Journal articles: 'Plant opal'

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Channing, Alan, and Dianne Edwards. "Experimental taphonomy: silicification of plants in Yellowstone hot-spring environments." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 94, no. 4 (December 2003): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300000845.

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ABSTRACTDuring experiments conducted within the vent pool of Medusa Geyser, Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, USA, amorphous opaline silica (opal-A) was deposited on/within plant tissues within 30 days of immersion. Initially, deposition created inter/intra-cellular films which lined cell walls plus intercellular colloid suspensions (sols) of opal-A nano/microspheres. By 330 days, opal-A deposition created a robust external and internal matrix that stabilised tissues against collapse and replicated plant structure. Opal-A films increased to micron-order thicknesses and intracellular sols were created. Systematic variation of opal-A fabric between tissues comprising living/dead cells at the time of deposition indicate that cell function, architecture and shape influence fabric development. Heterogeneity of opal-A fabric within adjacent cells of similar structure/function indicates spatially/temporally fluctuating physicochemical conditions and the presence of intraorganic microenvironments. Early deposition of opal-A films suggests a period of low silica supersaturation and slow opal-A deposition. In contrast, intracellular sols suggest high levels of supersaturation, and rapid opal-A deposition. Shell-like microsphere growth suggests cyclic variation of silica supersaturation, and alternations between rapid and slower opal-A deposition. Microsphere growth to the upper limit of colloidal stability and colloidal crystal structures indicate prolonged sol stability, whilst floc-like microsphere networks indicate localised sol instabi

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Santos, Cátia Pereira dos, Heloisa Helena Gomes Coe, Natalia Borrelli, André Luiz Carvalho da Silva, Leandro de Oliveira Furtado de Sousa, Yame Bronze Medina Ramos, Carolina Pereira Silvestre, and Amanda Pacheco Seixas. "Opal phytolith and isotopic studies of "Restinga" communities of Maricá, Brazil, as a modern reference for paleobiogeoclimatic reconstruction." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 63, no. 3 (September 2015): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592015086606303.

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AbstractThe Maricá restinga, located in the eastern part of the Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil), corresponds to one of the few remaining preserved areas of the state's coastal plain. This paper reports on a study of the Maricá restinga plant communities and also presents an identification of the main plant species present in each community, with the objective of establishing reference collections, by the methods of the proxies opal phytoliths and stable carbon isotopes, for paleoenvironmental reconstructions of this coastal area during the Quaternary. Six plant communities, distributed perpendicularly to the coast line over sandy barriers, lagoonal plain, lagoon margin and weathered basement were identified: halophile-psamophile, scrub, herbaceous swamp, slack, shrubby vegetation and dry forest. In general, the plant species analyzed in each community presented low productivity of opal phytoliths, as only the Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Arecaceae families produce a great amount and diversity of morphotypes of opal phytoliths. The results of the analysis of stable carbon isotopes in sediments indicated a predominance of C3 or a mixture of C3 and C4 plants, presenting a close correlation with the results found in plants collected in each community. In conclusion, it was verified that the carbon isotope analysis associated with that of the opal phytoliths are good proxies for the reconstruction of vegetation in the study area.

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Teliban, Gabriel-Ciprian, Vasile Stoleru, Marian Burducea, Andrei Lobiuc, Neculai Munteanu, Lorena-Diana Popa, and Gianluca Caruso. "Biochemical, Physiological and Yield Characteristics of Red Basil as Affected by Cultivar and Fertilization." Agriculture 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020048.

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Unconventional fertilizers can act as elicitors to encourage the synthesis of phyto-pharmaceuticals in aromatic plants. In the present research, the effects of factorial combination between two red basil cultivars, ‘Opal’ and ‘De Buzau’, and four fertilization types, biosolids, organic, microorganisms and chemical, plus an unfertilized control, were assessed on fresh and dry yield, biometrical parameters, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) and antioxidant compounds and activity. Chemical fertilization increased fresh yield compared with the control, with no difference in organic and microorganism fertilization regarding dry weight. ‘De Buzau’ enhanced the number of lateral stems and plant height, the latter being better affected by chemical and microorganisms compared to the control. Chemical fertilization showed the highest leaf dry matter, nitrate content and SPAD, whereas the control showed the lowest. Compared to the unfertilized control, biosolids increased total phenolics in ‘Opal’; microorganisms, organic and biosolids enhanced total flavonoids in ‘Opal’, with the same effect under microorganisms and organic treatments in ‘De Buzau’. Total anthocyanins showed the highest content in ‘Opal’ under organic fertilization. The highest antioxidant activity in the basil extracts was detected under microorganisms and organic applications in ‘Opal’. The present investigation results demonstrate that unconventional fertilizers increase the synthesis of antioxidants and represent a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilization for growing red basil.

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Hoshino, Tomomi, Kanako Sato, Yuya Oaki, Ayae Sugawara-Narutaki, Katsuhiko Shimizu, Noriaki Ozaki, and Hiroaki Imai. "Plant opal-mimetic bunching silica nanoparticles mediated by long-chain polyethyleneimine." RSC Advances 6, no. 2 (2016): 1301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra25742e.

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Plant opal-mimetic structures of bunching silica nanoparticles were produced through polymer-mediated polycondensation of hydrolyzed silicate species in a matrix of long-chain branched polyethyleneimine.

