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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant defense chemicals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Yactayo-Chang, Jessica P., Hoang V. Tang, Jorrel Mendoza, Shawn A. Christensen, and Anna K. Block. "Plant Defense Chemicals against Insect Pests." Agronomy 10, no. 8 (2020): 1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081156.

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Insect pests cause significant global agricultural damage and lead to major financial and environmental costs. Crops contain intrinsic defenses to protect themselves from such pests, including a wide array of specialized secondary metabolite-based defense chemicals. These chemicals can be induced upon attack (phytoalexins) or are constitutive (phytoanticipins), and can have a direct impact on the pests or be used indirectly to attract their natural enemies. They form part of a global arms race between the crops and their insect pests, with the insects developing methods of suppression, avoidan

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2

Shrestha, Govinda, Shabeg S. Briar, and Gadi V. P. Reddy. "Plant defense elicitors: plant fitness versus wheat stem sawfly." PeerJ 6 (November 1, 2018): e5892. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5892.

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The wheat stem sawfly (WSS), Cephus cinctus Norton, is an important wheat pest in the Northern Great Plains of the USA. No single control measure effectively suppresses WSS damage. This study provides information on the effects on the WSS adult settling preference behavior on wheat plants under laboratory conditions from treatment with both synthetic plant defense elicitors (Actigard® and cis-jasmone) and a botanical insecticide (Azadirachtin®). In addition, field experiments were performed to determine whether these chemicals impact the WSS fitness (larval mortality and larval body weight), w

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3

Hoagland, Robert E. "Chemical Interactions with Bioherbicides to Improve Efficacy." Weed Technology 10, no. 3 (1996): 651–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00040586.

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Bioherbicides can be defined as plant pathogens, phytotoxins derived from pathogens or other microorganisms, augmentatively applied to control weeds. Although many pathogens with bioherbicidal potential have been discovered, most lack sufficient aggressiveness to overcome weed defenses to achieve adequate control. Plants use various physical and biochemical mechanisms to defend against pathogen infectivity, including callose deposition, hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein accumulation, pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins), phytoalexin production, lignin and phenolic formation, and free rad

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4

Habibullah, Muhammad, Christanti Sumardiyono, and Ani Widiastuti. "Potency of Non-Fungicide Chemicals for Maize Inducing Resistance against Downy Mildew." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 24, no. 2 (2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.55057.

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Downy mildew disease control is a big challenge in Indonesia due to ability of pathogen adaptation and favorable environmental condition to the disease. Self-resistance induction by activating plant defense mechanism is a valuable control method to be developed in the future due to its environmentally safety. This study aimed to determine potency of non-fungicide chemicals to suppress downy mildew of maize. The tested chemicals were benzoic acid, sodium benzoic acid, salicylic acid, thiamine, saccharin, and aspirin with a concentration of 2000 ppm. Disease incidence, disease severity, disease

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Thakur, Meenakshi, and Baldev Singh Sohal. "Role of Elicitors in Inducing Resistance in Plants against Pathogen Infection: A Review." ISRN Biochemistry 2013 (January 28, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/762412.

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Disease control is largely based on the use of fungicides, bactericides, and insecticides—chemical compounds toxic to plant invaders, causative agents, or vectors of plant diseases. However, the hazardous effect of these chemicals or their degradation products on the environment and human health strongly necessitates the search for new, harmless means of disease control. There must be some natural phenomenon of induced resistance to protect plants from disease. Elicitors are compounds, which activate chemical defense in plants. Various biosynthetic pathways are activated in treated plants depe

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6

Ravirala, Ramani S., Ravi D. Barabote, David M. Wheeler, et al. "Efflux Pump Gene Expression in Erwinia chrysanthemi Is Induced by Exposure to Phenolic Acids." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 20, no. 3 (2007): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-20-3-0313.

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Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling molecule in local and systemic plant resistance. Following infection by microbial pathogens and the initial oxidative burst in plants, SA accumulation functions in the amplification of defense gene expression. Production of pathogenesis-related proteins and toxic antimicrobial chemicals serves to protect the plant from infection. Successful microbial pathogens utilize a variety of mechanisms to rid themselves of toxic antimicrobial compounds. Important among these mechanisms are multidrug-resistance pumps that bring about the active efflux of toxic

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7

Konno, Kotaro. "Plant latex and other exudates as plant defense systems: Roles of various defense chemicals and proteins contained therein." Phytochemistry 72, no. 13 (2011): 1510–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.016.

