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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant forms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Berg, R. Howard. "Frankia forms infection threads." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 9 (December 18, 1999): 1327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-073.

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Frankia forms symbioses with a great variety of plant hosts, and because nodule development is under plant control, this results in an interesting diversity in the structure of developing symbiotic cells. However, it is apparent that, in all these symbioses, the microsymbiont Frankia follows a similar pattern of development within symbiotic cells of the nodule: the cell is invaded by formation of an infection thread containing invasive hyphae sheathed in plant cell wall material, parasitic vegetative hyphae proliferate by branching from this infection thread, and N2-fixing symbiotic vesicles differentiate from tips of these vegetative hyphae. Infection threads are recognized by their ontogeny and morphology, being the cell-invasive structures in the case of the former and straight-growing hyphae in the case of the latter. Formation of infection threads is a feature shared in common with legumes. Unlike in legumes, the infection thread in actinorhizae is not defined by the presence of sheathing plant cell wall material; all forms of the bacterium have this. Rather than using the term "encapsulation," which suggests a bacterial origin, it is proposed the term "interfacial matrix" be used to describe this plant cell wall material separating Frankia from host cytoplasm.Key words: Frankia, infection thread, interfacial matrix, microsymbiont, nodule, symbiosis.

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2

Samuolienė, G., A. Brazaitytė, A. Virsilė, R. Sirtautas, J. Sakalauskaitė, S. Sakalauskienė, and P. Duchovskis. "PHOTOMORPHOGENETIC EFFECTS IN DIFFERENT PLANT LIFE FORMS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1099 (September 2015): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1099.12.

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3

SILVA, O. A., I. M. PINHEIRO, G. S. PEREIRA, and L. C. C. NUNES. "EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY PLANT EXTRACTS ON FORMS MUCOADHESIVE." Revista Gestão, Inovação e Tecnologias 4, no. 2 (June 22, 2014): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7198/s2237-072220140002002.

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4

Broadley, Martin R., Amanda Burns, and Ian G. Burns. "RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PHOSPHORUS FORMS AND PLANT GROWTH." Journal of Plant Nutrition 25, no. 5 (May 2002): 1075–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/pln-120003940.

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5

Donaldson, Robert P., and Douglas G. Luster. "Multiple Forms of Plant Cytochromes P-450." Plant Physiology 96, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.96.3.669.

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6

Dupree, Paul. "Plant embryogenesis: Cell division forms a pattern." Current Biology 6, no. 6 (June 1996): 683–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(09)00449-7.

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7

Huebert, B., P. Vitousek, J. Sutton, T. Elias, J. Heath, S. Coeppicus, S. Howell, and B. Blomquist. "Volcano fixes nitrogen into plant-available forms." Biogeochemistry 47, no. 1 (October 1999): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00993099.

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8

Ohlendorf, Rahel, Nathanael Yi-Hsuen Tan, and Naomi Nakayama. "Engineering Themes in Plant Forms and Functions." Annual Review of Plant Biology 74, no. 1 (May 22, 2023): 777–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-061422-094751.

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Living structures constantly interact with the biotic and abiotic environment by sensing and responding via specialized functional parts. In other words, biological bodies embody highly functional machines and actuators. What are the signatures of engineering mechanisms in biology? In this review, we connect the dots in the literature to seek engineering principles in plant structures. We identify three thematic motifs—bilayer actuator, slender-bodied functional surface, and self-similarity—and provide an overview of their structure–function relationships. Unlike human-engineered machines and actuators, biological counterparts may appear suboptimal in design, loosely complying with physical theories or engineering principles. We postulate what factors may influence the evolution of functional morphology and anatomy to dissect and comprehend better the why behind the biological forms.

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9

Bejarano, María D., Judith Sarneel, Xiaolei Su, and Alvaro Sordo-Ward. "Shifts in Riparian Plant Life Forms Following Flow Regulation." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050518.