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Purnamaningsih, Ragapadmi S. "Introduksi Gen DefH9-iaaM dan DefH9-RI-iaaM ke dalam Genom Tanaman Tomat Menggunakan Vektor Agrobacterium tumefaciens." Jurnal AgroBiogen 6, no. 1 (August 4, 2016): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v6n1.2010.p18-25.

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Introduction of DefH9-iaaM and DefH9-RI-iaaM Gene Into Tomato Genome Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih. Plant genetic improvement can be conducted through genetic engineering. Parthenocarpic fruit production could increase fruit production and its qulities. IAA genes were introduced into three tomato cultivars Ratna, Opal and LV 6117 using two constract genes DefH9-iaaM and DefH9-RI-iaaM. The iaaM gene is able to increase auxin biosynthesis in transgenic plant cells and organs because indol-eacetamide, synthesized by the product of the iaaM gene, is converted either chemically or enzimatically to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), while the promotor DefH9 enable IAA gene expressed specifically in the ovules. The objectives of this experiment was to identify gene introduction into plant genom of three tomato cultivars. The factors tested were two constract of IAA genes (DefH9-iaaM or DefH9-RI-iaaM), tomato cultivars (Ratna, Opal, and LV 6117) and time of explant inoculation (5, 15, 30 minute). The result showed that the best time inoculation was 5 minute. Otherwise three tomato cultivars response better to DefH9-RI-iaaM than DefH9-iaaM. The total efficiency of regeneration and total efficiency of transformation of both genes were 25.38% and 20.32%. PCR analysis showed that 10 plant have positive PCR, were 1 plant carried (Opal) DefH9-iaaM gene and 9 plant (Ratna, Opal, LV 6117) carried DefH9-RI-iaaM gene.

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Takachi, Celia Yoshimi, Renzo Kondo, and Kiyoshi Tsutsuki. "Opal Phytolith Assemblage and Its Relation with Plant Biomass." Quaternary Research (Daiyonki-Kenkyu) 40, no. 4 (2001): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4116/jaqua.40.337.

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Castro, Ana Cecilia Ribeiro de, Fernando José Hawerroth, Carlos Alberto Kenji Taniguchi, Tiago Freitas Silva, and Nazaré Suziane Soares. "Effects of plant growth regulators in heliconia ‘Red Opal’." Ornamental Horticulture 22, no. 3 (December 8, 2016): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i3.947.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate growth regulators with purpose of reducing the size of heliconia ‘Red Opal’ potted plants. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design with five treatments (trinexapac-ethyl and paclobutrazol at rates of 37.5 and 75.0 mg of active ingredient per pot and control without growth regulator) and five replicates. The treatments were applied 40 days after planting the rhizomes in pots filled with soil. Thirty and 150 days after the growth regulator application, plant height, number of leaves and shoots, petioles length and leaf area were evaluated. One year after planting the rhizomes in pots the number of inflorescence and leaves (leaves, sheathing leaf bases and inflorescences) and rhizomes (rhizomes and roots) dry mass were determined. Trinexapac-ethyl had no differences compared to the control in any of the variables evaluated. Paclobutrazol proved effective in reducing plant height, leaf area and petiole length and increase in number of leaves and shoots but the effect was temporary. Also, it did not affect the inflorescences production and leaves and rhizomes dry mass. Paclobutrazol is efficient to promote height reduction and to increase the number of shoots in heliconia ‘Red Opal’ potted plants without affect the inflorescence formation but its effects is temporary.

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Klinowski, Jacek, Chi-Feng Cheng, Jeús Sanz, José M. Rojo, and Alan L. Mackay. "Structural studies of tabasheer, an opal of plant origin." Philosophical Magazine A 77, no. 1 (January 1998): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418619808214238.

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Hart, DM. "The Plant Opal Content in the Vegetation and Sediment of a Swamp at Oxford Falls, New South Wales, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 2 (1988): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880159.

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Opal phytoliths in the leaves of 10 native species growing in and around a swamp were isolated and quantified, and shape and surface detail examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The amount of plant opal in the leaves ranged from 0.10 to 2.45% by dry weight, and phytolith forms most commonly found were spheres, rods and sheets. Phytoliths in the silt size range of the swamp sediment were isolated by a simple fractionation technique. It was found that the forms with a small surface area to volume ratio survived in the sediment.

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KATSUKI, Kota, Yoshihiro YAMASHITA, Kenji KIKUCHI, and Katsuhisa TOKUMITSU. "B14 Grip Characteristic of the Sole Material adding plant-opal." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2011 (2011): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2011.326.

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Kealhofer, Lisa, and Dolores R. Piperno. "Early agriculture in southeast Asia: phytolith evidence from the Bang Pakong Valley, Thailand." Antiquity 68, no. 260 (September 1994): 564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00047050.

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Phytoliths — the microscopic opal silica bodies inside plant tissue that often survive well in archaeological deposits— are becoming a larger part of the world of human palaeobotany. They give a new view of early rice in southeast Asia.

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Jadid, Nurul, Chusnul Eka Safitri, Adillatul Lathiifatun Jannah, Wirdhatul Muslihatin, Kristanti Indah Purwani, and Faisol Mas’ud. "Genetic diversity and growth responses of Indonesian tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes under lead stress." Science Progress 105, no. 3 (July 2022): 003685042211223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221122364.