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8

Yanar, Oğuzhan, and Elif Fatma Topkara. "Bitki Sekonder Maddelerinin Herbivor Böceklere Etkileri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i2.153-158.987.

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Plants have developed mechanical and chemical defense strategies that are effective against herbivores. Plants contain chemicals that are known as secondary metabolites (allelochemical) and these chemicals do not directly involve in organisms’ reproduction and growth, on the other hand, they affect survival, growth and behavior of species. These compounds usually take ecological tasks and plants use these compounds against diseases, parasites, and predators for interspecies competition. It is known through the observations on feeding of herbivorous insects that these compounds act as deterrent

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9

Adhipathi, P., S. Nakkeeran, P. Renuka Devi, R. Velazhahan, and T. Raguchander. "PGPR Induced Differencial Expression of Defence Enzymes Regulating Resistance Against Colletotrichum Capsici in Turmeric." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 4, no. 2 (2014): 358–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v4i2.5002.

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Plant growth promoting Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BaTNAU5 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Pf3TNAU were evaluated in turmeric for induction defence by differential expression of defence enzymes against Colletotrichum capsici. Further the activity and quantitative assay of the defense enzymes peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Î²â€‘1,3-glucanase, chitinase, catalase and defense-inducing chemicals (total phenols) significantly increased with soil and foliar application of B. amyloliquefaciens (BaTNAU5) and P. fluorescens (Pf3TNAU). Western blo

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10

Kong, Chui-Hua, Tran Dang Xuan, Tran Dang Khanh, Hoang-Dung Tran, and Nguyen Thanh Trung. "Allelochemicals and Signaling Chemicals in Plants." Molecules 24, no. 15 (2019): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152737.

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Plants abound with active ingredients. Among these natural constituents, allelochemicals and signaling chemicals that are released into the environments play important roles in regulating the interactions between plants and other organisms. Allelochemicals participate in the defense of plants against microbial attack, herbivore predation, and/or competition with other plants, most notably in allelopathy, which affects the establishment of competing plants. Allelochemicals could be leads for new pesticide discovery efforts. Signaling chemicals are involved in plant neighbor detection or pest id

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11

Bomblies, Kirsten. "Too much of a good thing? Hybrid necrosis as a by-product of plant immune system diversification." Botany 87, no. 11 (2009): 1013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-072.

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Plants defend themselves against their enemies with an impressive arsenal of physical barriers, surveillance and defense proteins, enzymes, and toxic chemicals. Many different molecules are involved in the detection of invaders, suggesting that pathogen pressure selects for a broad array of defense strategies and a high diversity of recognition specificities in host species. Recent results in plants, however, show that immune system diversification can also have negative consequences; epistatic interactions among divergent immune system components can cause hybrid necrosis, a form of genetic i

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12

Li, Jian, Ting Long, Tie-Jun Sun, et al. "A Pyrimidin-Like Plant Activator Stimulates Plant Disease Resistance and Promotes the Synthesis of Primary Metabolites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (2020): 2705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082705.

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Plant activators are chemicals that induce plant defense responses to various pathogens. Here, we reported a new potential plant activator, 6-(methoxymethyl)-2-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyl] pyrimidin-4-ol, named PPA2 (pyrimidin-type plant activator 2). Unlike the traditional commercial plant activator benzothiadiazole S-methyl ester (BTH), PPA2 was fully soluble in water, and it did not inhibit plant growth or root system development in rice (Oryza sativa). PPA2 pretreatment significantly increased plant resistance against bacterial infection in both Arabidopsis and rice, in conjunction with

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13

Zhang, Hehong, Yuqing He, Xiaoxiang Tan, et al. "The Dual Effect of the Brassinosteroid Pathway on Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus Infection by Modulating the Peroxidase-Mediated Oxidative Burst and Plant Defense." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 6 (2019): 685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0285-r.

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The phytohormone brassinosteroid (BR) not only plays key roles in regulating plant growth and development but is also involved in modulating the plant defense system in response to pathogens. We previously found that BR application made rice plants more susceptible to the devastating pathogen rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), but the mechanism of BR-mediated susceptibility remains unclear. We now show that both BR-deficient and -insensitive mutants are resistant to RBSDV infection. High-throughput sequencing showed that the defense hormone salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways were

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14

Cheng, Dandan, Viet-Thang Nguyen, Noel Ndihokubwayo, Jiwen Ge, and Patrick P. J. Mulder. "Pyrrolizidine alkaloid variation in Senecio vulgaris populations from native and invasive ranges." PeerJ 5 (August 14, 2017): e3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3686.