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Flow regulation affects bordering riparian plant communities worldwide, but how different plant life forms are affected by river regulation still needs further research. In northern Sweden, we selected 10 rivers ranging from free-flowing to low, moderately, and highly regulated ones. In 94 reaches across those rivers, we evaluated the relative abundance of woody and herbaceous (i.e., graminoids and forbs) life forms, their species richness, and their relative presence. We also explored which, and to what extent, hydrological variables drove species assembly within each life form. The relative abundance and species richness of each life form decreased across river categories with increasing levels of regulation. This was particularly apparent in herbaceous life forms, and the most drastic decreases were observed in all life forms in moderately or highly regulated reaches. Additionally, when river regulation increased, the relative presence of many species from all life forms decreased. Unlike woody species, only a few new herbaceous species appeared in regulated reaches. A canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) revealed that a wide range of hydrological variables explained the occurrence of woody species, while fewer variables explained variation in the graminoid and forb life forms. We conclude that flow regulation and its intensity result into clear shifts in the relative abundance of different life forms, as well as in changes of within-group species richness and composition. Consequently, the modification of certain flow attributes in flow regulation schemes, as well as the intensity of these modifications, may alter the ratio between herbaceous and woody species, ultimately impacting the functions and benefits derived from each life form.

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10

Prakongkep, Nattaporn, Robert John Gilkes, and Wanpen Wiriyakitnateekul. "Forms and solubility of plant nutrient elements in tropical plant waste biochars." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 178, no. 5 (August 20, 2015): 732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201500001.

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11

Gamalei, Yu V. "Evolution of cell systems and plant life forms." Paleontological Journal 44, no. 12 (December 2010): 1540–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031030110120099.

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12

Aipeissova, S. A. "Analysis of plant life forms in Aktobe region." Acta Biologica Sibirica 3, no. 1 (May 20, 2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/abs.v3i1.2183.

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13

KAWASAKI, TOSHIO. "Nitrogen forms in culture media and plant growth." Kagaku To Seibutsu 26, no. 4 (1988): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.26.272.

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14

Nellen, Arndt, Barbara Rojahn, and Helmut Kindl. "Lipoxygenase Forms Located at the Plant Plasma Membrane." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 50, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1995): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1995-1-206.

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Abstract In cucumber cotyledons (Cucumis sativus L.) containing several soluble and particulate forms of lipoxygenase (LOX), the location of LOX forms in microsomes has been studied. We concentrated on the question whether the plasma membrane contains one or more forms of LOX. As methodology, we applied both the two-phase partition with polyethylene glycol/dextran and density gradient flotation of plasma membrane-enriched membrane fractions. Both methods show that a high percentage of the microsomal LOX can be attributed to the plasma membrane. Emphasis was put on the findings that the LOX located at the plasma membrane consisted of a species behaving as an integral membrane protein and another form characterized as a peripheral membrane protein by solubilization with carbonate. With long distance SDS-PAGE and immunodecoration using anti-lipid body LOX antiserum, it is possible to distinguish between microsomal LOX forms by small but significant differences in size. Treatment of seedlings with methyl jasmonate led to an enhanced level of LOX at the plasma membrane.

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15

Timmusk, Salme, Nina Grantcharova, and E. Gerhart H. Wagner. "Paenibacillus polymyxa Invades Plant Roots and Forms Biofilms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 11 (November 2005): 7292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.11.7292-7300.2005.

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ABSTRACT Paenibacillus polymyxa is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium with a broad host range, but so far the use of this organism as a biocontrol agent has not been very efficient. In previous work we showed that this bacterium protects Arabidopsis thaliana against pathogens and abiotic stress (S. Timmusk and E. G. H. Wagner, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 12:951-959, 1999; S. Timmusk, P. van West, N. A. R. Gow, and E. G. H. Wagner, p. 1-28, in Mechanism of action of the plant growth promoting bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa, 2003). Here, we studied colonization of plant roots by a natural isolate of P. polymyxa which had been tagged with a plasmid-borne gfp gene. Fluorescence microscopy and electron scanning microscopy indicated that the bacteria colonized predominantly the root tip, where they formed biofilms. Accumulation of bacteria was observed in the intercellular spaces outside the vascular cylinder. Systemic spreading did not occur, as indicated by the absence of bacteria in aerial tissues. Studies were performed in both a gnotobiotic system and a soil system. The fact that similar observations were made in both systems suggests that colonization by this bacterium can be studied in a more defined system. Problems associated with green fluorescent protein tagging of natural isolates and deleterious effects of the plant growth-promoting bacteria are discussed.

