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1
Ross, John J., and James B. Reid. "Evolution of growth-promoting plant hormones." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 9 (2010): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10063.
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The plant growth hormones auxin, gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs) are major determinants of plant growth and development. Recently, key signalling components for these hormones have been identified in vascular plants and, at least for the GAs and BRs, biosynthetic pathways have been clarified. The genome sequencing of a range of species, including a few non-flowering plants, has allowed insight into the evolution of the hormone systems. It appears that the moss Physcomitrella patens can respond to auxin and contains key elements of the auxin signalling pathway, although there is some doubt as to whether it shows a fully developed rapid auxin response. On the other hand, P. patens does not show a GA response, even though it contains genes for components of GA signalling. The GA response system appears to be more advanced in the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii than in P. patens. Signalling systems for BRs probably arose after the evolutionary divergence of the mosses and vascular plants, although detailed information is limited. Certainly, the processes affected by the growth hormones (e.g. GAs) can differ in the different plant groups, and there is evidence that with the evolution of the angiosperms, the hormone systems have become more complex at the gene level. The intermediate nature of mosses in terms of overall hormone biology allows us to speculate about the possible relationship between the evolution of plant growth hormones and the evolution of terrestrial vascular plants in general.
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Végvári, György, and Edina Vidéki. "Plant hormones, plant growth regulators." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 26 (June 2014): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29939.
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Plants seem to be rather defenceless, they are unable to do motion, have no nervous system or immune system unlike animals. Besides this, plants do have hormones, though these substances are produced not in glands. In view of their complexity they lagged behind animals, however, plant organisms show large scale integration in their structure and function. In higher plants, such as in animals, the intercellular communication is fulfilled through chemical messengers. These specific compounds in plants are called phytohormones, or in a wide sense, bioregulators. Even a small quantity of these endogenous organic compounds are able to regulate the operation, growth and development of higher plants, and keep the connection between cells, tissues and synergy beween organs. Since they do not have nervous and immume systems, phytohormones play essential role in plants’ life. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1011–1018.
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Jang, Geupil, Youngdae Yoon, and Yang Do Choi. "Crosstalk with Jasmonic Acid Integrates Multiple Responses in Plant Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010305.
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To date, extensive studies have identified many classes of hormones in plants and revealed the specific, nonredundant signaling pathways for each hormone. However, plant hormone functions largely overlap in many aspects of plant development and environmental responses, suggesting that studying the crosstalk among plant hormones is key to understanding hormonal responses in plants. The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) is deeply involved in the regulation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, a growing number of studies suggest that JA plays an essential role in the modulation of plant growth and development under stress conditions, and crosstalk between JA and other phytohormones involved in growth and development, such as gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin, and auxin modulate various developmental processes. This review summarizes recent findings of JA crosstalk in the modulation of plant growth and development, focusing on JA–GA, JA–cytokinin, and JA–auxin crosstalk. The molecular mechanisms underlying this crosstalk are also discussed.
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Yuniawati, Rafika, Siti Fatimah, Reni Indrayanti, Ifa Manzila, Tri Puji Priyatno, and Dwi Ningsih Susilowati. "Increasing the Growth and Quality of Red Chili with Growth Hormone from Endophytic Bacteria." Jurnal AgroBiogen 15, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v15n2.2019.p75-82.
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<p>Red chili is a very important horticultural commodity in Indonesia having low productivity and quality. Cultivation method needs to be improved including the use of exogenous growth hormones. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the optimum concentration of IAA and GA growing hormones from isolate B6.2 in stimulating plant growth and improving the quality of large red chili fruit; (2) molecular identity of the B6.2 bacterial isolate. The growth hormone content of B6.2 isolates using HPLC obtained 0.49 ppm IAA and 64.53 ppm GA. The growth hormone potential test on the growth and quality of chili was carried out with a concentration of 1, 3, 5 ml/l, while water and synthetic hormones was used as negative and positive control, respectively. The experimental design used was a Complete Random Design with the foliar spray application to the plant canopy three times during the growth period. The results showed the best concentration in increasing plant height, fruit weight, shooth wet, and dry weight compared to controls at the age of 76 days after planting (dap) was a concentration of 5 ml/l, with the values of 71.7±0.9 cm , 94.7±0.3 g, 11.5±0.43 g, and 1.4±0.09 g, respectively. The molecular identification showed that B6.2 isolate was classified as Bacillus vallismortis with 100% homology. The growth hormone from isolate B6.2 has the potential to increase growth and production of red chili plants.</p>
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Müller, Maren. "Foes or Friends: ABA and Ethylene Interaction under Abiotic Stress." Plants 10, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030448.
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Due to their sessile nature, plants constantly adapt to their environment by modulating various internal plant hormone signals and distributions, as plants perceive environmental changes. Plant hormones include abscisic acid (ABA), auxins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and strigolactones, which collectively regulate plant growth, development, metabolism, and defense. Moreover, plant hormone crosstalk coordinates a sophisticated plant hormone network to achieve specific physiological functions, on both a spatial and temporal level. Thus, the study of hormone–hormone interactions is a competitive field of research for deciphering the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Among plant hormones, ABA and ethylene present a fascinating case of interaction. They are commonly recognized to act antagonistically in the control of plant growth, and development, as well as under stress conditions. However, several studies on ABA and ethylene suggest that they can operate in parallel or even interact positively. Here, an overview is provided of the current knowledge on ABA and ethylene interaction, focusing on abiotic stress conditions and a simplified hypothetical model describing stomatal closure / opening, regulated by ABA and ethylene.
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López-Ruiz, Brenda Anabel, Estephania Zluhan-Martínez, María de la Paz Sánchez, Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla, and Adriana Garay-Arroyo. "Interplay between Hormones and Several Abiotic Stress Conditions on Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Root Development." Cells 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 2576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9122576.
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As sessile organisms, plants must adjust their growth to withstand several environmental conditions. The root is a crucial organ for plant survival as it is responsible for water and nutrient acquisition from the soil and has high phenotypic plasticity in response to a lack or excess of them. How plants sense and transduce their external conditions to achieve development, is still a matter of investigation and hormones play fundamental roles. Hormones are small molecules essential for plant growth and their function is modulated in response to stress environmental conditions and internal cues to adjust plant development. This review was motivated by the need to explore how Arabidopsis thaliana primary root differentially sense and transduce external conditions to modify its development and how hormone-mediated pathways contribute to achieve it. To accomplish this, we discuss available data of primary root growth phenotype under several hormone loss or gain of function mutants or exogenous application of compounds that affect hormone concentration in several abiotic stress conditions. This review shows how different hormones could promote or inhibit primary root development in A. thaliana depending on their growth in several environmental conditions. Interestingly, the only hormone that always acts as a promoter of primary root development is gibberellins.
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Gaspar, Thomas, Claire Kevers, Claude Penel, Hubert Greppin, David M. Reid, and Trevor A. Thorpe. "Plant hormones and plant growth regulators in plant tissue culture." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 32, no. 4 (October 1996): 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02822700.
