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1
Ushiki, Jun, Satoshi Tahara, Yoshihiko Hayakawa, and Toshiaki Tadano. "Medicinal plants for suppressing soil-borne plant diseases." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 44, no. 2 (June 1998): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1998.10414436.
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Goss, Erica M., Amy E. Kendig, Ashish Adhikari, Brett Lane, Nicholas Kortessis, Robert D. Holt, Keith Clay, Philip F. Harmon, and S. Luke Flory. "Disease in Invasive Plant Populations." Annual Review of Phytopathology 58, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012757.
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Non-native invasive plants can establish in natural areas, where they can be ecologically damaging and costly to manage. Like cultivated plants, invasive plants can experience a relatively disease-free period upon introduction and accumulate pathogens over time. Diseases of invasive plant populations are infrequently studied compared to diseases of agriculture, forestry, and even native plant populations. We evaluated similarities and differences in the processes that are likely to affect pathogen accumulation and disease in invasive plants compared to cultivated plants, which are the dominant focus of the field of plant pathology. Invasive plants experience more genetic, biotic, and abiotic variation across space and over time than cultivated plants, which is expected to stabilize the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of interactions with pathogens and possibly weaken the efficacy of infectious disease in their control. Although disease is expected to be context dependent, the widespread distribution of invasive plants makes them important pathogen reservoirs. Research on invasive plant diseases can both protect crops and help manage invasive plant populations.
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Chakraborty, Sukumar. "Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants." Australasian Plant Pathology 26, no. 2 (June 1997): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03213692.
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Ampatzidis, Yiannis, Luigi De Bellis, and Andrea Luvisi. "iPathology: Robotic Applications and Management of Plants and Plant Diseases." Sustainability 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2017): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9061010.
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Wang, Ming-Bo, Chikara Masuta, Neil A. Smith, and Hanako Shimura. "RNA Silencing and Plant Viral Diseases." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 25, no. 10 (October 2012): 1275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-04-12-0093-cr.
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RNA silencing plays a critical role in plant resistance against viruses, with multiple silencing factors participating in antiviral defense. Both RNA and DNA viruses are targeted by the small RNA-directed RNA degradation pathway, with DNA viruses being also targeted by RNA-directed DNA methylation. To evade RNA silencing, plant viruses have evolved a variety of counter-defense mechanisms such as expressing RNA-silencing suppressors or adopting silencing-resistant RNA structures. This constant defense–counter defense arms race is likely to have played a major role in defining viral host specificity and in shaping viral and possibly host genomes. Recent studies have provided evidence that RNA silencing also plays a direct role in viral disease induction in plants, with viral RNA-silencing suppressors and viral siRNAs as potentially the dominant players in viral pathogenicity. However, questions remain as to whether RNA silencing is the principal mediator of viral pathogenicity or if other RNA-silencing-independent mechanisms also account for viral disease induction. RNA silencing has been exploited as a powerful tool for engineering virus resistance in plants as well as in animals. Further understanding of the role of RNA silencing in plant–virus interactions and viral symptom induction is likely to result in novel anti-viral strategies in both plants and animals.
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Rahim, Robbi, Nuning Nurna Dewi S, M. Zamroni, Lilla Puji Lestari, Muh Barid Nizarudin Wajdi, G. Gunawan, Irwan Irwan, et al. "Pest Plant Disease Prevention and Identification System Using Certainty Factor Method." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.18750.
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Diseases in plants are something that can happen to many plants either caused by pests or other factors, the disease in plants can be detected based on the symptoms that appear on the plant before spreading to all plants, to recognize the symptoms and types of diseases contained in plants require plant experts or also by applying expert systems with expert knowledge base applied to the system by using certain methods such as certainty factor method. Expected results with the availability of this expert system to the user can help many users to detect diseases in plants.
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Mohammed Jasim Al-Akkam, Reem, and Mohammed Sahib Mahdi Altaei. "Classification of Plants Leaf Diseases using Convolutional Neural Network." Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/anjs.24.2.09.
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Agriculture is one of the most important professions in many countries, including Iraq, as the Iraqi financial system depends on agricultural production and great attention should be paid to concerns about agricultural production. Because plants are exposed to many diseases and monitoring plant diseases with the help of specialists in the agricultural region can be very expensive. There is a need for a system capable of automatically detecting diseases. The aim of the research proposed is to create a model that classifies and predicts leaf diseases in plants. This model is based on a convolution network, which is a kind of deep learning. The dataset used in this study called (Plant Village) was downloaded from the kaggle website. The dataset contains 34,934 RGB images, and the deep CNN model can efficiently classify 15 different classes of healthy and diseased plants using the leaf images. The model used techniques to augment data and dropout. The Soft max output layer was used with the categorical cross-entropy loss function to apply the CNN model proposed with the Adam optimization technique. The results obtained by the proposed model were 97.42% in the training phase and 96.18% in the testing phase.
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Monigari, Vaishnavi. "Plant Leaf Disease Prediction." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 15, 2021): 1295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36582.
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The Indian economy relies heavily on agriculture productivity. A lot is at stake when a plant is struck with a disease that causes a significant loss in production, economic losses, and a reduction in the quality and quantity of agricultural products. It is crucial to identify plant diseases in order to prevent the loss of agricultural yield and quantity. Currently, more and more attention has been paid to plant diseases detection in monitoring the large acres of crops. Monitoring the health of the plants and detecting diseases is crucial for sustainable agriculture. Plant diseases are challenging to monitor manually as it requires a great deal of work, expertise on plant diseases, and excessive processing time. Hence, this can be achieved by utilizing image processing techniques for plant disease detection. These techniques include image acquisition, image filtering, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. Convolutional Neural Network’s(CNN) are the state of the art in image recognition and have the ability to give prompt and definitive diagnoses. We trained a deep convolutional neural network using 20639 images on 15 folders of diseased and healthy plant leaves. This project aims to develop an optimal and more accurate method for detecting diseases of plants by analysing leaf images.
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Priya, Shiva, M. Alekha, U. Saikiran, T. Sivakrishnateja, and B. Kasikumar Reddy. "Real Time Automation of Agriculture for Detecting Plant Diseases." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8415.