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16

Rowe, Nick, and Thomas Speck. "Plant growth forms: an ecological and evolutionary perspective." New Phytologist 166, no. 1 (January 12, 2005): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01309.x.

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17

Bigelow, Seth W., J. Kevin Hiers, Scott Pokswinski, Douglas P. Aubrey, E. Louise Loudermilk, and Joseph J. O'Brien. "Plant growth forms influence sandhill longleaf pine regeneration." Forest Ecology and Management 551 (January 2024): 121518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121518.

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18

Meisner, Annelein, W. H. Gera Hol, Wietse de Boer, Jennifer Adams Krumins, David A. Wardle, and Wim H. van der Putten. "Plant–soil feedbacks of exotic plant species across life forms: a meta-analysis." Biological Invasions 16, no. 12 (April 8, 2014): 2551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0685-2.

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19

Balla Kovács, Andrea, Rita Kremper, János Kátai, Imre Vágó, Dóra Buzetzky, Eszter Mária Kovács, József Kónya, and Noémi M. Nagy. "Characterisation of soil phosphorus forms in the soil-plant system using radioisotopic tracer method." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 7 (July 13, 2021): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/458/2020-pse.

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Soil incubation and pot experiments were conducted to follow the sorption processes of added phosphorus (P) fertiliser using the radioisotope tracer technique. Increasing doses of P fertiliser (40, 80, 160, 320 mg P/kg soil) were added to Chernozem and Arenosol and incubated for 1, 3, and 13 weeks. After incubation, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was sown in one group of pots, and the experiment had been continuing for another 9 weeks. The yield, grass P uptake, isotopically exchangeable (P<sub>IE</sub>), water-soluble (P<sub>W</sub>), and ammonium lactate soluble phosphorus (P<sub>AL</sub>) fractions of soils were measured. On Chernozem, plant P uptake, P<sub>IE</sub>, P<sub>W</sub> and P<sub>AL</sub> were significantly less in the case of the longest incubation period compared to shorter incubations. This suggests a transformation of P into tightly sorbed form. On Arenosol, there were only small changes in the parameters as the incubation period increased, suggesting less intense P transformation to tightly sorbed form. The P<sub>W</sub>/P<sub>IE</sub> ratio enhanced with increasing P-doses, and the ratios were higher on Arenosol. On Arenosol, the higher P doses caused a greater increase of P<sub>W</sub> than on Chernozem. The P<sub>IE</sub> + P<sub>W</sub> showed a good correlation with plant P uptake proving this value can be a good indicator of plant-available phosphorus.

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20

HOU, Zhiyong. "A dataset of community composition of plant life-forms, growth forms and ecotypes on Dongting Lake beach (2011–2015)." China Scientific Data 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.11922/11-6035.csd.2023.0062.zh.

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Analyzing plant life-forms and ecotypes can provide deep insights into the relationship between plant community structure and environmental conditions, and plant life-forms play an important role in understanding the emergence, development, and succession laws of plant community. An investigation was made on the species life-forms and ecotypes of wetland plants in Dongting lake wetland. In accordance with the unified monitoring specifications of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), the Dongting Lake Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station conducts long-term positioning monitoring on the species composition, species life-forms, growth forms and ecotypes of typical beach vegetation in the wetland ecosystem in response to the changing hydrological conditions of Dongting Lake. The dataset of long-term monitoring conducted on three typical plant communities (Carex sp., Miscanthus lutarioriparius and Polygonum hydropiper) in Dongting Lake wetland has been verified by experts to ensure the accuracy of the data. We then classified and processed the data to obtain the dataset of community composition of plant life-forms, growth forms and ecotypes on Dongting Lake beach (2011–2015). The dataset covers a total of 8 indicators, namely species name, Latin name, life-form, growth form, ecotype according to light intensity, ecotype according to water requirement, ecotype based on soil pH and ecotype according to responses sediment burial. This dataset comes with detailed background information to ensure its consistency across both spatial and temporal dimensions. This dataset comes with detailed background information about site information and site management records to ensure its consistency across both spatial and temporal dimensions. This dataset can provide support for the analysis of the classification of plant life forms and the composition and structure of ecotypes, and serve as valuable reference for further study of vegetation succession in Dongting Lake wetland.