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Kosakivska, I. V. "GIBBERELLINS IN REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER ABIOTIC STRESSES." Biotechnologia Acta 14, no. 2 (February 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.02.005.
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Background. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid phytohormones, play an important role in regulation of plant growth and development. Among more than 130 different gibberellin molecules, only a few are bioactive. GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 regulate plant growth through promotion the degradation of the DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear growth repressors – negative regulator of GAs signaling. Recent studies on GAs biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, and signaling, as well as crosstalk with other phytohormones and environment have achieved great progress thanks to molecular genetics and functional genomics. Aim. In this review, we focused on the role of GAs in regulation of plant gtowth in abiotic stress conditions. Results. We represented a key information on GAs biosynthesis, signaling and functional activity; summarized current understanding of the crosstalk between GAs and auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and other hormones and what is the role of GAs in regulation of adaptation to drought, salinization, high and low temperature conditions, and heavy metal pollution. We emphasize that the effects of GAs depend primarily on the strength and duration of stress and the phase of ontogenesis and tolerance of the plant. By changing the intensity of biosynthesis, the pattern of the distribution and signaling of GAs, plants are able to regulate resistance to abiotic stress, increase viability and even avoid stress. The issues of using retardants – inhibitors of GAs biosynthesis to study the functional activity of hormones under abiotic stresses were discussed. Special attention was focused on the use of exogenous GAs for pre-sowing priming of seeds and foliar treatment of plants. Conclusion. Further study of the role of gibberellins in the acquisition of stress resistance would contribute to the development of biotechnology of exogenous use of the hormone to improve growth and increase plant yields under adverse environmental conditions.
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Paponov, Martina, Aleksandr Arakelyan, Petre I. Dobrev, Michel J. Verheul, and Ivan A. Paponov. "Nitrogen Deficiency and Synergism between Continuous Light and Root Ammonium Supply Modulate Distinct but Overlapping Patterns of Phytohormone Composition in Xylem Sap of Tomato Plants." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030573.
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Continuous light (CL) or a predominant nitrogen supply as ammonium (NH4+) can induce leaf chlorosis and inhibit plant growth. The similarity in injuries caused by CL and NH4+ suggests involvement of overlapping mechanisms in plant responses to these conditions; however, these mechanisms are poorly understood. We addressed this topic by conducting full factorial experiments with tomato plants to investigate the effects of NO3− or NH4+ supply under diurnal light (DL) or CL. We used plants at ages of 26 and 15 days after sowing to initiate the treatments, and we modulated the intensity of the stress induced by CL and an exclusive NH4+ supply from mild to strong. Under DL, we also studied the effect of nitrogen (N) deficiency and mixed application of NO3− and NH4+. Under strong stress, CL and exclusive NH4+ supply synergistically inhibited plant growth and reduced chlorophyll content. Under mild stress, when no synergetic effect between CL and NH4+ was apparent on plant growth and chlorophyll content, we found a synergetic effect of CL and NH4+ on the accumulation of several plant stress hormones, with an especially strong effect for jasmonic acid (JA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, in xylem sap. This modulation of the hormonal composition suggests a potential role for these plant hormones in plant growth responses to the combined application of CL and NH4+. No synergetic effect was observed between CL and NH4+ for the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates or of mineral ions, indicating that these plant traits are less sensitive than the modulation of hormonal composition in xylem sap to the combined CL and NH4+ application. Under diurnal light, NH4+ did not affect the hormonal composition of xylem sap; however, N deficiency strongly increased the concentrations of phaseic acid (PA), JA, and salicylic acid (SA), indicating that decreased N concentration rather than the presence of NO3− or NH4+ in the nutrient solution drives the hormone composition of the xylem sap. In conclusion, N deficiency or a combined application of CL and NH4+ induced the accumulation of JA in xylem sap. This accumulation, in combination with other plant hormones, defines the specific plant response to stress conditions.
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Santner, Aaron, Luz Irina A. Calderon-Villalobos, and Mark Estelle. "Plant hormones are versatile chemical regulators of plant growth." Nature Chemical Biology 5, no. 5 (April 17, 2009): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.165.
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Ismail, Mohamed A., Mohamed A. Amin, Ahmed M. Eid, Saad El-Din Hassan, Hany A. M. Mahgoub, Islam Lashin, Abdelrhman T. Abdelwahab, et al. "Comparative Study between Exogenously Applied Plant Growth Hormones versus Metabolites of Microbial Endophytes as Plant Growth-Promoting for Phaseolus vulgaris L." Cells 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051059.
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Microbial endophytes organize symbiotic relationships with the host plant, and their excretions contain diverse plant beneficial matter such as phytohormones and bioactive compounds. In the present investigation, six bacterial and four fungal strains were isolated from the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) root plant, identified using molecular techniques, and their growth-promoting properties were reviewed. All microbial isolates showed varying activities to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and different hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase, cellulase, protease, pectinase, and xylanase. Six bacterial endophytic isolates displayed phosphate-solubilizing capacity and ammonia production. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the promotion activity of the metabolites of the most potent endophytic bacterial (Bacillus thuringiensis PB2 and Brevibacillus agri PB5) and fungal (Alternaria sorghi PF2 and, Penicillium commune PF3) strains in comparison to two exogenously applied hormone, IAA, and benzyl adenine (BA), on the growth and biochemical characteristics of the P. vulgaris L. Interestingly, our investigations showed that bacterial and fungal endophytic metabolites surpassed the exogenously applied hormones in increasing the plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate and protein contents, antioxidant enzyme activity, endogenous hormones and yield traits. Our findings illustrate that the endophyte Brevibacillus agri (PB5) provides high potential as a stimulator for the growth and productivity of common bean plants.
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Chavarría-Krauser, Andrés, Willi Jäger, and Ulrich Schurr. "Primary root growth: a biophysical model of auxin-related control." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 9 (2005): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05033.
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Plant hormones control many aspects of plant development and play an important role in root growth. Many plant reactions, such as gravitropism and hydrotropism, rely on growth as a driving motor and hormones as signals. Thus, modelling the effects of hormones on expanding root tips is an essential step in understanding plant roots. Here we achieve a connection between root growth and hormone distribution by extending a model of root tip growth, which describes the tip as a string of dividing and expanding cells. In contrast to a former model, a biophysical growth equation relates the cell wall extensibility, the osmotic potential and the yield threshold to the relative growth rate. This equation is used in combination with a refined hormone model including active auxin transport. The model assumes that the wall extensibility is determined by the concentration of a wall enzyme, whose production and degradation are assumed to be controlled by auxin and cytokinin. Investigation of the effects of auxin on the relative growth rate distribution thus becomes possible. Solving the equations numerically allows us to test the reaction of the model to changes in auxin production. Results are validated with measurements found in literature.
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Devireddy, Amith R., Timothy J. Tschaplinski, Gerald A. Tuskan, Wellington Muchero, and Jin-Gui Chen. "Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Hormones in Plant Responses to Temperature Changes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 8843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168843.