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Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is cultivated and consumed worldwide, including in Indonesia. It is used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, due to its high content of carotenoid (lycopene) compounds that have antioxidant and anticancer activities. In Indonesia, although several cultivars of tomato are cultivated, including Opal, Permata, Mutiara, and Rewako , studies on their genetic information are limited. Unpredicted climate change as well as heavy metal contamination, especially Pb pollution, has threatened Indonesian food security. Therefore, our study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of the four local tomatoes using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and to determine the growth responses of several local tomato genotypes under Pb stress. In this study, morphological responses to Pb, including plant height and root length were observed. The RAPD analysis showed that Rewako and Permata were distinct, whereas Opal and Mutiara were closely related, possessing 81.8% similarity. Pb stress influenced plant height and root length in the four tomato genotypes, with each genotype exhibiting different morphological responses than others. However, the closely related Mutiara and Opal genotypes demonstrated similar responses to Pb stress to Permata and Rewako. Our study demonstrates that RAPD are sensitive and efficient for elucidating the genomic profile of the tomato genotypes. In addition, our results suggest that genetic variation among tomato genotypes might influence the morphological responses against Pb stress.

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Machado, Andressa C. Z., Daniel B. Beluti, Rosangela A. Silva, Mirian A. S. Serrano, and Mário M. Inomoto. "Avaliação de danos causados por Pratylenchus brachyurus em algodoeiro." Fitopatologia Brasileira 31, no. 1 (February 2006): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582006000100002.

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Foram conduzidos três experimentos em casa de vegetação e um em condições de campo com objetivo de avaliar danos causados por Pratylenchus brachyurus em algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum). No primeiro experimento, plântulas foram inoculadas individualmente com um dos três isolados de P. brachyurus, Pb20, Pb21 e Pb22, coletados em diferentes regiões do Brasil, na dose de 12.000 espécimes por planta das cvs. Delta Opal e Fibermax 966. Além disso, populações iniciais de 3.000 e 12.000, e 12.000 e 30.000 espécimes por planta foram utilizadas nos experimentos 2 e 3, respectivamente, a fim de se avaliar o efeito do isolado Pb20 sobre algodoeiro cv. Delta Opal. Os resultados dos experimentos 1, 2 e 3 indicaram que P. brachyurus é um patógeno pouco agressivo ao algodoeiro, uma vez que densidades populacionais do nematóide inferiores a 12.000 por planta não causaram redução no crescimento das plantas. O experimento 4 foi realizado em três campos de cultivo de algodoeiro no Estado do Mato Grosso confirmaram esses resultados, já que não foi observada correlação entre a população de P. brachyurus nas raízes e a produção de algodão.

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Taniguchi, Carlos Alberto Kenji, Ana Cecilia Ribeiro de Castro, Tiago Freitas Silva, Elane Bezerra da Silva, and Thaís Da Silva Martins. "Growth, nutrient accumulation and export by heliconia ‘Red Opal’." Ornamental Horticulture 22, no. 3 (December 7, 2016): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i3.954.

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Synchronizing the timing of fertilizer applications with plant nutrient demand increases the nutritional efficiency and decrease the cost of production. The objective of this study was to determine the growth and the nutrient uptake and export by heliconia ‘Red Opal’. The experiment was carried out in a shade house and Heliconia psittacorum ‘Red Opal’ rhizomes were planted in soil classified as Arenic Kandinstults. The experimental design was completely randomized with nine plant sampling (zero; 30; 90; 150; 210; 270; 330; 390 and 450 days after planting) and five replicates. Leaves, sheathing leaf bases, flower stem, rhizomes and roots were collected every sampling and dry mass and nutrients accumulation were determined. Heliconia plants showed slow initial development but from the 210 days of planting, which corresponds with the beginning of the flower stem harvest there is a marked increase in dry mass accumulation. Nutrient accumulation followed the decreasing order: K > N = Ca > P = Mg > S > Fe = Mn > Zn > Cu = B. Potassium and calcium were the most exported macronutrients by heliconia flower stem and among the micronutrients, manganese was the most exported.

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Lima, Lonjoré Leocádio de, Modesto Barreto, and Érika Auxiliadora Giacheto Scaloppi. "Reação de cultivares de algodoeiro a Ramularia areola." Summa Phytopathologica 36, no. 1 (March 2010): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052010000100010.

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Dentre as doenças causadoras de manchas foliares em algodoeiro, a mancha de ramulária (Ramularia areola Atk) tem se tornado importante em virtude das condições climáticas favoráveis para o desenvolvimento do patógeno, aliadas ao uso de cultivares suscetíveis, plantio consecutivo e extenso. Neste trabalho avaliaram-se os cultivares Delta Opal, Acala 90, Makina, Delta Penta e Sure Grow 821 quanto à resistência a R. areola, em condições de campo na FCAV-UNESP, no ano de 2006. A severidade da doença, que ocorreu por infecção natural das plantas pelo fungo, foi avaliada semanalmente em trinta plantas devidamente marcadas, utilizando-se uma escala descritiva de notas: 1 = 0%, 2 = até 5%, 3 = de 5,1 a 25%, 4 = de 25,1 a 50% e 5 = acima de 50% de área foliar com sintomas. Foram elaboradas curvas de progresso da doença para os cinco cultivares e o modelo monomolecular foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados, em comparação com o logístico, o exponencial e o modelo de Gompertz. A análise dos dados indicou que houve diferença significativa entre os genótipos, sendo que Delta Opal, Makina e Sure Grow 821 mostraram-se mais suscetíveis e Delta Penta e Acala 90 mais resistentes ao fungo.

