Journal articles: 'Plant life cycles'

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Kenrick, Paul. "How land plant life cycles first evolved." Science 358, no. 6370 (2017): 1538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2923.

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van Katwijk, Marieke M., and Brigitta I. van Tussenbroek. "Facultative Annual Life Cycles in Seagrasses." Plants 12, no. 10 (2023): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12102002.

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Plant species usually have either annual or perennial life cycles, but facultative annual species have annual or perennial populations depending on their environment. In terrestrial angiosperms, facultative annual species are rare, with wild rice being one of the few examples. Our review shows that in marine angiosperms (seagrasses) facultative annual species are more common: six (of 63) seagrass species are facultative annual. It concerns Zostera marina, Z. japonica, Halophila decipiens, H. beccarii, Ruppia maritima, and R. spiralis. The annual populations generally produce five times more seeds than their conspecific perennial populations. Facultative annual seagrass species occur worldwide. Populations of seagrasses are commonly perennial, but the facultative annual species had annual populations when exposed to desiccation, anoxia-related factors, shading, or heat stress. A system-wide ‘experiment’ (closure of two out of three connected estuaries for large-scale coastal protection works) showed that the initial annual Z. marina population could shift to a perennial life cycle within 5 years, depending on environmental circumstances. We discuss potential mechanisms and implications for plant culture. Further exploration of flexible life histories in plant species, and seagrasses in particular, may aid in answering questions about trade-offs between vegetative and sexual reproduction, and preprogrammed senescence.

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Brunoni, Federica, Jesús Mª Vielba, and Conchi Sánchez. "Plant Growth Regulators in Tree Rooting." Plants 11, no. 6 (2022): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11060805.

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Podolsky, R. D. "Integrating function across marine life cycles." Integrative and Comparative Biology 46, no. 5 (2006): 577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icl026.

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Soukupová, Lenka. "Short life-cycles in two wetland sedges." Aquatic Botany 30, no. 1-2 (1988): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(88)90006-x.

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Hančinský, Richard, Daniel Mihálik, Michaela Mrkvová, Thierry Candresse, and Miroslav Glasa. "Plant Viruses Infecting Solanaceae Family Members in the Cultivated and Wild Environments: A Review." Plants 9, no. 5 (2020): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050667.

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Plant viruses infecting crop species are causing long-lasting economic losses and are endangering food security worldwide. Ongoing events, such as climate change, changes in agricultural practices, globalization of markets or changes in plant virus vector populations, are affecting plant virus life cycles. Because farmer’s fields are part of the larger environment, the role of wild plant species in plant virus life cycles can provide information about underlying processes during virus transmission and spread. This review focuses on the Solanaceae family, which contains thousands of species growing all around the world, including crop species, wild flora and model plants for genetic research. In a first part, we analyze various viruses infecting Solanaceae plants across the agro-ecological interface, emphasizing the important role of virus interactions between the cultivated and wild zones as global changes affect these environments on both local and global scales. To cope with these changes, it is necessary to adjust prophylactic protection measures and diagnostic methods. As illustrated in the second part, a complex virus research at the landscape level is necessary to obtain relevant data, which could be overwhelming. Based on evidence from previous studies we conclude that Solanaceae plant communities can be targeted to address complete life cycles of viruses with different life strategies within the agro-ecological interface. Data obtained from such research could then be used to improve plant protection methods by taking into consideration environmental factors that are impacting the life cycles of plant viruses.

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Teixeira-Costa, Luiza, and Charles C. Davis. "Life history, diversity, and distribution in parasitic flowering plants." Plant Physiology 187, no. 1 (2021): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab279.

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Guldemond, J. Adriaan. "Host plant relationships and life cycles of the aphid genus Cryptomyzus." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 58, no. 1 (1991): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01447.x.

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Jewson, David H., and David M. Harwood. "Diatom life cycles and ecology in the Cretaceous." Journal of Phycology 53, no. 3 (2017): 616–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12519.

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Cock, J. Mark, Olivier Godfroy, Nicolas Macaisne, Akira F. Peters, and Susana M. Coelho. "Evolution and regulation of complex life cycles: a brown algal perspective." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 17 (February 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2013.09.004.

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Haig, David. "WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CHAROPHYTE (STREPTOPHYTA) LIFE CYCLES?1." Journal of Phycology 46, no. 5 (2010): 860–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00874.x.

