fast-maturing wheat cultivars. South-eastern Australia suffered a severe stem rust epidemic in 1973, which gave rise to a national approach to breeding for rust resistance. The National Wheat Rust Control Program was set up in 1975, modelled on the University of Sydney’s own rust resistance breeding program, at the University of Sydney Plant Breeding Institute, Castle Hill (now Cobbitty). Back-crossing of a range of sources of resistance provided genetically diverse germplasm for evaluation in various breeding programs. Current efforts are directed to building gene combinations through marker-assisted selection. Major genes for resistance to stem rust and leaf rust are being used in the back-crossing program of the ACRCP to create genetic diversity among Australian germplasm. Stripe rust and to a lesser extent leaf rust resistance in the Australian germplasm is largely based on combinations of adult plant resistance genes and our knowledge of their genomic locations has increased. Additional genes, other than Yr18/Lr34 and Yr29/Lr46, appeared to control adult plant resistance to both leaf rust and stripe rust. Two adult-plant stem rust resistance genes have also been identified. The development of selection technologies to achieve genotype-based selection of resistance gene combinations in the absence of bioassays has evolved in the last 5 years. Robust molecular markers are now available for several commercially important rust resistance genes. Marker-assisted selection for rust resistance is performed routinely in many wheat-breeding programs. Modified pedigree and limited back-cross methods have been used for breeding rust-resistant wheat cultivars in the University of Sydney wheat-breeding program. The single back-cross methodology has proved more successful in producing cultivars with combinations of adult plant resistance genes.
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OZAKI, Koichi, Satoshi INAGAWA, Kazutaka YOKOTA, et al. "A Proposal of Quantities by Image Processing Measurement for Pollen in Plant Cross Breeding." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 67, no. 6 (2001): 982–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.67.982.
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Cheng, B. F., G. Séguin-Swartz, D. J. Somers, and G. Rakow. "Low glucosinolate Brassica juncea breeding line revealed to be nullisomic." Genome 44, no. 4 (2001): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-057.
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The low glucosinolate Brassica juncea breeding line 1058 was derived from a BC1F3 plant of an interspecific cross between high glucosinolate Indian B. juncea (genome AABB, 2n = 36) line 60143 and B. rapa (genome AA, 2n = 20) canola strain CZY. Line 60143 had 2n = 36 chromosomes (18 bivalents at metaphase I) and strain CZY had 2n = 20 chromosomes (10 bivalents). Line 1058 was nullisomic, with 2n - 2 = 34 chromosomes, with 17 bivalents formed at metaphase I and an even chromosomal segregation of 17:17 at anaphase I. In F1 hybrid plants of the cross 1058 × CZY, 98.3% of the pollen mother cells had 10 bivalents and seven univalents. This is evidence that plants of line 1058 are nullisomic, missing one pair of B-genome chromosomes.Key words: low glucosinolate mustard, meiotic behaviour, cytogenetics.
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de Castro, Ana Pérez, María José Díez, and Fernando Nuez. "Inheritance of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Resistance Derived from Solanum pimpinellifolium UPV16991." Plant Disease 91, no. 7 (2007): 879–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-7-0879.
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Resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) in accession UPV16991 Solanum pimpinellifolium has been previously reported by our group. A breeding program was developed from an initial S. lycopersicum × S. pimpinellifolium UPV16991 cross. This first cross was followed by several selfing generations. Selection for resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) was carried out for plants of each generation. One partially resistant F6 plant (L102) was chosen to form the family to study the genetic control of resistance to TYLCV. Crosses between four breeding lines susceptible to TYLCD and L102 were also performed to study the dominance of the resistance in S. lycopersicum genetic backgrounds. Response to TYLCV infection of P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 generations fitted, for this line, a monogenic control with partial recessiveness and incomplete penetrance. The percentage of homozygotic plants with partial resistance was 72.75. Among the four hybrids developed, the highest levels of resistance were found in the hybrid formed from the most vigorous S. lycopersicum line. These results must be considered for breeding purposes. Partial resistance derived from UPV16991 will be useful in homozygosis or combined with resistance genes from other sources.
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Anggraheni, Yuliana Galih Dyan, Enung Sri Mulyaningsih, Dody Priadi, et al. "Polymorphic Identification of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Marker for Developing Aluminum-Tolerance Upland Rice." Jurnal Biodjati 5, no. 1 (2020): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v5i1.7990.
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SSR marker is one of the genetic markers widely applied in plant breeding programs. The application of molecular markers in plant breeding is meant to accelerate the selection of cross-progeny. The research aimed to identify the SSR primers polymorphism between the parent and control that linked to Al tolerance and verify the cross-progeny of five crosses. The result gained from 37 SSR primers used in this study showed that only nine primers are polymorphic. These nine polymorphic primers are RM257, RM214, RM247, RM205, RM490, RM262, RM569, RM271, and RM19. The application of polymorphic markers on five cross-progeny which have shown the same band pattern as the parents and tolerant control on the use of 9 SSR primers recorded as follows: RM257 2 lines, RM214 5 lines, RM247 5 lines, RM205 lines, RM490 13 lines, RM262 5 lines, RM569 7 lines, RM271 4 lines, and RM19 6 lines. The selected SSR primers linked to Al tolerance in this research can be used as a reference for molecular breeding strategies to develop new Al tolerance rice varieties in dryland conditions.
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Holley, R. N., and J. C. Wynne. "Effectiveness of Stratified Mass Selection for Yield in Intrasubspecific and Intersubspecific Crosses of Peanut1." Peanut Science 13, no. 1 (1986): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-13-1-10.