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Менасова, Анжелина Шевкетовна, and Олег Сергеевич Огиенко. "Effect plant fossils for the formating of opal in the weathering crusts." ScienceRise 3, no. 1 (20) (March 27, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2313-8416.2016.62655.

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Russ, John C., and Irwin Rovner. "Stereological Identification of Opal Phytolith Populations from Wild and Cultivated Zea." American Antiquity 54, no. 4 (October 1989): 784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280682.

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Reported criteria for distinguishing wild Zea varieties (teosinte) from cultivated primative maize using plant opal phytolith morphology were tested using computer-assisted image analysis. Results showed current criteria to be effective but inconsistent. A straightforward stereological algorithm was derived from image analysis data providing high-confidence statistical assignment of the Zea phytolith populations in this study to wild or cultivated categories.

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Oktaviant, Dimas Panji, Endang Dwi Purbajanti, and Susilo Budiyanto. "The Added Effects of Rice Husk Ash Against to Growth and Yield on Basil (Ocimum basilicum)." Journal of Tropical Crop Science and Technology 1, no. 2 (December 13, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtcst.v1i2.10383.

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Basil is a spice plant that is widely used as a culinary additive, fragrance, atractan, and anti-bacterial because it produces essential oils, basil oil. This research aimed to identifying the affect of adding rice husk ash on different basil’s cultivars on growth and yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum). This research use 4 x 2 factorial experiment pattern with Completely Randomized Design consisting of 5 replication. The first treatment was various type of basil’s cultivars such as Genovese cultivars (K1) and Dark Opal cultivars (K2). The second treatment was doses of rice husk ash such as control or without giving rice husk ash (M0), 30 g/pot (M1), 35 g/pot (M2), dan 40 g/pot (M3). The observed parameters were soil bulk density and porosity, plant height, leaves total, roots length, and leaves simplisia. The results showed that the application of husk ash can affect the increase in physical properties of the soil, but has not directly affected the growth parameters and yield of leaf simplisia. Dark Opal cultivars on all growth parameters showed higher yields, but Genovese cultivars showed higher yields or simplisia.

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Rovner, Irwin. "Macro- and micro-ecological reconstruction using plant opal phytolith data from archaeological sediments." Geoarchaeology 3, no. 2 (1988): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.3340030207.

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Corlett, Michael. "Pyxidiophora lundqvistii n.sp. (Hypomycetales, Ascomycetes)." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 805–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-104.

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Pyxidiophora lundqvistii n. sp., encountered in a mixed culture with Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. isolated from seeds of Triticum aestivum L. (cv. Opal), is described, illustrated, and compared with Pyxidiophora asterophora (Tul.) Lindau, the type species. The ascospores of P. lundqvistii are uniseptate, fusiform, basally apiculate, hyaline, and 20–30 × 3–3.5 μm. At maturity, the wall on one side of the ascospore often swells, increasing the ascospore width to 5 μm. The ascospores lack a subapical pigment spot or other zones of pigmentation common to some species of Pyxidiophora. Pyxidiophora lundqvistii is distinguished from other species in the genus principally by its shorter and narrower ascospores and by its small perithecia.

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Purnama, Susan, Muhammad Abduh Ulim, and Syamsuddin Syamsuddin. "Perlakuan Benih Kadaluarsa Menggunakan Rizobakteri Terhadap Viabilitas dan Vigor serta Pertumbuhan Bibit pada Dua Varietas Tanaman Tomat." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 3, no. 2 (April 8, 2020): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v3i2.7495.

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Abstrak.Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) merupakan tanaman asli Benua Amerika yang tersebar dari Amerika Tengah hingga Amerika Selatan. Tomat merupakan salah satu dari kelompok sayuran yang memiliki banyak manfaat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan benih kadaluarsa menggunakan rizobakteri terhadap viabilitas dan vigor serta pertumbuhan bibit dua varietas tomat di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih dan Laboratorium Biologi FKIP UNSYIAH. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL).Faktor pertama isolat rizobakteri dan faktor kedua varietas. Diantara dua varietas yang dicobakan varietas CLN 4046 pada parameter viabilitas dan vigor berbeda nyata lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan varietas Opal diduga karena berhubungan dengan sifat genetik yang ada dari kedua varietas uji tersebut.Determine the effect of expired seed treatment using rizobacteri as a spur of plant growth on viability and virgo and growth of seeds of two varietas of tomatoesAbstract. Tomato (LycopersicumEsculentum Mill) is the original plant of the American Continent scattered from Central America to South America. Tomato is one of the vegetable groups that had many benefits. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of expired seed treatment using rizobacteri as a spur of plant growth on viability and virgo and growth of seeds of two varietas of tomatoes in Laboratoium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih Jurusan Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian dan Laboratorium Biologi FKIP UNSYIAH. The research used Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) factorial pattern. The first factor is isolate rizobacteri and the second factor is varietas. Among the two tomato varieties tested, CLN 4046 varietas on Opal viabilitas parameters were suspected to be related to the existing genetic properties of the two test varietas.