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Tang, Xiaorong, Hongxia Jiang, Xiugeng Fei, and Charles Yarish. "New life cycles of Porphyra katadae var. hemiphylla in culture." Journal of Applied Phycology 16, no. 6 (2004): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-004-5517-9.

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Marshall, D. J. "Complex life cycles and offspring provisioning in marine invertebrates." Integrative and Comparative Biology 46, no. 5 (2006): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icl013.

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Grosso, Adriana Ferreira. "Cannabis: from plant condemned by prejudice to one of the greatest therapeutic options of the century." Journal of Human Growth and Development 30, no. 1 (2020): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v30.9977.

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Cannabis sativa has a fascinating history and has been used by mankind for millennia. Many societies such as Greek, Roman, Chinese, African, Indian and Arabic take advantage of the plant's qualities, which are consumed as food, medicine, fuel, fibers or tobacco. The first reference found related to the therapeutic use of the plant data from 2700 B.C. and is present in the pharmacopoeia of the Chinese Emperor Shen-Nung, where this plant was recommended in the treatment of malaria, rheumatic pain, in irregular and painful menstrual cycles. The book “De Matéria Médica”, written by the doctor Pedânio Dioscórides considered thefounder of pharmacology, exposes Cannabis as one of the natural substances that can relieve inflammatory pain. In Brazil, African slaves brought a cannabis during the colonial period, around 1549. Then, its use spread quickly among black slaves and Indians, who started to cultivate it. Once the plant was popularized among French intellectuals and English doctors in the Indian imperial army, it started to be considered in our country as an excellent medicine for men, until it was suppressed by the police authorities in the 1930s. Only 60 years later important findings were highlighted around Cannabis with the System Endocannabinoid and its receptors, neurotransmitters such as anandamide and 2-AG, revolutionizing the understanding of molecular signaling that modulates pain and analgesia, inflammation, appetite, gastrointestinal motility and sleep cycles, immune cell activity and hormones among others.We are in front of a huge revolution in the therapeutic area, in which phytocabinoids represent one of the great therapeutic options of the century. We need a widespread disclosure that CBD is not marijuana and that its use for recreational purpose has nothing to do with the use of medical cannabis. Scientific research is seriously committed to the use of the substance in various pathologies. The role of information is absolute, being the main tool to clarify a society.

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Tomporowski, Andrzej, Izabela Piasecka, Józef Flizikowski, et al. "Comparison Analysis of Blade Life Cycles of Land-Based and Offshore Wind Power Plants." Polish Maritime Research 25, s1 (2018): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0046.

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Abstract In recent years, the offshore wind power industry has been growing dynamically. A key element which decides upon power output of a wind power plant is blades. They are most frequently produced from polymers – laminates with epoxy resins and fiberglass. In the near future, when the blade life cycles are over, large amounts of waste material of this type will have to be reused. This paper presents a comparison analysis of the impact of particular material existence cycle stages of land-based and offshore wind power plant blades on the environment. Two wind power plant blades, of about 49 m in length each, were examined using the LCA method, the programme SimaPro, and Ekowskaźnik 99 modelling (phase LCIA).

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Y. Golovina, Natalya, and Svetlana Y. Krivosheeva. "Evaluation Method of the Fatigue Life of Power Plant Pipelines." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (2018): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27656.

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The method for estimating the fatigue life of power plant pipelines based on the results of one or two tests without destruction is proposed. The proposed method uses the classical model of fatigue resistance. Weller curves for power plant pipelines are determined experimentally, the experimental data are presented. Three curves are constructed for the probability of destruction of 2%, 50%, and 98%. The proposed method uses the hypothesis of linear summation of Palmgren-Miner injuries. When developing the method, much attention is paid to the ways of schematizing the actual process of loading the pipelines. Calculation of the distribution of the total number of cycles was carried out by the “Rainflow” method and the Gusev method. The application of this method with a set of design measures provides more than fivefold margin for fatigue resistance of all pipelines of the power plant.

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WA, Elkhateeb. "The Precious Ganoderma Mushroom and Plant Diseases." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 7, no. 4 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000241.

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The oil palm, an economically important tree, has been one of the world’s major sources of edible oil and a significant precursor of biodiesel fuel. Unfortunately, it now faces the threat of a devastating disease named basal stem rot disease. Many researchers have identified Ganoderma boninense and Ganoderma zonatum as the major pathogen that affect the oil palm tree and eventually kills. Identification of the pathogen causing basal stem rot disease is just the first step. No single method has yet been able to halt the continuing spread of the disease. This review focused on description and life cycles of two of the major Ganoderma species pathogens on oil palm trees namely Ganoderma boninense and G. zonatum. Additionally, we highlighted some possible strategies to control these pathogens and limit the spread of basal stem rot disease.