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21

Ballio, Alessandro, Donatella Barra, Francesco Bossa, James E. DeVay, Ingeborg Grgurina, Nicola S. Iacobellis, Gennaro Marino, Piero Pucci, Maurizio Simmaco, and Giusepp Surico. "Multiple forms of syringomycin." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 33, no. 3 (November 1988): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-5765(88)90014-8.

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22

Thabrez, MD. "Nitric Oxide Signaling Function in Plant Pathogen Interaction." Open Access Journal of Botanical Insights 2, no. 1 (2024): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajbi-16000110.

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Nitric oxide (NO) may be a diatomic gaseous atom, which plays distinctive parts completely different strata of life forms. Found as a neurotransmitter in creatures, presently picked up a significant place in plant signaling cascade. NO as a key molecular signal that takes an interest within the direction of a few physiological forms in specific, it features a critical part in plant resistance to pathogens by activating resistance related cell passing and by contributing to the nearby and systemic acceptance of protection qualities. NO invigorates flag transduction pathways through protein kinases, cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization and protein alteration (i.e., nitrosylation). S-nitrosylation can balance the work of target proteins, empowering responsiveness to cellular redox changes [1].

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23

Johnstone, Jill, Donald E. Russell, and Brad Griffith. "Variations in plant forage quality in the range of the Porcupine caribou herd." Rangifer 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2002): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.22.1.693.

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Understanding potential impacts of vegetation change on caribou energetics requires information on variations in forage quality among different plant types and over time. We synthesized data on forage quality (nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber and dry matter digestibility) for 10 plant growth forms from existing scientific literature and from field research in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. These data describe forage quality of plant species in habitats found within the summer and winter range of the Porcupine caribou herd in northwestern Canada and northern Alaska, U.S.A. We compared mean levels of summer forage quality among growth forms and, where possible, estimated seasonal changes in forage quality. Preferred forage groups (deciduous shrubs, forbs, and cottongrass flowers) had higher nitrogen and digestibility, and lower fiber content, than other growth forms. Nitrogen concentration in green biomass peaked at the onset of the growing season in forbs and deciduous shrubs, whereas graminoids reached peak nitrogen concentrations approximately 15-30 days after growth initiation. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of green biomass differed among growth forms, but did not show strong seasonal changes. IVDMD and NDF concentrations were correlated with nitrogen concentrations in studies that had paired sampling.

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24

Latos-Brozio, Malgorzata, Anna Masek, and Małgorzata Piotrowska. "Polymeric Forms of Plant Flavonoids Obtained by Enzymatic Reactions." Molecules 27, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 3702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123702.

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Naringenin is one of the flavonoids originating from citrus fruit. This polyphenol is mainly found in grapefruit, orange and lemon. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of flavonoids depend on their structure, including the polymeric form. The aim of this research was to achieve enzymatic polymerization of naringenin and to study the properties of poly(naringenin). The polymerization was performed by methods using two different enzymes, i.e., laccase and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). According to the literature data, naringenin had not been polymerized previously using the enzymatic polymerization method. Therefore, obtaining polymeric naringenin by reaction with enzymes is a scientific novelty. The research methodology included analysis of the structure of poly(naringenin) by NMR, GPC, FTIR and UV-Vis and its morphology by SEM, as well as analysis of its properties, i.e., thermal stability (DSC and TGA), antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and CUPRAC) and antimicrobial properties. Naringenin oligomers were obtained as a result of polymerization with two types of enzymes. The polymeric forms of naringenin were more resistant to thermo-oxidation; the final oxidation temperature To of naringenin catalyzed by laccase (poly(naringenin)-laccase) was 28.2 °C higher, and poly(naringenin)-HRP 23.6 °C higher than that of the basic flavonoid. Additionally, due to the higher molar mass and associated increase in OH groups in the structure, naringenin catalyzed by laccase (poly(naringenin)-laccase) showed better activity for scavenging ABTS+• radicals than naringenin catalyzed by HRP (poly(naringenin)-HRP) and naringenin. In addition, poly(naringenin)-laccase at a concentration of 5 mg/mL exhibited better microbial activity against E. coli than monomeric naringenin.