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Taksavasu, Tadsuda, Thomas Monecke, and T. Reynolds. "Textural Characteristics of Noncrystalline Silica in Sinters and Quartz Veins: Implications for the Formation of Bonanza Veins in Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposits." Minerals 8, no. 8 (August 2, 2018): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8080331.

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Silica sinters forming at the Wairakei geothermal power plant in New Zealand are composed of noncrystalline opal-A that deposited rapidly from cooling geothermal liquids flashed to atmosphere. The sinter is laminated with alternating layers of variably compacted silicified filamentous microbes encased by chains of fused silica microspheres. Microscopic inspection of bonanza quartz vein samples from the Buckskin National low-sulfidation epithermal precious metal deposit in Nevada showed that colloform bands in these veins exhibit relic microsphere textures similar to those observed in the silica sinters from the Wairakei power plant. The textural similarity suggests that the colloform bands were originally composed of noncrystalline opal-A that subsequently recrystallized to quartz. The colloform bands contain dendrites of electrum and naumannite that must have grown in a yielding matrix of silica microspheres deposited at the same time as the ore minerals, implying that the noncrystalline silica exhibited a gel-like behavior. Quartz bands having other textural characteristics in the crustiform veins lack ore minerals. This suggests that ore deposition and the formation of the colloform bands originally composed of compacted microspheres of noncrystalline silica are genetically linked and that ore deposition within the bonanza veins was only episodic. Supersaturation of silica and precious metals leading to the formation of the colloform bands may have occurred in response to transient flashing of the hydrothermal liquids. Flashing of geothermal liquids may thus represent a key mechanism in the formation of bonanza precious metal grades in low-sulfidation epithermal deposits.

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Montesano, Vincenzo, Donatella Negro, Gabriella Sonnante, Gaetano Laghetti, and Marcella Urbano. "Polyphenolic Compound Variation in Globe Artichoke Cultivars as Affected by Fertilization and Biostimulants Application." Plants 11, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11152067.

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Globe artichoke is an ancient herbaceous plant native to the Mediterranean Basin. The edible part of the plant is limited to the fleshy leaves (bracts) and receptacle of a large immature inflorescence (head) that has been shown to be a rich source of bioactive compounds. Nutritional and pharmacological properties of artichoke heads and leaves are attributed mainly to polyphenolic compounds and inulin present at high concentration. In this study, polyphenols were investigated in two artichoke cultivars (Opal and Madrigal) in response to four nitrogen rates and foliar applications of biostimulating products under drip irrigation. Field experiments were carried out over two growing seasons (2015–2016, 2016–2017) in Policoro (MT), Southern Italy, on a deep clay soil in sub-humid climate conditions. Phenolic compounds were isolated and characterized by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) analysis. In both cultivars, caffeoylquinic acids were more abundant when a dose of 100 kg ha−1 of ammonium nitrate was provided, whereas apigenins were not affected by nitrogen fertilization. Luteolins increased in cv Opal and decreased in cv Madrigal following N fertilization. The application of biostimulants (3 L ha−1) favored the accumulation of polyphenols, in particular of caffeoylquinic acids and apigenin, in artichoke heads in both cultivars. The results obtained highlight some positive aspects related to the synergistic effect of nitrogen fertilization and biostimulant foliar application.

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Mizota, C., M. Itoh, M. Kusakabe, and M. Noto. "Oxygen isotope ratios of opaline silica and plant opal in three recent volcanic ash soils." Geoderma 50, no. 3 (September 1991): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(91)90035-r.

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Geršl, Milan, Tjaša Kanduč, Dalibor Matýsek, Martin Šotnar, and Jan Mareček. "The Role of Mineral Phases in the Biogas Production Technology." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0003.

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Abstract In the field of electric power industry, renewable energy sources, fertilisers, reclamation, and waste management, biomass is widely studied and used. Minerals are present in every step of biogas transformation, but their forms, occurrence, and composition have not been studied yet. However, there is no comprehensive study research that would address the presence of mineral phases in the process of biogas production. This aim of the study is determination of the amount and composition of the mineral phases present in fermentation residues resulting from different production technologies. Digestate mineral composition was analysed using 46 samples from agricultural biogas plants and university testing biogas reactor. The majority of samples contained the amorphous phase. Minority phases consisted of quartz, albite, orthoclase, muscovite, and amphibole. Opal-CT was found in eleven samples (1.26 to 12.1% wt.). The elements present in gas-liquid fluids or in liquids, gases and aerosols within the biogas technology system may create mineral phases, namely the amorphous phase or the crystalline phase under certain conditions. Opal-CT may enter the fermenter as part of plant tissues referred to as phytoliths, or as an unwanted admixture of different origin. It may also originate from the present amorphous SiO2.

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Jumawati, Riana, Amalia Tetrani Sakya, and Muji Rahayu. "Pertumbuhan Tomat pada Frekuensi Pengairan yang Berbeda." Agrosains: Jurnal Penelitian Agronomi 16, no. 1 (March 15, 2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agsjpa.v16i1.18906.