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In agricultural land, there are lot of plants affected by number of diseases. Just like we can get sick, plants can get sick too and sometimes, the same type of things that make us sick can affect our green companions. A sick plant can even look under the weather. Its leaves may wilt or have holes in it. Early data on leaf well-being and sickness discovery can encourage the control of illnesses through legitimate administration techniques. If not treated, these plants may succumb to the disease and perish. Pathogens are any organism that makes plants ill, whether it be another animal such as an insect, or smaller organisms such as bacteria and viruses. Normally we have to check each and every plant to identify the plant disease. And we treat disease by various methods like MILK SPRAY, ELDER LEAF SPRAY, HORSERADISHSPRAY, BAKING SODA… etc. This proposed system solves these problems so that we can automatically detect plant diseases and can apply self-treatment. This paper presents a method for early detection of leaf diseases in plants based on some important features extracted from its leaf images. Here we use BEAGLE BONE BLACK DEVICE which stores healthy leaf images and compare it with current images which is called IMAGE PROCESSING. So after image processing, if the disease leaves are found, then it enables auto medicining. Medicine supply is enabled through Sprinkler or Drip irrigation method, climatic conditions. To avoid spreading the diseases, Temperature sensors and moisture sensors are used. These sensors control spreading diseases.
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Mahlein, A.-K., M. T. Kuska, S. Thomas, D. Bohnenkamp, E. Alisaac, J. Behmann, M. Wahabzada, and K. Kersting. "Plant disease detection by hyperspectral imaging: from the lab to the field." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017001248.
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The detection and identification of plant diseases is a fundamental task in sustainable crop production. An accurate estimate of disease incidence, disease severity and negative effects on yield quality and quantity is important for precision crop production, horticulture, plant breeding or fungicide screening as well as in basic and applied plant research. Particularly hyperspectral imaging of diseased plants offers insight into processes during pathogenesis. By hyperspectral imaging and subsequent data analysis routines, it was possible to realize an early detection, identification and quantification of different relevant plant diseases. Depending on the measuring scale, even subtle processes of defence and resistance mechanism of plants could be evaluated. Within this scope, recent results from studies in barley, wheat and sugar beet and their relevant foliar diseases will be presented.
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Doukhanina, Elena V., Nestor R. Apuya, Hye-Dong Yoo, Chuan-Yin Wu, Patricia Davidow, Shannon Krueger, Richard B. Flavell, Richard Hamilton, and Steven C. Bobzin. "Expression of Human Nuclear Receptors in Plants for the Discovery of Plant-Derived Ligands." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 12, no. 3 (January 26, 2007): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057107299255.
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Plants have the potential to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites that have utility as drugs to treat human diseases. To tap this potential, functional human nuclear receptors have been expressed in plants to create in planta screening assays as a tool to discover natural product ligands. Assays have been designed and validated using 3 nuclear receptors: the estrogen receptor (ER), the androgen receptor (AR), and the heterodimeric retinoid X receptor-α plus thyroid hormone receptorβ (RXRA/THRB). Nuclear receptor—reporter constructs have been expressed in plants to detect the presence of natural ligands that are produced de novo in several plant species during different stages of development, in various tissues, and in response to different stress elicitors. Screening experiments with ER, AR, and RXRA/THRB have been conducted, leading to the identification of plant sources of natural product ligands of human nuclear receptors. This in planta screen has led to the identification of previously unreported ER ligands, providing evidence of the complementary value of this approach to current in vitro high-throughput screening assays. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2007:385-395)
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Sakr, Nachaat. "Silicon control of bacterial and viral diseases in plants." Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0052.
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AbstractSilicon plays an important role in providing tolerance to various abiotic stresses and augmenting plant resistance against diseases. However, there is a paucity of reports about the effect of silicon on bacterial and viral pathogens of plants. In general, the effect of silicon on plant resistance against bacterial diseases is considered to be due to either physical defense or increased biochemical defense. In this study, the interaction between silicon foliar or soil-treatments and reduced bacterial and viral severity was reviewed. The current review explains the agricultural importance of silicon in plants, refers to the control of bacterial pathogens in different crop plants by silicon application, and underlines the different mechanisms of silicon-enhanced resistance. A section about the effect of silicon in decreasing viral disease intensity was highlighted. By combining the data presented in this study, a better comprehension of the complex interaction between silicon foliar- or soil-applications and bacterial and viral plant diseases could be achieved.
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Rodrigues, Fabrício A., and Lawrence E. Datnoff. "Silicon and rice disease management." Fitopatologia Brasileira 30, no. 5 (October 2005): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000500001.
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The element silicon (Si) is not considered an essential nutrient for plant function. Nevertheless, Si is absorbed from soil in large amounts that are several fold higher than those of other essential macronutrients in certain plant species. Its beneficial effects have been reported in various situations, especially under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The most significant effect of Si on plants, besides improving their fitness in nature and increasing agricultural productivity, is the restriction of parasitism. There has been a considerable amount of research showing the positive effect of Si in controlling diseases in important crops. Rice (Oryza sativa), in particular, is affected by the presence of Si, with diseases such as blast, brown spot and sheath blight becoming more severe on rice plants grown in Si-depleted soils. The hypothesis underlying the control of some diseases in both mono- and di-cots by Si has been confined to that of a mechanical barrier resulting from its polymerization in planta. However, some studies show that Si-mediated resistance against pathogens is associated with the accumulation of phenolics and phytoalexins as well as with the activation of some PR-genes. These findings strongly suggest that Si plays an active role in the resistance of some plants to diseases rather than forming a physical barrier that impedes penetration by fungal pathogens.
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Bremer, Katri. "Virus diseases of berry plants in Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 59, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72260.
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Virus diseases of berry plants became more common and harmful in the 1960s, when berry cultivation expanded in Finland. Virus diseases seldom occur in strawberry because the main vector, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, does not thrive in Finland. However NEPO-viruses are found in Finland in plant nurseries and in berry cultivations, and they may become a danger for strawberry as well as for raspberry growing. Both wild and cultivated raspberries are commonly infected by viruses. The vector aphids also occur in Finland. Reversion disease infects black currants. The veinbanding virus disease is common in red currants and gooseberries. Virus diseases of berries are poorely investigated in Finland. The healthy plant propagation and certification scheme was established in the 1970s. More research is needed in order to understand our virus problems, to develop proper test methods, and to prevent virus spread.
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Naue, Carine Rosa, Marilia W. Marques, Nelson Bernardi Lima, and Josiclêda Domiciano Galvíncio. "Sensoriamento remoto como ferramenta aos estudos de doenças de plantas agrícolas: uma revisão (Remote Sensing as a Toll for the Study of Plant Diseases on Agriculture: a Revision)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 3, no. 3 (February 21, 2011): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v3i3.232675.