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Abstract Methods of broadening the genetic base of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) generally involve crosses of exotic germplasm with locally adapted cultivars. Broadening the genetic base effectively requires the evaluation of a large number of crosses and lines within crosses. Mass selection within a cross in early generation, as opposed to single seed descent or bulk breeding methods, eliminates many undesirable segregates from crosses of exotic with adapted germplasm. In this study five plant introductions, representing different levels of diversity, were crossed with an adapted Virginia (ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) breeding line. Twelve high and 12 low yielding plants in the F2 generation of each cross were selected with a high and low selection being made from among 10 plants grown in sixteen 12-plant rows. The selected material was increased and evaluated in F4 generation yield trials at two locations. Stratified mass selection for higher seed yield was effective for both intersubspecific crosses but was only effective for one of the three intrasubspecific crosses. Confounding effects of meat content with seed yield and the small number of F2 plants evaluated may be partially responsible for the lack of effective selection for two of the intrasubspecific crosses. Selection for higher seed yield separated the F2 plants into two groups for meat content with the selections for high seed yield having higher meat content. However, the high and low selections, when evaluated in the F4 generation, were not different for meat content except for one intrasubspecific cross.
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Goldingay, RL, and RJ Whelan. "Breeding System and Tests for Pollen-Limitation in Two Species of Banksia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 1 (1990): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900063.
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Three factors that potentially influence fruit set (breeding system, inadequate cross-pollination and variable floral display) were examined for two species of Banksia. Firstly, self-pollination and autogamy treatments failed to produce any fruit in B. spinulosa and produced very few fruit in B. paludosa. This suggests that cross pollen is required to produce the level of fruit set observed in the field. Secondly, when plants were given abundant cross pollen, fruit set was not altered in B. spinulosa but was in B. paludosa. Although the number of follicles per inflorescence was was not different for open- pollinated (control) and manipulated B. paludosa inflorescences, the latter produced twice the proportion of inflorescences with follicles produced by control plants and twice the total number of follicles per plant. Thirdly, larger floral display in open-pollinated B. spinulosa plants was associated with a greater production of fruit. However, larger floral display was not associated with a greater reproductive output in B. paludosa, and we suggest that recurrent pollen-limitation in this species may be responsible for this result.
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Neyhart, Jeffrey L., Aaron J. Lorenz, and Kevin P. Smith. "Multi-trait Improvement by Predicting Genetic Correlations in Breeding Crosses." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 9, no. 10 (2019): 3153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400406.
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The many quantitative traits of interest to plant breeders are often genetically correlated, which can complicate progress from selection. Improving multiple traits may be enhanced by identifying parent combinations – an important breeding step – that will deliver more favorable genetic correlations (rG). Modeling the segregation of genomewide markers with estimated effects may be one method of predicting rG in a cross, but this approach remains untested. Our objectives were to: (i) use simulations to assess the accuracy of genomewide predictions of rG and the long-term response to selection when selecting crosses on the basis of such predictions; and (ii) empirically measure the ability to predict genetic correlations using data from a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding program. Using simulations, we found that the accuracy to predict rG was generally moderate and influenced by trait heritability, population size, and genetic correlation architecture (i.e., pleiotropy or linkage disequilibrium). Among 26 barley breeding populations, the empirical prediction accuracy of rG was low (-0.012) to moderate (0.42), depending on trait complexity. Within a simulated plant breeding program employing indirect selection, choosing crosses based on predicted rG increased multi-trait genetic gain by 11–27% compared to selection on the predicted cross mean. Importantly, when the starting genetic correlation was negative, such cross selection mitigated or prevented an unfavorable response in the trait under indirect selection. Prioritizing crosses based on predicted genetic correlation can be a feasible and effective method of improving unfavorably correlated traits in breeding programs.
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Domblides, Elena A., Sergey N. Belov, Alexey V. Soldatenko, and Victor F. Pivovarov. "Production of Doubled Haploids in cucumber." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 5 (November 7, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-5-3-14.
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Implementation of cell technologies has essentially improved the plant breeding process in agricultural crops in the world. The production of pure lines in cultivated crops, particularly among cross-pollinated species such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) requires much time, labor and expense. Thus, the use of DH-plants for production of fully homozygous lines for one year becomes a very promising method for near cucumber breeding program. The major factor limiting the wide use of DH is a lack of effective protocol for large-scale plant production. In this review the historical facts with description of three main methods of DH-plant production were presented. By now these three methods have been such as parthenogenesis in situ induced by pollination with irradiated or chemically treated pollen; androgenesis in vitro including anther and isolated microspore cultivation in vitro; gynogenesis through ovule cultivation in vitro. Comparative analysis of published data with regard to the efficiency of the technology for DH-plant production was shown as well as advantages and limitations of each technology were described.
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XU, SHIZHONG, and ZHIQIU HU. "Methods of plant breeding in the genome era." Genetics Research 92, no. 5-6 (2010): 423–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672310000583.
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SummaryMethods of genomic value prediction are reviewed. The majority of the methods are related to mixed model methodology, either explicitly or implicitly, by treating systematic environmental effects as fixed and quantitative trait locus (QTL) effects as random. Six different methods are reviewed, including least squares (LS), ridge regression, Bayesian shrinkage, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso), empirical Bayes and partial least squares (PLS). The LS and PLS methods are non-Bayesian because they do not require probability distributions for the data. The PLS method is introduced as a special dimension reduction scheme to handle high-density marker information. Theory and methods of cross-validation are described. The leave-one-out cross-validation approach is recommended for model validation. A working example is used to demonstrate the utility of genome selection (GS) in barley. The data set contained 150 double haploid lines and 495 DNA markers covering the entire barley genome, with an average marker interval of 2·23 cM. Eight quantitative traits were included in the analysis. GS using the empirical Bayesian method showed high predictability of the markers for all eight traits with a mean accuracy of prediction of 0·70. With traditional marker-assisted selection (MAS), the average accuracy of prediction was 0·59, giving an average gain of GS over MAS of 0·11. This study provided strong evidence that GS using marker information alone can be an efficient tool for plant breeding.
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Cachi, Ariana M., Ana Wünsch, Antoni Vilanova, Merce Guàrdia, Marta Ciordia, and Neus Aletà. "S-locus diversity and cross-compatibility of wildPrunus aviumfor timber breeding." Plant Breeding 136, no. 1 (2017): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12450.
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Karaköy, Tolga, Halil Erdem, Faheem S. Baloch, et al. "Diversity of Macro- and Micronutrients in the Seeds of Lentil Landraces." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/710412.