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Biological invasion is regarded as one of the greatest environmental problems facilitated by globalization. Some hypotheses about the invasive mechanisms of alien invasive plants consider the plant–herbivore interaction and the role of plant defense in this interaction. For example, the “Shift Defense Hypothesis” (SDH) argues that introduced plants evolve higher levels of qualitative defense chemicals and decreased levels of quantitative defense, as they are released of the selective pressures from specialist herbivores but still face attack from generalists. Common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris

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15

Nechols, James R., Ashley R. Hough, David C. Margolies, et al. "Effect of Temperature on Plant Resistance to Arthropod Pests." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 3 (2020): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa033.

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Abstract Temperature has a strong influence on the development, survival, and fecundity of herbivorous arthropods, and it plays a key role in regulating the growth and development of their host plants. In addition, temperature affects the production of plant secondary chemicals as well as structural characteristics used for defense against herbivores. Thus, temperature has potentially important implications for host plant resistance. Because temperature directly impacts arthropod pests, both positively and negatively, distinguishing direct effects from indirect effects mediated through host pl

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16

Mehta, Sahil, Amrita Chakraborty, Amit Roy, Indrakant K. Singh, and Archana Singh. "Fight Hard or Die Trying: Current Status of Lipid Signaling during Plant–Pathogen Interaction." Plants 10, no. 6 (2021): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061098.

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Plant diseases pose a substantial threat to food availability, accessibility, and security as they account for economic losses of nearly $300 billion on a global scale. Although various strategies exist to reduce the impact of diseases, they can introduce harmful chemicals to the food chain and have an impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and exploit the plants’ immune systems to control the spread of pathogens and enable sustainable agriculture. Recently, growing pieces of evidence suggest a functional myriad of lipids to be involved in providing structural inte

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17

Mason, Charles J., John J. Couture, and Kenneth F. Raffa. "Plant-associated bacteria degrade defense chemicals and reduce their adverse effects on an insect defoliator." Oecologia 175, no. 3 (2014): 901–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2950-6.

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18

Traw, M. Brian, and Nancy Gift. "Environmental Microbiology: Tannins & Microbial Decomposition of Leaves on the Forest Floor." American Biology Teacher 72, no. 8 (2010): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2010.72.8.9.

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Tannins are plant chemicals that humans find useful in products as diverse as tea and leather. Why do plants produce these compounds? One possible answer is defense against pathogens and herbivores. In this series of laboratory exercises, student inquiry begins with a simple question: What happens to the multitude of leaves that drop each autumn? This inquiry brings students from the outdoors to the laboratory, where they observe differences in leaf decomposition rates and the natural abundance of bacteria and tannin concentrations in leaf tissues of red oak, white oak, and tulip poplar. In th

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19

Abu-Bakar, Norliza, Nor Mustaiqazah Juri, Ros Azrinawati Hana Abu-Bakar, et al. "Recombinant Protein Foliar Application Activates Systemic Acquired Resistance and Increases Tolerance against Papaya Dieback Disease." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 11, no. 1 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.ajard.2021.111.1.9.

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Similar to animals, plants possess ‘immune memory’ in response to invading pathogens that lead to enhanced defense reaction following pathogen exposure. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a well-characterized type of plant immunity and is associated with coordinated expression of a set of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and proteins also known as SAR markers. Induction of SAR in plants was shown to be initiated by group of chemicals and biological compounds known as SAR inducers that can be used for the management of important plant diseases. Elucidation and characterization of potential SA

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20

Oliveira, Louise M. S., Clebia M. A. Almeida, Alexandre Gomes da Silva, et al. "Extracts From Leaves of Allamanda blanchetti Inducing Mechanism of Defense to Diseases in Sugarcane." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 3 (2019): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n3p282.

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This research aims to analyze the effect of the extract from a native plant from Caatinga, Allamanda blanchetti, in the induction of resistance mechanisms in a sugarcane variety smut-susceptible. Initially, it carried out a phytochemical analysis to know the main plant compounds used in this study. Diverse chemicals content in ethanolic extract from A. blanchetii were detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Flavonoids, were more abundant compounds following by terpenes, stereroids and saponins. Under greenhouse conditions the sugarcane plants, SP-791011 (smut-susceptible), were sprayed wi

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21

Ootani, Marcio Akio, Raimundo Wagner de Sousa Aguiar, Antônio Carlos Costa Ramos, Deyvid Rocha Brito, Jessica Batista da Silva, and João Paulo Cajazeira. "Utilização de Óleos Essenciais na Agricultura." Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 4, no. 2 (2013): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/jbb.uft.cemaf.v4n2.ootani.