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Para que estudos epidemiológicos e medidas de controle de doenças de plantas fossem realizados foi necessário o desenvolvimento de métodos de quantificação de doenças. As doenças podem ser avaliadas por métodos diretos ou indiretos e dentre os métodos diretos encontram-se a estimativa dos parâmetros de incidência e severidade e as técnicas de sensoriamento remoto. Em estudos de doenças de plantas, o sensoriamento remoto, além de ser utilizado para quantificação, também poderá servir para a detecção de plantas infectadas. A detecção de doenças de plantas ou até mesmo sua quantificação, através do sensoriamento remoto, baseia-se na radiação refletida das folhagens. As diferenças de reflectância podem ser obtidas pelo sensoriamento remoto multispectral, que tem sido utilizado de forma eficiente para controlar a incidência de um número de patógenos de plantas e atualmente por medidas hiperespectrais. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma revisão sobre o uso do sensoriamento remoto na detecção e análise de doenças de plantas. Os estudos apresentados aqui mostram que o sensoriamento remoto é uma ferramenta que pode ser utilizada para detectar plantas doentes de forma rápida e eficiente em pequenas e grandes áreas geográficas. Além disso, pode detectar plantas infectadas, dispensar a coleta e o processamento de amostras em laboratório permitindo levantamentos precisos e confiáveis, em curto espaço de tempo, independente do tamanho da área em questão. Além disso, pode proporcionar diversos estudos na área de fitopatologia e afins.Palavras-chave: Sensoriamento remoto, doenças de plantas, hiperespectral Remote Sensing as a Toll for the Study of Plant Diseases on Agriculture: a Revision ABSTRACT For epidemiological studies and measures to control plant diseases were carried out was necessary to develop methods of quantifying disease. The diseases can be assessed by direct or indirect methods and among the direct methods are estimating the incidence and severity parameters and remote sensing techniques. In studies of plant diseases, remote sensing is used to quantify, can also serve for detection of infected plants. The detection of plant diseases or even to quantify, through remote sensing, based on reflected radiation from foliage. The differences in reflectance can be obtained by multispectral remote sensing, which has been used effectively to control incidence a number of plant pathogens and recently, hyperspectral measurements. The aim of this paper is present a review on use of remote sensing in detection and analysis of plant diseases. The studies presented here show that remote sensing is a tool that can be used to detect diseased plants quickly and efficiently in large and small geographic areas. Moreover, it can detect infected plant, waive the collection and processing of lab samples allowing accurate and reliable surveys in a short space of time, regardless of size of the area. In addition, several studies can provide in the area of plant pathology and related areas. Key-words: remote sensing, diseased plants, hyperspectral.
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Sujatmiko, Heri, and . "The Effect of Adding Waste Tire Rubber Powder on Asphalt Concrete of Highway Density." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.18751.
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Diseases in plants are something that can happen to many plants either caused by pests or other factors, the disease in plants can be detected based on the symptoms that appear on the plant before spreading to all plants, to recognize the symptoms and types of diseases contained in plants require plant experts or also by applying expert systems with expert knowledge base applied to the system by using certain methods such as certainty factor method. Expected results with the availability of this expert system to the user can help many users to detect diseases in plants.
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Ganjhu, Rajesh Kumar, Piya Paul Mudgal, Hindol Maity, Deepu Dowarha, Santhosha Devadiga, Snehlata Nag, and Govindakarnavar Arunkumar. "Herbal plants and plant preparations as remedial approach for viral diseases." VirusDisease 26, no. 4 (September 3, 2015): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-015-0276-6.
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Rajan, DR Jenifer Solomon. "SCREENING OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST Thielaviopsis spp-A DISEASE CAUSING PLANT FUNGUS." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN NATURAL SCIENCES 2, no. 1 (May 25, 2015): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jns.v2i1.372.
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Medicinal plants have been used in the prevention, treatment and cure disorders and diseases in ancient times and they provide abundant resources of antimicrobial compounds, has been used for centuries to inhibit the microbial growth. Diseases of medicinal plants were caused by the pathogenic microbes: especially fungi are common throughout the world. Microbial diseases of plants cause malfunctions such as disturb normal functions by degrading enzymes, toxin and growth substances, reduce the yield, survival capacity and resulting to death. In recent times, the medicinal plants were affected by exogenous, endogenous and microbial infections. The medicinal plant plant Argemone mexicana L. (Mexican poppy) is an annual exotic weed flora used for medicine in several countries throut the world and chosen for this study.This plant was frequently affected by many fungal pathogens. The present investigation focuses the isolation of frequent disease causing fungal pathogen(Thielaviopsis spp)from infected leaves and their control measures by using herbal extracts(Acalypha indica ,Catharanthus roseus  and Murraya koenigii  ) via. Invitro approach.
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Tiwari, Ananya Shatrughan. "Detection of Diseases in Plants and Recommending Products to cure it." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 3436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36726.
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The plants, agrarian division and the nation's economy play a crucial portion in climate alter. The support of plants is in this manner profoundly imperative. Like individuals, various illnesses of microbes, organism and infections have an affect on plants. Convenient distinguishing proof and remedy of these illnesses is significant to dodge misfortune of whole plants. A significant learning show named the plant infection finder was given in this ponder. The demonstrate can distinguish numerous plant conditions utilizing the picture of its clears out. Demonstrate location of plant malady is made with the nueral framework. The primary step is to extend the test measure of the information collection. Afterward meeting Neural organize (CNN) with numerous layers of concentration and pooling is utilized. The information set for Plant Village is used for show preparation. After the demonstration has been prepared, the comes about are tried accurately. This show has been utilized by us for a few examinations. For testing purposes, 15 percent of information from PlantVillage information includes photographs of sound or debilitated plants. 98.3% of the test accuracy was achieved within the proposed show. This work centers on the significant learning show for infection location in plant clears out. Be that as it may, within the future demonstrate rambles or any other framework may be consolidated to recognize ailments of the plant and inform them to people so that they can be cured accordingly.
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Ellis, Jeffrey G. "Can Plant Microbiome Studies Lead to Effective Biocontrol of Plant Diseases?" Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 30, no. 3 (March 2017): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-16-0252-cr.
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In this review, the wisdom and efficacy of studies seeking disease attenuating microbes and microbiomes only in healthy plant communities is questioned and an alternative view is posited, namely that success in biocontrol of crop diseases may also come from studies of microbiota, or at least individual species isolates, associated with diseased plants. In support of this view, I summarize the current extensive knowledge of the biology behind what is probably the most successful biocontrol of a plant disease, namely the biocontrol of crown gall of stone fruit using non-pathogenic Rhizobium rhizogenes K84, in which the biocontrol agent itself came from a diseased plant.