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Increasing the amount of bioavailable mineral elements in plant foods would help to improve the nutritional status of populations in developing countries. Legume seeds have the potential to provide many essential nutrients. It is important to have information on genetic variations among different lentil populations so that plant breeding programs can use new varieties in cross-breeding programs. The main objective of this study was to characterize the micro- and macronutrient concentrations of lentil landraces seeds collected from South-Eastern Turkey. We found impressive variation in the micro- and macroelement concentrations in 39 lentil landraces and 7 cultivars. We investigated the relationships of traits by correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The concentrations of several minerals, particularly Zn, were positively correlated with other minerals, suggesting that similar pathways or transporters control the uptake and transport of these minerals. Some genotypes had high mineral and protein content and potential to improve the nutritional value of cultivated lentil. Cross-breeding of numerous lentil landraces from Turkey with currently cultivated varieties could improve the levels of micro- and macronutrients of lentil and may contribute to the worldwide lentil quality breeding program.
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Zhang, Mengmeng, He Huang, Qing Wang, and Silan Dai. "Cross Breeding New Cultivars of Early-flowering Multiflora Chrysanthemum Based on Mathematical Analysis." HortScience 53, no. 4 (2018): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12769-17.
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Conventional crossbreeding remains an effective technique for chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat.) breeding. However, there are always many problems when breeding chrysanthemum because of its complex genetic background, such as difficulty matching parents, selecting superior hybrid progenies, quantitatively describing certain target traits, and evaluating breeding results. A recent mathematical analysis method is an effective method for evaluating plant breeding progress. In this study, we used 505 multiflora chrysanthemum germplasm resources as test materials; we divided the flowering time into five groups using a grading analysis method, including extremely early group (genotypes that flowered when daylength was longer than 13.5 hours), early group (genotypes that flowered when daylength was 13.5–12.0 hours), medium group (genotypes that flowered when daylength was 12.0–11.0 hours), late group (genotypes that flowered when daylength was 11.0–10.0 hours), and extremely late group (genotypes that flowered when daylength was shorter than 10.0 hours). Moreover, the breeding objective was to breed early-flowering genotypes. Using 15 phenotypic characters as evaluation factors, 37 excellent genotypes, including four early-flowering genotypes, were screened out from the aforementioned resources according to an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and weighting of the gray relational grade. We selected one early-flowering genotype and eight medium-flowering genotypes from these 37 genotypes and matched six hybridized combinations based on the genetic distance between genotypes calculated by the Q cluster analysis method. We used a comprehensive evaluation method combining AHP and the gray relational analysis (GRA) method for the evaluation of 367 progenies. Moreover, we screened out 52 superior hybrids, including 36 early-flowering hybrids. The results of this study demonstrate that the mathematical analysis method is an immensely effective method to breed new cultivars of early-flowering multiflora chrysanthemum. This study also provides an effective method to define and improve the flowering time of other cultivated plants.
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Page, T., G. M. Moore, J. Will, and G. M. Halloran. "Breeding behaviour of Kunzea pomifera (Myrtaceae): self-incompatibility, intraspecific and interspecific cross-compatibility." Sexual Plant Reproduction 23, no. 3 (2010): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-010-0133-0.
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Parmley, Kyle, Koushik Nagasubramanian, Soumik Sarkar, Baskar Ganapathysubramanian, and Asheesh K. Singh. "Development of Optimized Phenomic Predictors for Efficient Plant Breeding Decisions Using Phenomic-Assisted Selection in Soybean." Plant Phenomics 2019 (July 28, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2019/5809404.
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The rate of advancement made in phenomic-assisted breeding methodologies has lagged those of genomic-assisted techniques, which is now a critical component of mainstream cultivar development pipelines. However, advancements made in phenotyping technologies have empowered plant scientists with affordable high-dimensional datasets to optimize the operational efficiencies of breeding programs. Phenomic and seed yield data was collected across six environments for a panel of 292 soybean accessions with varying genetic improvements. Random forest, a machine learning (ML) algorithm, was used to map complex relationships between phenomic traits and seed yield and prediction performance assessed using two cross-validation (CV) scenarios consistent with breeding challenges. To develop a prescriptive sensor package for future high-throughput phenotyping deployment to meet breeding objectives, feature importance in tandem with a genetic algorithm (GA) technique allowed selection of a subset of phenotypic traits, specifically optimal wavebands. The results illuminated the capability of fusing ML and optimization techniques to identify a suite of in-season phenomic traits that will allow breeding programs to decrease the dependence on resource-intensive end-season phenotyping (e.g., seed yield harvest). While we illustrate with soybean, this study establishes a template for deploying multitrait phenomic prediction that is easily amendable to any crop species and any breeding objective.
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Hutcheson, D. S., K. C. Falk, and G. F. W. Rakow. "TR4 summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 4 (2000): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-011.
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TR4 summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a breeding population with a total (aliphatic and indole) glucosinolate content of 4.2 µ mol g−1 oil free meal. It was derived from selections among segregating progeny of a cross between the low aliphatic glucosinolate breeding population BC86-18, and the low indole glucosinolate breeding population DLY. Key words: Glucosinolates, aliphatic, indole, canola, germplasm
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Divashuk, Mikhail G., Pavel Yu Kroupin, Sergey Yu Shirnin, Milena Vukovic, Aleksandra Yu Kroupina, and Gennady I. Karlov. "Effect of Gibberellin Responsive Reduced Height Allele Rht13 on Agronomic Traits in Spring Bread Wheat in Field Experiment in Non-Black Soil Zone." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (2020): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070927.
Full textAbstract:
The introduction of gibberellin-responsive reduced height (GAR Rht) alleles is a promising tool for breeding semi-dwarf, high-input varieties of wheat. We have compared recombinant isogenic lines F2:3 carrying dwarfing allele Rht13 and without dwarfing alleles, obtained from the cross of isogenic lines and selected from F2 using molecular markers. After phenotyping and statistical analysis, we found that the Rht13 allele reduces total plant height by 13.0 cm (17.4%), while the proportions between the internodes in tall and short plants remain similar. The greatest decrease in length in plants with Rht13 in comparison to wild-type plants is observed for the second internode (5.3 cm, or 31.9%). Due to the presence of Rht13, semi-dwarf plants, compared to the wild type, had a higher grain number per main spike, grain number per spikelet and higher number of productive tillers, and a slightly higher harvest index, although thousand grain weight and grain weight in the main spike were lower. Our results indicate the possibility of using Rht13 in the breeding of wheat varieties without dramatic negative effects on yield and plant development.