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Essential oils are alternative to control pathogenic agents, agricultural pests and weeds, with the use of pesticides in agriculture has been an important tool in the control of many pathogenic microorganisms and plants to increase production, but the indiscriminate use of these chemicals has negatively affected the environment and human health. It has been researched lately, demand for new plants with metabolic molecules such as terpenes, alkaloids and phenolic compounds, in effect; bioinsecticide, biofungicide bioherbicida and plants that can replace chemicals or with low or no residual powe

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ANUSUYA, Sathiyanarayanan, та Muthukrishnan SATHIYABAMA. "Induced Chitinase and Chitosanase Activities in Turmeric Plants by Application of β-D-Glucan Nanoparticles". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 7, № 3 (2015): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb739579.

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The chitinase and chitosanase activities after β-D-glucan nanoparticle (GNP) application turmeric plants (leaves and rhizomes) were measured. Foliar spray of GNP (0.1%, w/v) elicited marked an increase in the activity levels of chitinases and chitosanases. Such a growth of enzyme activities was enhanced by subsequent spraying GNP on turmeric leaves at regular intervals. Application of β-D-glucan nanoparticles enhanced the level of defense related enzymes in leaves and rhizomes, which correlated well with new isoforms of the enzymes. Qualitative differences in isoforms of these defense enzymes

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23

Pane, Catello, Michele Caputo, Gianluca Francese, et al. "Managing Rhizoctonia Damping-Off of Rocket (Eruca sativa) Seedlings by Drench Application of Bioactive Potato Leaf Phytochemical Extracts." Biology 9, no. 9 (2020): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9090270.

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Plants produce a huge array of secondary metabolites that play a key role in defense mechanisms against detrimental microorganisms and herbivores, and represent a suitable alternative to synthetic fungicides in sustainable agriculture. In this work, twelve crude hydroethanolic extracts derived from leaves of different potato cultivars were chemically characterized by LC/MS and their antioxidant properties were investigated in vitro. Furthermore, the biological activity against the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Extracts showed the ability to inhibit

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Jones, Clive G., Douglas W. Whitman, Steve J. Compton, Peter J. Silk, and Murray S. Blum. "Reduction in diet breadth results in sequestration of plant chemicals and increases efficacy of chemical defense in a generalist grasshopper." Journal of Chemical Ecology 15, no. 6 (1989): 1811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01012268.

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25

Sabitova, R. I., E. D. Kravets, E. F. Galiullina, et al. "Assessment of the body’s nonspecific defense in workers exposed to noxious factors of chemical and petrochemical industry." Kazan medical journal 97, no. 5 (2016): 784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2016-784.

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Aim. To study the processes of free-radical oxidation, antioxidant defense, energy metabolism, electrolyte metabolism, and cytokine system reflecting the state of the non-specific defense of the body in workers exposed to complex of toxic substances under the conditions of manufacturing, substantiating the importance of indicators of preclinical diagnosis of disease development risk.Methods. The study included 90 workers of JSC «Experimental Plant Neftekhim», 95 workers of JSC «Kaustic» and 101 workers of JSC «Ufa plant of elastomeric materials, products and structures». Materials for the stud

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Sinha, Mau, Rashmi Prabha Singh, Gajraj Singh Kushwaha, et al. "Current Overview of Allergens of Plant Pathogenesis Related Protein Families." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/543195.

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Pathogenesis related (PR) proteins are one of the major sources of plant derived allergens. These proteins are induced by the plants as a defense response system in stress conditions like microbial and insect infections, wounding, exposure to harsh chemicals, and atmospheric conditions. However, some plant tissues that are more exposed to environmental conditions like UV irradiation and insect or fungal attacks express these proteins constitutively. These proteins are mostly resistant to proteases and most of them show considerable stability at low pH. Many of these plant pathogenesis related

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27

Moungsrimuangdee, Boontida, Hiroyuki Moriwaki, Masanori Nakayama, Shintaro Nishigaki, and Fukuju Yamamoto. "Effects of injection of Ethrel, methyl jasmonate, and salicylates and Raffaelea Quercivora inoculation on sapwood discoloration in Quercus Serrata." IAWA Journal 32, no. 1 (2011): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000041.