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18

Parrow, Matthew W., and JoAnn M. Burkholder. "THE SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES OF PFIESTERIA PISCICIDA AND CRYPTOPERIDINIOPSOIDS (DINOPHYCEAE)1." Journal of Phycology 40, no. 4 (2004): 664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03202.x.

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19

Hawkins, Tracy S., Jerry M. Baskin, and Carol C. Baskin. "Life cycles and biomass allocation in seed- and ramet-derived plants of Cryptotaenia canadensis (Apiaceae), a monocarpic species of eastern North America." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 5 (2005): 518–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-031.

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Life cycles, survivorship, and biomass allocation for seed- and ramet-derived plants of Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. were studied to determine if variation existed between plant derivations, and how these attributes contribute to persistence of the species within a temperate forest habitat. Seed-derived plants behaved as biennials, reproducing both sexually and asexually in the second growing season. Ramet-derived plants reproduced sexually and asexually annually. Annual survivorship was greater for seed-derived juveniles; however, fewer seed-derived plants flowered than did ramet-derived plants. Biomass allocation for plants harvested at four growth stages over two complete life cycles was significantly different between plant derivations during vegetative growth stages. During reproductive growth stages, biomass allocation did not differ between ramet- and seed-derived plants harvested in the same year. Regressions showed a strong correlation between sexual reproductive mass and vegetative mass for both plant derivations, with no significant difference between slopes or intercepts. Ramet mass was less dependent on plant size, and differences between slopes and intercepts were not significant. Regressions of sexual versus asexual reproductive mass varied with year and cohort. Equivalent reproductive output in conjunction with temporal differences in life cycle phenologies between plant derivations optimize this species' ability to persist in its natural habitat.Key words: allometry, Apiaceae, biomass allocation, Cryptotaenia canadensis, monocarpic.

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20

Peñuelas, Josep, Iolanda Filella, and PerE Comas. "Changed plant and animal life cycles from 1952 to 2000 in the Mediterranean region." Global Change Biology 8, no. 6 (2002): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00489.x.

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McTaggart, Alistair R., Timothy Y. James, Alexander Idnurm, et al. "Sexual reproduction is the null hypothesis for life cycles of rust fungi." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 5 (2022): e1010439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010439.

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Sexual reproduction, mutation, and reassortment of nuclei increase genotypic diversity in rust fungi. Sexual reproduction is inherent to rust fungi, coupled with their coevolved plant hosts in native pathosystems. Rust fungi are hypothesised to exchange nuclei by somatic hybridisation with an outcome of increased genotypic diversity, independent of sexual reproduction. We provide criteria to demonstrate whether somatic exchange has occurred, including knowledge of parental haplotypes and rejection of fertilisation in normal rust life cycles.

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Mims, C. W., and E. A. Richardson. "Ultrastructure of Haustoria of Plant Pathogenic Fungi." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 1140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600025824.

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Most plant pathogenic fungi that are obligate parasites produce haustoria which are thought to be involved in nutrient absorption. A haustorium is a specialized hyphal branch that penetrates the host cell wall and invaginates the host cell plasma membrane. The host plasma membrane ensheathing the haustorium is termed the extrahaustorial membrane. This presentation provides examples of different types of haustoria produced by plant pathogenic fungi. Species considered here are 1) Cronartium quercuum f. sp.fusiforme, the cause of fusiform gall rust of pine, 2) Puccinia arachidis, the cause of peanut rust1, 3) Uncinuliella australiana, the cause of powdery mildew of crape myrtle, 4) Exobasidium camelliae, a pathogen of Camellia sasanqua2, and 5) Cercosporidium personatum, the cause of late leaf spot of peanut.Rust fungi typically require two different host species to complete their life cycles. The dikaryotic phase of the rust life cycle consists of intercellular hyphae that give rise to specialized haustoria known as D-haustoria which are remarkably similar from one species to the next.

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Knight, Richard, Mitsuru Obana, Christer von Wowern, et al. "GTPOM: Thermo-Economic Optimization of Whole Gas Turbine Plant." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 3 (2006): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1850511.

