To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Plant growth regulators; Plant hormones.
Journal articles on the topic 'Plant growth regulators; Plant hormones'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Plant growth regulators; Plant hormones.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Végvári, György, and Edina Vidéki. "Plant hormones, plant growth regulators." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 26 (June 2014): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29939.
Full textAbstract:
Plants seem to be rather defenceless, they are unable to do motion, have no nervous system or immune system unlike animals. Besides this, plants do have hormones, though these substances are produced not in glands. In view of their complexity they lagged behind animals, however, plant organisms show large scale integration in their structure and function. In higher plants, such as in animals, the intercellular communication is fulfilled through chemical messengers. These specific compounds in plants are called phytohormones, or in a wide sense, bioregulators. Even a small quantity of these endogenous organic compounds are able to regulate the operation, growth and development of higher plants, and keep the connection between cells, tissues and synergy beween organs. Since they do not have nervous and immume systems, phytohormones play essential role in plants’ life. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1011–1018.
2
Gaspar, Thomas, Claire Kevers, Claude Penel, Hubert Greppin, David M. Reid, and Trevor A. Thorpe. "Plant hormones and plant growth regulators in plant tissue culture." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 32, no. 4 (October 1996): 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02822700.
Full text
3
Santner, Aaron, Luz Irina A. Calderon-Villalobos, and Mark Estelle. "Plant hormones are versatile chemical regulators of plant growth." Nature Chemical Biology 5, no. 5 (April 17, 2009): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.165.
Full text
4
Rasaei, Ali, Saeid Jalali Honarmand, Mohsen Saeidi, Mohammad-Eghbal Ghobadi, and Shahrokh Khanizadeh. "Effects of Selected Plant Growth Regulators on Bread Wheat Spike Development." Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n2p115.
Full textAbstract:
Although the grain yield of wheat is finally determined after anthesis, the yield potential is largely dependent on early growth and development. At the specific stage from double ridge to terminal spikelet, spikelet initiation occurs and can affect the number of grains per spike and the grain yield. A factorial experiment using a randomized complete blocks design with six replicates was used to study the effect of three growth regulators (3‑indoleacetic acid [IAA], gibberellic acid [GA3], and 6‑benzylaminopurine [6‑BAP]) on two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Rijaw and Azar‑2), at the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University, in Kermanshah, Iran, during the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 cropping seasons. The effect of the hormones was not significant for spikelet initiation number or spikelet initiation rate based on days and growing degree days (GDDs), but apical meristem length and rate of elongation of the apical meristem were affected by exogenous application of hormones in both years. The Rijaw genotype was better than Azar‑2 with respect to apical meristem traits. As well, biplot diagrams showed that the treatment combination 6‑BAP × Rijaw was the best in terms of shoot apex length and rate of shoot apex elongation and that the treatment combination GA3×Rijaw was the best in terms of spikelet number and rate of spikelet initiation. It is concluded that each hormone can improve specific apical meristem characteristics and that the rate of each hormone’s effect depends on the plant’s genetic feature and on the environmental conditions.
5
Jiménez, Víctor M. "Involvement of Plant Hormones and Plant Growth Regulators on in vitro Somatic Embryogenesis." Plant Growth Regulation 47, no. 2-3 (November 2005): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10725-005-3478-x.
Full text
6
Urbanová, Terezie, Danuše Tarkowská, Miroslav Strnad, and Peter Hedden. "Gibberellins – terpenoid plant hormones: Biological importance and chemical analysis." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 76, no. 12 (2011): 1669–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2011098.
Full textAbstract:
Gibberellins (GAs) are a large group of diterpenoid carboxylic acids, some members of which function as plant hormones controlling diverse aspects of growth and development. Biochemical, genetic, and genomic approaches have led to the identification of the majority of the genes that encode GA biosynthesis and deactivation enzymes. Recent studies have shown that both GA biosynthesis and deactivation pathways are tightly regulated by developmental, hormonal, and environmental signals, consistent with the role of GAs as key growth regulators. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the GA biosynthesis and deactivation pathways in plants and fungi, and discuss methods for their qualitative and quantitative analysis. The challenges for their extraction and purification from plant tissues, which form complex matrices containing thousands of interfering substances, are discussed.
7
Belous, Oksana, and Julia Abilphazova. "Effect of plant growth regulators on biochemical compounds of tangerine (Citrus unshiu Marc.)." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1126.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated the effect on tangerine of new generation plant growth regulators. The use of drugs in the period of fruit ripening has led to increased 2.0 – 3.7 times abscisic acid (AA) and 1.9 – 4.7% of Indole-acetic acid (IAA) acid in the leaves. Studies have shown that Indole-acetic acid and abscisic acid beginning of a sharp accumulation of their hormones coincides with action of stress factors and growth dormancy period. The use of the regulators had an impact not only on their content in leaves but also on fruit quality. For example, treatment Indole-acetic acid and Obstaktin led to an increase in the fruit of vitamin C. After treatments with plant growth regulators has been a significant decline in the total number of organic acids (up to 2.35% at the option of Melaphen and to 2.50% at Obstaktin, LSD (p ≤0.05) = 0.06). By reducing the content in the fruits of organic acids to all variants increased the sugar-acid index. After each spraying tangerine on the treatment options plant growth regulators has been a significant increase the dry matter. Thus, the positive effect of plant growth regulators on all the quality characteristics of tangerine was shown. In the summer period, the treatment by regulators may have a protective effect, increases the content in plants the content of Indole-acetic acid. The plant growth regulators of new generation have a positive effect on quality of dwarf tangerine. Given that the plants of tangerine in the subtropical zone of Russia each summer have to drought and are losing not only in yield, fruit quality too, new regulators may exert a protective effect, because increases the content in plants is Indole-acetic acid, which activates gene expression of drought resistance.
8
Sakr, Soulaiman, Ming Wang, Fabienne Dédaldéchamp, Maria-Dolores Perez-Garcia, Laurent Ogé, Latifa Hamama, and Rossitza Atanassova. "The Sugar-Signaling Hub: Overview of Regulators and Interaction with the Hormonal and Metabolic Network." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 2506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092506.
Full textAbstract:
Plant growth and development has to be continuously adjusted to the available resources. Their optimization requires the integration of signals conveying the plant metabolic status, its hormonal balance, and its developmental stage. Many investigations have recently been conducted to provide insights into sugar signaling and its interplay with hormones and nitrogen in the fine-tuning of plant growth, development, and survival. The present review emphasizes the diversity of sugar signaling integrators, the main molecular and biochemical mechanisms related to the sugar-signaling dependent regulations, and to the regulatory hubs acting in the interplay of the sugar-hormone and sugar-nitrogen networks. It also contributes to compiling evidence likely to fill a few knowledge gaps, and raises new questions for the future.
9
Kasote, Deepak M., Ritesh Ghosh, Jun Young Chung, Jonggeun Kim, Inhwan Bae, and Hanhong Bae. "Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mode Based Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Brassinolide and Other Plant Hormones Involved in Abiotic Stresses." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7214087.
Full textAbstract:
Plant hormones are the key regulators of adaptive stress response. Abiotic stresses such as drought and salt are known to affect the growth and productivity of plants. It is well known that the levels of plant hormones such as zeatin (ZA), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and brassinolide (BR) fluctuate upon abiotic stress exposure. At present, there is not any single suitable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for simultaneous analysis of BR and other plant hormones involved in abiotic stresses. In the present study, we developed a simple, sensitive, and rapid method for simultaneous analysis of five major plant hormones, ZA, ABA, JA, SA, and BR, which are directly or indirectly involved in drought and salt stresses. The optimized extraction procedure was simple and easy to use for simultaneous measurement of these plant hormones inArabidopsis thaliana. The developed method is highly reproducible and can be adapted for simultaneous measurement of changes in plant hormones (ZA, ABA, JA, SA, and BR) in response to abiotic stresses in plants likeA. thalianaand tomato.