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Ethrel (Et), methyl jasmonate (MJ), methyl salicylate (MS), sodium salicylate NS), and mixed combinations of these chemicals were horizontally injected into stems to induce defense responses in Quercus serrata Thunb. Four months after wounding with the application of those chemicals, the extent of sapwood discoloration was observed in tangential and axial directions. The combination of MJ and Et (MJ+Et) induced the greatest discoloration among all treatments. Sodium salicylate (NS) or methyl salicylate (MS) alone increased the discolored area to a lesser degree than did MJ, but defensive respo

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Migunova, Varvara D., and Nicola Sasanelli. "Bacteria as Biocontrol Tool against Phytoparasitic Nematodes." Plants 10, no. 2 (2021): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020389.

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Phytoparasitic nematodes cause severe damage and yield losses to numerous agricultural crops. Considering the revision of the EU legislation on the use of pesticides on agricultural crops, control strategies with low environmental impact are required. The approach based on the use of bacteria seems particularly promising as it also helps to reduce the applied amounts of chemicals and stabilize ecological changes. This paper gives an overview of the main types of bacteria that can be used as biological control agents against plant parasitic nematodes and their interrelationships with plants and

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Hayat, Sikandar, Husain Ahmad, Muhammad Ali, Kashif Hayat, Muhammad Khan, and Zhihui Cheng. "Aqueous Garlic Extract as a Plant Biostimulant Enhances Physiology, Improves Crop Quality and Metabolite Abundance, and Primes the Defense Responses of Receiver Plants." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (2018): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091505.

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Biostimulants are the next-generation choice for sustainable agricultural production and are gradually becoming an alternative to synthetic chemicals. Various botanicals are proposed to exert stimulatory effects, and garlic allelochemicals are among such botanicals; however, a peer-reviewed scientific evaluation is required to understand garlic-derived substances such as biostimulants. Current studies were therefore performed to identify the bioactivity of garlic extract as a biostimulant to improve crop quality, alter its physiological potential, and prime its defense responses against pathog

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Lekota, Moleboheng, Kehumile J. Modisane, Zeno Apostolides, and Jacquie E. van der Waals. "Metabolomic Fingerprinting of Potato Cultivars Differing in Susceptibility to Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea Root Infection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11 (2020): 3788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113788.

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Plants defend themselves from pathogens by producing bioactive defense chemicals. The biochemical mechanisms relating to quantitative resistance of potato to root infection by Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (Sss) are, however, not understood, and are not efficiently utilized in potato breeding programs. Untargeted metabolomics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was used to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms of susceptibility to Sss root infection. Potato roots and root exudate metabolic profiles o

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Chen, Lei, Shu-Jian Zhang, Shao-Song Zhang, et al. "A Fragment of the Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola Harpin HpaGXooc Reduces Disease and Increases Yield of Rice in Extensive Grower Plantings." Phytopathology® 98, no. 7 (2008): 792–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-7-0792.

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Harpins of phytopathogenic bacteria stimulate defense and plant growth in many types of plants, conferring disease resistance and enhanced yield. In a previous study, we characterized nine fragments of the harpin protein HpaGXooc from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola for plant defense elicitation and plant growth stimulation activity relative to the intact protein. In plants grown under controlled conditions, the fragment HpaG10-42 was more active in both regards than HpaGXooc. Here, we demonstrate that the activity of HpaG10-42 in rice under field conditions significantly exceeds that of HpaG

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Jahangeer, Muhammad, Rameen Fatima, Mehvish Ashiq, et al. "Therapeutic and Biomedical Potentialities of Terpenoids – A Review." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 2 (2021): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.2.04.

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Terpenoids are the most diverse and largest class of chemicals of the innumerable plant-based compounds. Plants carry out a number of essential growth and production functions using terpenoid metabolites. In contrast, most terpenoids are used in the abiotic and biotic systems for complex chemical interactions and defense. Terpenoids derived from plants mostly used humans for pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries in the past. However, recently biofuel products have been developed by terpenoids. The metabolism of high-quality terpenoids in plants and microbes is facilitated in synthetic

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Sobral, Mar, Luis Sampedro, Isabelle Neylan, David Siemens, and Rodolfo Dirzo. "Phenotypic plasticity in plant defense across life stages: Inducibility, transgenerational induction, and transgenerational priming in wild radish." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 33 (2021): e2005865118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005865118.