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Temperature stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect agricultural productivity worldwide. Temperatures beyond a plant’s physiological optimum can trigger significant physiological and biochemical perturbations, reducing plant growth and tolerance to stress. Improving a plant’s tolerance to these temperature fluctuations requires a deep understanding of its responses to environmental change. To adapt to temperature fluctuations, plants tailor their acclimatory signal transduction events, and specifically, cellular redox state, that are governed by plant hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulatory systems, and other molecular components. The role of ROS in plants as important signaling molecules during stress acclimation has recently been established. Here, hormone-triggered ROS produced by NADPH oxidases, feedback regulation, and integrated signaling events during temperature stress activate stress-response pathways and induce acclimation or defense mechanisms. At the other extreme, excess ROS accumulation, following temperature-induced oxidative stress, can have negative consequences on plant growth and stress acclimation. The excessive ROS is regulated by the ROS scavenging system, which subsequently promotes plant tolerance. All these signaling events, including crosstalk between hormones and ROS, modify the plant’s transcriptomic, metabolomic, and biochemical states and promote plant acclimation, tolerance, and survival. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the ROS, hormones, and their joint role in shaping a plant’s responses to high and low temperatures, and we conclude by outlining hormone/ROS-regulated plant responsive strategies for developing stress-tolerant crops to combat temperature changes.
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Brock, Thomas G. "Combined effects of hormones and light during growth promotion in primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-054.
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Cell enlargement in primary leaves of bean is promoted by bright white light, gibberellic acid, or the cytokinin N6-benzyladenine. I examine the combined effects of light and hormones on growth, cell wall properties, and osmotic parameters during growth over 24 h. Applied alone, benzyladenine (10 μM), gibberellic acid (10 μM), and white light produced similar increases in the length and fresh weight of excised leaf strips over 24 h. The combined effects of hormones and light on growth were much less than additive. Individually, all three treatments significantly increased cell wall plastic extensibility over 24 h. However, benzyladenine combined with white light were additive in effect on plastic extensibility, and gibberellic acid combined with white light were synergistic. The differences in effects of hormones in white light on growth versus plastic extensibility indicate a decrease in growth potential, which is attributable in part to hormonal effects on osmotic concentration. Although white light alone increased osmotic concentration, both benzyladenine and gibberellic acid greatly decreased it, with or without white light. Furthermore, because growth potential is a function of both osmotic potential and wall yield threshold, it appears that yield threshold does not decline in parallel with osmotic potential in hormone-treated bean leaf strips. Finally, both benzyladenine and gibberellic acid inhibit the increase in osmotic solutes normally produced by white light. This effect, coupled with water uptake during cell expansion, would produce the observed decreases in osmotic concentration in hormone-treated strips. Hence, both benzyladenine and gibberellic acid interfere with light-induced growth, primarily through effects on the apparent ability of light to direct solute accumulation. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, leaf growth, cytokinin, gibberellic acid, light.
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Formentin, Elide, Elisabetta Barizza, Piergiorgio Stevanato, Marco Falda, Federica Massa, Danuše Tarkowskà, Ondřej Novák, and Fiorella Lo Schiavo. "Fast Regulation of Hormone Metabolism Contributes to Salt Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa spp. Japonica, L.) by Inducing Specific Morpho-Physiological Responses." Plants 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants7030075.
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Clear evidence has highlighted a role for hormones in the plant stress response, including salt stress. Interplay and cross-talk among different hormonal pathways are of vital importance in abiotic stress tolerance. A genome-wide transcriptional analysis was performed on leaves and roots of three-day salt treated and untreated plants of two Italian rice varieties, Baldo and Vialone Nano, which differ in salt sensitivity. Genes correlated with hormonal pathways were identified and analyzed. The contents of abscisic acid, indoleacetic acid, cytokinins, and gibberellins were measured in roots, stems, and leaves of seedlings exposed for one and three days to salt stress. From the transcriptomic analysis, a huge number of genes emerged as being involved in hormone regulation in response to salt stress. The expression profile of genes involved in biosynthesis, signaling, response, catabolism, and conjugation of phytohormones was analyzed and integrated with the measurements of hormones in roots, stems, and leaves of seedlings. Significant changes in the hormone levels, along with differences in morphological responses, emerged between the two varieties. These results support the faster regulation of hormones metabolism in the tolerant variety that allows a prompt growth reprogramming and the setting up of an acclimation program, leading to specific morpho-physiological responses and growth recovery.
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Istiqomah, Nurul, Noraida Hayati, and Fenny Erawati. "Aplikasi Berbagai Bahan Asal Hormon Alami terhadap Penyetekan Kenanga." RAWA SAINS : JURNAL SAINS STIPER AMUNTAI 2, no. 2 (August 15, 2012): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36589/rs.v2i2.13.
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Cananga flowers can be taken cananga oil and ornamental flowers. Cananga can be reproduced generatively. Vegetative propagation is still difficult, both with cuttings, grafts, grafting and tissue culture. Plant propagation by cuttings, a problem that is often faced is the difficulty of cuttings in forming roots, to overcome this problem can be used to grow stimulants that can stimulate rooting cuttings. Hormones are growth stimulants which naturally occur in plants both in leaves and fruit, one of which is in coconuts. The purpose of this study was (i) to determine the effect of various natural hormone ingredients on the growth of cananga cuttings, and (ii) to obtain the best natural hormone ingredients that influence the growth of cananga cuttings. This research was carried out on STIPER Amuntai land and greenhouses from July to August 2012. This experiment used a single randomized block design (RBD), grouping based on plant sires. The factors studied were various natural hormone ingredients (H), consisting of 4 levels, namely: h1 = old coconut water, h2 = young coconut water, h3 = red onion and h4 = cow urine. Each treatment consisted of 4 treatments and 6 groups, so that there were 24 experimental units. The experimental results show that the application of various natural hormones is not able to increase the growth of cananga cuttings. The best natural hormones are not obtained even though by observation of natural hormones that are able to maintain vigority cuttings better is young coconut water (h2).
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Cleland, R. E. "The Role of Hormones in Wall Loosening and Plant Growth." Functional Plant Biology 13, no. 1 (1986): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9860093.
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The rate at which any plant cell enlarges is determined by the product of two cellular parameters; the wall extensibility (m) and the effective turgor (�*p - Y), where �*p is the turgor pressure and Y is the wall yield threshold. When hormones modulate the rate of cell enlargement, they do so by altering one or both of these parameters. To determine whether the affected parameter is m, one must be able to measure it. There are four methods for assessing m; the Instron technique; stress relaxation; turgor relaxation; and the growth rate v. turgor method. Each has advantages and disadvantages. Ideally, at least two methods should be used and the results should agree, at least qualitatively. In every case so far examined, wherever auxin promotes cell elongation, it also increases m. Gibberellins and cytokinins, on the other hand, sometimes increase m and sometimes do not. Abscisic acid, in the few cases tested, decreases m, while the effects of ethylene are mixed. A change in m can occur only if the cell exports (or takes up) a wall loosening factor (WLF) in response to the hormone. In some cases the WLF must be, at least in part, protons, but in other cases it is clear that it is something different. In dicotyledonous stems it could even be the uptake of Ca�+ from the walls. Turgor can be influenced by hormones but, with the exception of gibberellins, the responses appear to be secondary, induced by the growth processes rather than by the hormone. However, the ability of cells to take up osmotic solutes and maintain �*p may be the most important factor, in nature, modulating the growth rate of plants on an hour-to-hour basis.