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25

Furze, James N., Quanmin Zhu, Feng Qiao, and Jennifer Hill. "Functional Enrichment of Utopian Distribution of Plant Life-Forms." American Journal of Plant Sciences 04, no. 12 (2013): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.412a1006.

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26

Warden, B. T., and H. M. Reisenauer. "Fractionation of Soil Manganese Forms Important to Plant Availability." Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, no. 2 (1991): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500020007x.

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27

Ponge, Jean-François. "Plant–soil feedbacks mediated by humus forms: A review." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 57 (February 2013): 1048–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.07.019.

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28

Nordin, Annika, and Torgny Näsholm. "Nitrogen storage forms in nine boreal understorey plant species." Oecologia 110, no. 4 (May 21, 1997): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050184.

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29

Shuman, L. M., S. Dudka, and K. Das. "Cadmium forms and plant availability in compost-amended soil." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33, no. 5-6 (April 10, 2002): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/css-120003062.

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30

Audy, Patrice, Dominique Le Quéré, Denis Leclerc, and Alain Asselin. "Electrophoretic forms of lysozyme activity in various plant species." Phytochemistry 29, no. 4 (January 1990): 1143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85419-g.

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31

Srivastava, H. S. "Multiple functions and forms of higher plant nitrate reductase." Phytochemistry 31, no. 9 (September 1992): 2941–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83424-w.

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32

Jill Harrison, C. "Development and genetics in the evolution of land plant body plans." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1713 (February 5, 2017): 20150490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0490.

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The colonization of land by plants shaped the terrestrial biosphere, the geosphere and global climates. The nature of morphological and molecular innovation driving land plant evolution has been an enigma for over 200 years. Recent phylogenetic and palaeobotanical advances jointly demonstrate that land plants evolved from freshwater algae and pinpoint key morphological innovations in plant evolution. In the haploid gametophyte phase of the plant life cycle, these include the innovation of mulitcellular forms with apical growth and multiple growth axes. In the diploid phase of the life cycle, multicellular axial sporophytes were an early innovation priming subsequent diversification of indeterminate branched forms with leaves and roots. Reverse and forward genetic approaches in newly emerging model systems are starting to identify the genetic basis of such innovations. The data place plant evo-devo research at the cusp of discovering the developmental and genetic changes driving the radiation of land plant body plans. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.

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Piscová, V., A. Sedlák, M. Ševčík, J. Hreško, T. Slobodová, and F. Petrovič. "Resistance of plant life forms of native and regenerated alpine plant communities to experimental trampling." Biosystems Diversity 31, no. 3 (August 12, 2023): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012338.

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Trampling of vegetation as a result of recreation can adversely affect natural habitats, leading to loss of vegetation and degradation of plant communities. Many studies indicated that intrinsic properties of plant communities appear to be the most important factors determining the response of vegetation to trampling disturbance. Specifically, the dominant life-form of a plant community accounts for more variation in the resistance of communities to trampling than the intensity of the trampling experienced, suggesting that simple assessments based on this trait could guide decisions on access to natural sites. We verify these claims in the Belianske Tatry National Nature Reserve in Slovakia, which has been closed since 1978 due to destruction by mass tourism, with the exception of one trail made accessible since 1993. In researching the resistance of communities according to dominant life forms we adjusted the number of passes according to the minimum (75 tourists) and maximum (225 tourists) daily visitation during the tourist season. The studied communities occur in close proximity to the trails on the saddles through which the open trail passes. Available evidence from our studies suggests that vegetation dominated by hemicryptophytes is more resistant to trampling and recovers from trampling to a greater extent than vegetation dominated by other life forms. Therefore, we selected three alpine communities dominated by hemicryptophytes. In the Juncetum trifidi community, they almost completely dominate, they are mainly composed of grasses. Although they dominate the Junco trifidi-Callunetum vulgaris community, the species, Calluna vulgaris has been added to the woody chamephytes, and thus the woody Chamaephytes achieve a higher cover than in the Juncetum trifidi community. Although in the community Seslerietum tatrae biscutelletosum laevigatae hemicryptophytes dominate, it consists of several plant life forms and its grasses reach greater heights than in previous communities. We found that it is not possible to estimate the resilience of communities to trampling by dominant life forms. Life forms within one community react very similarly, but this statement cannot be generalized globally for all communities. At the same time, we found that if we damage the native community, which subsequently regenerates, the life forms of the community behave differently when damaged repeatedly. More detailed research is needed worldwide, which would point out patterns of behaviour of alpine plant vegetation to trampling.