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As they develop, many plants deploy shifts in antiherbivore defense allocation due to changing costs and benefits of their defensive traits. Plant defenses are known to be primed or directly induced by herbivore damage within generations and across generations by long-lasting epigenetic mechanisms. However, little is known about the differences between life stages of epigenetically inducible defensive traits across generations. To help fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a multigenerational experiment to determine whether defense induction in wild radish plants was reflected in chromatin mod

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Srivastava, Akhil, Il Kyu Cho, and Yangrae Cho. "The Bdtf1 Gene in Alternaria brassicicola Is Important in Detoxifying Brassinin and Maintaining Virulence on Brassica Species." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 12 (2013): 1429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-13-0186-r.

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Brassinin is an antifungal compound induced in Brassica plants after microbial infection. Molecular evidence is incomplete, however, in supporting the importance of brassinin in plant resistance to pathogens. To test the importance of brassinin in plant defense, we studied the functions of the gene Bdtf1 in the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Several strains of mutants of this gene were weakly virulent on Brassica species, causing lesions 70% smaller in diameter than the wild type on three Brassica species. These mutants, however, were as virulent as the wild type on Arabidopsis t

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Thind, Sumaira, Iqbal Hussain, Shafaqat Ali, Rizwan Rasheed, and Muhammad Arslan Ashraf. "Silicon Application Modulates Growth, Physio-Chemicals, and Antioxidants in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Exposed to Different Cadmium Regimes." Dose-Response 19, no. 2 (2021): 155932582110146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15593258211014646.

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Silicon (Si) application enhanced the tolerance of plants against different environmental stresses. Therefore, objective of the study revealed that foliar applied Si alleviates the adverse effect of Cd by enhancing the growth, metabolite accumulation, strengthening the antioxidant defense system, reducing oxidative injury, improving plant nutrient status, and decreasing the Cd uptake in wheat. The surface sterilized seeds of Sahar-2006 (tolerant) and Inqalab-91 (sensitive) having the differential metal tolerance capacity were sown in plastic pots containing normal and Cd spiked sandy loamy soi

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Vasanthi,, H. R., N. ShriShriMal, and D. K. Das. "Retraction Notice: Phytochemicals from Plants to Combat Cardiovascular Disease." Current Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 14 (2012): 2242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986712800229078.

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For many decades, the use of synthetic chemicals as drugs has been effective in the treatment of most diseases. Moreover, from ancient to modern history, many traditional plant based medicines are playing an important role in health care. Phytochemicals are natural bioactive compounds found in vegetables, fruits, medicinal plants, aromatic plants, leaves, flowers and roots which act as a defense system to combat against diseases. The phytochemicals from natural products cover a diverse range of chemical entities such as polyphenols, flavonoids, steroidal saponins, organosulphur compounds and v

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Dalling, James W., Adam S. Davis, A. Elizabeth Arnold, Carolina Sarmiento, and Paul-Camilo Zalamea. "Extending Plant Defense Theory to Seeds." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 51, no. 1 (2020): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012120-115156.

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Plant defense theory explores how plants invest in defenses against natural enemies but has focused primarily on the traits expressed by juvenile and mature plants. Here we describe the diverse ways in which seeds are chemically and physically defended. We suggest that through associations with other traits, seeds are likely to exhibit defense syndromes that reflect constraints or trade-offs imposed by selection to attract dispersers, enable effective dispersal, ensure appropriate timing of seed germination, and enhance seedling performance. We draw attention to seed and reproductive traits th

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Slazak, Blazej, Tobias Haugmo, Bogna Badyra, and Ulf Göransson. "The life cycle of cyclotides: biosynthesis and turnover in plant cells." Plant Cell Reports 39, no. 10 (2020): 1359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-020-02569-1.

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Abstract Key message Turnover rates have implications for understanding cyclotide biology and improving plant cell culture-based production systems. Abstract Cyclotides are a family of polypeptides recognized for a broad spectrum of bioactivities. The cyclic, cystine knot structural motif imparts these peptides with resistance to temperature, chemicals and proteolysis. Cyclotides are found widely distributed across the Violaceae and in five other plant families, where their presumed biological role is host defense. Violets produce mixtures of different cyclotides that vary depending on the org

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Schramm, Sebastian, Nikolai Köhler, and Wilfried Rozhon. "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Occurrence in Crop Plants." Molecules 24, no. 3 (2019): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030498.