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Kumar, Sonu, and Asheesh Shanker. "Length variation of chloroplast simple sequence repeats in the genus Eucalyptus L'Hér." Plant Science Today 7, no. 3 (2020): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.3.750.
Full textAbstract:
Eucalyptus L'Hér. is an economically important genus of plants with several environmental significances and great industrial advantages. To accelerate breeding and conservation studies, efforts on molecular breeding and molecular genetic analysis are underway in the genus Eucalyptus. Despite these efforts, no sufficient information is available about common, polymorphic and unique chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) in the genus Eucalyptus. . These repeats consist of 1-6 nucleotides and play important role in the development of molecular markers, genetic mapping and plant breeding. In the present study, a total of 920 cpSSRs were detected and length variation of cpSSRs analysed between each pair of species among 31 chloroplast genome sequences of the genus Eucalyptus. Additionally, cross species transferability of common and polymorphic cpSSRs were also observed. The common, unique and putative polymorphic cpSSRs analysed in this study can be used for species identification and genetic diversity studies of Eucalyptus.
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Oh, Boung-Jun, Richard A. Frederiksen, and Clint W. Magill. "Identification of RFLP markers linked to a gene for downy mildew resistance (Sdm) in sorghum." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 2 (1996): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-038.
Full textAbstract:
The Sdm locus in sorghum accession SC325 confers resistance to downy mildew caused by pathotypes 1 and 3 of Peronosclerospora sorghi. Restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage analysis placed the Sdm locus near loci detected by probes pSbTXS552 and pSbTXS361 at 5.0 and 7.9 cM, respectively. Fragment patterns for the cross segregating for disease resistance differed from those for the original mapping cross, preventing assignment of Sdm to a linkage group. Keywords: Peronosclerospora sorghi, resistance, RFLP, linkage, hybrid breeding.
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Ceccarelli, Salvatore, and Stefania Grando. "Participatory plant breeding: Who did it, who does it and where?" Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 1 (2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000127.
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AbstractThe paper provides an overview of institutions, scientists, and practitioners involved over the years in the various ways in which participatory plant breeding (PPB) is implemented, with indication of the crops involved and the countries in which it took place, or is still taking place. This might help creating a better awareness of the scope (both geographical and crop wise) of the different methodologies as well as of their advantages, disadvantages, applicability, and limitations. Through a literature survey, we found 254 publications showing that over a period of 36 years participatory approaches in plant breeding have been used in 69 countries (10 developed and 59 developing) with 47 crops including self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, and vegetatively propagated crops, by several Institutions including CGIAR centers, universities, and NGOs. We argue that there are no obvious scientific or technical reasons limiting the use of PPB, and we interpret the limited institutionalization as a difficulty to accept the paradigm shift that participation implies.
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Zhao, Yusheng, Patrick Thorwarth, Yong Jiang, et al. "Unlocking big data doubled the accuracy in predicting the grain yield in hybrid wheat." Science Advances 7, no. 24 (2021): eabf9106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf9106.
Full textAbstract:
The potential of big data to support businesses has been demonstrated in financial services, manufacturing, and telecommunications. Here, we report on efforts to enter a new data era in plant breeding by collecting genomic and phenotypic information from 12,858 wheat genotypes representing 6575 single-cross hybrids and 6283 inbred lines that were evaluated in six experimental series for yield in field trials encompassing ~125,000 plots. Integrating data resulted in twofold higher prediction ability compared with cases in which hybrid performance was predicted across individual experimental series. Our results suggest that combining data across breeding programs is a particularly appropriate strategy to exploit the potential of big data for predictive plant breeding. This paradigm shift can contribute to increasing yield and resilience, which is needed to feed the growing world population.
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Ahmed, Nisar, Muhammad Aslam Chowdhry, Ihsan Khaliq, and Masahiko Maekawa. "THE INHERITANCE OF YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF FIVE WHEAT HYBRID POPULATIONS UNDER DROUGHT CONDITIONS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 2 (2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v8n2.2007.53-59.
Full textAbstract:
The magnitude of genetic inheritance and expected genetic advance are important for the prediction of response to selection in diverse environments and provide the basis for planning and evaluating breeding programs. This work investigated the inheritance of traits related to drought in wheat under natural drought conditions. Cross combinations were made to produce F1 and F2 hybrid populations, which were evaluated in a randomized completed block design with three replications at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Six wheat varieties/lines and six derived F2 hybrids were studied to ascertain heritability and genetic advance for plant height, days taken to maturity, number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield per plant. Data were collected and subjected to statistical genetic analyses. Heritability estimates and expected genetic advance for plant height, days taken to maturity, number of tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plant were high for the entire cross combinations while the estimates for spike length and number of grains per spike were relatively low. Our results suggest that improvement for these characters should be faster because of higher heritabilities and greater phenotypic variation. Prospects of genetic improvement for all the characters studied are evident. The most promising cross combinations were WL60 × LU26S and WL61 × LU26S. These traits, therefore, deserve better attention in future breeding programs for evolving better wheat for stress environments. <br /><br />
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Ahmed, Nisar, Muhammad Aslam Chowdhry, Ihsan Khaliq, and Masahiko Maekawa. "THE INHERITANCE OF YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF FIVE WHEAT HYBRID POPULATIONS UNDER DROUGHT CONDITIONS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 2 (2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v8n2.2007.p53-59.