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Trends towards distributed power generation and the deregulation of energy markets are increasing the requirement for software tools that optimize power generation plant design and operation. In this context, this paper describes the GTPOM (thermo-economic optimization of whole gas turbine plant) European project, funded in part through the European Commission’s 5th Framework Programme, focusing on the development and demonstration of an original software tool for the thermo-economic analysis and optimization of conventional and advanced energy systems based on gas turbine plant. PSEconomy, the software tool developed during the GTPOM project, provides a thermo-economic optimization capability for advanced and more-conventional energy systems, enabling the complex trade-offs between system performance and installed costs to be determined for different operational duties and market scenarios. Furthermore, the code is capable of determining the potential benefits of innovative cycles or layout modifications to existing plants compared with current plant configurations. The economic assessment is performed through a complete through-life cycle cost analysis, which includes the total capital cost of the plant, the cost of fuel, O&M costs and the expected revenues from the sale of power and heat. The optimization process, carried out with a GA-based algorithm, is able to pursue different objective functions as specified by the User. These include system efficiency, through-life cost of electricity and through-life internal rate of return. Three case studies demonstrating the capabilities of the new tool are presented in this paper, covering a conventional combined cycle system, a biomass plant and a CO2 sequestration gas turbine cycle. The software code is now commercially available and is expected to provide significant advantages in the near and long-term development of energy cycles.

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Satake, Akiko. "Diversity of plant life cycles is generated by dynamic epigenetic regulation in response to vernalization." Journal of Theoretical Biology 266, no. 4 (2010): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.07.019.

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Zhao, Lilin, Shuai Zhang, Wei Wei, et al. "Chemical Signals Synchronize the Life Cycles of a Plant-Parasitic Nematode and Its Vector Beetle." Current Biology 23, no. 20 (2013): 2038–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.041.

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YELA, JOSÉ L., and CARLOS M. HERRERA. "Seasonality and life cycles of woody plant-feeding noctuid moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Mediterranean habitats." Ecological Entomology 18, no. 3 (1993): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1993.tb01099.x.

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BAKER, C. R. B., and L. I. COHEN. "Further development of a computer model for simulating pest life cycles." EPPO Bulletin 15, no. 3 (1985): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1985.tb00234.x.

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Ichimura, Terunobu, and Fumie Kasai. "Life cycles of homothallic and heterothallic clones of Triploceras gracile Bailey (Desmidiaceae, Chlorophyta)." Phycologia 28, no. 2 (1989): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-28-2-212.1.

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Figueroa, Rosa Isabel, Esther Garcés, and Isabel Bravo. "Comparative study of the life cycles ofAlexandrium tamutumandAlexandrium minutum(Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) in culture1." Journal of Phycology 43, no. 5 (2007): 1039–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00393.x.

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Blackwell, Meredith, and David Malloch. "Pyxidiophora: life histories and arthropod associations of two species." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 9 (1989): 2552–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-330.

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Based on field studies in New Brunswick and Ontario, two species of the genus Pyxidiophora are demonstrated to be of frequent occurrence. Pyxidiophora sp. and Pyxidiophora spinuliformis have complex life cycles involving anamorph formation and sporulation on a phoretic mite host. Pyxidiophora sp., the more common of the two species, appears to be parasitic on the apothecia of coprophilous Pezizales where it forms clusters of synnemata within a week of dung deposition. Later, perithecia develop among the synnemata and produce ascospores. Ascospores attach to mites that are, in turn, carried by beetles and flies to a new substrate. On the new substrate while attached to the mite, ascospores of Pyxidiophora sp. differentiate into linearly arranged or complex and often muriform Thaxteriola thalli, which produce phialoconidia. The phialoconidia appear to be the propagules that inoculate the new substrate. Pyxidiophora spinuliformis has a life cycle similar to that of Pyxidiophora sp. but differs in having a conidial anamorph with a different development and ascospores that never form muriform thalli on the phoretic mite host. The taxonomic, ecological, and evolutionary significance of these findings is discussed.

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Gimenez, L. "Phenotypic links in complex life cycles: conclusions from studies with decapod crustaceans." Integrative and Comparative Biology 46, no. 5 (2006): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icl010.

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Wingfield, John C. "Environmental Endocrinology: Insights into the Diversity of Regulatory Mechanisms in Life Cycles." Integrative and Comparative Biology 58, no. 4 (2018): 790–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icy081.

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JI, JINGXIN, ZHUANG LI, YU LI, and MAKOTO KAKISHIMA. "Phylogenetic approach for identification and life cycles of Puccinia (Pucciniaceae) species on Poaceae from northeastern China." Phytotaxa 533, no. 1 (2022): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.533.1.1.