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Frachon, Natacha. "Plant Health Protocols for the Reintroduction of Native Plants." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 11 (October 29, 2013): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2013.50.
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Many botanic gardens and conservation agencies are now cultivating threatened native species specifically for reintroduction programmes in response to the second part of Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). While collection, cultivation and reintroduction techniques are frequently discussed in workshops and described in papers, few seem to have considered the threats of introducing non-native pests, diseases, weeds and hybrids between different populations of the same species. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has been cultivating plants for its Target 8 programme since 2005 and now grows 82 per cent threatened Scottish species. It is running active reintroduction programmes for nine of these species with programmes planned for a further five species. In recent years increasing attention has been paid to reducing the risks of introducing non-native organisms and hybrids between different populations of native species into the wild.This paper describes the protocols that have been developed, including verification, screening for pests and diseases, averting spontaneous hybridisation and preparing plants for reintroduction.
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Nazarov, Pavel A., Dmitry N. Baleev, Maria I. Ivanova, Luybov M. Sokolova, and Marina V. Karakozova. "Infectious plant diseases: etiology, current status, problems and prospects in plant protection." Acta Naturae 12, no. 3 (October 27, 2020): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.11026.
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In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of diseases caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Infections affect plants at different stages of agricultural production. Depending on weather conditions and the phytosanitary condition of crops, the prevalence of diseases can reach 7080% of the total plant population, and the yield can decrease in some cases down to 8098%. Plants have innate cellular immunity, but specific phytopathogens have an ability to evade that immunity. This article examined phytopathogens of viral, fungal, and bacterial nature and explored the concepts of modern plant protection, methods of chemical, biological, and agrotechnical control, as well as modern methods used for identifying phytopathogens.
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Braithwaite, M., C. F. Hill, S. Ganev, J. M. Pay, H. G. Pearson, and B. J. R. Alexander. "A survey of subtropical nursery plants for fungal diseases in Northland." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4449.
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During 2003 and 2004 fortyfive randomly selected wholesale and retail plant nurseries were surveyed for plant diseases The plant families Agavaceae Annonaceae Arecaceae Bromeliaceae Cycadaceae and Musaceae were targeted Plants were examined in situ for disease symptoms as well as samples being collected for laboratory analyses Fungi were identified using morphological characteristics and where necessary with molecular techniques The survey resulted in a range of fungi being identified from the target plants These fungi ranged from saprophytes to plant pathogens some of which may have undesirable effects on New Zealands biodiversity or economy Many new host/pathogen records were observed and several fungi were detected for the first time in New Zealand This paper presents and discusses the results of these findings
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Uddin, Mohammad Zashim, Atiya Begum Rifat, Farhana Yesmin Mitu, and Tahmina Haque. "Ethnomedicinal plants for prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 26, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v26i1.41920.
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major causes of death globally. The treatment of CVD by using modern medicines is very expensive. The present article mainly focuses the ethnomedicinal plants used by the local people for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Bangladesh. Information on the ethnomedicinal uses of plants was collected using semi-structured interviews with key informants during the year of2017 and 2018. Group discussion with local people was also conducted for the promotion of data collection. A total of 41 medicinal plant species was recorded for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. These species belong to 30 families. The most frequently used medicinal plant species for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases were Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., Terminaliachebula Retz., Allium sativum L., Tamarindus indica L. and Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. Informant consensus factor (Fic) has been calculated to determine the agreement of local people in the use of medicinal plants for the CVD. Among the ailments categories high Fic value was found in case of antioxidant followed by heartache, high blood pressure and blood purifier. Comparing with previous research Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Briton and Rose, Alternanthera paronychioides Klotzsch ex Koch and Lactuca sativa L. were seem to be newly reported medicinal plants for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Bangladesh. The plant species with high citation, Fic and Fl values can be subjected to phytochemical investigation to find new class of active compounds for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The findings of the present study are very preliminary. Further long term studies are needed to validate the ethnomedicinal plants used by the local people for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Bangladesh.
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Srivastava, Prakanshu, Kritika Mishra, Vibhav Awasthi, Vivek Kumar Sahu, and Pawan Kumar Pal. "PLANT DISEASE DETECTION USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12346.
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When plants and crops are suffering from pests it affects the agricultural production of the country. Usually, farmers or experts observe the plants with eye for detection and identification of disease. But this method is often time processing, expensive and inaccurate. Automatic detection using image processing techniques provide fast and accurate results. This paper cares with a replacement approach to the development of disease recognition model, supported leaf image classification, by the utilization of deep convolutional networks. Advances in computer vision present a chance to expand and enhance the practice of precise plant protection and extend the market of computer vision applications within the field of precision agriculture. a completely unique way of training and therefore the methodology used facilitate a fast and straightforward system implementation in practice. All essential steps required for implementing this disease recognition model are fully described throughout the paper, starting from gathering images to make a database, assessed by agricultural experts, a deep learning framework to perform the deep CNN training. This method paper may be a new approach in detecting plant diseases using the deep convolutional neural network trained and finetuned to suit accurately to the database of a plants leaves that was gathered independently for diverse plant diseases. The advance and novelty of the developed model dwell its simplicity healthy leaves and background images are in line with other classes, enabling the model to distinguish between diseased leaves and healthy ones or from the environment by using CNN. Plants are the source of food on earth. Infections and diseases in plants are therefore a big threat, while the foremost common diagnosis is primarily performed by examining the plant body for the presence of visual symptoms [1]. As an alternative to the traditionally time-consuming process, different research works plan to find feasible approaches towards protecting plants. In recent years, growth in technology has engendered several alternatives to traditional arduous methods [2]. Deep learning techniques are very successful in image classification problems.
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Ling, Sui Kiong, and Lean Teik Ng. "Medicinal Plants Used for Treating Female Diseases in Malaysia: A Review." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 26, no. 02 (January 1998): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x98000269.
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A survey of plants used in Malaysia for treating female diseases was made by consulting books, journals and traditional healers. In this report on the survey, forty-four plants are described. Inrormation on plant parts used, methods of preparation and administration, and other usages of plants are given for each species.
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Rasjava, Achmad Ramadhanna’il, Aditya Wisnugraha Sugiyarto, Yori Kurniasari, and Syaifullah Yusuf Ramadhan. "Detection of Rice Plants Diseases Using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 3 (April 30, 2020): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v3.535.