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Korasick, David A., Tara A. Enders, and Lucia C. Strader. "Auxin biosynthesis and storage forms." Journal of Experimental Botany 64, no. 9 (April 10, 2013): 2541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert080.

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35

Boldarev, Viktor, and Anastasiya Bocharova. "Non-state forms of law." Advances in Law Studies 11, no. 1 (April 7, 2023): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-5087-2023-11-1-21-25.

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In the conditions of permanent globalization and the steady formation of democratic trends in the development of the state and society, state law as a fundamental form of law has adopted a certain vector of displacement towards the cession of the «leading place» to non-state forms of law, such as individual and group law, as well as civil society law. The study of forms of law through the prism of theory and practice is conditioned by the development of democratic institutions of civil society, increasing the "self-governance" of citizens, increasing the importance of localized forms of social life; international consolidation and de facto recognition of the importance of individual rights and freedoms of citizens as fundamental values of public and state life and, finally, the accompanying consolidation of the ideas of humanism and democracy. The analysis of this phenomenon in the framework of a scientific article reveals both positive and negative aspects inherent in each of the forms of law, the author assesses their viability and prospects for development today.

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Dionne, Michele, and Carol L. Folt. "An Experimental Analysis of Macrophyte Growth Forms as Fish Foraging Habitat." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-017.

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In this laboratory study we measured the independent effects of macrophyte growth form, plant density, and prey abundance on the foraging rate of the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). We demonstrate that macrophyte growth forms are not all similar in their effects on fish foraging. Prey capture rates of pumpkinseeds foraging among Scirpus validus (cylindrical stems) were 53 and 365% times greater than for Potamogeton amplifolius (leafy stems) for cladoceran (Sida crystallina) and larval damselfly (Coenagrionidae) prey, respectively. Plant growth form influenced prey capture rates more than charges in natural plant density. Plant density effects ranged from none on damselfly capture rates to a 29% decline in cladoceran capture rate over a twofold increase in plant density. Our results indicate that in plant-structured habitats, variation in plant growth form can be an important determinant of fish foraging and habitat associations.

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NAKANO, Yoshihiro, Satoshi OKAWA, Takayoshi YAMAUCHI, Yukio KOIZUMI, and Jiro SEKIYA. "Occurrence of Two Forms of .GAMMA.-GIutamyltransferases in Radish Plant." Plant Biotechnology 21, no. 3 (2004): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.243.

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Pitchay, Dharmalingam S., and Paul V. Nelson. "130 Impact of Fertilizer N Forms on Bedding Plant Development." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 464A—464. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.464a.

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It is a common practice in greenhouses to apply fertilizers with a high proportion of N in the NO3 form to achieve short, compact shoots and a moderate (25% or greater) proportion of NH4 or urea for large shoots. However, this practice is not substantiated in the scientific literature. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse to assess effects of N form on development. In the first, Petunia hybrida `Mid-night Dreams' was treated with five ratios of NH4:NO3 or urea:NO3 in a factorial arrangement with three concentrations of N (50-low, 100-adequate, and 200-high mg/L at each irrigation). In the second experiment six species of bedding plants were treated in a factorial arrangement of five ratios of NH4:NO3 and two pH levels (acceptably low, 5.4-5.8, and unacceptably low, 4.6-5.2). In all comparisons, height and dry weight of shoots grown with 100% NO3 were equal or larger than the plants grown with combinations of N. There was a general trend for plants to be shorter and lighter at higher NH4 or urea proportions. These results refute the hypothesis that shoot size is under the control of N form. Depth of green foliar color correlated positively with proportion of NH4 or urea. Reputed NH4 toxicity symptoms of chlorosis, necrosis, and curling of older leaves occurred only at adversely low pH levels below 5.2 in experiment 2. Resistance of plants to this disorder under conditions of pH levels in the range of 5.4 to 5.8, high N application rates, and applications of 100% NH4 indicates that bedding plants during commercial production are fairly resistant to this disorder.