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Ostrowski, Maciej, and Anna Jakubowska. "Udp-Glycosyltransferases of Plant Hormones." Advances in Cell Biology 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acb-2014-0003.
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Summary UDP-glycosyltransferases (GTases, UGT) catalyze the transfer of the sugar moiety from the uridine-diphosphate-activated monosaccharide (e.g. uridine-diphosphate-5’-glucose, UDPG) molecule to the specific acceptor. Glycosides contain aglycons attached by a β-glycosidic bond to C1 of the saccharide moiety. Glycosylation is one of the mechanisms maintaining cellular homeostasis through the regulation of the level, biological activity, and subcellular distribution of the glycosylated compounds. The glycosides play various functions in plant cells, such as high-energy donors, or signalling molecules, and are involved in biosynthesis of cell walls. Plant cells exhibit structural and functional diversity of UGT proteins. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains more than 100 genes encoding GTases, which belong to 91 families, and are deposited in the CAZY (Carbohydrate Active enzyme) database (www. cazy.org/GlycosylTransferases.html). The largest UGT1 class is divided into 14 subfamilies (A-N), and includes proteins containing highly conserved 44-amino acid PSPG (Plant Secondary Product Glycosyltransferase) motif at the C-terminus. The PSPG motif is involved in the binding of UDP-sugar donors to the enzyme. UGT1’s catalyze the biosynthesis of both ester-type and ether-type conjugates of plant hormones (phytohormones). Conjugation of the phytohormones is an important mechanism that regulates the concentration of physiological active hormone levels during growth and development of plants. Glycoconjugation of phytohormones is widespread in the plant kingdom and all known phytohormones are able to form these conjugates. Most plant hormone conjugates do not indicate physiological activity, but rather are involved in transport, storage and degradation of the phytohormones. UDPG-dependent glycosyltransferases possess high substrate specificity, even within a given class of phytohormones. In many cases, the phenotype of plants is strongly affected by loss-of-function mutations in UGT genes. In this paper, advances in the isolation and characterization of glycosyltransferases of all plant hormones: auxin, brassinosteroids, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, jasmonates, and salicylate is described
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Urbanová, Terezie, Danuše Tarkowská, Miroslav Strnad, and Peter Hedden. "Gibberellins – terpenoid plant hormones: Biological importance and chemical analysis." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 76, no. 12 (2011): 1669–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2011098.
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Gibberellins (GAs) are a large group of diterpenoid carboxylic acids, some members of which function as plant hormones controlling diverse aspects of growth and development. Biochemical, genetic, and genomic approaches have led to the identification of the majority of the genes that encode GA biosynthesis and deactivation enzymes. Recent studies have shown that both GA biosynthesis and deactivation pathways are tightly regulated by developmental, hormonal, and environmental signals, consistent with the role of GAs as key growth regulators. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the GA biosynthesis and deactivation pathways in plants and fungi, and discuss methods for their qualitative and quantitative analysis. The challenges for their extraction and purification from plant tissues, which form complex matrices containing thousands of interfering substances, are discussed.
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Rasaei, Ali, Saeid Jalali Honarmand, Mohsen Saeidi, Mohammad-Eghbal Ghobadi, and Shahrokh Khanizadeh. "Effects of Selected Plant Growth Regulators on Bread Wheat Spike Development." Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n2p115.
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Although the grain yield of wheat is finally determined after anthesis, the yield potential is largely dependent on early growth and development. At the specific stage from double ridge to terminal spikelet, spikelet initiation occurs and can affect the number of grains per spike and the grain yield. A factorial experiment using a randomized complete blocks design with six replicates was used to study the effect of three growth regulators (3‑indoleacetic acid [IAA], gibberellic acid [GA3], and 6‑benzylaminopurine [6‑BAP]) on two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Rijaw and Azar‑2), at the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University, in Kermanshah, Iran, during the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 cropping seasons. The effect of the hormones was not significant for spikelet initiation number or spikelet initiation rate based on days and growing degree days (GDDs), but apical meristem length and rate of elongation of the apical meristem were affected by exogenous application of hormones in both years. The Rijaw genotype was better than Azar‑2 with respect to apical meristem traits. As well, biplot diagrams showed that the treatment combination 6‑BAP × Rijaw was the best in terms of shoot apex length and rate of shoot apex elongation and that the treatment combination GA3×Rijaw was the best in terms of spikelet number and rate of spikelet initiation. It is concluded that each hormone can improve specific apical meristem characteristics and that the rate of each hormone’s effect depends on the plant’s genetic feature and on the environmental conditions.
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Emenecker, Ryan J., and Lucia C. Strader. "Auxin-Abscisic Acid Interactions in Plant Growth and Development." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020281.
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Plant hormones regulate many aspects of plant growth, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. Much research has gone into our understanding of individual plant hormones, focusing primarily on their mechanisms of action and the processes that they regulate. However, recent research has begun to focus on a more complex problem; how various plant hormones work together to regulate growth and developmental processes. In this review, we focus on two phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin. We begin with brief overviews of the hormones individually, followed by in depth analyses of interactions between auxin and ABA, focusing on interactions in individual tissues and how these interactions are occurring where possible. Finally, we end with a brief discussion and future prospects for the field.
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Wang, Xin Yu, Xin Li Wei, Heng Luo, Jung A. Kim, Hae Sook Jeon, Young Jin Koh, and Jae-Seoun Hur. "Plant Hormones Promote Growth in Lichen-Forming Fungi." Mycobiology 38, no. 3 (2010): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.4489/myco.2010.38.3.176.
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ZHANG, Dejian, Chunyan LIU, Yujie YANG, Qiangsheng WU, and Yeyun LI. "Plant Root Hair Growth in Response to Hormones." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 47, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha47111350.
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Plant root hair is tubular projections from the root epidermis. Its can increase root surface area, which is very important for nutrients and water uptake as well as interaction with soil microorganisms. In this short review, we discussed the effects of hormones (auxin, ethylene, jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, strigolactones, and brassinosteroids) on root hair growth. It was highlight the interaction between auxin and ethylene on root hair growth. Furthermore, the mechanisms of jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, strigolactone and brassinosteroids on root hair growth may through auxin or ethylene signaling pathway partly. In future, more genes relating to root hair growth needed clone and elucidate their roles, as well as undertaking reverse genetics and mutant complementation studies to add the current knowledge of the signaling networks, which are involved in root hair growth that regulated by hormones.