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About 300 species of Puccinia on Poaceae have been reported globally. However, these species can be difficult to identify because of morphological similarities and difficulties of host plant identifications. The presence of many cryptic species is also suspected. Based on about 150 specimens on Poaceae and about 50 related specimens of spermogonial and aecial stages, all collected in northeastern China, a phylogenetic approach was conducted to clarify their identification and life cycles. In phylogenetic analyses 25 clades among specimens on Poaceae were detected. Each clade detected in phylogeny was interpreted as an independent species, although many clades were morphologically similar to each other. After comparative morphology with species previously reported, 17 species including three first records in China (P. cerienthes-agropyrina, P. coronati-agrostidis, P. coronati-hordei) were identified, and eight species (P. ampliaticoronata, P. digitaticoronata, P. eleganticoronata, P. elymi-albispora, P. oncospora, P. pileiformis, P. protuberanticoronata, P. ramificatacoronata) are described as new. In uredinial and telial stages, the host range of above 25 species was variable ranging from one host plant species to several host species, sometimes involving different grass genera. Thus, a phylogenetic approach is more suitable for species identifications of Puccinia on Poaceae rather than relying on rust morphology and host plant identification. Life cycle relations for 15 spermogonial and aecial species were also clarified by phylogenetic analyses. It is also suspected that grass rusts can be differentiated to species based on spermogonial and aecial stages on same or related host plants.

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Donohue, Kathleen. "Completing the cycle: maternal effects as the missing link in plant life histories." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1520 (2009): 1059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0291.

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Maternal effects on seed traits such as germination are important components of the life histories of plants because they represent the pathway from adult to offspring: the pathway that completes the life cycle. Maternal environmental effects on germination influence basic life-history expression, natural selection on germination, the expression of genetic variation for germination and even the genes involved in germination. Maternal effects on seed traits can even influence generation time and projected population growth rates. Whether these maternal environmental effects are imposed by the maternal genotype, the endosperm genotype or the embryonic genotype, however, is as yet unknown. Patterns of gene expression and protein synthesis in seeds indicate that the maternal genotype has the opportunity to influence its progeny's germination behaviour. Investigation of the phenotypic consequences of maternal environmental effects, regardless of its genetic determination, is relevant for understanding the variation in plant life cycles. Distinguishing the genotype(s) that control them is relevant for predicting the evolutionary trajectories and patterns of selection on progeny phenotypes and the genes underlying them.

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Massey, F. P., M. J. Smith, X. Lambin, and S. E. Hartley. "Are silica defences in grasses driving vole population cycles?" Biology Letters 4, no. 4 (2008): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0106.

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Understanding the factors that drive species population dynamics is fundamental to biology. Cyclic populations of microtine rodents have been the most intensively studied to date, yet there remains great uncertainty over the mechanisms determining the dynamics of most of these populations. For one such population, we present preliminary evidence for a novel mechanism by which herbivore-induced reductions in plant quality alter herbivore life-history parameters and subsequent population growth. We tested the effect of high silica levels on the population growth and individual performance of voles ( Microtus agrestis ) reared on their winter food plant ( Deschampsia caespitosa ). In sites where the vole population density was high, silica levels in D. caespitosa leaves collected several months later were also high and vole populations subsequently declined; in sites where the vole densities were low, levels of silica were low and population density increased. High silica levels in their food reduced vole body mass by 0.5% a day. We argue that silica-based defences in grasses may play a key role in driving vole population cycles.

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Xue, Zhihui, Liya Liu, and Cui Zhang. "Regulation of Shoot Apical Meristem and Axillary Meristem Development in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (2020): 2917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082917.

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Plants retain the ability to produce new organs throughout their life cycles. Continuous aboveground organogenesis is achieved by meristems, which are mainly organized, established, and maintained in the shoot apex and leaf axils. This paper will focus on reviewing the recent progress in understanding the regulation of shoot apical meristem and axillary meristem development. We discuss the genetics of plant meristems, the role of plant hormones and environmental factors in meristem development, and the impact of epigenetic factors on meristem organization and function.

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Salifu, S., D. Desai, and S. Kok. "Determination of the dominant failure mechanism of P92 steam piping subjected to daily operational cycle using finite element (FE) technique." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 40, no. 1 (2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36303/satnt.2021cosaami.08.