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Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) is one of horticulture commodities with high economic value and still need seriously handling especially for increasing fruits quality and quantity. However the production of tomato has not fullfilleed the demand yet. Therefore it is necessary to develop production. On lowland, the issue not only high temperature but also availability of water is unpredictable.This study aimed to investigate the effect of irrigation frequency on the growth of Mutiara, Opal, and Gondol tomato variety. This research was conducted at the Greenhouse Laboratory of the Agriculture Faculty, Sebelas Maret University with attitude 95 m asl. Implementation of the research conducted from January to May 2013. This research used completely randomized factorial design with two factors, namely variety of tomato (Gondol, Opal and Mutiara) and watering frequencies (everyday, once in 3 days, once in 6 days, and once in 9 days). The results showed that plant height, number of leaves and number of branches are influenced by the variety of tomato and irrigation frequency, whereas chorophyl content is influenced by the watering frequency. Growth component and chlorophyll content of tomato decreased with increasing irrigation frequency.

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Táborský, Jan, Josef Sus, Jaromír Lachman, Barbora Šebková, Anežka Adamcová, and Dalibor Šatínský. "Dynamics of Phloridzin and Related Compounds in Four Cultivars of Apple Trees during the Vegetation Period." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133816.

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Apple trees (Malus domestica Borgh) are a rich source of dihydrochalcones, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Considering the increasing demand for these phytochemicals with health-benefitting properties, the objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of the main bioactive compounds—phloridzin, phloretin, chlorogenic acid and rutin—in apple tree bark, leaves, flower buds and twigs. The variety in the phenolic profiles of four apple tree cultivars was monitored during the vegetation period from March to September using chromatography analysis. Phloridzin, the major glycoside of interest, reached the highest values in the bark of all the tested cultivars in May (up to 91.7 ± 4.4 mg g−1 of the dried weight (DW), cv. ‘Opal’). In the leaves, the highest levels of phloridzin were found in cv. ‘Opal’ in May (82.5 ± 22.0 mg g−1 of DW); in twigs, the highest levels were found in cv. ‘Rozela’ in September (52.4 ± 12.1 mg g−1 of DW). In the flower buds, the content of phloridzin was similar to that in the twigs. Aglycone phloretin was found only in the leaves in relatively low concentrations (max. value 2.8 ± 1.4 mg g−1 of DW). The highest values of rutin were found in the leaves of all the tested cultivars (10.5 ± 2.9 mg g−1 of DW, cv. ‘Opal’ in September); the concentrations in the bark and twigs were much lower. The highest content of chlorogenic acid was found in flower buds (3.3 ± 1.0 mg g−1 of DW, cv. ‘Rozela’). Whole apple fruits harvested in September were rich in chlorogenic acid and phloridzin. The statistical evaluation by Scheffe’s test confirmed the significant difference of cv. ‘Rozela’ from the other tested cultivars. In conclusion, apple tree bark, twigs, and leaves were found to be important renewable resources of bioactive phenolics, especially phloridzin and rutin. The simple availability of waste plant material can therefore be used as a rich source of phenolic compounds for cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and food supplement preparation.

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Neumann, Katharina, Caroline A. E. Strömberg, Terry Ball, Rosa Maria Albert, Luc Vrydaghs, and Linda Scott Cummings. "International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature (ICPN) 2.0." Annals of Botany 124, no. 2 (July 24, 2019): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz064.

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Abstract Background Opal phytoliths (microscopic silica bodies produced in and between the cells of many plants) are a very resilient, often preserved type of plant microfossil. With the exponentially growing number of phytolith studies, standardization of phytolith morphotype names and description is essential. As a first effort in standardization, the International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature 1.0 was published by the ICPN Working Group in Annals of Botany in 2005. A decade of use of the code has prompted the need to revise, update, expand and improve it. Scope ICPN 2.0 formulates the principles recommended for naming and describing phytolith morphotypes. According to these principles, it presents the revised names, diagnosis, images and drawings of the morphotypes that were included in ICPN 1.0, plus three others. These 19 morphotypes are those most commonly encountered in phytolith assemblages from modern and fossil soils, sediments and archaeological deposits. An illustrated glossary of common terms for description is also provided.

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Costa, Andreza S. da, Vivian Loges, Ana Cecília R. de Castro, André Luiz Verona, Cleucione de O. Pessoa, and Venézio Felipe dos Santos. "Perfilhamento e expansão de touceiras de helicônias." Horticultura Brasileira 24, no. 4 (December 2006): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362006000400013.