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Miller, Naomi F. "Plant Forms in Jewellery from the Royal Cemetery at Ur." Iraq 62 (2000): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4200486.

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Van Tassel, David L., Lee R. DeHaan, and Thomas S. Cox. "Missing domesticated plant forms: can artificial selection fill the gap?" Evolutionary Applications 3, no. 5-6 (May 24, 2010): 434–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00132.x.

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Rowe, Nick P., and Thomas Speck. "Biomechanics of plant growth forms: the trouble with fossil plants." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 102, no. 1-2 (July 1998): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-6667(98)00013-x.

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Sakusabe, Kosuke, Takahiro Kato, Hirokazu Okawa, and Katsuyasu Sugawara. "Mercury Forms in By-Products from Coal-Fired Power Plant." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 52, no. 11 (November 20, 2019): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.19we002.

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Beknazarov, B. O., M. N. Valikhanov, and M. M. Rakhimov. "Detection and separation of two forms of cotton-plant pyrophosphatase." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 21, no. 3 (1985): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00574210.

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Weigelt, Alexandra, Roland Bol, and Richard D. Bardgett. "Preferential uptake of soil nitrogen forms by grassland plant species." Oecologia 142, no. 4 (November 10, 2004): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1765-2.

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Studnicka, Miloslav. "Observations on Two Different Forms of Utricularia reniformis." Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55360/cpn332.ms119.

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The species Utricularia reniformis A.St.Hil. is occasionally grown by specialists, who appreciate its large leaves and spectacular flowers. I have observed two different forms of this plant in our collection, and hoped to learn more about it in the literature. Merl (1915) noted there were different sized types of this plant, however Taylor (1989) considered the two types merely to be extremes of species variation. As such, Taylor did not consider them separate species (nor did he accept subspecific taxa in the genus)

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Jakob, Aljaž, Mateja Breg Valjavec, and Andraž Čarni. "Turnover of Plant Species on an Ecological Gradient in Karst Dolines Is Reflected in Plant Traits: Chorotypes, Life Forms, Plant Architecture and Strategies." Diversity 14, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14080597.

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We analyzed plants and their traits in dolines, which are characteristic enclosed terrain depressions on carbonate (karst) plateaus. These landforms range from a few meters to over 100 m in diameter, their depth generally varying from a few meters to a few tens of meters. A pronounced ecological gradient can be found from the bottom to the top, starting from humid, cool and shaded bottoms to sunny, dry and warm slopes and tops. We sampled dolines of various depths and analyzed the distribution of plant species on the gradient and how this distribution is reflected in plant traits: chorotypes, life forms, plant architecture and strategies. We used the transect method and sampled the floristic composition from the doline bottom to the top. We collected information about plant traits from various literature sources. The results show life forms and plant architecture explain this gradient well and, to a lesser extent, also chorotypes, but functional strategies have a low explanatory power. Life forms and plant architecture are the result of adaptation of species to the environment, and chorotypes are defined as species with an overlapping geographical distribution pattern due to their distribution and environmental histories. Functional strategies, which have evolved to enable plants to succeed in various environments, unexpectedly have a low explanatory power.

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Belousov, Sergey V., and Anna I. Belousova. "Experimental researches of plant protection means." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822405002.

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There was presented and investigated the problem of the application of atomizing tips in the system of processing plants with backpack sprayers in small forms of management and conditions of limited land use. Laboratory researches were conducted using the equipment of the company TeeJetTechnologies, namely for the work on the specified equipment there was designed the dispenser for the selection of atomizing tips of the present design of the sprayer. It will allow you to select atomizing tips for wider use. Also there were designed forms of tables to control the operation of the proposed sprayer based on the processing of one row.