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In a bid to minimise the cost of electrical energy production through the reduction in the quantity of coal usage, the power generation companies resolved to operate different daily cycles characterized by peak and off-peak energy demand periods. These daily operational cycles have left the power plant components operating in a possible creep-fatigue regime. As such, earlier failure of the plant’s components such as the steam pipes due to creep, fatigue, or the combination of both failure modes became inevitable. This study employed finite element (FE) technique to determine the dominant failure mechanism and useful life of P92 power generation steam piping subjected to one of the daily operational cycles. The outcome of the study showed that the failure of the piping when subjected to the daily cycle is creep dominated, and failure due to fatigue or possible creep-fatigue interaction was impossible since the daily cycle was insufficient to induce the extensive plastic strain required for the initiation and propagation of fatigue failure. Hence, the best form of operating steam pipe/piping is steady-state, since subjecting them to daily cycles significantly reduce their useful life.

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Giraud, Tatiana, Lorys M. M. A. Villaréal, Frédéric Austerlitz, Mickaël Le Gac, and Claire Lavigne. "Importance of the Life Cycle in Sympatric Host Race Formation and Speciation of Pathogens." Phytopathology® 96, no. 3 (2006): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0280.

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Numerous morphological species of pathogenic fungi have been shown to actually encompass several genetically isolated lineages, often specialized on different hosts and, thus, constituting host races or sibling species. In this article, we explore theoretically the importance of some aspects of the life cycle on the conditions of sympatric divergence of host races, particularly in fungal plant pathogens. Because the life cycles classically modeled by theoreticians of sympatric speciation correspond to those of free-living animals, sympatric divergence of host races requires the evolution of active assortative mating or of active host preference if mating takes place on the hosts. With some particular life cycles with restricted dispersal between selection on the host and mating, we show that divergence can occur in sympatry and lead to host race formation, or even speciation, by a mere process of specialization, with strong divergent adaptive selection. Neither active assortative mating nor active habitat choice is required in these cases, and this may explain why the phylo-genetic species concept seems more appropriate than the biological species concept in these organisms.

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Boag, Brian, and Gregor Yeates. "Growth and life histories in Nematoda with particular reference to environmental factors." Nematology 5, no. 5 (2003): 653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854103322746832.

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AbstractTo seek unifying principles underlying growth patterns in the phylum Nematoda, the volume of successive developmental stages was determined from published measurements. Within some groups occupying fairly uniform, non-living habitats ( e.g. , Longidoridae, Mononchida, non-parasitic Rhabditida) growth patterns are similar, as are the sizes of both sexes. In aquatic Chromadorida and Monhysterida, females are commonly larger than males. Plant-parasitic groups vary in the relative size of the sexes; within Criconematoidea there is some reduction of males in Hemicyliophora but extreme reduction in Tylenchulus. Despite freeliving and parasitic cycles of Strongyloides showing differing growth in stages 2 to 4, females are similar in both cycles. The strongylid parasites of vertebrates studied have a bacterial-feeding external stage and have lower growth rates and achieve smaller female size than Ascardia with direct life cycles. In taxa for which data are available, the increase in volume between stages 1 and 2 was 0.4-53-fold; that between stages 2 and 3, typically, 1.8-2.9-fold but up to 8191-fold; between stages 3 to 4, 1.7-3.8-fold but up to 100-fold; and between stage 4 to female, typically, 1.1-42-fold but up to 918-fold. Complete data are available for few nematode species and there is no apparent consistent pattern in which taxa contain 'outliers' at particular stages. Many more data are required to assess the impacts of habitat texture, physical support, food supply and experienced temperature on nematode growth and size.

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Lom, Jiří, Hiroshi Yokoyama, and Iva Dyková. "Comparative ultrastructure of Aurantiactinomyxon and Raabeia, actinosporean stages of Myxozoan life cycles." Archiv für Protistenkunde 148, no. 1-2 (1997): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9365(97)80043-7.

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Kenrick, Paul. "Changing expressions: a hypothesis for the origin of the vascular plant life cycle." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1739 (2017): 20170149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0149.