Full textAbstract:
The magnitude of genetic inheritance and expected genetic advance are important for the prediction of response to selection in diverse environments and provide the basis for planning and evaluating breeding programs. This work investigated the inheritance of traits related to drought in wheat under natural drought conditions. Cross combinations were made to produce F1 and F2 hybrid populations, which were evaluated in a randomized completed block design with three replications at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Six wheat varieties/lines and six derived F2 hybrids were studied to ascertain heritability and genetic advance for plant height, days taken to maturity, number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield per plant. Data were collected and subjected to statistical genetic analyses. Heritability estimates and expected genetic advance for plant height, days taken to maturity, number of tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plant were high for the entire cross combinations while the estimates for spike length and number of grains per spike were relatively low. Our results suggest that improvement for these characters should be faster because of higher heritabilities and greater phenotypic variation. Prospects of genetic improvement for all the characters studied are evident. The most promising cross combinations were WL60 × LU26S and WL61 × LU26S. These traits, therefore, deserve better attention in future breeding programs for evolving better wheat for stress environments. <br /><br />
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Beattie, Aaron D., Jamie Larsen, Tom E. Michaels, and K. Peter Pauls. "Mapping quantitative trait loci for a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ideotype." Genome 46, no. 3 (2003): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-015.
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Breeding a model plant that encompasses individual traits thought to enhance yield potential, known as ideotype breeding, has traditionally focused on phenotypic selection of plants with desirable morphological traits. Broadening this breeding method to the molecular level through the use of molecular markers would avoid the environmental interactions associated with phenotypic selection. A population of 110 F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from the cross between WO3391 and 'OAC Speedvale', was used to develop a genetic linkage map consisting of 105 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeat (SSR), and sequence-tagged site (STS) markers. The map has a total length of 641 cM distributed across 8 linkage groups (LGs). Five of them were aligned on the core linkage map of bean. Twenty-one quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified over three environments for eight agronomic and architectural traits previously defined for a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ideotype. The QTLs were mapped to seven LGs with several regions containing QTLs for multiple traits. At least one QTL was located for each trait and a maximum of four were associated with lodging. Total explained phenotypic variance ranged from 10.6% for hypocotyl diameter to 45.4% for maturity. Some of the QTLs identified will be useful for early generation selection of tall, upright, high-yielding lines in a breeding program.Key words: molecular markers, genetic map, plant architecture, yield.
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Chang, Zhenyi, Zhufeng Chen, Na Wang, et al. "Construction of a male sterility system for hybrid rice breeding and seed production using a nuclear male sterility gene." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 49 (2016): 14145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613792113.
Full textAbstract:
The breeding and large-scale adoption of hybrid seeds is an important achievement in agriculture. Rice hybrid seed production uses cytoplasmic male sterile lines or photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterile lines (PTGMS) as female parent. Cytoplasmic male sterile lines are propagated via cross-pollination by corresponding maintainer lines, whereas PTGMS lines are propagated via self-pollination under environmental conditions restoring male fertility. Despite huge successes, both systems have their intrinsic drawbacks. Here, we constructed a rice male sterility system using a nuclear gene named Oryza sativa No Pollen 1 (OsNP1). OsNP1 encodes a putative glucose–methanol–choline oxidoreductase regulating tapetum degeneration and pollen exine formation; it is specifically expressed in the tapetum and miscrospores. The osnp1 mutant plant displays normal vegetative growth but complete male sterility insensitive to environmental conditions. OsNP1 was coupled with an α-amylase gene to devitalize transgenic pollen and the red fluorescence protein (DsRed) gene to mark transgenic seed and transformed into the osnp1 mutant. Self-pollination of the transgenic plant carrying a single hemizygous transgene produced nontransgenic male sterile and transgenic fertile seeds in 1:1 ratio that can be sorted out based on the red fluorescence coded by DsRed. Cross-pollination of the fertile transgenic plants to the nontransgenic male sterile plants propagated the male sterile seeds of high purity. The male sterile line was crossed with ∼1,200 individual rice germplasms available. Approximately 85% of the F1s outperformed their parents in per plant yield, and 10% out-yielded the best local cultivars, indicating that the technology is promising in hybrid rice breeding and production.
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Nwosu, D. J., and C. Nwadike. "Cross-compatibility of cultivated cowpea varieties and their wild relatives: Implications for crop improvement." Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 19, no. 1 (2021): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v19i1.8.
Full textAbstract:
Hybridization programmes that potentially exploit the variability existing in the wild germplasm of Vigna unguiculata L. Walpers could be of great potential for the future of plant breeding. Bearing this in mind, four cultivated cowpea varieties (Achi shuru, Ife Brown, Kanannado and Zebra bean) were crossed to two of their wild relatives: subsp. dekindtiana var. pubescens and subsp. unguiculata var. spontanea to ascertain the cross compatibility, reproductive potential and possible heterosis in the F1 generations. Results showed that the cultivated varieties hybridized relatively well with their wild relatives showing pod set range of 42.9% to 52.3% in crosses with subsp. dekindtiana var. pubescens and 40.0% to 52.0% in crosses with subsp. unguiculata var. spontanea. The F1 hybrid plants showed high heterosis in plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of pods per plant and percentage pod set. They also produced viable seeds for F2 generations. These results are indications of a good reproductive potential of the hybrids thus making the wild relatives, good sources of important gene pool for the improvement of the cultivated populations.
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Chandrashekar, M., and GM Halloran. "Variation in, and inheritance of seedling and adult-plant resistance in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) to leaf scorch (Kabatiella caulivora) (Kirch.) Karak." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 1 (1990): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900115.
Full textAbstract:
The disease reaction of seedlings (2 weeks old) from a field collection of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) to clover scorch (Kabatiella caulivora (Kirch.) Karak), revealed 89 immune plants out of a total of 1530. However, with adult plants (15-16 weeks old) only one plant remained immune. In the F2 population of the cross of the cultivars (Daliak X Woogenellup (D X W), seedling resistance was conditioned by a single dominant gene and in the cross (Enfield X Woogenellup) (EX W) by a single recessive gene. However, with adult plants, resistance in the (D X W) F2 was conditioned by a single recessive gene and that in the (EX W) F2 by two recessive genes. The effect of increasing age in reducing the proportion of plants resistant to clover scorch in both studies indicates that caution is needed in evaluating resistance to clover scorch in epidemiological, breeding and genetic studies.