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As a rice-producing plant, rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in Indonesia. Rice production is increasing every year along with an increase in rice demand and population.The amount of rice production is affected by the condition of the rice plants. The worse the condition of rice plants, the rice production will also lower. Rice plant is very susceptible to diseases or pests that can reduce its productivity, including brown spot disease, leaf smut and bacterial leaf blight. As the development of science and technology, currently known as Artificial Intelligence. Artificial intelligence is a combination of several scientific disciplines such as mathematics, statistics, computer science, and even social science. Using artificial intelligence, the system now have the ability to interpret external data correctly to learn from the data and then use the learning to achieve certain goals through flexible adaptation. The artificial intelligence fields consists of several branches, such as machine learning and deep learning. Neural Network (NN) is one of the methods used in the deep learning.NN has many types, one of which is the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). CNN is the best-knownmethod used for processingimages data compared to other types of NN. Therefore, in this study the identification of rice plants diseases was carriedout using CNN method. From this study,better results were obtained compared to other methods, obtaining 100% accuracy for training data and 86,67% for testing data. The model obtained by the CNN method can be used for detecting 3 different types of rice plants diseases, there are brown spots, leaf smuts, or bacterial leaf blight disease based on the physical images of rice plant leaves.
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Nihar, Fatema, Nazmun Nahar Khanom, Syed Sahariar Hassan, and Amit Kumar Das. "Plant Disease Detection through the Implementation of Diversified and Modified Neural Network Algorithms." Journal of Engineering Advancements 2, no. 01 (March 12, 2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.38032/jea.2021.01.007.
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In the era of artificial systems, disease detection is becoming easier. For detecting disease, monitoring the plants 24 hours, visiting the agricultural office, or asking for help from a specialist seem difficult. This situation demands a user-friendly plant disease detection system, which allows people to detect whether the plant is diseased or not in an easier way. If the plant is diseased, a treatment plan will also be notified. In this way, people can easily save time, money, and, most importantly, plants. In this study, the researchers have collected data of vegetables from a field and applied multiple diversified Neural Network Algorithms such as CNN, MCNN, FRCNN, and, along with that, also proposed a new modified neural network architecture (ModCNN), which has produced 97.69% accuracy. The authors have also classified the bean leaf diseases into four categories according to their symptoms, which will help to identify diseases accurately.
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Kuo, Yen-Wen, and Bryce W. Falk. "RNA interference approaches for plant disease control." BioTechniques 69, no. 6 (December 2020): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/btn-2020-0098.
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Plant diseases caused by a variety of pathogens can have severe effects on crop plants and even plants in natural ecosystems. Despite many effective conventional approaches to control plant diseases, new, efficacious, environmentally sound and cost-effective approaches are needed, particularly with our increasing human population and the effects on crop production and plant health caused by climate change. RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene regulation and antiviral response mechanism in eukaryotes; transgenic and non transgenic plant-based RNAi approaches have shown great effectiveness and potential to target specific plant pathogens and help control plant diseases, especially when no alternatives are available. Here we discuss ways in which RNAi has been used against different plant pathogens, and some new potential applications for plant disease control.
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Chakravarty, Sharmistha. "ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY THE PEOPLE OF SORBHOG (BARNAGAR) AREA OF BARPETA DISTRICT, ASSAM, INDIA FOR VARIOUS AILMENTS." International Research Journal Of Pharmacy 12, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.1206143.
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The present study deals with the medicinal plants used by the people of 3 villages of Sorbhog area of Barpeta district, Assam to document the information related to various ethnomedicinal plants used by the villagers to cure various diseases. Intensive field work was carried out to obtain the detailed information on the plants and plant materials used by the villagers. In the present study a total of 33 medicinal plants belonging to 31 families were reported. These plants were used to cure various diseases like diabetes, jaundice, menstrual problems, stomach problems, infertility etc. The herbal medicines were prepared either from various parts of a single plant or multiple plants.
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Benedetti, Manuel, Daniela Pontiggia, Sara Raggi, Zhenyu Cheng, Flavio Scaloni, Simone Ferrari, Frederick M. Ausubel, Felice Cervone, and Giulia De Lorenzo. "Plant immunity triggered by engineered in vivo release of oligogalacturonides, damage-associated molecular patterns." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 17 (April 13, 2015): 5533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504154112.
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Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are fragments of pectin that activate plant innate immunity by functioning as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). We set out to test the hypothesis that OGs are generated in planta by partial inhibition of pathogen-encoded polygalacturonases (PGs). A gene encoding a fungal PG was fused with a gene encoding a plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) and expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. We show that expression of the PGIP–PG chimera results in the in vivo production of OGs that can be detected by mass spectrometric analysis. Transgenic plants expressing the chimera under control of a pathogen-inducible promoter are more resistant to the phytopathogens Botrytis cinerea, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Pseudomonas syringae. These data provide strong evidence for the hypothesis that OGs released in vivo act as a DAMP signal to trigger plant immunity and suggest that controlled release of these molecules upon infection may be a valuable tool to protect plants against infectious diseases. On the other hand, elevated levels of expression of the chimera cause the accumulation of salicylic acid, reduced growth, and eventually lead to plant death, consistent with the current notion that trade-off occurs between growth and defense.
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Ali, Md Arshad, Temoor Ahmed, Wenge Wu, Afsana Hossain, Rahila Hafeez, Md Mahidul Islam Masum, Yanli Wang, Qianli An, Guochang Sun, and Bin Li. "Advancements in Plant and Microbe-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity against Plant Pathogens." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061146.
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A large number of metallic nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by using different plant extracts and microbes including bacteria, fungi viruses and microalgae. Some of these metallic nanoparticles showed strong antimicrobial activities against phytopathogens. Here, we summarized these green-synthesized nanoparticles from plants and microbes and their applications in the control of plant pathogens. We also discussed the potential deleterious effects of the metallic nanoparticles on plants and beneficial microbial communities associated with plants. Overall, this review calls for attention regarding the use of green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles in controlling plant diseases and clarification of the risks to plants, plant-associated microbial communities, and environments before using them in agriculture.
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Kotzabasis, Kiriakos, Eleni Navakoudis, and Demetrios J. Vakalounakis. "Photobiological Control of Crop Production and Plant Diseases." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 63, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2008): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-1-221.