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Plant life cycles underwent fundamental changes during the initial colonization of the land in the Early Palaeozoic, shaping the direction of evolution. Fossils reveal unanticipated diversity, including new variants of meiotic cell division and leafless gametophytes with mycorrhizal-like symbioses, rhizoids, vascular tissues and stomata. Exceptional fossils from the 407-Ma Rhynie chert (Scotland) play a key role in unlocking this diversity. These fossils are reviewed against progress in our understanding of the plant tree of life and recent advances in developmental genetics. Combining data from different sources sheds light on a switch in life cycle that gave rise to the vascular plants. One crucial step was the establishment of a free-living sporophyte from one that was an obligate matrotroph borne on the gametophyte. It is proposed that this difficult evolutionary transition was achieved through expansion of gene expression primarily from the gametophyte to the sporophyte, establishing a now extinct life cycle variant that was more isomorphic than heteromorphic. These changes also linked for the first time in one developmental system rhizoids, vascular tissues and stomata, putting in place the critical components that regulate transpiration and forming a physiological platform of primary importance to the diversification of vascular plants. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The Rhynie cherts: our earliest terrestrial ecosystem revisited’.

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Ryss, A. Yu. "Evolution of life cycles of nematodes parasitizing woody plants as a result of ecological and phylogenetic co-adaptations with hosts and vectors." Паразитология 57, no. 6 (2023): 450–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0031184723060029.

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Fundamental aspects in the evolution of nematodes parasitizing woody plants are reviewed. 1) Nematode faunal lists of natural refigia are useful to predict the risks of opportunistic pathogens becoming true pathogens in the forest and park communities. 2) Nematode composition in natural refugia gives a chance to identify nematode antagonists of insect vectors of dangerous fungal and nematode infections, which can be potentially used as of the biological agents for woody plants’ protection. 3) Dauers of the ancestors of wood-inhabiting nematodes played a role as a survival stage in the detritus decomposition succession, and they later acquired the functions of dispersion and adaptations for transmission using insect vectors. 4) When inspecting wilted trees, it is necessary to use dauers for diagnostics, as sexually mature nematodes may absent in tree tissues. 5) Plant parasitic nematodes originated from members of the detritus food web and retained a detritivorous phase in the life cycle as a part of the propagative generation. 6) Vectors in the life cycles of plant parasitic nematodes are inherited from the ancestral detritivorous nematode associations, rather than inserted in the dixenic life cycle of the ‘nematode-fungus-plant’ association. 7) Despite the significant difference in the duration of the nematode-tree and nematode-vector phases of the life cycle, the actual parasitic nematode specificity is twofold: firstly to the vector and secondly to the natural host plant (as demonstrated in phytotests excluding a vector).

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Goldman, I. L. "Teaching Recurrent Selection in the Classroom with Wisconsin Fast Plants." HortTechnology 9, no. 4 (1999): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.4.579.

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Plant breeding is a process that is difficult to compress into laboratory exercises for the classroom. At the heart of plant breeding is the act of selection, a process whereby differential reproduction and survival leads to changes in gene frequency. Given the relatively short span of an academic semester, it has been difficult for students to gain experience with the practice of selection using plant materials. Nearly 15 years ago, P.H. Williams developed Wisconsin Fast Plants, a model system for teaching plant biology in a classroom setting. Wisconsin fast plants are rapid-cycling versions of various Brassica species amenable to a variety of genetic studies due to their short life cycle and ease of handling. This paper describes the development of a model system using Brassica rapa L. fast plants for teaching the cyclical selection process known as recurrent selection in the context of a course on plant breeding. The system allows for up to three cycles of recurrent selection during a single 15-week semester and enables students to gain experience in planting, selection, pollination, and seed harvest during each cycle. With appropriate trait choice, phenotypic changes resulting from selection can be visualized after just three cycles. Using the Fast Plant model, recurrent selection can be practiced successfully by students in the classroom.

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Chen, Qian, and Taiyun Wei. "Cell Biology During Infection of Plant Viruses in Insect Vectors and Plant Hosts." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 1 (2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0184-cr.

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Plant viruses typically cause severe pathogenicity in plants, even resulting in the death of plants. Many pathogenic plant viruses are transmitted in a persistent manner via insect vectors. Interestingly, unlike in the plant hosts, persistent viruses are either nonpathogenic or show limited pathogenicity in their insect vectors, while taking advantage of the cellular machinery of insect vectors for completing their life cycles. This review discusses why persistent plant viruses are nonpathogenic or have limited pathogenicity to their insect vectors while being pathogenic to plants hosts. Current advances in cell biology of virus–insect vector interactions are summarized, including virus-induced inclusion bodies, changes of insect cellular ultrastructure, and immune response of insects to the viruses, especially autophagy and apoptosis. The corresponding findings of virus-plant interactions are compared. An integrated view of the balance strategy achieved by the interaction between viral attack and the immune response of insect is presented. Finally, we outline progress gaps between virus-insect and virus-plant interactions, thus highlighting the contributions of cultured cells to the cell biology of virus-insect interactions. Furthermore, future prospects of studying the cell biology of virus-vector interactions are presented.