10
RAJALA, A. "Plant growth regulators to manipulate oat stands." Agricultural and Food Science 13, no. 1-2 (December 4, 2008): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/1239099041838058.
Full textAbstract:
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are exogenously applied chemicals that alter plant metabolism, cell division, cell enlargement, growth and development by regulating plant hormones or other biological signals. For example, some PGRs regulate stem elongation by inhibiting biosynthesis of gibberellins or through releasing ethylene. PGR effects are widely studied and reported on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), whereas there are only a few reports addressing oat (Avena sativa L.). This is likely to be a result of smaller acreage and lower intensity of oat management and production and hence a reduced need for stem shortening by PGRs. However, this is not the case for all cereal producing regions and there exists a need to understand the potential application of PGRs to oat production. This paper represents a review of the potential of PGRs to regulate stem elongation and other biological traits governing plant stand structure and yield components, with special emphasis on oat and its responses to PGRs. Yield improvement requires more heads per unit land area, more grains per head or heavier grains. Of these yield-determining parameters, the number of head bearing tillers and grain numbers per head, compared with grain weight, are more likely to be improved by PGR application. In the absence of lodging, PGR may reduce grain yield due to potential reduction in mean grain weight and/or grain number. Cultivation systems aiming at extensive yields with intensive use of inputs likely benefit from PGR applications more often compared with low or moderate input cultivation, for which cost effectiveness of PGRs is not frequently reached.;
11
Wang, Ming, José Le Gourrierec, Fuchao Jiao, Sabine Demotes-Mainard, Maria-Dolores Perez-Garcia, Laurent Ogé, Latifa Hamama, et al. "Convergence and Divergence of Sugar and Cytokinin Signaling in Plant Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031282.
Full textAbstract:
Plants adjust their growth and development through a sophisticated regulatory system integrating endogenous and exogenous cues. Many of them rely on intricate crosstalk between nutrients and hormones, an effective way of coupling nutritional and developmental information and ensuring plant survival. Sugars in their different forms such as sucrose, glucose, fructose and trehalose-6-P and the hormone family of cytokinins (CKs) are major regulators of the shoot and root functioning throughout the plant life cycle. While their individual roles have been extensively investigated, their combined effects have unexpectedly received little attention, resulting in many gaps in current knowledge. The present review provides an overview of the relationship between sugars and CKs signaling in the main developmental transition during the plant lifecycle, including seed development, germination, seedling establishment, root and shoot branching, leaf senescence, and flowering. These new insights highlight the diversity and the complexity of the crosstalk between sugars and CKs and raise several questions that will open onto further investigations of these regulation networks orchestrating plant growth and development.
12
Skalický, Vladimír, Martin Kubeš, Richard Napier, and Ondřej Novák. "Auxins and Cytokinins—The Role of Subcellular Organization on Homeostasis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 3115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103115.
Full textAbstract:
Plant hormones are master regulators of plant growth and development. Better knowledge of their spatial signaling and homeostasis (transport and metabolism) on the lowest structural levels (cellular and subcellular) is therefore crucial to a better understanding of developmental processes in plants. Recent progress in phytohormone analysis at the cellular and subcellular levels has greatly improved the effectiveness of isolation protocols and the sensitivity of analytical methods. This review is mainly focused on homeostasis of two plant hormone groups, auxins and cytokinins. It will summarize and discuss their tissue- and cell-type specific distributions at the cellular and subcellular levels.
13
Müller, Maren. "Foes or Friends: ABA and Ethylene Interaction under Abiotic Stress." Plants 10, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030448.
Full textAbstract:
Due to their sessile nature, plants constantly adapt to their environment by modulating various internal plant hormone signals and distributions, as plants perceive environmental changes. Plant hormones include abscisic acid (ABA), auxins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and strigolactones, which collectively regulate plant growth, development, metabolism, and defense. Moreover, plant hormone crosstalk coordinates a sophisticated plant hormone network to achieve specific physiological functions, on both a spatial and temporal level. Thus, the study of hormone–hormone interactions is a competitive field of research for deciphering the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Among plant hormones, ABA and ethylene present a fascinating case of interaction. They are commonly recognized to act antagonistically in the control of plant growth, and development, as well as under stress conditions. However, several studies on ABA and ethylene suggest that they can operate in parallel or even interact positively. Here, an overview is provided of the current knowledge on ABA and ethylene interaction, focusing on abiotic stress conditions and a simplified hypothetical model describing stomatal closure / opening, regulated by ABA and ethylene.
14
Hussain, Sajid, Satyabrata Nanda, Junhua Zhang, Muhammad Ishaq Asif Rehmani, Muhammad Suleman, Gaojie Li, and Hongwei Hou. "Auxin and Cytokinin Interplay during Leaf Morphogenesis and Phyllotaxy." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081732.
Full textAbstract:
Auxins (IAA) and cytokinins (CKs) are the most influential phytohormones, having multifaceted roles in plants. They are key regulators of plant growth and developmental processes. Additionally, their interplay exerts tight control on plant development and differentiation. Although several reviews have been published detailing the auxin-cytokinin interplay in controlling root growth and differentiation, their roles in the shoot, particularly in leaf morphogenesis are largely unexplored. Recent reports have provided new insights on the roles of these two hormones and their interplay on leaf growth and development. In this review, we focus on the effect of auxins, CKs, and their interactions in regulating leaf morphogenesis. Additionally, the regulatory effects of the auxins and CKs interplay on the phyllotaxy of plants are discussed.
15
Hartwig, Thomas, and Zhi-Yong Wang. "The molecular circuit of steroid signalling in plants." Essays in Biochemistry 58 (September 15, 2015): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0580071.
Full textAbstract:
Steroid hormones are key regulators of growth and physiology in both plants and animals. The plant steroid hormones known as brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential for a wide range of developmental processes throughout the life cycle. In contrast with animal steroid hormones, which act mostly through nuclear receptors, BRs act through a cell-surface receptor kinase. The BR signal transduction pathway from the cell-surface receptor to nuclear gene expression has been elucidated in great molecular detail, and thus serves as a paradigm for receptor kinase signalling in plants. Furthermore, several mechanisms of signal integration have been identified that explain how BRs and other hormonal and environmental signals co-regulate specific developmental outputs in a synergistic or antagonistic manner.
16
Omoarelojie, L. O., M. G. Kulkarni, J. F. Finnie, and J. Van Staden. "Strigolactones and their crosstalk with other phytohormones." Annals of Botany 124, no. 5 (June 12, 2019): 749–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz100.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Strigolactones (SLs) are a diverse class of butenolide-bearing phytohormones derived from the catabolism of carotenoids. They are associated with an increasing number of emerging regulatory roles in plant growth and development, including seed germination, root and shoot architecture patterning, nutrient acquisition, symbiotic and parasitic interactions, as well as mediation of plant responses to abiotic and biotic cues. Scope Here, we provide a concise overview of SL biosynthesis, signal transduction pathways and SL-mediated plant responses with a detailed discourse on the crosstalk(s) that exist between SLs/components of SL signalling and other phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonates and salicylic acid. Conclusion SLs elicit their control on physiological and morphological processes via a direct or indirect influence on the activities of other hormones and/or integrants of signalling cascades of other growth regulators. These, among many others, include modulation of hormone content, transport and distribution within plant tissues, interference with or complete dependence on downstream signal components of other phytohormones, as well as acting synergistically or antagonistically with other hormones to elicit plant responses. Although much has been done to evince the effects of SL interactions with other hormones at the cell and whole plant levels, research attention must be channelled towards elucidating the precise molecular events that underlie these processes. More especially in the case of abscisic acid, cytokinins, gibberellin, jasmonates and salicylic acid for which very little has been reported about their hormonal crosstalk with SLs.
17
Tvorogova, Varvara E., Maria A. Osipova, Irina E. Dodueva, and Ludmila A. Lutova. "Interaction between transcriptional factors and phytohormones in regulation of plant meristems activity." Ecological genetics 10, no. 3 (September 15, 2012): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen10328-40.