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Ljubojevic, Mirjana, Vladislav Ognjanov, Dusica Bosnjakovic, Goran Barac, Marina Ognjanov, Emina Mladenovic, and Jelena Cukanovic. "Sweet and sour cherry decorative forms." Genetika 44, no. 2 (2012): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1202367l.

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Biodiversity of natural populations, biodiversity located on farm and the introduced cultivars and selections are a rich source of genetic variability in sour and sweet cherries, but they have never been bread with the aim of creating decorative varieties. Low vigour ? dwarfing and upright ? sour cherry genotypes, NS 1/16 KK and NS 1/24 KK, were selected from natural population of Fruska Gora and private arboretum, respectively. Sweet cherry selections NS 6/15 K and RS 8/27 were part of on farm conservation of genetic resources. Furthermore, reduction in vigour was achieved by defining specific combining abilities as a result of rootstock/scion interaction. The outcome of this study is unique columnar and dwarf forms that integrate specific genetic potential of varieties and selections, their interaction with rootstocks and traditional horticultural skills. Collected biodiversity is another confirmation that the Balkan peninsula is one of the most valuable secondary centres of genetic diversity and inexhaustible gene pool for breeding both, varieties and vegetative rootstocks.

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Verma, R. K., R. Kumar, and H. Chauhan. "Status of Plant Diversity in Alpine Pasture of Chansel of District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.064.

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A study to evaluate the floristic diversity and growth forms in alpine pasture of Chansel of district Shimla, Himachal Pradesh was conducted during August, 2019. Phyto- sociological studies was carried out by laying out quadrates randomly in the selected alpine pasture. The data collected were analyzed for density, frequency, abundance, importantance value index, dominance index, diversity index, distribution pattern, life forms etc., for drawing the logical conclusion. Total numbers of plant species were 100 belonging to 80 genera and 36 families. The plant species comprised of 5 grasses, 1 sedge, 2 leguminous forbs and 74 non leguminous forbs. On the basis of IVI, Anaphalis contorta recorded the highest value (10.14) followed by Trifolium repens (9.55) and Taraxacum officinale (8.44). The distribution pattern of most of the species was contiguous. The value of dominance index, diversity index, richness index and evenness index was 0.021, 4.17, 10.203 and 0.946, respectively. The contribution of tall forbs, short forbs and cushioned and spreading forbs in the alpine pasture was 41.46%, 52.44% and 6.10%, respectively. Out of 53 medicinal plants species recorded from the studied site, 6 species viz., Aconitum heterophyllum, Bergenia stracheyi, Jurinea dolomiaea, Meconopsis aculeata, Roscoea alpina and Selinum tenuifolium fall in the category of threatened plant species.

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Wimpy, Wimpy, Livana PH, and Putrie Prameswari. "Antioxidant Activities of Soursop Leaves and Meniran Plant Extracts Combination." Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2022): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v4i1.803.

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Antioxidants can prevent free radicals which from the metabolism of the body, air pollution and contamination of food. Soursop leaves has a good potential as an antioxidant because it contains alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. Meniran has a good potential as an antioxidant because it contains alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and steroids. The combination of soursop leaves extract and meniran extract can provide very strong antioxidant activity than its singular forms. The aim of this study is to determine the antioxidant activity of the combination of soursop leaves extract and meniran extract compared to the singular forms. This research was done at the BPTO Tawangmangu Central Java, Indonesian and Chemical Laboratory, STIKES Nasional from October to December 2016. This type of research was experimental with quota sampling technique. The results showed that IC50 value of singular forms of soursop leaves extract was 116,5376 ppm. IC50 value of singular forms of meniran extract was 30,6893 ppm. IC50 value of combination forms of soursop leaves extract and meniran extract with ratio of 1:1 was 41,4710 ppm. IC50 value of combination forms of soursop leaves extract and meniran extract with ratio of 1:2 was 23,8590 ppm. IC50 value of combination forms of soursop leaves extract and meniran extract with ratio of 2:1 was 56,5174 ppm. The combination of soursop leaves extract and meniran extract had very strong antioxidant activity compared to its singular forms. The combination soursop leaves extract and meniran with ratio of 1:2 had the strongest antioxidant activity.

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