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Plants, as well as fungi, use ambient sunlight as information to regulate photomorphogenetic processes. The photobiological control of this information showed that the development of photobiological greenhouse plastic covers simulates a photonic information that leads to a physiological enhancement of plant productivity and fungal disease control, thus minimizing the need for the use of agrochemicals. The main characteristics of these photobiological greenhouse plastic covers are the high transmission of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400 − 700 nm) combined with an increase of the factor ζ =RL(655 −665 nm)/FRL(725 −735 nm), which affects the cellular phytochromic equilibrium Φ = Pfr/(Pfr + Pr) and regulates the photosynthetic activity and therefore the plant productivity. Additionally, increase of the spectral ratios from the transmitted light: BL(420-500 nm)/nearUV(290-370 nm) and BL(420 −500 nm)/ FRL(725 −735 nm), cause mainly the induction of biochemical, physiological and morphological responses, regulated by cryptochromes in plants (e. g. inflorescence and infructescence) and mycochrome in fungi (e. g. inhibition of sporulation). In the present work, comparative studies with randomly selected greenhouse plastics showed that small changes in the abovementioned “photobiological” parameters raise the productivity of tomato plants and inhibit the sporulation of several isolates of the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Thus, a model for the photoregulation of these two phenomena in greenhouses is proposed.
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Tuleubayeva, A., A. Ospanova, and A. Beysembay. "Research of fungal diseases of herbaceous plants exposed from Aksu Ferroalloy Plant." Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 81, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2021-1/126-131.
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Main problem: Technogenic "metamorphosis" of vegetation near such large industrial facilities as Pavlodar is considered to be the result of various active chemical and mechanical factors provoked by economic activities associated with the influence of emissions from industrial companies. The effect of anthropogenic impacts on vegetation in all regions of Kazakhstan varies and is largely dependent on the economic development of the territory, but in any case, the end result of this impact is the change in the vegetation, causing violations of with structure, reduced vodorazdelnaya flora and productivity of communities. This, in turn, can cause infection of herbaceous plants with pathogenic fungi, which then carry with them: a decrease in the intensity of plant growth, a deterioration in their decorative qualities, a decrease in the survival of the biological species. Purpose: to study the types of fungi-pathogens of phytopathogenic diseases and to determine the degree of modification of the plant component, which is under intense negative technogenic influence from the Aksu Ferroalloy Plant (AFР). Мethods: For the experimental study, species of plants such as: Artemisia dracunculus L; Artemesia vulgaris L; Atriplex fera L; Atriplex patula L; Artemisia annua L were selected for the content of fungi- pathogens of phytopathogenic diseases. Results and their significance: This experimental study was aimed at the presence of fungi-pathogens of herbaceous plants as a result of human impact, occurring near the industrial zone "AFР". The composition of fungi-pathogens of herbaceous plants collected in this industrial zone was considered and studied. According to the results of an experimental laboratory study, phytopathogenic fungi of herbaceous plants belonging to 1 ordo, 1 familia, and 4 species were found.
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Scholthof, KBG, H. B. Scholthof, and A. O. Jackson. "Control of Plant Virus Diseases by Pathogen-Derived Resistance in Transgenic Plants." Plant Physiology 102, no. 1 (May 1, 1993): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.102.1.7.
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Onyshchenko, O., and O. Chaiuk. "Inducing resistance of cucumber plants to diseases by using plant growth regulators." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 7-8 (August 12, 2019): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.7-8.10-14.
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Goal. To investigate the influence of plant growth regulators (PGR) and microfertilizer as plant resistance inducers for reducing the development of cucumber diseases in film greenhouses.
Methods. Field and laboratory.
Results. Analysis of the activity of total peroxidase showed a positive dynamics of activation of this enzyme - an increase of 1,2 – 2,2 times, which is 14,3 – 54,6%. It was the highest in the version with the use of Epin extra and salicylic acid. For the third day after plant treatment, the enzyme activity increased to 74.7-75.1 mg-ekv/g·s, Due to increased plant resistance, a decrease in the level of infestation of cucumber plants is noted. Depending on the drugs, the intensity of development of root rot in the average years of research was kept within 12.3-17.7 % at 30.5 % in the control. The smallest development of root rot was observed after application of microfertilizer CompleMet – 12.3 %. Treatment of plants by growth regulators led to a decrease in the level of damage of cucumber by downy mildew. The smallest development of the disease was noted in variants with Vimpel Maxi, Epin extra and CompleMet – 8.5% at 13.7% in control.
Conclusions. The tendency to increase the level of activity of peroxidase in cucumber plants after treatment with plant growth regulators is revealed, which indicates an increase in the activity of one of the key non-specific protective reactions and, consequently, unspecific plant resistance. The effectiveness of PGR on the basis of humic acids, biologically active substances and microfertilizer CompleMet as an inducer of plant resistance to diseases has been established. The most effective against root rot is microfertilizer CompleMet – 60 % among growth regulators: Vimpel Maxi, salicylic acid, Epin extra (biological efficiency – 56, 55, 52 % respectively). Influence from the action of PGR against downy mildewis observed at the initial stages of disease development. A noticeable effect is observed when applying Epin extra, Vimpel Maxi and CompleMet (biological efficiency – 38%).
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Rani, Rekha, Reetu Gautam, and R. K. Gautam. "Floristic survey of medicinal plants in Sur Sarovar wet land, Kheetham, Agra, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v1i2.79.
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Wildlife has a very important value in human life in various ways. Wild plants really help to cure various dangerous diseases. Sur Sarovar lake, a National Bird Sanctuary and National Wet land at Agra District also has several valuable medicinal plants which is observed by the survey. Wild plants like herbs, shrubs, weeds, plants and trees used to cure in many kind of diseases like piles, Jaundice, liver diseases, cough, cold, skin diseases, fever, purgative, diuretic, antiworms, antituberculosis, foementation, antitoxin, rheumatism, but most of these plants are ruined by farmers and people due to lack of awareness. Here 49 different plant and species are mentioned accordingly with their botanical names, family, nature and parts of plant which are of medicinal use. Present study has highly focused additional quality of Sur Sarovar lake Agra district, U.P. (India).
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WANI, Shabir Hussain. "Inducing Fungus-Resistance into Plants through Biotechnology." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2, no. 2 (June 13, 2010): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb224594.