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Duplessis, Sebastien, Cecile Lorrain, Benjamin Petre, Melania Figueroa, Peter N. Dodds, and M. Catherine Aime. "Host Adaptation and Virulence in Heteroecious Rust Fungi." Annual Review of Phytopathology 59, no. 1 (2021): 403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-121149.

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Rust fungi (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) are obligate biotrophic pathogens that cause rust diseases in plants, inflicting severe damage to agricultural crops. Pucciniales possess the most complex life cycles known in fungi. These include an alternation of generations, the development of up to five different sporulating stages, and, for many species, the requirement of infecting two unrelated host plants during different parts of their life cycle, termed heteroecism. These fungi have been extensively studied in the past century through microscopy and inoculation studies, providing precise descriptions of their infection processes, although the molecular mechanisms underlying their unique biology are poorly understood. In this review, we cover recent genomic and life cycle transcriptomic studies in several heteroecious rust species, which provide insights into the genetic tool kits associated with host adaptation and virulence, opening new avenues for unraveling their unique evolution.

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Stanley, Susan J. "Observations on the seasonal occurrence of marine endophytic and parasitic fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 10 (1992): 2089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-259.

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Information is presented on three fungal–algal associations on intertidal marine algae. They comprise two members of the Ascomycotina, Lautitia danica parasitic on Chondrus crispus, and Mycosphaerella ascophylli, an obligate endophyte of Ascophyllum nodosum, and a member of the Basidiomycotina, Mycaureola dilseae, that is parasitic on Dilsea carnosa. Details are given of life cycles and seasonal periodicity. The reproductive cycles of Mycosphaerella ascophylli and Ascophyllum nodosum are synchronised, with the fungal sporocarps being confined to the algal receptacles. Lautitia danica occurs on cystocarpic Chondrus crispus throughout the year, with older fronds being more likely to have fungal sporocarps on them. Mycaureola dilseae infecting Dilsea carnosa was only found during September and October. The systemic nature of the association between Mycosphaerella ascophylli and Ascophyllum nodosum is compared with the apparently localized occurrence of Lautitia danica and Mycaureola dilseae. Key words: marine algicolous fungi, seasonality, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes.

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Cook, Ron, Josselin Lupette, and Christoph Benning. "The Role of Chloroplast Membrane Lipid Metabolism in Plant Environmental Responses." Cells 10, no. 3 (2021): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10030706.

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Plants are nonmotile life forms that are constantly exposed to changing environmental conditions during the course of their life cycle. Fluctuations in environmental conditions can be drastic during both day–night and seasonal cycles, as well as in the long term as the climate changes. Plants are naturally adapted to face these environmental challenges, and it has become increasingly apparent that membranes and their lipid composition are an important component of this adaptive response. Plants can remodel their membranes to change the abundance of different lipid classes, and they can release fatty acids that give rise to signaling compounds in response to environmental cues. Chloroplasts harbor the photosynthetic apparatus of plants embedded into one of the most extensive membrane systems found in nature. In part one of this review, we focus on changes in chloroplast membrane lipid class composition in response to environmental changes, and in part two, we will detail chloroplast lipid-derived signals.

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Burghardt, Liana T., C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Amity M. Wilczek, Johanna Schmitt, and Kathleen Donohue. "Modeling the Influence of Genetic and Environmental Variation on the Expression of Plant Life Cycles across Landscapes." American Naturalist 185, no. 2 (2015): 212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/679439.

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Barber, Iain, Boris W. Berkhout, and Zalina Ismail. "Thermal Change and the Dynamics of Multi-Host Parasite Life Cycles in Aquatic Ecosystems." Integrative and Comparative Biology 56, no. 4 (2016): 561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw025.

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Guerreiro, Carolina, and Zulma Rúgolo. "Un evento de floración en el género Chusquea (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae)." Darwiniana, nueva serie 8, no. 2 (2020): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2020.82.899.

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Flowering in woody bamboos is an intriguing phenomenon. Documenting a flowering event provides valuable information about bamboo life cycles. Chusquea argentina is a species endemic to the Andean Patagonian beech forests of Argentina and Chile. We here report a flowering event of C. argentina in northwestern Argentinean Patagonia. We provide a map of the area indicating flowering sites. Photographs showing details of the flowering event are presented. The epidemiological effects of the flowering of C. argentina are taken into consideration.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant life cycles'

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