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Arkhipova, Tatiana N., Nina V. Evseeva, Oksana V. Tkachenko, Gennady L. Burygin, Lidiya B. Vysotskaya, Zarina A. Akhtyamova, and Guzel R. Kudoyarova. "Rhizobacteria Inoculation Effects on Phytohormone Status of Potato Microclones Cultivated In Vitro under Osmotic Stress." Biomolecules 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10091231.
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Water deficits inhibit plant growth and decrease crop productivity. Remedies are needed to counter this increasingly urgent problem in practical farming. One possible approach is to utilize rhizobacteria known to increase plant resistance to abiotic and other stresses. We therefore studied the effects of inoculating the culture medium of potato microplants grown in vitro with Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 or Ochrobactrum cytisi IPA7.2. Growth and hormone content of the plants were evaluated under stress-free conditions and under a water deficit imposed with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). Inoculation with either bacterium promoted the growth in terms of leaf mass accumulation. The effects were associated with increased concentrations of auxin and cytokinin hormones in the leaves and stems and with suppression of an increase in the leaf abscisic acid that PEG treatment otherwise promoted in the potato microplants. O. cytisi IPA7.2 had a greater growth-stimulating effect than A. brasilense Sp245 on stressed plants, while A. brasilense Sp245 was more effective in unstressed plants. The effects were likely to be the result of changes to the plant’s hormonal balance brought about by the bacteria.
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Kaufmann, Christine, and Margret Sauter. "Sulfated plant peptide hormones." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 16 (June 20, 2019): 4267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz292.
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Abstract Sulfated peptides are plant hormones that are active at nanomolar concentrations. The sulfation at one or more tyrosine residues is catalysed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST), which is encoded by a single-copy gene. The sulfate group is provided by the co-substrate 3´-phosphoadenosine 5´-phosphosulfate (PAPS), which links synthesis of sulfated signaling peptides to sulfur metabolism. The precursor proteins share a conserved DY-motif that is implicated in specifying tyrosine sulfation. Several sulfated peptides undergo additional modification such as hydroxylation of proline and glycosylation of hydroxyproline. The modifications render the secreted signaling molecules active and stable. Several sulfated signaling peptides have been shown to be perceived by leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) but have signaling pathways that, for the most part, are yet to be elucidated. Sulfated peptide hormones regulate growth and a wide variety of developmental processes, and intricately modulate immunity to pathogens. While basic research on sulfated peptides has made steady progress, their potential in agricultural and pharmaceutical applications has yet to be explored.
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Tajti, Hamow, Majláth, Gierczik, Németh, Janda, and Pál. "Polyamine-Induced Hormonal Changes in eds5 and sid2 Mutant Arabidopsis Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 5746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225746.
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Polyamines are multifaceted compounds which play a role in regulating plant growth and stress tolerance in interactions with plant hormones. The aim of the present study was to reveal how exogenous polyamines influence the synthesis of salicylic acid, with a special emphasis on the effect of salicylic acid deficiency on the polyamine metabolism and polyamine-induced changes in other plant hormone contents. Our hypothesis was that the individual polyamines induced different changes in the polyamine and salicylic acid metabolism of the wild type and salicylic acid-deficient Arabidopsis mutants, which in turn influenced other hormones. To our knowledge, such a side-by-side comparison of the influence of eds5-1 and sid2-2 mutations on polyamines has not been reported yet. To achieve our goals, wild and mutant genotypes were tested after putrescine, spermidine or spermine treatments. Polyamine and plant hormone metabolism was investigated at metabolite and gene expression levels. Individual polyamines induced different changes in the Arabidopsis plants, and the responses were also genotype-dependent. Polyamines upregulated the polyamine synthesis and catabolism, and remarkable changes in hormone synthesis were found especially after spermidine or spermine treatments. The sid2-2 mutant showed pronounced differences compared to Col-0. Interactions between plant hormones may also be responsible for the observed differences.
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Preston, Gail M. "Plant perceptions of plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1446 (June 29, 2004): 907–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1384.
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Plant–associated Pseudomonas live as saprophytes and parasites on plant surfaces and inside plant tissues. Many plant–associated Pseudomonas promote plant growth by suppressing pathogenic micro–organisms, synthesizing growth–stimulating plant hormones and promoting increased plant disease resistance. Others inhibit plant growth and cause disease symptoms ranging from rot and necrosis through to developmental dystrophies such as galls. It is not easy to draw a clear distinction between pathogenic and plant growth–promoting Pseudomonas . They colonize the same ecological niches and possess similar mechanisms for plant colonization. Pathogenic, saprophytic and plant growth–promoting strains are often found within the same species, and the incidence and severity of Pseudomonas diseases are affected by environmental factors and host–specific interactions. Plants are faced with the challenge of how to recognize and exclude pathogens that pose a genuine threat, while tolerating more benign organisms. This review examines Pseudomonas from a plant perspective, focusing in particular on the question of how plants perceive and are affected by saprophytic and plant growth–promoting Pseudomonas (PGPP), in contrast to their interactions with plant pathogenic Pseudomonas . A better understanding of the molecular basis of plant–PGPP interactions and of the key differences between pathogens and PGPP will enable researchers to make more informed decisions in designing integrated disease–control strategies and in selecting, modifying and using PGPP for plant growth promotion, bioremediation and biocontrol.
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HAN, Defu, Hongbing CAO, Tao ZHANG, Lianxuan SHI, and Jixun GUO. "Salinity Influence on Leymus chinensis Characteristics in a Temperate Meadow Ecosystem." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 43, no. 2 (December 10, 2015): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4329783.
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Salinity is an important restrictive factor for plant growth and ecosystem productivity. However, the endogenous mechanisms by which salinity constrains plant growth are not well understood. To determine the mechanism by which soil salinity suppresses plant growth under salt stress, the effect of soil salinity on hormones in the leaves of Leymus chinensis and the plant density, height and biomass were examined in Songnen meadow steppe. The plants with rhizosphere soil were collected in the growing season (May, June, July, September, October) from the field at different salt levels. The shoot density, height and biomass accumulation of L. chinensis highly decreased with the increase in the soil salinity. Salinity significantly reduced the synthesis of the hormones gibberellic acid (GA3) and indoleacetic acid (IAA), but it increased the concentration of abscisic acid (ABA). Significant negative correlations between the soil electrical conductivity and plant leaf hormones (GA3, r = -0.853, P < 0.05; IAA r = -0.971; P<0.01) related to plant growth and positive correlation with ABA (r = 0.931, P<0.01) were observed. Significant positive correlations between the plant hormones related to plant growth (GA3 and IAA) were observed, but negative correlations were found between ABA and plant density (r = -0.872, P<0.05) and height (r = -0.833, P<0.05). The results suggest that soil salinity might restrict plant growth and biomass accumulation by reducing the synthesis of GA3 and IAA and increasing the synthesis of ABA under salt stress.
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Hartwig, Thomas, and Zhi-Yong Wang. "The molecular circuit of steroid signalling in plants." Essays in Biochemistry 58 (September 15, 2015): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0580071.