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Войтенко, С. Л., та О. О. Васильєва. "Сучасний генофонд курей України". Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, № 3 (28 вересня 2018): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2018.03.17.
Full textAbstract:
Подано аналіз стану галузі птахівництва (безпосередньою – курівництва) в племінних господарствах України. Визначено, що на початку 2018 року курей різного напряму продуктивності розводили в 14 племінних господарствах, але при цьому функціонувало лише два племінних заводи і 12 племінних птахоплемрепродукторів другого порядку. Наявне поголів’я птиці відносилося до порід бірківська барвиста та білий плімутрок, а також кросів Кобб-500, Росс-308, Ломанн, Ломан Браун – Лайт, Ломан ЛСЛ – Класік і Хай-Лайн W-36. Відсутність інформації про полтавську глинясту та адлерську сріблясту породи в Державному реєстрі суб’єктів племінної справи у тваринництві за 2017 рік можна розцінювати як зникнення стад, а отже, і порід в Україні. Надано коротку характеристику порід і кросів курей, їх продуктивність, а також діяльність у якості суб’єктів племінної справи в птахівництві. Доведено, що селекційна робота проводиться лише з бірківською барвистою породою та білим плімутроком, а решта птиці – це фінальний гібрид чи батьківські стада зарубіжних компаній. Встановлено повну залежність вітчизняного птахівництва від імпорту птиці, що ставить під загрозу безпеку країни.
 The article analyzes the state of the poultry industry, directly – chickens, in breeding farms of Ukraine. It was determined that in the beginning of 2018, chickens of different productivity directions were bred in 14 breeding farms, but only two breeding plants and 12 breeding second-order breeding poultry workers were employed. The existing livestock of the bird referred to the breeds of Birkiv colored and white plimutrok, as well as crossbows Cobb-500, Ross-308, Lohmann, Lohman Brown-Light, Lohmann LSL-Classic and High-Line W-36. The lack of information on Poltava clay and Adler silver rocks in the State Register of breeding subjects in livestock production in 2017 can be considered as the disappearance of herds, and consequently, of rocks in Ukraine.
 The Birkiv colorful chicken breed of the egg production line, which was created by the scientists of the Institute of Poultry Farming of Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences through the complex reproductive crossbreeding of white and colored chickens of domestic breeding, is now breeding only in one breeding plant of State Research Station of Poultry Industry of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences. The average number of hens of this breed, which is kept only in one tribal plant of Kharkiv region, as of 01.01.2018 amounted to 0.7 thousand heads for the average carrying of one laying hen per year – 131 eggs.
 In Ukraine, in early 2018, the white plimutrok breed of meat and egg production was breed only in one breeding plant of the State Research Station of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences in the amount of 0.7 thousand heads for the average carrying weight of one lozenge per year of 103 eggs.
 In Ukraine, the Ross-308 Cross in three breeding poultry producers of the second order with a total of 316.9 thousand heads and it is characterized by a low average bearing of one laying hen per year – 146 eggs.
 In early 2018, chicken Cross Cobb-500 farmers of the second order of Donets’k, Zaporizhzhia, Kyiv, Kharkiv and Cherkasy regions bred the bird of this cross in Ukraine for a total number of birds –2458 thousand heads. The average carrying weight of one laying hen per year is 228 eggs.
 In early 2018, the birds of Lohan Cross in Ukraine were bred only in the conditions of one second-rate poultry farm in Poltava region, with a total number of birds – 87.1 thousand heads. The average carrying weight of one laying hen per year is 267 eggs.
 Cross Lohmann LSL-Classic bird of this breed is breeding only in one breeding poultry farmer of the second order in Kyiv region. With a total livestock of chickens 47.2 thousand heads, the average bearing of one laying hen per year was 244 eggs.
 At the beginning of 2018, the High-Line W-36 line was kept only in one pedigree poultry producer of the second order in Kyiv region, with 57.7 thousand heads with an average bearing of one laying hen per year – 242 eggs.
 A brief description of breeds and cross-breeds of chickens, their productivity, as well as activities as breeding subjects in poultry farming is provided. It has been proved that selection work is carried out only with the Birkiv colored rock and white plimutrok, and the rest of the birds are the final hybrid or parent herds of foreign companies. The complete dependence of domestic poultry production on imports of poultry has been established, which endangers the country's security.
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Branch, W. D. "Revolute-Leaf, a New Completely Dominant Mutant in Peanut." Peanut Science 45, no. 2 (2018): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-45.2.67.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT A Revolute-Leaf mutant plant was discovered in an advanced Georgia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding line, GA 112702. The mutant had leaf margins that curve downward on each of the four small light-green leaflets. Two cross combinations were used to determine the inheritance of this new mutant. F1, F2, and F3 segregation data strongly supported a single completely dominant gene, designated Rev, controlling the inheritance of the Revolute-Leaf mutant. The F2:3 homozygous revolute-leaf individual plants had shorter mainstem heights, narrower leaflet length and width, narrower canopy width, reduced pod and seed weights, but similar SMK percentages compared to the F2:3 homozygous normal leaf plants resulting from the same closely related cross combination (GA 112702 x Revoluted-Leaf mutant).
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Yadav, H. K., and S. P. Singh. "Inheritance of quantitative traits in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)." Genetika 43, no. 1 (2011): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1101113y.