Full textAbstract:
Plant growth and development are controlled by large regulatory network which modulates activity of special groups of cells — apical meristems. This control is performed by means of phytohormones and transcriptional factors, the regulators of gene expression. In this review principal transcriptional factors regulating plant apical meristems are described, and the data are presented about their interactions with the most important plant hormones, auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins. General tendencies of these interactions are depicted.
18
Iswahyudi, Iswahyudi, Shefa Dwijayanti Ramadani, and Agus Budiyono. "Pendampingan Pembuatan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh (ZPT) Pada Kelompok Tani Palem Desa Sumedangan Kabupaten Pamekasan Madura." JAST : Jurnal Aplikasi Sains dan Teknologi 4, no. 2 (January 2, 2021): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/jast.v4i2.1692.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRAK Setiap tanaman memiliki hormon pertumbuhan alami dengan jumlah yang sedikit. Akan tetapi, pada kondisi tertentu tanaman tidak mampu memproduksi hormon secara maksimal, sehingga diperlukan zat pengatur tumbuh atau hormon tambahan. Zat Pengatur Tumbuh (ZPT) telah menjadi komponen penting dalam bidang pertanian untuk mengoptimalkan pertumbuhan tanaman. Sayangnya, kelompok Tani “Palem” di Desa Sumedangan belum memiliki pemahaman dan kemampuan yang cukup dalam membuat zat pengatur tumbuh. Tujuan dari pengabdian masyarakat ini yaitu untuk memberikan pelatihan dan pendampingan kepada kelompok Tani “Palem” dalam memproduksi dan mengaplikasikan ZPT pada tanaman. Metode pengabdian yang dilakukan diawali dengan sosialisasi melalui Focus Group Discussion (FGD), dilanjutkan dengan pemberian pelatihan dan pendampingan aplikasi ZPT di lapang. Hasil diseminasi teknologi di lapang yang telah dilaksanakan menunjukkan respon positif ditunjukkan dengan sikap antusias kelompok Tani “Palem” dalam pembuatan ZPT berbahan rebung bambu dan air kelapa. Hasil evaluasi dan monitoring juga menunjukkan peningkatan empat parameter kemampuan peserta yaitu knowledge (79.07%), attitude (60%), skill (84.44%), dan hasil pretest/post test (83.33%) pada pengaplikasian ZPT pada tanaman.Kata kunci : padi, rebung, zat pengatur tumbuh. ABSTRACT Every plant has small amount of natural growth hormone. However, under certain conditon plants are not able to produce enough hormones, so growth regulator or additional hormones are needed. Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) has become an important component in agriculture to facilitate plant growth. Unfortunately, the “Palem” Farmer Group in Sumedangan Village doesn’t have enough understanding and ability to make plant growth regulators. The aim of this community service was to provide training and assistance to the “Palem”Farmer Group in producing and applying PGRs on plants. The service methods used were initiated by socialization through Focus Group Discussion (FGD), followed by training assistance and PGRs application assistance in the field. The result of technology dissemination in the field that have been carried out showed a positive response indicated by the enthusiastic response of the “Palem” Farmer group while making PGRs using bamboo shoots and coconut water. The evaluation and monitoring results also showed an increase in four parameters of the participants’ abilities, including knowledge (70.07%), attitudes (60%), skills (84.44%), and the results of pretest/posttest (83.33%) on the application of ZPT on plants.
19
Nivedithadevi, D., M. Arivalagan, and R. Somasundaram. "Plant growth regulators alters antioxidant metabolisms in Solanum trilobatum L.: An underutilized medicinal herb." Journal of Medicinal Botany 1 (June 1, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jmb.2017.v1.51.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the changes in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of Solanum trilobatum was estimated upon treatment with plant growth regulators (PGR) like Abscisic acid (ABA), Paclobutrazol (PBZ) and Salicylic acid (SA). The given treatments were started at 70th day followed by 80th, 90th and 100th Days After Sowing (DAS). The groups were treated with respect growth hormones by spraying method to ABA 10 µg L-1, PBZ 10 mg L-1 and SA 500 µg L-1 concentrations. The plant was harvested on 80th, 90th, 100th and 110th DAS and analyzed the non-enzymatic antioxidants like Reduced glutathione (GSH), Ascorbic acid (AA) and α-tocopherol contents and enzymatic antioxidants like Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POX), Catalase (CAT) and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. In all the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant contents were increased by the growth regulators to a significant extent when compared with control plants. In our results indicated that the ABA, PBZ and SA applications at low concentration can be used as a potential tool to increase defence mechanisms in medicinal plants.
20
Kosakivska, I. V. "GIBBERELLINS IN REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER ABIOTIC STRESSES." Biotechnologia Acta 14, no. 2 (February 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.02.005.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid phytohormones, play an important role in regulation of plant growth and development. Among more than 130 different gibberellin molecules, only a few are bioactive. GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 regulate plant growth through promotion the degradation of the DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear growth repressors – negative regulator of GAs signaling. Recent studies on GAs biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, and signaling, as well as crosstalk with other phytohormones and environment have achieved great progress thanks to molecular genetics and functional genomics. Aim. In this review, we focused on the role of GAs in regulation of plant gtowth in abiotic stress conditions. Results. We represented a key information on GAs biosynthesis, signaling and functional activity; summarized current understanding of the crosstalk between GAs and auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and other hormones and what is the role of GAs in regulation of adaptation to drought, salinization, high and low temperature conditions, and heavy metal pollution. We emphasize that the effects of GAs depend primarily on the strength and duration of stress and the phase of ontogenesis and tolerance of the plant. By changing the intensity of biosynthesis, the pattern of the distribution and signaling of GAs, plants are able to regulate resistance to abiotic stress, increase viability and even avoid stress. The issues of using retardants – inhibitors of GAs biosynthesis to study the functional activity of hormones under abiotic stresses were discussed. Special attention was focused on the use of exogenous GAs for pre-sowing priming of seeds and foliar treatment of plants. Conclusion. Further study of the role of gibberellins in the acquisition of stress resistance would contribute to the development of biotechnology of exogenous use of the hormone to improve growth and increase plant yields under adverse environmental conditions.
21
Friedrichsen, Danielle M., Jennifer Nemhauser, Takamichi Muramitsu, Julin N. Maloof, José Alonso, Joseph R. Ecker, Masaki Furuya, and Joanne Chory. "Three Redundant Brassinosteroid Early Response Genes Encode Putative bHLH Transcription Factors Required for Normal Growth." Genetics 162, no. 3 (November 1, 2002): 1445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.3.1445.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of polyhydroxylated steroids that are important regulators of plant growth and development. We have identified three closely related basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, BEE1, BEE2, and BEE3, as products of early response genes required for full BR response. Comparison of the phenotypes of plants that overexpress BEE1 with bee1 bee2 bee3 triple-knockout mutant plants suggests that BEE1, BEE2, and BEE3 are functionally redundant positive regulators of BR signaling. Expression of BEE1, BEE2, and BEE3 is also regulated by other hormones, notably abscisic acid (ABA), a known antagonist of BR signaling. Reduced ABA response in plants overexpressing BEE1 suggests that BEE proteins may function as signaling intermediates in multiple pathways.
22
Devireddy, Amith R., Timothy J. Tschaplinski, Gerald A. Tuskan, Wellington Muchero, and Jin-Gui Chen. "Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Hormones in Plant Responses to Temperature Changes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 8843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168843.