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Steroid hormones are key regulators of growth and physiology in both plants and animals. The plant steroid hormones known as brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential for a wide range of developmental processes throughout the life cycle. In contrast with animal steroid hormones, which act mostly through nuclear receptors, BRs act through a cell-surface receptor kinase. The BR signal transduction pathway from the cell-surface receptor to nuclear gene expression has been elucidated in great molecular detail, and thus serves as a paradigm for receptor kinase signalling in plants. Furthermore, several mechanisms of signal integration have been identified that explain how BRs and other hormonal and environmental signals co-regulate specific developmental outputs in a synergistic or antagonistic manner.
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Kasote, Deepak M., Ritesh Ghosh, Jun Young Chung, Jonggeun Kim, Inhwan Bae, and Hanhong Bae. "Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mode Based Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Brassinolide and Other Plant Hormones Involved in Abiotic Stresses." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7214087.
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Plant hormones are the key regulators of adaptive stress response. Abiotic stresses such as drought and salt are known to affect the growth and productivity of plants. It is well known that the levels of plant hormones such as zeatin (ZA), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and brassinolide (BR) fluctuate upon abiotic stress exposure. At present, there is not any single suitable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for simultaneous analysis of BR and other plant hormones involved in abiotic stresses. In the present study, we developed a simple, sensitive, and rapid method for simultaneous analysis of five major plant hormones, ZA, ABA, JA, SA, and BR, which are directly or indirectly involved in drought and salt stresses. The optimized extraction procedure was simple and easy to use for simultaneous measurement of these plant hormones inArabidopsis thaliana. The developed method is highly reproducible and can be adapted for simultaneous measurement of changes in plant hormones (ZA, ABA, JA, SA, and BR) in response to abiotic stresses in plants likeA. thalianaand tomato.
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Omoarelojie, L. O., M. G. Kulkarni, J. F. Finnie, and J. Van Staden. "Strigolactones and their crosstalk with other phytohormones." Annals of Botany 124, no. 5 (June 12, 2019): 749–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz100.
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Abstract Background Strigolactones (SLs) are a diverse class of butenolide-bearing phytohormones derived from the catabolism of carotenoids. They are associated with an increasing number of emerging regulatory roles in plant growth and development, including seed germination, root and shoot architecture patterning, nutrient acquisition, symbiotic and parasitic interactions, as well as mediation of plant responses to abiotic and biotic cues. Scope Here, we provide a concise overview of SL biosynthesis, signal transduction pathways and SL-mediated plant responses with a detailed discourse on the crosstalk(s) that exist between SLs/components of SL signalling and other phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonates and salicylic acid. Conclusion SLs elicit their control on physiological and morphological processes via a direct or indirect influence on the activities of other hormones and/or integrants of signalling cascades of other growth regulators. These, among many others, include modulation of hormone content, transport and distribution within plant tissues, interference with or complete dependence on downstream signal components of other phytohormones, as well as acting synergistically or antagonistically with other hormones to elicit plant responses. Although much has been done to evince the effects of SL interactions with other hormones at the cell and whole plant levels, research attention must be channelled towards elucidating the precise molecular events that underlie these processes. More especially in the case of abscisic acid, cytokinins, gibberellin, jasmonates and salicylic acid for which very little has been reported about their hormonal crosstalk with SLs.
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Zhu, Youcheng, Qingyu Wang, Ziwei Gao, Ying Wang, Yajing Liu, Zhipeng Ma, Yanwen Chen, Yuchen Zhang, Fan Yan, and Jingwen Li. "Analysis of Phytohormone Signal Transduction in Sophora alopecuroides under Salt Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 7313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147313.
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Salt stress seriously restricts crop yield and quality, leading to an urgent need to understand its effects on plants and the mechanism of plant responses. Although phytohormones are crucial for plant responses to salt stress, the role of phytohormone signal transduction in the salt stress responses of stress-resistant species such as Sophora alopecuroides has not been reported. Herein, we combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses to evaluate expression changes of key genes and metabolites associated with plant hormone signal transduction in S. alopecuroides roots under salt stress for 0 h to 72 h. Auxin, cytokinin, brassinosteroid, and gibberellin signals were predominantly involved in regulating S. alopecuroides growth and recovery under salt stress. Ethylene and jasmonic acid signals may negatively regulate the response of S. alopecuroides to salt stress. Abscisic acid and salicylic acid are significantly upregulated under salt stress, and their signals may positively regulate the plant response to salt stress. Additionally, salicylic acid (SA) might regulate the balance between plant growth and resistance by preventing reduction in growth-promoting hormones and maintaining high levels of abscisic acid (ABA). This study provides insight into the mechanism of salt stress response in S. alopecuroides and the corresponding role of plant hormones, which is beneficial for crop resistance breeding.
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Luo, Jie, Wenxiu Xia, Pei Cao, Zheng’ang Xiao, Yan Zhang, Meifeng Liu, Chang Zhan, and Nian Wang. "Integrated Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Plant Hormones Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Coordinate Growth and Defense Responses upon Fungal Infection in Poplar." Biomolecules 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9010012.
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Plants have evolved a sophisticated system to respond to various stresses. Fungal attack or infection is one of the most important biotic stresses for most plants. During the defense response to fungal infection, the plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) play critical roles. Here, gene expression data on JA/SA treatments and Melampsora larici-populina (MLP) infection were generated. Integrated transcriptome analyses of these data were performed, and 943 genes in total were identified as common responsive genes (CRG). Gene ontology (GO) term analysis revealed that the genes from CRG are generally involved in the processes of stress responses, metabolism, and growth and development. The further cluster analysis of the CRG identified a set of core genes that are involved in the JA/SA-mediated response to fungal defense with distinct gene expression profiles upon JA/SA treatment, which highlighted the different effects of these two hormones on plant fungal defenses. The modifications of several pathways relative to metabolism, biotic stress, and plant hormone signal pathways suggest the possible roles of JA/SA on the regulation of growth and defense responses. Co-expression modules (CMs) were also constructed using the poplar expression data on JA, SA, M. larici-populina, Septoria musiva, and Marssonina brunnea treatment or infection. A total of 23 CMs were constructed, and different CMs clearly exhibited distinct biological functions, which conformably regulated the concerted processes in response to fungal defense. Furthermore, the GO term analysis of different CMs confirmed the roles of JA and SA in regulating growth and defense responses, and their expression profiles suggested that the growth ability was reduced when poplar deployed defense responses. Several transcription factors (TFs) among the CRG in the co-expression network were proposed as hub genes in regulating these processes. According to this study, our data finely uncovered the possible roles of JA/SA in regulating the balance between growth and defense responses by integrating multiple hormone signaling pathways. We were also able to provide more knowledge on how the plant hormones JA/SA are involved in the regulation of the balance between growth and plant defense.
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Sahu, Manju, Moumita Sinha, Isukapatla Arjun Rao, Smriti Sahu, and Bharati Ahirwar. "Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Different Plant Growth Hormones." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 10, no. 12 (2017): 4273. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2017.00783.1.