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are heterocyclic secondary metabolites with a typical pyrrolizidine motif predominantly produced by plants as defense chemicals against herbivores. They display a wide structural diversity and occur in a vast number of species with novel structures and occurrences continuously being discovered. These alkaloids exhibit strong hepatotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, tumorigenic, and neurotoxic activities, and thereby pose a serious threat to the health of humans since they are known contaminants of foods including grain, milk, honey, and eggs, as well as plant derived ph

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Hafeez, Muhammad, Sisi Liu, Saad Jan, et al. "Knock-Down of Gossypol-Inducing Cytochrome P450 Genes Reduced Deltamethrin Sensitivity in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (2019): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092248.

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Plants employ an intricate and dynamic defense system that includes physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to counteract the effects of herbivorous attacks. In addition to their tolerance to phytotoxins, beet armyworm has quickly developed resistance to deltamethrin; a widely used pyrethroid insecticide in cotton fields. The lethal concentration (LC50) required to kill 50% of the population of deltamethrin to gossypol-fed Spodoptera exigua larvae was 2.34-fold higher than the control group, suggesting a reduced sensitivity as a consequence of the gossypol diet. Piperonyl butoxide

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Nawaz, Khadija, Rimsha Chaudhary, Ayesha Sarwar, et al. "Melatonin as Master Regulator in Plant Growth, Development and Stress Alleviator for Sustainable Agricultural Production: Current Status and Future Perspectives." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (2020): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010294.

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Melatonin, a multifunctional signaling molecule, is ubiquitously distributed in different parts of a plant and responsible for stimulating several physiochemical responses against adverse environmental conditions in various plant systems. Melatonin acts as an indoleamine neurotransmitter and is primarily considered as an antioxidant agent that can control reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in plants. Melatonin, being a signaling agent, induces several specific physiological responses in plants that might serve to enhance photosynthesis, growth, carbon fixation, rooting, seed germination and

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Beccaccioli, Marzia, Manuel Salustri, Valeria Scala, et al. "The Effect of Fusarium verticillioides Fumonisins on Fatty Acids, Sphingolipids, and Oxylipins in Maize Germlings." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (2021): 2435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052435.

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Fusarium verticillioides causes multiple diseases of Zea mays (maize) including ear and seedling rots, contaminates seeds and seed products worldwide with toxic chemicals called fumonisins. The role of fumonisins in disease is unclear because, although they are not required for ear rot, they are required for seedling diseases. Disease symptoms may be due to the ability of fumonisins to inhibit ceramide synthase activity, the expected cause of lipids (fatty acids, oxylipins, and sphingolipids) alteration in infected plants. In this study, we explored the impact of fumonisins on fatty acid, oxyl

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Sakauchi, Ko, Wataru Taira, and Joji M. Otaki. "Metabolomic Response of the Creeping Wood Sorrel Oxalis corniculata to Low-Dose Radiation Exposure from Fukushima’s Contaminated Soil." Life 11, no. 9 (2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090990.

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The biological consequences of the Fukushima nuclear accident have been intensively studied using the pale grass blue butterfly Zizeeria maha and its host plant, the creeping wood sorrel Oxalis corniculata. Here, we performed metabolomic analyses of Oxalis leaves from Okinawa to examine the plant metabolites that were upregulated or downregulated in response to low-dose radiation exposure from Fukushima’s contaminated soil. The cumulative dose of radiation to the plants was 5.7 mGy (34 μGy/h for 7 days). The GC-MS analysis revealed a systematic tendency of downregulation among the metabolites,

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Schreiber, Karl J., Charles G. Nasmith, Ghislaine Allard, Jasbir Singh, Rajagopal Subramaniam, and Darrell Desveaux. "Found in Translation: High-Throughput Chemical Screening in Arabidopsis thaliana Identifies Small Molecules That Reduce Fusarium Head Blight Disease in Wheat." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 6 (2011): 640–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-10-0210.

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Despite the tremendous economic impact of cereal crop pathogens such as the fungus Fusarium graminearum, the development of strategies for enhanced crop protection is hampered by complex host genetics and difficulties in performing high-throughput analyses. To bypass these challenges, we have developed an assay in which the interaction between F. graminearum and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is monitored in liquid media in 96-well plates. In this assay, fungal infection is associated with the development of dark lesion-like spots on the cotyledons of Arabidopsis seedlings by 4 days post

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Lima, T. E., A. L. B. Sartori, and M. L. M. Rodrigues. "Plant antiherbivore defenses in Fabaceae species of the Chaco." Brazilian Journal of Biology 77, no. 2 (2016): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.12815.