Full textAbstract:
Temperature stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect agricultural productivity worldwide. Temperatures beyond a plant’s physiological optimum can trigger significant physiological and biochemical perturbations, reducing plant growth and tolerance to stress. Improving a plant’s tolerance to these temperature fluctuations requires a deep understanding of its responses to environmental change. To adapt to temperature fluctuations, plants tailor their acclimatory signal transduction events, and specifically, cellular redox state, that are governed by plant hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulatory systems, and other molecular components. The role of ROS in plants as important signaling molecules during stress acclimation has recently been established. Here, hormone-triggered ROS produced by NADPH oxidases, feedback regulation, and integrated signaling events during temperature stress activate stress-response pathways and induce acclimation or defense mechanisms. At the other extreme, excess ROS accumulation, following temperature-induced oxidative stress, can have negative consequences on plant growth and stress acclimation. The excessive ROS is regulated by the ROS scavenging system, which subsequently promotes plant tolerance. All these signaling events, including crosstalk between hormones and ROS, modify the plant’s transcriptomic, metabolomic, and biochemical states and promote plant acclimation, tolerance, and survival. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the ROS, hormones, and their joint role in shaping a plant’s responses to high and low temperatures, and we conclude by outlining hormone/ROS-regulated plant responsive strategies for developing stress-tolerant crops to combat temperature changes.
23
Subash, M., and Haseena Rafath. "Effect of biofertilizer and some plant growth hormones on germination and seedling character of Sesame (Sesamum indicum (L.)." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 1, no. 1 (July 15, 2016): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2016.v1i1.14.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the effect of plant growth regulators (IAA and GA3 ) and living bacteria containing (Azospirillam) biofertilizer were investigated on the germination, root length and shoot length. The seeds of sesame variety TMV – 7 were treated with different concentration of gibberlic acid (1.0mgL-1, 1.5 mgL-1, 2.0 mgL-1 and 2.5 mgL-1) and indole acetic acid(1.0mgL-1, 1.5 mgL-1, 2.0 mgL-1 and 2.5 mgL-1). The biofertilizer, Azospirillam was mixed with rice Starch in a container to form slurry . Germination, root length and shoot length were evaluated. From the results, it was observed that the biofertilizer had regulatory effect on seed germination, root length and shoot length over control. In plant growth hormones treated plants, 2.0mg/l of GA3 shows maximum effect compared to IAA. It can be concluded that, the biofertilizer treatment stimulated the germination and growth by excreting phytohormones and enhancing the nutrient mobilization from the seed.
24
Waheed, Saquib, Muhammad Anwar, Muhammad Asif Saleem, Jinsong Wu, Muhammad Tayyab, and Zhangli Hu. "The Critical Role of Small RNAs in Regulating Plant Innate Immunity." Biomolecules 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11020184.
Full textAbstract:
Plants, due to their sessile nature, have an innate immune system that helps them to defend against different pathogen infections. The defense response of plants is composed of a highly regulated and complex molecular network, involving the extensive reprogramming of gene expression during the presence of pathogenic molecular signatures. Plants attain proper defense against pathogens through the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding defense regulatory proteins and hormone signaling pathways. Small RNAs are emerging as versatile regulators of plant development and act in different tiers of plant immunity, including pathogen-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The versatile regulatory functions of small RNAs in plant growth and development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses have been widely studied in recent years. However, available information regarding the contribution of small RNAs in plant immunity against pathogens is more limited. This review article will focus on the role of small RNAs in innate immunity in plants.
25
Parray, Javid A., Azra N. Kamili, Sumira Jan, Mohammad Yaseen Mir, Nowsheen Shameem, Bashir A. Ganai, Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah, Abeer Hashem, and Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi. "Manipulation of Plant Growth Regulators on Phytochemical Constituents and DNA Protection Potential of the Medicinal Plant Arnebia benthamii." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6870139.
Full textAbstract:
Arnebia benthamii of the family Boraginaceae is a critically endangered nonendemic plant of the Kashmir Himalayas and is used to treat a number of human diseases. The current study was based on developing an in vitro micropropagation protocol vis-à-vis induction of various secondary metabolites under in vitro conditions for the possible biological activity. A tissue culture protocol was developed for A. benthamii for the first time in the Himalayan region using varied combinations and proper media formulations, including various adjuvants: Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, growth hormones, sugars, agar, and so forth. The influence of different media combinations was estimated, and the MS + thidiazuron (TDZ) + indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) combination favors a higher regeneration potential. The higher amounts of chemical constituents were also recorded on the same treatment. The in vitro plant samples also showed a noteworthy effect of scavenging of hydroxyl radicals vis-à-vis protection from oxidative DNA damage. The in vitro raised plants are good candidates for the development of antioxidant molecules.
26
Faure, J. D., P. Vittorioso, V. Santoni, V. Fraisier, E. Prinsen, I. Barlier, H. Van Onckelen, M. Caboche, and C. Bellini. "The PASTICCINO genes of Arabidopsis thaliana are involved in the control of cell division and differentiation." Development 125, no. 5 (March 1, 1998): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.5.909.
Full textAbstract:
The control of cell division by growth regulators is critical to proper plant development. The isolation of single-gene mutants altered in the response to plant hormones should permit the identification of essential genes controlling the growth and development of plants. We have isolated mutants pasticcino belonging to 3 complementation groups (pas1, pas2, pas3) in the progeny of independent ethyl methane sulfonate and T-DNA mutagenized Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The screen was performed in the presence or absence of cytokinin. The mutants isolated were those that showed a significant hypertrophy of their apical parts when grown on cytokinin-containing medium. The pas mutants have altered embryo, leaf and root development. They display uncoordinated cell divisions which are enhanced by cytokinin. Physiological and biochemical analyses show that cytokinins are probably involved in pas phenotypes. The PAS genes have been mapped respectively to chromosomes 3, 5 and 1 and represent new plant genes involved in the control of cell division and plant development.
27
Perica, Mirna Curkovic, and Jasna Berljak. "In Vitro Growth and Regeneration of Drosera spatulata Labill. on Various Media." HortScience 31, no. 6 (October 1996): 1033–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.6.1033.
Full textAbstract:
Conditions for in vitro multiplication and flowering of Drosera spatulata plants were established. Shoot tips of greenhouse-grown plants were sterilized with 1% or 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. The influence of different media concentrations, hormone supplementation, and pH was investigated. Full MS medium without growth regulators was the best for regeneration and multiplication of plants. Regenerated shoots rooted spontaneously on medium without growth regulators and without transfer to additional medium. In 3 months, 100 to 200 plants were generated per explant. Flowering was induced on media supplemented with plant growth regulators. Plants were acclimatized on sterile peat.
28
Basile, Boris, Natalie Brown, José Miguel Valdes, Mariateresa Cardarelli, Pasquale Scognamiglio, Alessandro Mataffo, Youssef Rouphael, Paolo Bonini, and Giuseppe Colla. "Plant-Based Biostimulant as Sustainable Alternative to Synthetic Growth Regulators in Two Sweet Cherry Cultivars." Plants 10, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040619.
Full textAbstract:
Sweet cherry is a high value crop and the economic success of its cultivation depends not only on yield but also on fruit visual and nutritional quality attributes that influence consumer acceptability, as well as on fruit post-harvest performance and resistance to cracking. During the last few decades, cherry growers have tried to achieve these goals through exogenous applications of synthetic plant hormones and/or nutrients, but there is growing concern about the sustainability of the extensive use of these compounds in agriculture. For this reason, there is increasing interest in the possible adoption of different classes of biostimulants as sustainable alternatives to plant growth regulators. This research aimed to study the impact of foliar application of a novel tropical-plant extract, performed between full bloom and fruit set, on the yield and fruit quality of two important commercial sweet cherry cultivars, Kordia and Regina. The experimental design included a commercial control involving the application of a cytokinin promoter. In both cultivars, the tropical-plant extract induced significant increases in fruit yield. In addition, in the cultivar Kordia, the tropical-plant extract enhanced fruit calcium concentration, soluble solids content, flesh firmness, and skin color by 26.2%, 11.8%, 6.7%, and 12.0% (of fruits with mahogany skin color), respectively. Our results suggest that the tropical-plant extract tested as a biostimulant may be a sustainable and effective alternative to the exogenous application of synthetic hormones for sweet cherry cultivation.