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Plant diseases are caused by a variety of plant pathogens including fungi, and their management requires the use of techniques like transgenic technology, molecular biology, and genetics. There have been attempts to use gene technology as an alternative method to protect plants from microbial diseases, in addition to the development of novel agrochemicals and the conventional breeding of resistant cultivars. Various genes have been introduced into plants, and the enhanced resistance against fungi has been demonstrated. These include: genes that express proteins, peptides, or antimicrobial compounds that are directly toxic to pathogens or that reduce their growth in situ; gene products that directly inhibit pathogen virulence products or enhance plant structural defense genes, that directly or indirectly activate general plant defense responses; and resistance genes involved in the hypersensitive response and in the interactions with virulence factors. The introduction of the tabtoxin acetyltransferase gene, the stilbene synthase gene, the ribosome-inactivation protein gene and the glucose oxidase gene brought enhanced resistance in different plants. Genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinase and glucanase, which can deteriorate fungal cell-wall components, are attractive candidates for this approach and are preferentially used for the production of fungal disease-resistant plants. In addition to this, RNA-mediated gene silencing is being tried as a reverse tool for gene targeting in plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. In this review, different mechanisms of fungal disease resistance through biotechnological approaches are discussed and the recent advances in fungal disease management through transgenic approach are reviewed.
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Kurniawati, Desi, M. Nur Ikhanto, and Budi Sutomo. "IMPLEMENTATION CERTAINTY FACTOR METHODS TO DIAGNOSE DISEASES IN PALM PLANTS." International Research on Big-Data and Computer Technology: I-Robot 4, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53514/ir.v4i1.164.
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Mustard is a type of vegetable that is easy to cultivate. Mustard plants also include plants that are susceptible to diseases, such as earthworms, armyworms, leaf destroyers, club roots, and leaf spots. The limited knowledge of farmers about the types of diseases that attack the mustard plant causes mishandling which results in crop failure. The purpose of this research is to build an expert system that can help farmers diagnose the types of diseases that attack the mustard plant. The method used in building this expert system is the Certainty Factor which can find out certainty based on the evidence and judgment of an expert. The system is built on a website basis, which in its development uses the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method. The results of the research will provide output in the form of types of diseases that attack mustard plants based on the diagnoses entered by the user and provide ways of handling them.
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Papp, Nóra, Sámuel Bartha, Gyöngyvér Boris, and Lajos Balogh. "Traditional Uses of Medicinal Plants for Respiratory Diseases in Transylvania." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 10 (October 2011): 1934578X1100601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100601012.
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Inhabitants of some Transylvanian farms in Romania have a valuable archaic knowledge of medicinal plants because of their isolation and the insufficiency of official medical treatment. In this work we present ethnobotanical data about the use of medicinal plant taxa for various respiratory diseases in the villages Lövéte and Nagybacon. Altogether 34 plant taxa were documented in Lövéte and 26 species in Nagybacon with 15 concordant data of the villages. This information plays an important role in the documentation of the disappearing indigenous medical information of the villages.
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Syahriani, Syahriani, and Dimas Aryo Dirgantoro. "Sistem Pakar Online Pendeteksi Penyakit Tanaman Adenium Dengan Metode Prototyping." Jurnal Teknik Komputer 5, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/jtk.v5i1.4401.
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- This adenium plant is a plant that began to demand by many hobbyist plants because plants have unique characteristics Adenium. In addition adenium treatment is also very easy, but adenium plants are also susceptible to pest disease, so it becomes a disease that can make this adenium plant damaged or dead. The lack of expert on adenium plant diseases causes the hobbyists to find it difficult to recognize the symptoms and ways to cure when the plant is infected with the disease. This expert system is made to facilitate the hobbyists in coping with adenium plant diseases. The method used in this expert system is forward chaining, because the Forward Chaining method is a suitable method for the control and forecasting of adenium plant diseases. This expert system application will display the question about the symptoms of adenium plant disease that attack and can be found the solution by experts who have experienced in their field, after that the system will display the results of the disease that attacks his adenium plants along with the characteristics and how to cope with the disease. Keywords: Adenium, Expert System, Forward Chaining
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Tabassum, Nahida, and Mariya Hamdani. "Plants used to treat skin diseases." Pharmacognosy Reviews 8, no. 15 (2014): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.125531.
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P, Amudha, and Vanitha Varadharaj. "PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF ANNONA SPECIES: A REVIEW." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i7.18073.
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Herbal plants and phytogenic products have used for the treatment of various diseases from ancient times in the folklore medicine worldwide. Crude extracts from plants now play an important and valuable source for natural products that are used in the advancement of medicines against various diseases, for the improvement of pharmaceutical preparations and for novel bioscience research. One such plant genus is Annona, such as Annona muricata, Annona cherimola, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa, and Annona senegalensis are some species widely cultivating in India and tropical regions of Asia for their edible fruits and medicinal values. These plants have been used for centuries as traditional folk medicine for the treatments of various diseases. The plants are considered to be a good source of vitamins, minerals, plant proteins, fibers, etc., as well as the plant is supposed to have many biological activities. This review describes the morphology and ecology of the plant, its ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activities, and phytoconstituents.
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Tripathi, Anshul, Uday Chourasia, Priyanka Dixit, and Victor Chang. "A Survey." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 12, no. 3 (July 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdst.2021070101.
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Agriculture occupation has been the prime occupation in India since the primeval era. Nowadays, the country is ranked second in the prime occupations threatening global warming. Apart from this, diseases in plants are challenging to this prime source of livelihood. The present research can help in recognition of different diseases among plants and help to find out the solution or remedy that can be a defense mechanism in counter to the diseases. Finding diseases among plant DL is considered to the most perfect and exact paradigms. Four labels are classified as “bacterial spot,” “yellow leaf curl virus,” “late blight,” and “healthy leaf.” An exemplar model of the drone is also designed for the purpose. The said model will be utilized for a live report for extended large crop fields. In this exemplar drone model, a high-resolution camera is attached. The captured images of plants will act as software input. On this basis, the software will immediately tell which plants are healthy and which are diseased.
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Venkataraman, Srividhya, Kathleen Hefferon, Abdullah Makhzoum, and Mounir Abouhaidar. "Combating Human Viral Diseases: Will Plant-Based Vaccines Be the Answer?" Vaccines 9, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070761.
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Molecular pharming or the technology of application of plants and plant cell culture to manufacture high-value recombinant proteins has progressed a long way over the last three decades. Whether generated in transgenic plants by stable expression or in plant virus-based transient expression systems, biopharmaceuticals have been produced to combat several human viral diseases that have impacted the world in pandemic proportions. Plants have been variously employed in expressing a host of viral antigens as well as monoclonal antibodies. Many of these biopharmaceuticals have shown great promise in animal models and several of them have performed successfully in clinical trials. The current review elaborates the strategies and successes achieved in generating plant-derived vaccines to target several virus-induced health concerns including highly communicable infectious viral diseases. Importantly, plant-made biopharmaceuticals against hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), the cancer-causing virus human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, zika virus, and the emerging respiratory virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been discussed. The use of plant virus-derived nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like particles (VLPs) in generating plant-based vaccines are extensively addressed. The review closes with a critical look at the caveats of plant-based molecular pharming and future prospects towards further advancements in this technology. The use of biopharmed viral vaccines in human medicine and as part of emergency response vaccines and therapeutics in humans looks promising for the near future.