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Neste trabalho foram avaliados, para o espaçamento 1,5 x 3,0 m, o número de perfilhos por touceira (NPT) e a área de ocupação da touceira (AOT) de 26 genótipos de Heliconia spp., cultivados a pleno sol e a meia-sombra. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Na avaliação realizada 316 dias após o plantio (DAP), os genótipos cultivados a pleno sol apresentaram médias de NPT variando entre 18,3 (H. bihai cultivar Kamehameha) e 57,0 (H. psittacorum cultivar Red Opal), agrupando-se em três classes distintas (Scott-Knott, P < 0,05). Os genótipos cultivados a meia-sombra apresentaram NPT médio variando entre 11,7 (H. bihai cultivar Nappi Yellow) e 43,7 (H. psittacorum x H. spathocircinata cultivar Golden Torch), agrupando-se em três classes distintas (Scott-Knott, P < 0,05). De modo geral, observou-se que as helicônias de pequeno porte como, por exemplo, as cultivares e híbridas de H. psittacorum perfilharam mais que as helicônias de grande porte, em ambas as condições de plantio. Em relação à AOT, na avaliação realizada 304 DAP entre os materiais cultivados a pleno sol, H. psittacorum cultivar Red Opal ocupou apenas metade da área da parcela (11.387 cm²), enquanto o genótipo Heliconia x nickeriensis ocupou toda a área (22.541 cm²). O genótipo H. orthotricha apresentou a menor AOT (725 cm²). Para os genótipos cultivados a meia-sombra, a AOT variou entre 750 cm² (H. bihai cutivar Nappi Yellow) e 10.201 cm² (H. stricta cultivar Fire Bird). Embora as avaliações continuem em andamento, os resultados obtidos até 316 DAP permitem concluir que a adoção de um mesmo espaçamento para diferentes genótipos de helicônia é inadequada e que poderá acarretar futuros problemas de manejo das plantas.

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Souza, Fábio Suano de, and Ciro Antonio Rosolem. "Rainfall intensity and Mepiquat Chloride persistence in cotton." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 2 (2007): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000200004.

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In some regions where cotton is grown in Brazil rainfall amounts to about 2,000 mm per year, which imposes a great risk for Mepiquat Chloride (MP) to be washed from cotton leaves before being absorbed. The objective of this research was to evaluate the MC persistence when applied on cotton plants submitted to different rain intensities after spraying. The treatments were three MC rates: 0, 15.0 and 30.0 g a.i. ha-1 and four simulated rainfalls, applied 90 minutes after MC spraying: 5, 10, 20 and 40 mm, plus a treatment without rain. Cotton plants of the cv. Delta Opal were grown in 12 L pots filled with an Haplortox. The experimental design was consisted of complete randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme, with four replicates. The evaluated parameters were: plant height, number of reproductive branches, dry matter weight, reproductive structures, retention and leaf area. The higher the rainfall the lower the effectiveness of the plant growth regulator in controlling plant height. A simulated rainfall as low as 5 mm occurring 90 minutes after MC application was enough to wash some of the plant growth regulator from cotton leaves.

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Kondratieva, V. V., T. V. Voronkova, M. V. Semenova, L. S. Olekhnovich, and O. V. Shelepova. "Effect of LEDs on the growth and physiological responses of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1045, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1045/1/012090.

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Abstract Sweet basil Ocimum basilicum L. belongs to the mint family and grows wild in tropical and subtropical climates. Basil is an important culinary and essential oil crop grown and used throughout the world. In areas with insufficient natural light for optimal plant growth and productivity, high pressure sodium light sources are widely used. However, these lamps are considered energy-intensive, and they also generate a large amount of thermal radiation. Therefore, there is great interest in replacing sodium lamps with new, more efficient light sources in the form of light emitting diodes (LEDs). In this work, the influence of two light sources (white LED light and red-blue together with white LED light) on the growth, development and physiological parameters of two varieties of sweet basil was studied - green basil of the “Anisoviy aromat” variety and red basil of the “Opal” variety. Illumination with red-blue light in combination with white LED light had a clear advantage in almost all growth and development parameters measured for both varieties of basil. Plants of green basil cultivar “Anisoviy aromat” and red basil cultivar “Opal” at both stages of crop accounting were taller, had larger mass and larger leaves. with white light in red basil plants allowed to surpass the control plants by about one and a half times. At the same time, white LEDs initiated a more effective photoprotective mechanism during long-term cultivation of green basil plants.

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Visconti, Alexandre, Wagner Bettiol, and Marcelo Augusto Boechat Morandi. "Efeito de hidrolisado de peixe sobre o crescimento micelial e controle de Cylindrocladium spathiphylli em espatifilo." Summa Phytopathologica 36, no. 4 (December 2010): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052010000400004.

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Hidrolisado de peixe (HP), cama de frango (CF), casca de camarão (CC), esterco bovino (EB), lodo de esgoto (LE) e torta de mamona (TM) foram avaliados quanto ao efeito de seus extratos aquosos, com e sem autoclavagem, sobre o crescimento micelial e a germinação de conídios de Cylindrocladium spathiphylli. O efeito de misturas dos resíduos com o substrato de cultivo e seus compostos voláteis também foram avaliados sobre o crescimento micelial do patógeno. Para avaliar do efeito do HP na supressividade a Cylindrocladium spathiphylli, adicionou-se ao substrato artificialmente infestado o HP nas concentrações de 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50% do volume de água necessário para atingir a capacidade de retenção de água do substrato. As misturas foram incubadas por 10 dias e transferidas para vasos contendo uma muda de espatifilo da cultivar Opal por vaso. Nos experimentos in vitro, os extratos aquosos e as misturas de substrato contendo HP apresentaram a maior supressividade ao patógeno. No cultivo de espatifilo, a supressividade ocorreu nas concentrações superiores a 20% de hidrolisado de peixe.

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Carpenter, Raymond J., Matthew P. Goodwin, Robert S. Hill, and Karola Kanold. "Silcrete plant fossils from Lightning Ridge, New South Wales: new evidence for climate change and monsoon elements in the Australian Cenozoic." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 5 (2011): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11037.