29
LIU, Yang, Yan-Feng DING, Qiang-Sheng WANG, Gang-Hua LI, Jun-Xu XU, Zheng-Hui LIU, and Shao-Hua WANG. "Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth of Rice Tiller Bud and Changes of Endogenous Hormones." Acta Agronomica Sinica 37, no. 4 (April 2011): 670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-2780(11)60019-9.
Full text
30
Lualon, Wanwimon, Wanchai De-Eknamkul, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Yukihiro Shoyama, and Waraporn Putalun. "Artemisinin Production by Shoot Regeneration of Artemisia annua L. Using Thidiazuron." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 63, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2008): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-1-218.
Full textAbstract:
An efficient in vitro method for multiple shoot bud induction and regeneration has been developed in Artemisia annua L. using leaf and stem explants in various concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators to evaluate the frequency of regeneration. The sources of explants as well as plant growth regulators in the medium were found to influence the multiple shoot induction. The result shows that the stem segment cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ) gave a perfect shoot formation (100%) and good shoot multiplication (57 shoots/explant) after 2 weeks of culture. Healthy regenerated shoots were elongated and rooted in MS medium without hormones. The artemisinin content in plants regenerated from stem explants using 0.1 mg/l TDZ was (3.36 ± 0.36) μg/mg dry weight and two-fold higher than that of in vitro grown plants of the same age [(1.73 ± 0.23) μg/mg DW]. This system exhibited a potential for a rapid propagation of shoots from the stem explant and makes it possible to develop a clonal propagation of A. annua.
31
Sabzmeydani, Elham, Shahram Sedaghathoor, and Davood Hashemabadi. "Effect of salicylic acid and progesterone on physiological characteristics of Kentucky bluegrass under salinity stress." Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas 38, no. 1 (June 5, 2021): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22267/rcia.213801.151.
Full textAbstract:
Salinity is one of the most important limiting factors in plant growth. It is also a predominant constraint that impairs grass growth and quality. Plant hormones play important roles in the capability of plants to adapt to environmental stresses. Hence, the impact of two plant growth regulators (PGRs) i.e. salicylic acid (SA) and progesterone (P4) was studied on biological characteristics of Poa pratensis in saline conditions in a greenhouse experimnt. The experimental treatments were composed of salinity at four levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 dS m-1) and six levels of PGRs (control, 1 mg L-1 P4,10 mg L-1 P4, 1 mM SA, 3 mM SA, and 1 mg L-1 P4 + 1 mM SA). The results showed that leaf firing percentage was increased with the excess in salinity, but the use of SA and P4 eased the effects of salinity stress and reduced leaf firing under salinity. 6 dS m-1 and 3 mM SA salinity caused to the maximum electrolyte leakage. The highest relative water content was observed in 4 dS m-1 salinity and 1 mM SA treatment. The highest glycine betaine was related to 6 dS m-1 NaCl and no hormone application. Salinity increased total protein and catalase, and the simultaneous use of P4 and SA exhibited the highest total protein and catalase content, whilst the control plants showed the lowest ones. The application of salinity stress reduced chlorophyll content, but SA and P4 increased it. The application of the two growth regulators improved carotenoid content under salinity stress. Overall, the results showed that the application of SA and P4 improved salinity tolerance and increased pigments and antioxidant enzyme activities.
32
Mamenko, Т. P., and R. A. Yakymchuk. "Regulation of physiological processes in winter wheat by growth regulators in conditions of powdery mildew infection." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 10, no. 3 (August 3, 2019): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021951.
Full textAbstract:
An important way of regulating the key units of metabolism in the plant organism under the action of stressors is the use of biologically active substances with regulating properties – plant growth regulators. They affect endogenous regulatory systems, altering key metabolic pathways and thus increasing the plant's sustainability and productive potential in adverse environmental conditions. The aim of the research was to establish the possibility of regulation of physiological processes in winter wheat varieties by exogenous treatment of plants with growth regulators of synthetic (salicylic acid) and natural (Emistim C and Biolan) origin to increase their resistance to the phytopathogen Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal , the causative agent of powdery mildew. The intensity of the physiological processes in plants was evaluated by the dynamics of the activity of antioxidant enzymes – ascorbate peroxidase and catalase, the release of ethylene and the integrity of the cell membranes. The objects were selected varieties of soft winter wheat, which were grown in controlled growing conditions against the background of infection by powdery mildew. The treatment of plants was carried out using aqueous salicylic acid solutions in the concentration of 10–5 M (experimentally established by us), Emistim C and Biolan (manufacturer Agrobiotech) in the concentration specified by the manufacturer at the rate of 20 mL/ha, when the development of the disease reached 5% of the total natural background of the infection in the plants during the stages of heading-beginning of flowering. Infection of winter wheat with powdery mildew leads to disruption of cell membrane integrity, increased activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in leaves of the susceptible winter wheat variety. The intensification of ethylene release by leaves of the resistant variety was observed, which was caused by the hypersensitive reaction of the hormone to the effect of stress. The use of plant treatment by growth regulators contributes to maintaining the integrity of membrane structures, adaptive changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and regulation of the synthesis of the stress hormone ethylene in both winter wheat varieties under stress. Such changes in the physiological processes induced by plant growth regulators are accompanied by the preservation of the grain productivity of winter wheat and the increase of their resistance to the development of the disease.
33
Shimotohno, Akie, Shiori S. Aki, Naoki Takahashi, and Masaaki Umeda. "Regulation of the Plant Cell Cycle in Response to Hormones and the Environment." Annual Review of Plant Biology 72, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-103739.
Full textAbstract:
Developmental and environmental signals converge on cell cycle machinery to achieve proper and flexible organogenesis under changing environments. Studies on the plant cell cycle began 30 years ago, and accumulated research has revealed many links between internal and external factors and the cell cycle. In this review, we focus on how phytohormones and environmental signals regulate the cell cycle to enable plants to cope with a fluctuating environment. After introducing key cell cycle regulators, we first discuss how phytohormones and their synergy are important for regulating cell cycle progression and how environmental factors positively and negatively affect cell division. We then focus on the well-studied example of stress-induced G2 arrest and view the current model from an evolutionary perspective. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms controlling the transition from the mitotic cycle to the endocycle, which greatly contributes to cell enlargement and resultant organ growth in plants.
34
Barickman, T. Casey, Dean A. Kopsell, and Carl E. Sams. "Abscisic Acid Impacts Tomato Carotenoids, Soluble Sugars, and Organic Acids." HortScience 51, no. 4 (April 2016): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.4.370.
Full textAbstract:
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are chemicals used on a wide range of horticultural crops. These exogenous chemicals, similar to endogenous plant hormones, regulate plant development and stimulate a desired growth response, such as control of plant height. One such PGR is abscisic acid (ABA), which has been used effectively to improve fruit quality, specifically sugars and phytonutrients. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exogenous applications of ABA on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit quality, such as carotenoids, soluble sugars and organic acids, and ABA on tomato leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids. Furthermore, this study compared how ABA and calcium (Ca) treatments together affect fruit quality and whether there are added benefits to treating plants with both simultaneously. ABA treatments proved effective in increasing tomato fruit soluble sugars and decreasing organic acid concentrations. This study demonstrated that ABA is a viable PGR to significantly improve tomato fruit quality, specifically pertaining to carotenoids, soluble sugar, and organic acid concentrations.
35
Bobkova, V. V., S. N. Konovalov, S. M. Motyleva, M. T. Upadyshev, and V. K. Chebotar. "The importance, role and promise of endophytic bacteria in horticulture." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-6-24-30.