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Abstract The establishment and maintenance of plant species in the Chaco, one of the widest continuous areas of forests in the South American with sharp climatic variations, are possibly related to biological features favoring plants with particular defenses. This study assesses the physical and chemical defenses mechanisms against herbivores of vegetative and reproductive organs. Its analyses of 12 species of Fabaceae (Leguminosae) collected in remnants of Brazilian Chaco shows that 75% present structural defense characters and 50% have chemical defense – defense proteins in their seeds, like

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Callis-Duehl, Kristine L., Heather J. McAuslane, Adrian J. Duehl, and Douglas J. Levey. "The Effects of Silica Fertilizer as an Anti-Herbivore Defense in Cucumber." Journal of Horticultural Research 25, no. 1 (2017): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johr-2017-0010.

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AbstractThis study aims to improve our understanding of silicon’s role in deterring herbivores from Cucumis sativa. We hypothesized that silicon’s role in plant defense is due to the presence of silica augmenting other physical and/or chemical defenses used by the plant. Using C. sativa plants treated with either a silica fertilizer treatment (Si+) or a control solution (Si-), we monitored feeding preferences of two types of herbivores, a chewing herbivore (Diabrotica balteata) and a piercing/sucking herbivore (Bemisia tabaci). Leaves from treatment plants were visited less and eaten less than

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Naziya, Banu, Mahadevamurthy Murali, and Kestur Nagaraj Amruthesh. "Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi (PGPF) Instigate Plant Growth and Induce Disease Resistance in Capsicum annuum L. upon Infection with Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby." Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010041.

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In the current study, a total of 70 fungi were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of chilli collected from six different districts of south Karnataka, India. All the rhizospheric fungi were evaluated for its antagonistic nature against Colletotrichum capsici—the causal agent of anthracnose disease—and eight isolates were found positive. The antagonistic fungi were further characterized for the production of plant growth-promoting traits wherein five isolates were recorded positive for all the traits tested and were also positive for root colonization. All five plant growth-promoting fungi (PGP

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Hussain, Mubasher, Jing Gao, Summyya Bano, et al. "Diamondback Moth Larvae Trigger Host Plant Volatiles that Lure Its Adult Females for Oviposition." Insects 11, no. 11 (2020): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110725.

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The diamondback moth (DBM) is a destructive pest of crucifer crops. In this study, DBM larvae shown to herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that were attractive to adult females exposed in a Y-tube olfactometer. Our results showed that olfactory responses of adult females to HIPVs induced by third instar larvae feeding on Barbarea vulgaris were significantly higher (20.40 ± 1.78; mean moths (%) ± SD) than those induced by first instar larvae (14.80 ± 1.86; mean moths (%) ± SD). Meanwhile, a significant concentration of Sulphur-containing isothiocyanate, 3-methylsulfinylpropyl isothiocyana

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Sugiyama, Ryosuke, Rui Li, Ayuko Kuwahara, et al. "Retrograde sulfur flow from glucosinolates to cysteine in Arabidopsis thaliana." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 22 (2021): e2017890118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017890118.

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Specialized (secondary) metabolic pathways in plants have long been considered one-way routes of leading primary metabolite precursors to bioactive end products. Conversely, endogenous degradation of such “end” products in plant tissues has been observed following environmental stimuli, including nutrition stress. Therefore, it is of general interest whether specialized metabolites can be reintegrated into primary metabolism to recover the invested resources, especially in the case of nitrogen- or sulfur-rich compounds. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous glucosinolates (GLs), a class of sulf

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Maina, Sylvia, Gerald Misinzo, Gaymary Bakari, and Ho-Youn Kim. "Human, Animal and Plant Health Benefits of Glucosinolates and Strategies for Enhanced Bioactivity: A Systematic Review." Molecules 25, no. 16 (2020): 3682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163682.

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Glucosinolates (GSs) are common anionic plant secondary metabolites in the order Brassicales. Together with glucosinolate hydrolysis products (GSHPs), they have recently gained much attention due to their biological activities and mechanisms of action. We review herein the health benefits of GSs/GSHPs, approaches to improve the plant contents, their bioavailability and bioactivity. In this review, only literature published between 2010 and March 2020 was retrieved from various scientific databases. Findings indicate that these compounds (natural, pure, synthetic, and derivatives) play an impor

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