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Krouk, Gabriel, Sandrine Ruffel, Rodrigo A. Gutiérrez, Alain Gojon, Nigel M. Crawford, Gloria M. Coruzzi, and Benoît Lacombe. "A framework integrating plant growth with hormones and nutrients." Trends in Plant Science 16, no. 4 (April 2011): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.02.004.
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VESELY, DAVID L., JERRY L. HUDSON, JAMES L. PIPKIN, L. DAVID PACK, and STEPHEN E. MEINERS. "Plant Growth-Promoting Hormones Activate Mammalian Guanylate Cyclase Activity*." Endocrinology 116, no. 5 (May 1985): 1887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-116-5-1887.
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Islam, Waqar, Hassan Naveed, Madiha Zaynab, Zhiqun Huang, and Han Y. H. Chen. "Plant defense against virus diseases; growth hormones in highlights." Plant Signaling & Behavior 14, no. 6 (April 8, 2019): 1596719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2019.1596719.
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Sakr, Soulaiman, Ming Wang, Fabienne Dédaldéchamp, Maria-Dolores Perez-Garcia, Laurent Ogé, Latifa Hamama, and Rossitza Atanassova. "The Sugar-Signaling Hub: Overview of Regulators and Interaction with the Hormonal and Metabolic Network." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 2506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092506.
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Plant growth and development has to be continuously adjusted to the available resources. Their optimization requires the integration of signals conveying the plant metabolic status, its hormonal balance, and its developmental stage. Many investigations have recently been conducted to provide insights into sugar signaling and its interplay with hormones and nitrogen in the fine-tuning of plant growth, development, and survival. The present review emphasizes the diversity of sugar signaling integrators, the main molecular and biochemical mechanisms related to the sugar-signaling dependent regulations, and to the regulatory hubs acting in the interplay of the sugar-hormone and sugar-nitrogen networks. It also contributes to compiling evidence likely to fill a few knowledge gaps, and raises new questions for the future.
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Guo, Jianrong, Chaoxia Lu, Fangcheng Zhao, Shuai Gao, and Baoshan Wang. "Improved reproductive growth of euhalophyte Suaeda salsa under salinity is correlated with altered phytohormone biosynthesis and signal transduction." Functional Plant Biology 47, no. 2 (2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp19215.
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Phytohormones are essential for plant reproductive growth. Salinity limits crop reproductive growth and yield, but improves reproductive growth of euhalophytes. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying salinity’s effects on plant reproductive growth. To elucidate the role of plant hormones in flower development of the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa under saline conditions, we analysed endogenous gibberellic acid (GA3,4), indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), and brassinosteroids (BRs) during flowering in control (0 mM) and NaCl-treated (200 mM) plants. At the end of vegetative growth, endogenous GA3, GA4, ABA and BR contents in stems of NaCl-treated plants were significantly higher than those in controls. During flowering, GA3, GA4, IAA and ZR contents showed the most significant enhancement in flower organs of plants treated with NaCl when compared with controls. Additionally, genes related to ZR, IAA, GA, BR and ABA biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction, such as those encoding CYP735A, CYP85A, GID1, NCED, PIF4, AHP, TCH4, SnRK2 and ABF, were upregulated in S. salsa flowers from NaCl-treated plants. These results suggest that coordinated upregulation of genes involved in phytohormone biosynthesis and signal transduction contributes to the enhanced reproductive growth of S. salsa under salinity.
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Chetverikov, Sergey, Lidiya Vysotskaya, Elena Kuzina, Tatiana Arkhipova, Margarita Bakaeva, Gulnaz Rafikova, Tatiana Korshunova, Darya Chetverikova, Gaisar Hkudaygulov, and Guzel Kudoyarova. "Effects of Association of Barley Plants with Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria on the Content of Soluble Organic Compounds in Clean and Oil-Contaminated Sand." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050975.
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Plant-bacteria consortia are more effective in bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soil than when either organism is used individually. The reason for this is that plant root exudates promote growth and activity of oil degrading bacteria. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the ability of bacteria to influence root exudation. Therefore, the influence of barley plants and/or bacterial inoculation (Pseudomonas hunanensis IB C7 and Enterobacter sp. UOM 3) on the content of organic acids, sugars and plant hormones in the eluate from clean and oil-polluted sand was studied separately or in combination. These strains are capable of oxidizing hydrocarbons and synthesizing auxins. Concentrations of organic acids and sugars were determined using capillary electrophoresis, and hormones by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In the absence of plants, no sugars were detected in the sand, confirming that root exudates are their main source. Introducing bacteria into the sand increased total contents of organic compounds both in the presence and absence of oil. This increase could be related to the increase in auxin amounts in the sand eluate, as well as in plants. The results indicate that bacteria are able to increase the level of root exudation. Since auxins can promote root exudation, bacterial production of this hormone is likely responsible for increased concentrations of soluble organic compounds in the sand. Bacterial mediation of root exudation by affecting plant hormonal status should be considered when choosing microorganisms for phytoremediation.
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Skalický, Vladimír, Martin Kubeš, Richard Napier, and Ondřej Novák. "Auxins and Cytokinins—The Role of Subcellular Organization on Homeostasis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 3115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103115.
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Plant hormones are master regulators of plant growth and development. Better knowledge of their spatial signaling and homeostasis (transport and metabolism) on the lowest structural levels (cellular and subcellular) is therefore crucial to a better understanding of developmental processes in plants. Recent progress in phytohormone analysis at the cellular and subcellular levels has greatly improved the effectiveness of isolation protocols and the sensitivity of analytical methods. This review is mainly focused on homeostasis of two plant hormone groups, auxins and cytokinins. It will summarize and discuss their tissue- and cell-type specific distributions at the cellular and subcellular levels.
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Bishop, G., T. Nomura, T. Yokota, T. Montoya, J. Castle, K. Harrison, T. Kushiro, et al. "Dwarfism and cytochrome P450-mediated C-6 oxidation of plant steroid hormones." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 6 (October 25, 2006): 1199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0341199.
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BRs (brassinosteroids) are plant steroid hormones that are essential for normal plant development. The dramatic dwarfism exhibited by mutants in the CYP (cytochrome P450) enzymes involved in BR biosynthesis indicates a role for these hormones in plant growth and development. Since the mid-1990s, collaborative research has been geared towards developing a better understanding of the CYP85 class of CYPs involved in BR biosynthesis in both Arabidopsis and tomato. Some of the most recent observations include the fact that certain CYP85 CYPs catalyse the synthesis of the most bioactive BR, BL (brassinolide). Current evidence suggests that evolution of this function may have occurred independently in different dicotyledonous species. Interestingly, BL accumulates in tomato fruits, highlighting a key role for this hormone in fruit development. At the same time as developing a better understanding of the enzymatic function of these CYPs, we have also carried out experiments towards characterizing where and when these genes are expressed and mechanisms of their regulation. As expected for a hormone involved in growth and development, biosynthetic gene promoter activity is associated with young rapidly growing cells and with fruit development.