Full textAbstract:
The article highlights current research that discusses the importance, role and application potential of endophytic bacteria in industrial horticulture. A review of national and foreign publications on the prevalence, taxonomic composition and function of endophytic bacteria in agricultural and horticultural plant objects is presented. Key endophytic bacterial phyla and genera associated with agricultural plants have been previously characterised. The authors consider the main plant organs and tissues that harbour endophytic bacteria, routes of bacterial colonisation and host-to-host transmission, endophyte relationships with the host species, as well as the genotype, seasonal period, environment, taxonomic and varietal composition of host plants. The host-microbiome relationship is intimate and mutually beneficial. Endophytic bacteria positively impact organogenesis and embryogenesis in agricultural plants, transforming phosphorus and atmospheric nitrogen into plant-absorbable forms and producing hormones that stimulate plant growth. Endophytic flora are able to produce vitamins, siderophores, phytohormones, antibiotic like-substances and phytopathogen-antagonistic exoenzymes, which play a role in enhancing a plant’s resistance to disease and stress, while simultaneously increasing its yield. Current evidence indicates the ability of endophytic bacteria isolated from garden crops to produce indolyl acetic acid, solubilise phosphates, potentially stimulate plant growth and suppress antagonistic phytopathogens. Endophytic bacteria are important regulators of growth, development and fruiting in garden crops, sustaining their reproduction and thus having a strong potential for use in biopreparations in industrial horticulture.
36
Wójcik, Anna M., Barbara Wójcikowska, and Małgorzata D. Gaj. "Current Perspectives on the Auxin-Mediated Genetic Network that Controls the Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 16, 2020): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041333.
Full textAbstract:
Auxin contributes to almost every aspect of plant development and metabolism as well as the transport and signalling of auxin-shaped plant growth and morphogenesis in response to endo- and exogenous signals including stress conditions. Consistently with the common belief that auxin is a central trigger of developmental changes in plants, the auxin treatment of explants was reported to be an indispensable inducer of somatic embryogenesis (SE) in a large number of plant species. Treating in vitro-cultured tissue with auxins (primarily 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, which is a synthetic auxin-like plant growth regulator) results in the extensive reprogramming of the somatic cell transcriptome, which involves the modulation of numerous SE-associated transcription factor genes (TFs). A number of SE-modulated TFs that control auxin metabolism and signalling have been identified, and conversely, the regulators of the auxin-signalling pathway seem to control the SE-involved TFs. In turn, the different expression of the genes encoding the core components of the auxin-signalling pathway, the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACIDs (Aux/IAAs) and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs), was demonstrated to accompany SE induction. Thus, the extensive crosstalk between the hormones, in particular, auxin and the TFs, was revealed to play a central role in the SE-regulatory network. Accordingly, LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC1 and LEC2), BABY BOOM (BBM), AGAMOUS-LIKE15 (AGL15) and WUSCHEL (WUS) were found to constitute the central part of the complex regulatory network that directs the somatic plant cell towards embryogenic development in response to auxin. The revealing picture shows a high degree of complexity of the regulatory relationships between the TFs of the SE-regulatory network, which involve direct and indirect interactions and regulatory feedback loops. This review examines the recent advances in studies on the auxin-controlled genetic network, which is involved in the mechanism of SE induction and focuses on the complex regulatory relationships between the down- and up-stream targets of the SE-regulatory TFs. In particular, the outcomes from investigations on Arabidopsis, which became a model plant in research on genetic control of SE, are presented.
37
Mladenović, Emina, Martina Zorić, Jelena Čukanović, Ksenija Hiel, Lazar Pavlović, and Ivana Sentić. "Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on the Propagation of African Violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl.) from Leaf Cuttings." Contemporary Agriculture 65, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2016): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/contagri-2016-0020.
Full textAbstract:
Summary The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of commercial plant growth regulators (PGRs), namely Inict-1 and Incit-5, on the rooting of African violet leaf cuttings (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl.). The production of African violets has grown considerably in recent years, thus it is important to study the most rapid and cost-effective means of mass production. The propagated plant material of the cultivar ‘Nagano’ was treated with Incit-1 and Incit-5. The following parameters were observed: the occurrence of the first root, the number of formed secondary roots and root lengths, the occurrence of the first leaf, and the occurrence of the first flower. The results obtained showed that the use of commercial rooting hormones, namely Incit-1 and Incit-5, exerted positive effects on the duration of rooting, the number of secondary roots formed, and the root lengths of African violets. During the research, it was observed that the rooting durations of all the plants treated with Incit-1 and Incit-5 were 5 days shorter. The results indicate that the plants treated with PGRs necessitate less time to root, less time to produce new leaves, and, consequently, less time to produce flowers.
38
Wang, Jia, Li Song, Xue Gong, Jinfan Xu, and Minhui Li. "Functions of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Regulation and Response to Abiotic Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041446.
Full textAbstract:
Jasmonic acid (JA) is an endogenous growth-regulating substance, initially identified as a stress-related hormone in higher plants. Similarly, the exogenous application of JA also has a regulatory effect on plants. Abiotic stress often causes large-scale plant damage. In this review, we focus on the JA signaling pathways in response to abiotic stresses, including cold, drought, salinity, heavy metals, and light. On the other hand, JA does not play an independent regulatory role, but works in a complex signal network with other phytohormone signaling pathways. In this review, we will discuss transcription factors and genes involved in the regulation of the JA signaling pathway in response to abiotic stress. In this process, the JAZ-MYC module plays a central role in the JA signaling pathway through integration of regulatory transcription factors and related genes. Simultaneously, JA has synergistic and antagonistic effects with abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), and other plant hormones in the process of resisting environmental stress.
39
Zanotti, Rafael Fonsêca, Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias, Raimundo Santos Barros, Laércio Junio da Silva, and Marcelo Coelho Sekita. "Germination of "Solo" papaya seeds treated with plant hormones." Journal of Seed Science 36, no. 1 (2014): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-15372014000100012.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of some plant hormones on germination of Carica papaya L. seeds of the "Solo" group taken from fruits at maturity stages 3 and 5 (50% and 75% of the fruit skin showing a yellow color). Then, the seeds were subjected to treatments involving different combinations of acid 2-chloroethylphosphonic - (CEPA 0; 5 x 10-7 and 5 x 10-4 M), GA3 (0; 10 and 50 mg / L) and KNO3 (0 or 1 M), and germination was assessed at the 14th and 30th days. Seeds from fruits at maturity stage 3 showed increased germination when treated with all growth regulators tested. KNO3 promoted a decrease in germination and in the germination speed index, especially in the seeds from stage 5. The plant hormones did not promote any increase in percentage of normal seedlings of papaya seeds. Two-Chloethylphosphonic acid (5 x 10-4 M) and the gibberellic acid applied alone in the seeds from satge 3 promoted an increase in the number of normal seedlings 14 days after sowing.
40
NAMITHA, Kanakapura K., and Pradeep S. NEGI. "Morphogenetic Potential of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cv. ‘Arka Ahuti’ to Plant Growth Regulators." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 2 (May 28, 2013): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb529037.
Full textAbstract:
A highly reproducible in vitro regeneration method for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivar ‘Arka Ahuti’ was established by using hypocotyl, leaf and cotyledon explants from in vitro raised seedlings on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of hormones 6-Benzylamino purine (2 to 4 mg/L) and Indole-3-acetic acid (0.1 to 1 mg/L). The medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 6-benzylamino purine and 0.1 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid was found to be the best for inducing direct shoot regeneration and multiple shoots per explant from hypocotyl explants. Callus induction was observed in all the explants and regeneration of shoots was also promoted by all these combinations. Shoots were transferred to the elongation medium which also induced 100% rooting. After hardening, plants were transferred to soil. Thus, a tissue culture base line was established for ‘Arka Ahuti’ cultivar of tomato for obtaining direct regeneration using hypocotyl, leaf and cotyledon as explants.
41
Yang, Tao, Yuke Lian, and Chongying Wang. "Comparing and Contrasting the Multiple Roles of Butenolide Plant Growth Regulators: Strigolactones and Karrikins in Plant Development and Adaptation to Abiotic Stresses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 6270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246270.