Full textAbstract:
Generation mean analysis was carried out using five parameter model on five cross combinations with five generations i.e. parents, F1s, F2s, and F3s randomly selected from partial diallel breeding experiment. The aim of study was to investigate the mode of gene actions involved in the inheritance of quantitative traits viz. days to 50% flowering, plant height, leaves/plant, capsules/plant, capsule size, capsule weight/plant, seed yield/plant and opium yield/plant. C and D scaling test showed the presence of non allelic interaction in the inheritance for all the traits except for plant height, seed yield/plant (ND1001xIS13) and capsule size (NBR5xND1002) which showed non interacting mode of inheritance. In general, the interaction effect together i.e. additive x additive [i] and dominance x dominance [l] found in higher magnitude than the combined main effects of additive [d] and dominance [h] effects for all the traits in all the five crosses. Dominance effect [h] was found pronounced for most of the traits except days to 50% flowering where additive effect [d] was found prevalent. Among the interaction effects dominance x dominance [l] was predominant over additive x additive [i] for all traits in all the five crosses except capsules/plant and capsule size in cross ND1001xNBRI11 and leaves/plant and opium yield/plant in cross NBRI5xND1002. As per sign of dominance (h) and dominance x dominance (l) duplicate epistasis were noticed for all the traits except plant height and leaves/plant in cross ND1001xUO1285. Potence ratio indicated presence of over dominance for almost all the traits. Substantial amount of realized heterosis, residual heterosis in F2 and F3 progenies and high heritability with moderate to high genetic advance in F2 progeny and significant correlation among important traits in desirable direction were observed. A breeding strategy of diallel selective mating or biparental mating in early segregating generation followed by recurrent selection may be used for genetic improvement.
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Lydaki, M. E., and J. C. Vlahos. "Pollination Mechanisms of Ebenus cretica." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 483f—484. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.483f.
Full textAbstract:
Ebenus cretica L., is an endemic plant of Crete with potential as a cut flower or flowering potted plant. It is a herbaceous perennial evergreen subshrub that flowers from April to June. It forms numerous thick racemes with an average of 50 pink or purple flowers 10 to 12 mm long. A great variability in major morphological characteristics exists among the populations of E. cretica on the island; however, color variants are very rare. Selection and breeding is a necessary prerequisite before the plant is marketable; therefore, research conducted at the TEI of Heraklion since 1994 has focused on artificial self- and cross-pollination of pink-flowered ebenus plants. It has been concluded that the zygomorphic flowers of E. cretica are pollinated by insects (bumblebees); the tripping mechanism occurs and seeds are formed by either cross- or self-pollination. For self-pollination, unripe flower racemes were enveloped in paper bags and shaken by hand or wind to release pollen; however, this method gave poor results. Best results were obtained by tripping the flowers while avoiding the introduction of foreign pollen. Self-incopatibility was not observed. Cross-pollination was achieved by emasculating flowers on the female parent, 2 to 4 days prior to the dehiscence of the anthers. The corolla is half-white and half-pink at this stage, turning to a uniform pink when the pollen is ripe. The stigma appears to be fully receptive at least 2 days before the dehiscence of the anthers. Each fertilized ovule gives one mature seed ≈3 weeks after pollination. This research indicates that breeding techniques can be applied without difficulty to E. cretica in order to develop uniform plant material and new varieties/hybrids with desirable characteristic.
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Miķelsone, Andra, Dace Grauda, Veneranda Stramkale, Reinis Ornicāns, and Isaak Rashal. "Using Anther Culture Method for Flax Breeding Intensification." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 6, 2015): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2013vol1.819.
Full textAbstract:
Flax breeding is a long and complicated process based on hybridization and following selection of the best plants. Because of possible occasional cross-pollination the development of genetically stable homozygous lines could last more than 15 years. For more rapid creating of initial material for flax breeding anther culture methods for producing doubled haploid (DH) lines could be used successfully. The goal of this study was to develop the best anther culture protocol for producing DH lines from hybrids included in Latvian flax breeding programme and to do preliminary field evaluation of obtained DH lines. F4 hybrids were used in the experiment. Method, most applicable for establishing of DH from anther cultures, was elaborated; 13 DH lines were obtained during the experiment. Such agronomic important traits, as vegetation period, total plant height, number of seed vessels, number of seeds in a seed vessel, 1000 seeds weight, oil and bast fibre content were evaluated for obtained DH lines. Several accessions showed high 1000 seeds weight, number of seeds in a seed vessel, good oil and bast fibre content. It was concluded that anther culture method is of value of using as an adjunct to classical methods of flax breeding.
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Muratov, Muratov A., M. Zh Israilov, G. A. Muratov, and S. G. Boboev. "CROSS BETWEEN SYNTHETIC AMPHIDIPLOIDS OF THE HOPPER (GOSSIPY L.) AND THEIR CYTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS." EurasianUnionScientists 2, no. 4(73) (2020): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.2.73.661.
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This paper discusses the results of the analysis of the different crossability of 4 species of synthetic cotton amphidiploids, with cultivated varieties of G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L., taking into account their cytological features and the creation of genetically enriched new polygenomic interspecific hybrids. The interrelation of cross-breeding in varying degrees with the fluctuation of chromosome numbers in somatic plant cells of parental forms and cotton hybrids, as well as the defects observed at the stages of microsporogenesis of maternal cells, is shown. The main reasons for the contrast difference between the degree of cross-breeding of synthetic cotton amphidiploids, with cultivated cotton varieties when producing an interspecific hybrid, as well as differences in the maturation of full seeds are established.
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LOVE, H. K., G. RAKOW, J. P. RANEY, and R. K. DOWNEY. "DEVELOPMENT OF LOW GLUCOSINOLATE MUSTARD." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 2 (1990): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-049.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to develop low glucosinolate mustard (Brassica juncea Coss.). This was accomplished through an interspecific cross between an Indian type 3-butenyl glucosinolate containing B. juncea selection and a "Bronowski-gene(s)" containing low glucosinolate B. campestris L. followed by backcrossing to the B. juncea parent. Seed of BC1F2 plants, and selected plants of BC1F3 and BC1F4 generations were analyzed for glucosinolate content by gas chromatography. Total aliphatic glucosinolate contents of individual BC1F2 plants ranged from 57 to 204 μmol g−1 meal. A single BC1F3 plant grown from the BC1F2 plant with the lowest glucosinolate content, identified as 1058, was found to contain less than 1 μmol g−1 meal of total aliphatic glucosinolates. The glucosinolate content in individual plants of the BC1F4 generation of plant 1058 ranged from 0.8 to 2.9 μmol g−1 meal. Field grown progeny of 1058 at three locations in 1987 and at one location in 1988 in Saskatchewan contained less than 10 μmol g−1 meal of total aliphatic glucosinolates. Therefore, the low glucosinolate characteristic of selection 1058 can be considered genetically stable. Progeny of plant 1058 had plant morphology and seed coat reticulation of B. juncea, but poor fertility (< 5 seeds per pod). The development of this low glucosinolate plant is an achievement that should allow the breeding of canola quality oilseed B. juncea mustard.Key words: Mustard, glucosinolate, Brassica juncea, interspecific cross
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Muthoni, Jane, and Hussein Shimelis. "Mating designs commonly used in plant breeding: A review." DECEMBER 2020, no. 14(12):2020 (December 10, 2020): 1855–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.12.p2588.