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Kolachevskaya, Oksana O., Yulia A. Myakushina, Irina A. Getman, Sergey N. Lomin, Igor V. Deyneko, Svetlana V. Deigraf, and Georgy A. Romanov. "Hormonal Regulation and Crosstalk of Auxin/Cytokinin Signaling Pathways in Potatoes In Vitro and in Relation to Vegetation or Tuberization Stages." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 8207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158207.
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Auxins and cytokinins create versatile regulatory network controlling virtually all aspects of plant growth and development. These hormonal systems act in close contact, synergistically or antagonistically, determining plant phenotype, resistance and productivity. However, the current knowledge about molecular interactions of these systems is still scarce. Our study with potato plants aimed at deciphering potential interactions between auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways at the level of respective gene expression. Potato plants grown on sterile medium with 1.5% (vegetation) or 5% (tuberization) sucrose were treated for 1 h with auxin or cytokinin. Effects of these two hormones on expression profiles of genes belonging to main signaling pathways of auxin and cytokinin were quantified by RT-qPCR. As a result, several signaling genes were found to respond to auxin and/or cytokinin by up- or down-regulation. The observed effects were largely organ-specific and depended on sucrose content. Auxin strongly reduced cytokinin perception apparatus while reciprocal cytokinin effect was ambiguous and sucrose-dependent. In many cases, functional clustering of genes of the same family was observed. Promoters in some clusters are enriched with canonic hormone-response cis-elements supporting their direct sensitivity to hormones. Collectively, our data shed new light on the crosstalk between auxin- and cytokinin signaling pathways.
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Jiroutova, Petra, Jana Oklestkova, and Miroslav Strnad. "Crosstalk between Brassinosteroids and Ethylene during Plant Growth and under Abiotic Stress Conditions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 3283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103283.
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Plant hormones through signaling networks mutually regulate several signaling and metabolic systems essential for both plant development and plant responses to different environmental stresses. Extensive research has enabled the main effects of all known phytohormones classes to be identified. Therefore, it is now possible to investigate the interesting topic of plant hormonal crosstalk more fully. In this review, we focus on the role of brassinosteroids and ethylene during plant growth and development especially flowering, ripening of fruits, apical hook development, and root and shoot growth. As well as it summarizes their interaction during various abiotic stress conditions.
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Fiodor, Angelika, Surender Singh, and Kumar Pranaw. "The Contrivance of Plant Growth Promoting Microbes to Mitigate Climate Change Impact in Agriculture." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091841.
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Combating the consequences of climate change is extremely important and critical in the context of feeding the world’s population. Crop simulation models have been extensively studied recently to investigate the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity and food security. Drought and salinity are major environmental stresses that cause changes in the physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in plants, resulting in significant crop productivity losses. Excessive use of chemicals has become a severe threat to human health and the environment. The use of beneficial microorganisms is an environmentally friendly method of increasing crop yield under environmental stress conditions. These microbes enhance plant growth through various mechanisms such as production of hormones, ACC deaminase, VOCs and EPS, and modulate hormone synthesis and other metabolites in plants. This review aims to decipher the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on plant health under abiotic soil stresses associated with global climate change (viz., drought and salinity). The application of stress-resistant PGPB may not only help in the combating the effects of abiotic stressors, but also lead to mitigation of climate change. More thorough molecular level studies are needed in the future to assess their cumulative influence on plant development.
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Mok, Machteld C. "Plant Hormones and Their Role in Plant Growth and Development. Peter J. Davies." Quarterly Review of Biology 63, no. 2 (June 1988): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/415875.
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Jiménez, Víctor M. "Involvement of Plant Hormones and Plant Growth Regulators on in vitro Somatic Embryogenesis." Plant Growth Regulation 47, no. 2-3 (November 2005): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10725-005-3478-x.
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Takahashi, Naoki, Soichi Inagaki, Kohei Nishimura, Hitoshi Sakakibara, Ioanna Antoniadi, Michal Karady, Karin Ljung, and Masaaki Umeda. "Alterations in hormonal signals spatially coordinate distinct responses to DNA double-strand breaks in Arabidopsis roots." Science Advances 7, no. 25 (June 2021): eabg0993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg0993.
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Plants have a high ability to cope with changing environments and grow continuously throughout life. However, the mechanisms by which plants strike a balance between stress response and organ growth remain elusive. Here, we found that DNA double-strand breaks enhance the accumulation of cytokinin hormones through the DNA damage signaling pathway in the Arabidopsis root tip. Our data showed that activation of cytokinin signaling suppresses the expression of some of the PIN-FORMED genes that encode efflux carriers of another hormone, auxin, thereby decreasing the auxin signals in the root tip and causing cell cycle arrest at G2 phase and stem cell death. Elevated cytokinin signaling also promotes an early transition from cell division to endoreplication in the basal part of the root apex. We propose that plant hormones spatially coordinate differential DNA damage responses, thereby maintaining genome integrity and minimizing cell death to ensure continuous root growth.
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Gazzarrini, Sonia, and Allen Yi-Lun Tsai. "Hormone cross-talk during seed germination." Essays in Biochemistry 58 (September 15, 2015): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0580151.
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Hormones are chemical substances that can affect many cellular and developmental processes at low concentrations. Plant hormones co-ordinate growth and development at almost all stages of the plant's life cycle by integrating endogenous signals and environmental cues. Much debate in hormone biology revolves around specificity and redundancy of hormone signalling. Genetic and molecular studies have shown that these small molecules can affect a given process through a signalling pathway that is specific for each hormone. However, classical physiological and genetic studies have also demonstrated that the same biological process can be regulated by many hormones through independent pathways (co-regulation) or shared pathways (cross-talk or cross-regulation). Interactions between hormone pathways are spatiotemporally controlled and thus can vary depending on the stage of development or the organ being considered. In this chapter we discuss interactions between abscisic acid, gibberellic acid and ethylene in the regulation of seed germination as an example of hormone cross-talk. We also consider hormone interactions in response to environmental signals, in particular light and temperature. We focus our discussion on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Faizan, Mohammad, Ahmad Faraz, Fareen Sami, Husna Siddiqui, Mohammad Yusuf, Damian Gruszka, and Shamsul Hayat. "Role of strigolactones: Signalling and crosstalk with other phytohormones." Open Life Sciences 15, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2020-0022.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPlant hormones play important roles in controlling how plants grow and develop. While metabolism provides the energy needed for plant survival, hormones regulate the pace of plant growth. Strigolactones (SLs) were recently defined as new phytohormones that regulate plant metabolism and, in turn, plant growth and development. This group of phytohormones is derived from carotenoids and has been implicated in a wide range of physiological functions including regulation of plant architecture (inhibition of bud outgrowth and shoot branching), photomorphogenesis, seed germination, nodulation, and physiological reactions to abiotic factors. SLs also induce hyphal branching in germinating spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a process that is important for initiating the connection between host plant roots and AMF. This review outlines the physiological roles of SLs and discusses the significance of interactions between SLs and other phytohormones to plant metabolic responses.