Full textAbstract:
Strigolactones (SLs) and karrikins (KARs) are both butenolide molecules that play essential roles in plant growth and development. SLs are phytohormones, with SLs having known functions within the plant they are produced in, while KARs are found in smoke emitted from burning plant matter and affect seeds and seedlings in areas of wildfire. It has been suggested that SL and KAR signaling may share similar mechanisms. The α/β hydrolases DWARF14 (D14) and KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2), which act as receptors of SL and KAR, respectively, both interact with the F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2) in order to target SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1)-LIKE/D53 family members for degradation via the 26S proteasome. Recent reports suggest that SLs and/or KARs are also involved in regulating plant responses and adaptation to various abiotic stresses, particularly nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, and chilling. There is also crosstalk with other hormone signaling pathways, including auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CK), and ethylene (ET), under normal and abiotic stress conditions. This review briefly covers the biosynthetic and signaling pathways of SLs and KARs, compares their functions in plant growth and development, and reviews the effects of any crosstalk between SLs or KARs and other plant hormones at various stages of plant development. We also focus on the distinct responses, adaptations, and regulatory mechanisms related to SLs and/or KARs in response to various abiotic stresses. The review closes with discussion on ways to gain additional insights into the SL and KAR pathways and the crosstalk between these related phytohormones.
42
Lima, Nastassja Kimberlly, Eloisa Schneider Da Silva, Rayane Monique Sete Da Cruz, Pedro Henrique Riboldi Monteiro, and Glacy Jaqueline Da Silva. "Plant Growth Regulators in the in Vitro Cultivation of Acmella oleracea (L.)." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i2.16863.
Full textAbstract:
Acmella oleracea is a tropical plant, typical of the northern region of Brazil. The species belongs to the Asteraceae family and has great therapeutic, pharmacological and industrial potential. A limiting factor for the production of this species on a large scale is the short life cycle. The tissue culture programs use synthetic hormones based on cytokinins, such as kinetin and benzylaminopurine (BAP) and auxins such as naphthalene acetic acid (ANA). The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of growth regulators on the production of Acmella oleracea "in vitro". The experimental test was carried out with control (C), without the addition of growth regulators and five treatments, composed of: (T1) 0.1; (T2) 0.3; (T3) 0.5 mg L-1 kinetin; (T4) 0.1 mg L-1 of BAP and ANA; (T5) 0.5 mg L-1 of BAP and ANA. The experimental design was a completely randomized block in a factorial arrangement with six treatments, three blocks and twenty-five repetitions per block. The evaluated parameters were: germination, root formation, aerial part length, root length, aerial part fresh mass and root fresh mass, aerial part dry mass and root dry mass. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (p <0.05) and compared using the Tukey test. The results showed that kinetin positively contributed to seed germination and aerial part dry mass development. Treatment 1 had the best results for the parameters root length, shoot length and root dry mass.
43
Venkatesan, S., P. Masilamani, P. Janaki, T. Eevera, S. Sundareswaran, and P. Rajkumar. "Role of nitric oxide in seed biology and seed production: A review." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 3 (July 23, 2020): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i3.2290.
Full textAbstract:
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule employed by plants to control many physiological aspects. This review summarizes that crosstalk between NO/H2O2/Ca2+ signalling pathways that drive pollen tube for sexual reproduction in flowering plants. NO is produced in seeds by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic sources that control many physiological aspects of seeds. The interplay of NO and Reactive oxygen species are likely important players in hormonal crosstalk controlling seed germination and dormancy. Mechanism of seed germination and dormancy is mainly regulated by plant hormones like Abscisic acid (ABA) and Gibberellic acid (GA). Based on mode of action of NO with reference to triggering the germination of crop seeds under abiotic stress condition it is infer that there is a linkage between NO and plant growth regulator production. NO cross-talk with reactive oxygen species (ROS) during abiotic stress condition, modulate the light and hormone depended developmental process in the early stage of plant development. NO action to enhancing abiotic stress tolerance by improving antioxidant enzymes and protection against oxidative damage in many crops are discussed in detail.
44
Rogach, V. V., V. G. Kuryata, I. V. Kosakivska, L. V. Voitenko, M. M. Shcherbatiuk, and T. I. Rogach. "Morphogenesis, pigment content, phytohormones and productivity of sweet pepper under the action of gibberellin and tebuconazole." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 12, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022139.
Full textAbstract:
One of the main tasks of modern plant physiology is regulation of growth and development of cultivated plants in order to optimize the productive process. The attention of the scientific community is focused on the use of natural activators and growth inhibitors. We investigated the effect of foliar treatment with 0.005% solution of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.025% solution of the antigibberellic preparation tebuconazole (EW-250) on morphogenesis, leaf mesostructure, the content of photosynthetic pigments, the balance of endogenous phytohormones and productivity of Capsicum annuum L., Antey variety. The vegetation experiment was carried out in the conditions of soil-sand culture in vessels with a volume of 10 L. Treatment of plants was carried out in the budding phase. Morphometric parameters were determined every 10 days. The mesostructure of the middle tier leaves was studied in the fruit formation phase, and the chlorophyll content was determined in the raw material by spectrophotometric method. Analytical determination of endogenous phytohormones – indolyl-3-acetic (IAA), gibberellic (GA3) and abscisic (ABA) acids and cytokinins – zeatin (Z), zeatin-O-glucoside (ZG), zeatinribozide (ZR), isopentenyladenine (iP) and isopentenyladenosine (iPA) were performed by high performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). With GA3 treatment, plant height increased considerably, while with EW-250, it decreased. Both regulators led to an increase in the number of leaves on the plant, the leaf raw biomass, stems and roots and the dry matter of the whole plant, the area of a single leaf blade and the total area of leaves on the plant. Under the action of EW-250, the chlorophyll content in the leaves surged, while under the action of GA3 it tended to decrease or did not change at all. Both regulators thickened the chlorenchyma and boosted the volume of the columnar parenchyma cells. GA3 treatment induced a rise in the thickness of the upper and lower epidermis, and EW-250 led, on the contrary, to a decrease. It is shown that after treatment with exogenous GA3, the content of endogenous IAA and ABA decreased and GA3 in plant stems increased. Instead, EW-250 caused a decrease in the levels of GA3, IAA and ABA in the stems. Exogenous GA3 enhanced the accumulation of endogenous GA3 and IAA and inhibited ABA in the leaves. Under the action of the retardant, the level of ABA in the leaves did not change, while GA3 and IAA decreased. Treatment of plants with the studied growth regulators caused a decrease in the pool of cytokinins (CK) in stems. EW-250 showed a significant rise in the hormone content in the leaves. After spraying with GA3 solution, the level of ZG, Z and ZR grew. Under the action of the retardant, the increase in the CK pool occurred exclusively due to the iP. Growth regulators optimized the productivity of sweet pepper plants: under the action of GA3 there was an increase in the number of fruits per plant, and after the use of EW-250 there was a rise in the average weight of one fruit. The obtained results showed that anatomical-morphological and structural-functional rearrangements of sweet pepper plants under the action of exogenous gibberellic acid and EW-250 took place against the background of changes in the balance and distribution of endogenous hormones. Increased photosynthetic activity, stimulation of growth processes of some plant organs and inhibition of others enlarged biological productivity of the culture.
45
Almughraby, Esraa, Marat Ildusovich Kalimullin, Antonina Mostyakova Anatolyevna, and Olga Arnoldovna Timofeeva. "CABBAGE KALE – A NEW FUNCTIONAL FOOD PRODUCT: GROWING CONDITIONS AND REGULATION OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, Spl-2-AABAS (December 15, 2020): S264—S271. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(spl-2-aabas).s264.s271.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the specific effects of natural growth hormones (gibberellic acid, 10-6М and brassinolide, 10-6М) and commercial growth bio-stimulator (Novosil, 5 g/ha) on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants activities of cabbage kale plants, under different growing conditions. The treatment of growth regulators was imposed by soaking cabbage kale plant seed in various growth regulators for 24 hours. The results were recorded at 85, 115 and 145 days after planting, at +80С, 00С and -60С temperature, respectively. Among the studied growth regulators, terpenoidal compounds of Novosil and gibberellic acid improved the antioxidant activity, activating enzymatic antioxidant systems and increasing the content of carotenoids and proline in leaves of cabbage kale. The steroidal compound of brassinolide raises the content of phenolic and flavonoids compounds which increased antioxidant activities. The results obtained from the study indicated that the use of growth regulars increases the synthesis of protective compounds, which developed resistance of cabbage kale plants against adverse environmental factors and improve the biomedical properties of cabbage kale. Further, the results of the study also suggested that freezing temperatures (-60С) enhanced the protective effect of growth regulators against lipid peroxidation and their antioxidant activity.