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Hide, G. A., S. J. Welham, P. J. Read, and A. E. Ainsley. "The yield of potato plants as affected by stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani), blackleg (Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica) and by neighbouring plants." Journal of Agricultural Science 126, no. 4 (June 1996): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075511.
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SUMMARYPotato seed tubers inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica, to induce stem canker and blackleg respectively, were planted with uninoculated seed tubers in field experiments designed to measure the effects of the diseases and of neighbouring plants on tuber yield. Gaps were also included. The plant variables total and ware (> 150 g) yields and tuber numbers were affected by disease, and also by competition from the two plants on either side in the same row (first neighbours), and increased as competition from neighbouring plants decreased. Plants adjacent to the first neighbours also influenced yields of plants with stem canker but those in adjacent rows did not have a significant effect with either disease. Both diseases altered the tuber size distributions, which were also modified by neighbouring plants. The data were used to predict total and ware yields for crops containing different proportions of healthy, diseased and missing plants.
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Magnin-Robert, Maryline, Alessandro Spagnolo, Anna Boulanger, Cécile Joyeux, Christophe Clément, Eliane Abou-Mansour, and Florence Fontaine. "Changes in Plant Metabolism and Accumulation of Fungal Metabolites in Response to Esca Proper and Apoplexy Expression in the Whole Grapevine." Phytopathology® 106, no. 6 (June 2016): 541–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-15-0207-r.
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Trunk diseases have become among the most important grapevine diseases worldwide. They are caused by fungal pathogens that attack the permanent woody structure of the vines and cause various symptoms in woody and annual organs. This study examined modifications of plant responses in green stem, cordon, and trunk of grapevines expressing Esca proper (E) or apoplexy (A) event, which are the most frequent grapevine trunk disease symptoms observed in Europe. Transcript expression of a set of plant defense- and stress-related genes was monitored by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction while plant phytoalexins and fungal metabolites were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in order to characterize the interaction between the grapevine and trunk disease agents. Expression of genes encoding enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway and trans-resveratrol content were altered in the three organs of diseased plants, especially in the young tissues of A plants. Pathogenesis-related proteins and the antioxidant system were severely modulated in A plants, which indicates a drastic stress effect. In the meantime, fungal polyketides 6-MSA, (R)-mellein, and (3R,4R)-4-hydroxymellein, were accumulated in A plants, which suggests their potential effect on plant metabolism during the appearance of foliar symptoms.
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Falk, Bryce W., and Shahideh Nouri. "Special Issue: “Plant Virus Pathogenesis and Disease Control”." Viruses 12, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12091049.
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Plant viruses are emerging and re-emerging to cause important diseases in many plants that humans grow for food and/or fiber, and sustainable, effective strategies for controlling many plant virus diseases remain unavailable [...]
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Xiao, Shunyuan, Piyavadee Charoenwattana, Lucy Holcombe, and John G. Turner. "The Arabidopsis Genes RPW8.1 and RPW8.2 Confer Induced Resistance to Powdery Mildew Diseases in Tobacco." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 16, no. 4 (April 2003): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.4.289.
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Plant disease resistance (R) gene products recognize pathogen avirulence (Avr) gene products and induce defense responses. It is not known if an R gene can function in different plant families, however. The Arabidopsis thaliana R genes RPW8.1 and RPW8.2 confer resistance to the powdery mildew pathogens Erysiphe orontii, E. cichoracearum, and Oidium lycopersici, which also infect plants from other families. We produced transgenic Nicotiana tabacum, N. benthamiana, and Lycopersicon esculentum plants containing RPW8.1 and RPW8.2. Transgenic N. tabacum plants had increased resistance to E. orontii and O. lycopersici, transgenic N. benthamiana plants had increased resistance to E. cichoracearum, but transgenic L. esculentum plants remained susceptible to these pathogens. The defense responses induced in transgenic N. tabacum and N. benthamiana were similar to those mediated by RPW8.1 and RPW8.2 in Arabidopsis. Apparently, RPW8.1 and RPW8.2 could be used to control powdery mildew diseases of plants from other families.
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Mandalà, Giulia, Silvio Tundo, Sara Francesconi, Federica Gevi, Lello Zolla, Carla Ceoloni, and Renato D’Ovidio. "Deoxynivalenol Detoxification in Transgenic Wheat Confers Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight and Crown Rot Diseases." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 5 (May 2019): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-18-0155-r.
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Fusarium diseases, including Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown rot (FCR), reduce crop yield and grain quality and are major agricultural problems worldwide. These diseases also affect food safety through fungal production of hazardous mycotoxins. Among these, deoxynivalenol (DON) acts as a virulence factor during pathogenesis on wheat. The principal mechanism underlying plant tolerance to DON is glycosylation by specific uridine diphosphate–dependent glucosyltransferases (UGTs), through which DON-3-β-d-glucoside (D3G) is produced. In this work, we tested whether DON detoxification by UGT could confer to wheat a broad-spectrum resistance against Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. These widespread Fusarium species affect different plant organs and developmental stages in the course of FHB and FCR. To assess DON-detoxification potential, we produced transgenic durum wheat plants constitutively expressing the barley HvUGT13248 and bread wheat plants expressing the same transgene in flower tissues. When challenged with F. graminearum, FHB symptoms were reduced in both types of transgenic plants, particularly during early to mid-infection stages of the infection progress. The transgenic durum wheat displayed much greater DON-to-D3G conversion ability and a considerable decrease of total DON+D3G content in flour extracts. The transgenic bread wheat exhibited a UGT dose–dependent efficacy of DON detoxification. In addition, we showed, for the first time, that DON detoxification limits FCR caused by F. culmorum. FCR symptoms were reduced throughout the experiment by nearly 50% in seedlings of transgenic plants constitutively expressing HvUGT13248. Our results demonstrate that limiting the effect of the virulence factor DON via in planta glycosylation restrains FHB and FCR development. Therefore, ability for DON detoxification can be a trait of interest for wheat breeding targeting FHB and FCR resistance.