Full textAbstract:
Mating design represents "rules" for arranging different controlled crossings; a mating design is a procedure of producing progenies. This review describes mating designs commonly used in plant breeding. Biparental is the simplest design in which a number of P plants are paired off to give ½P families; the parents are mated only once in pairs. The design is simple and it provides information needed to determine if significant genetic variation is present in a population for a long term selection program. A polycross is a mating arrangement for interpollinating a group of cultivars or clones using natural hybridization in an isolated crossing block. The design is often used for generating synthetic cultivars. The North Carolina (NC) mating designs permit determination and/or estimation of variance components (additive and dominance components) by using the information from half-sib (HS) families. The experimental material of North Carolina designs I, II and III is developed from F2 generation as a base material. The design III (NCIII) involves backcrossing the F2 plants to the two parental inbred lines from which the F2 were derived. The NCIII design was extended to include a third tester. This third tester is the F1 from the two parental inbred lines; in this extended form, this design is known as the triple test cross (TTC). Line x Tester mating design uses inbred lines as the base population. The design is useful in deciding the relative ability of a number of female and male inbreds to produce desirable hybrid combinations. When the same parents are used as females and males in breeding, the mating design is called diallel. Parents used range from inbred lines to broad genetic base varieties to clones. The design is the most commonly used in crop plants to estimate GCA and SCA and variances. Generally, it should be noted that is not the mating design per se, but the breeder who breeds a new cultivar. Consequently, proper choice and use of a mating design will provide the most valuable information for breeding
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Fery, Richard L., and Philip D. Dukes. "The Inheritance of Resistance to the Southern Root-knot Nematode in `Carolina Hot' Cayenne Pepper." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 6 (1996): 1024–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.6.1024.
Full textAbstract:
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the inheritance of the high level of southern root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood] resistance exhibited by `Carolina Hot' cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and to compare the genetic nature of this resistance to that exhibited by `Mississippi Nemaheart.' Evaluation of parental, F1, F2, and backcross generations of the cross `Mississippi Nemaheart' × `California Wonder' confirmed an earlier published report that the `Mississippi Nemaheart' resistance is conditioned by a single dominant gene. Evaluation of parental, F1, F2, and backcross generations of a cross between highly resistant and highly susceptible lines selected from a heterogeneous `Carolina Hot' population indicated that the resistance exhibited by `Carolina Hot' is conditioned by two genes, one dominant and one recessive. Evaluation of the parental and F2 populations of a cross between `Mississippi Nemaheart' and the highly resistant `Carolina Hot' line indicated that the dominant resistance gene in `Mississippi Nemaheart' is allelic to the dominant resistance gene in `Carolina Hot.' Comparison of the data that were collected on the parental lines in the latter cross demonstrated the superior nature of the resistance exhibited by `Carolina Hot.' The presence of the second resistance gene in `Carolina Hot' probably accounted for the higher level of resistance. The ease and reliability of evaluating plants for resistance to root-knot nematodes and the availability of a simply inherited source of resistance makes breeding for southern root-knot nematode resistance a viable objective in pepper breeding programs. This objective should be readily obtainable by the application of conventional plant breeding methodologies.
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Ávila, Carmen M., Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez, and Sergio G. Atienza. "Tritordeum: Creating a New Crop Species—The Successful Use of Plant Genetic Resources." Plants 10, no. 5 (2021): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10051029.
Full textAbstract:
Hexaploid tritordeum is the amphiploid derived from the cross between the wild barley Hordeum chilense and durum wheat. This paper reviews the main advances and achievements in the last two decades that led to the successful development of tritordeum as a new crop. In particular, we summarize the progress in breeding for agronomic performance, including the potential of tritordeum as a genetic bridge for wheat breeding; the impact of molecular markers in genetic studies and breeding; and the progress in quality and development of innovative food products. The success of tritordeum as a crop shows the importance of the effective utilization of plant genetic resources for the development of new innovative products for agriculture and industry. Considering that wild plant genetic resources have made possible the development of this new crop, the huge potential of more accessible resources, such as landraces conserved in gene banks, goes beyond being sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the positive result of tritordeum also shows the importance of adequate commercialization strategies and demonstrative experiences aimed to integrate the whole food chain, from producers to end-point sellers, in order to develop new products for consumers.
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Salomon, Marcus Vinicius, Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira Camargo, Armando Petinelli Jr., and Joaquim Adelino de Azevedo Filho. "Performance of dihaploid wheat lines obtained via anther culture." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 1 (2003): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000100007.
Full textAbstract:
The anther culture technique has been used in breeding programs to obtain haploid plants from hybrid plants of F1 generation and to develop more efficiently wheat cultivars. To study the behavior of dihaploid wheat lines and two check cultivars, IAC-24 and IAC-289, experiments were carried out under sprinkler irrigation at Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brazil, in an Haplic Acrisol and at Tatuí, SP, Brazil, in a Rhodic Ferrasol, during the years 1999 and 2000. Genotypes were evaluated for grain yield, 100 grain weight, plant height, resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici Rob. Desm.) and lodging. The genotypes were also evaluated under laboratory conditions for their Al+3 toxicity tolerance using nutrient solutions. The line 8, originated from ANA/IAC-24 cross, presented high grain yield, semidwarf plant type, heavy grain, leaf rust resistance and tolerance to Al+3 toxicity. The lines 4, 11, 12 and 14, also presented high tolerance to Al+3 toxicity in association to grain yield above 3.000 kg ha-1. These lines are suitable to be used in breeding programs to develop cultivars for acid soils.