46
Strack, Z., R. Karwowska, and E. Kraszewska. "The effect of several stress conditions and growth regulators on photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates in the bean plant." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 44, no. 4 (2015): 567–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1975.052.
Full textAbstract:
Studies were performed on young bean plants, grown in water culture. The effect of salt stress, X-flays and flooding on growth, photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates was investigated. Salt stress (NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>), especially at - 4.5 atm. of water potential, depressed all the mentioned processes, but most dramatically - photosynthesis. Export of photosynthetes from the blades decreased. Salt stress not only reduced the rate of translocation, but also influenced the pattern of <sup>14</sup>C-distoibution, especially inhibited transport to apical part, with growth seriously retarded. Gibberellin (GA<sub>3</sub>, 100 ppm sprayed on leaves) counteracted the negative effects caused by salinization, but did not affected either photosynthesis, or translocation in plants from normal nutrient solution. The conclusion may be advanced, that salt stress disturbed the balance of plant hormones especially gibberellins, which probably participate in. regulation of assimilate translocation.
47
Abdelkader, M. M., and M. Yu Puchkov. "Effect of growth regulators on productivity and quality of tomato crop under Volga delta conditions." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-6-36-40.
Full textAbstract:
Relevance. Tomato considered a significant vegetable crop that plays a prominent role in the field of human health. At present, there are large numbers of tomato cultivars with a wide range of morphological and sensorial characteristics which determine their use. Farmers often use some chemical substances which have similar structure and activity with endogenous plant hormone called (exogenous) as a low-cost alternative to regulate plant growth and increase yield. Thus, the use of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) has become an important component of the agro-technical procedures for most cultivated species.Methods. This study aims to evaluate the effect of four growth regulators (Krezacin, Chitosan, Zircon and Energene) on growth, productivity and quality of two Russian tomato varieties (Moriana and Superjol) under delta Volga conditions. Each type applied three times on both cultivars (Soaking tomato seeds before sowing, spraying on plants at vegetative phase, spraying on plants at flowering phase with three replications.Results. The results showed that; combination between Energene and cultivar Moriana enhanced the most of studied characters (Germination – 83.1%, fresh weight of Arial parts – 241.9 g, dry weight – 74.4 g, Number of № flowers/plant – 51.0, № fruits /plant – 35.6, fruit set – 69.8%, plant yield – 2.44 kg, TSS – 5.1°Brix, Content of Ascorbic Acid – 25.6 mg/100 g); Interaction between “Energene x Superjol” gave the maximum value for Plant height (85.6 cm), Fruit weight (72.6 g); while “Krezacin x Moriana” registered the highest fruit dry matter (6.77%) and Acidity (0.53%); Applying Zircon on Cultivar Moriana increased number of leaves/plant (56.8) and nitrate contents (27.6 mg/kg); the maximum LAI (150.1 cm2 ) obtained from interaction between Chitosan and cultivar Superjol whereas, “Chitosan x Moriana” treatment gave the highest level of Carotenoids (4.12%).
48
Bakshi, Palak, Rekha Chouhan, Pooja Sharma, Bilal Ahmad Mir, Sumit G. Gandhi, Marco Landi, Bingsong Zheng, Anket Sharma, and Renu Bhardwaj. "Amelioration of Chlorpyrifos-Induced Toxicity in Brassica juncea L. by Combination of 24-Epibrassinolide and Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria." Biomolecules 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11060877.
Full textAbstract:
Pervasive use of chlorpyrifos (CP), an organophosphorus pesticide, has been proven to be fatal for plant growth, especially at higher concentrations. CP poisoning leads to growth inhibition, chlorosis, browning of roots and lipid and protein degradation, along with membrane dysfunction and nuclear damage. Plants form a linking bridge between the underground and above-ground communities to escape from the unfavourable conditions. Association with beneficial rhizobacteria promotes the growth and development of the plants. Plant hormones are crucial regulators of basically every aspect of plant development. The growing significance of plant hormones in mediating plant–microbe interactions in stress recovery in plants has been extensively highlighted. Hence, the goal of the current study was to investigate the effect of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) and PGPRs (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ma), Burkholderia gladioli (Mb)) on growth and the antioxidative defence system of CP-stressed Brassica juncea L. seedlings. CP toxicity reduced the germination potential, hypocotyl and radicle development and vigour index, which was maximally recuperated after priming with EBL and Mb. CP-exposed seedlings showed higher levels of superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage (EL) and a lower level of nitric oxide (NO). In-vivo visualisation of CP-stressed seedlings using a light and fluorescent microscope also revealed the increase in O2−, H2O2 and lipid peroxidation, and decreased NO levels. The combination of EBL and PGPRs reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and improved the NO level. In CP-stressed seedlings, increased gene expression of defence enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GPOX) was seen, with the exception of catalase (CAT) on supplementation with EBL and PGPRs. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) was likewise shown to increase after treatment with EBL and PGPRs. The results obtained from the present study substantiate sufficient evidence regarding the positive association of EBL and PGPRs in amelioration of CP-induced oxidative stress in Brassica juncea seedlings by strengthening the antioxidative defence machinery.
49
Muroyama, Andrew, and Dominique Bergmann. "Plant Cell Polarity: Creating Diversity from Inside the Box." Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 35, no. 1 (October 6, 2019): 309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125211.
Full textAbstract:
Cell polarity in plants operates across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales to control processes from acute cell growth to systemic hormone distribution. Similar to other eukaryotes, plants generate polarity at both the subcellular and tissue levels, often through polarization of membrane-associated protein complexes. However, likely due to the constraints imposed by the cell wall and their extremely plastic development, plants possess novel polarity molecules and mechanisms highly tuned to environmental inputs. Considerable progress has been made in identifying key plant polarity regulators, but detailed molecular understanding of polarity mechanisms remains incomplete in plants. Here, we emphasize the striking similarities in the conceptual frameworks that generate polarity in both animals and plants. To this end, we highlight how novel, plant-specific proteins engage in common themes of positive feedback, dynamic intracellular trafficking, and posttranslational regulation to establish polarity axes in development. We end with a discussion of how environmental signals control intrinsic polarity to impact postembryonic organogenesis and growth.
50
Lalitha, J., Haseena Rafath, and M. Subash. "Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Indole 3-Acetic Acid on Seed Germination Performance of Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) Lam (Verdc)." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 1, no. 2 (August 26, 2016): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2016.v1i2.24.
Full textAbstract:
The experiment was undertaken with an objective to investigate the effect of various concentrations of plant growth regulators, i.e., Gibberellic acid (GA3) and Indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) on seed germination of Macrotyloma uniflorum. Seeds were soaked for 12 hours in different concentrations substances (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg/L) of IAA, GA3 and control set was soaked only in distilled water. Three replicates of each treatment with fifty seeds per replicate were arranged for precise physiological analysis. Significant variation was found in all aspects after analysis of variance (ANOVA) of each mean value. After two weeks of seed soaking, it was noted that germination percentages were significantly accelerated by lower concentrations (1 and 2 mg) of used hormones. Amongst the two potential growth regulators, 2 mg/L was found most effective because it showed highest germination percentage for IAA (93%) and GA3 (88%). A great deal of information relating to seed germination practices shows that these plant growth regulators were efficient in overcoming dormancy leading to rapid seed germination. IAA was selected as best hormone in this study, which showed highest seed germination (93%).