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Diverse Cenozoic (possibly latest Oligocene to mid–late Miocene) macrofossils from the Lightning Ridge opal fields are illustrated and discussed. Specimens identified to, or closely comparable with, extant taxa include ferns (Lygodium, Gleichenia and others), conifers now extinct in Australia (Dacrydium, Retrophyllum and Papuacedrus), Lauraceae (Cryptocarya/Cinnamomum), sclerophyllous Proteaceae (Banksia, Lomatia and Grevillea), Cunoniaceae/Elaeocarpaceae and Eucalyptus (and/or other Myrtaceae). Overall, at least four fern, three conifer and 30 angiosperm taxa are recognised. The climate supported many species with close relatives in wet Australasian habitats, including rainforests. However, a drier or more seasonal (?monsoonal) aspect is especially indicated by the presence of lobed leaves that resemble extant species of Brachychiton (Malvaceae), Erythrina (Fabaceae) and tribe Cercideae (Fabaceae). A degree of water stress is also suggested by the prevalence of narrow, toothed and/or deeply lobed angiosperm leaves.

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Portillo, Marta, Kate Dudgeon, Montserrat Anglada, Damià Ramis, Yolanda Llergo, and Antoni Ferrer. "Phytolith and Calcitic Spherulite Indicators from Modern Reference Animal Dung from Mediterranean Island Ecosystems: Menorca, Balearic Islands." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 7202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167202.

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This study illustrates the contribution of plant and faecal microfossil records to interdisciplinary approaches on the identification, composition, taphonomy and seasonality of livestock dung materials. The focus is on the taphonomy of opal phytoliths and calcitic dung spherulites embedded within modern faecal pellets collected from pasture grounds and pens from a range of animals, including cattle, sheep and pigs from three different farms and seasons of the year in Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO. Modern reference materials provide comparative plant and dung microfossil indicators on factors affecting the formation, composition, preservation and decay of animal faeces, as well as on the diverse environmental and anthropogenic aspects influencing these. The reported results show relevant changes in phytolith and spherulite composition according to animal species and age, livestock management, seasonality, and grazing and foddering regimes. Both microfossil records provide fundamental information on taphonomic issues that are understudied, such as the variation in the digestibility among different species, including under investigated animals such as pigs, as well on the seasonality of plant and faecal microfossils that are excreted with dung as an important material for reconstructing human-environment interactions which is commonly overlooked in archaeology.

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Carnelli, A. L., M. Madella, J. P. Theurillat, and B. Ammann. "Aluminum in the opal silica reticule of phytoliths: a new tool in palaeoecological studies." American Journal of Botany 89, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.2.346.

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Zając, Tadeusz. "Analysis of linseed (Linum usitatissiumum L.) plant branching as related to variability and interdependence of traits." Acta Agrobotanica 57, no. 1-2 (2013): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2004.018.

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Branching process of two linseed cultivars ('Hungarian Gold' and 'Opal') was analysed each year of vegetation between 1999 and 2002 characterised by different weather course. The estimation included also the extent and variability of selected morphological traits and structural traits. as well as correlation between them. On the basis of biometric measurements the hierarchy of plant shoots has been established within a plant, and four plant groups were distinguished: 1-. 2-, 3- and 4-shoot plants. It was demonstrated that the intensity of linseed branching depended mainly on young plant planting density and, to a certain extent also the weather conditions in April and May. In the years when the weather course favoured vegetation. between 23 and 40% plants per stand were branched. Beside increasing its productivity linseed branching may also inhibit a development of secondary weed infestation of the canopy. Similar plant groups with analogous shoot hierarchy formed in both linseed cultivars. Bio social position of shoot on a plant determined the extent of its traits. A dominance of the maiii shoot over lateral shoots was marked, especially concerning the number of seed vessels. Particularly big prevalence of the main shoot over lateral ones was visible in 3- and 4-9hoot plants. Lateral shoots had greater variability of morphological traits, especially concerning the number of seed vessels per shoot. Linear, exponential and power interdependencies between traits of linseed cultivars were also revealed.

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HERBAUTS, J., F. A. DEHALU, and W. GRUBER. "Quantitative determination of plant opal content in soils, using a combined method of heavy liquid separation and alkali dissolution." European Journal of Soil Science 45, no. 4 (December 1994): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1994.tb00522.x.

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Zamee and Won. "A Novel Plant Propagation-Based Cascaded Fractional Order PI Controller for Optimal Operation of Grid-Connected Single-Stage Three-Phase Solar Photovoltaic System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 4269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204269.

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Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters are gaining attention all over the world. The optimal controller setting is key to the successful operation of a grid-connected PV system. In this paper, a novel plant propagation algorithm-based fractional order proportional-integrator (FOPI) controller for cascaded DC link voltage and inner current control of a grid-connected PV controller has been proposed, which outperforms particle swarm optimization-based PI and elephant herding optimization-based FOPI in terms of multicriteria-based analysis. The performance of the proposed controller also has been measured in terms of total harmonic distortion to maintain the appropriate power quality. Also, the proposed controllers were tested under various solar irradiance and voltage sag conditions to show the effectiveness and robustness of the controllers. The whole system is developed in OPAL-RT using MATLAB/Simulink and RT-LAB as a machine-in-loop (MIL) system to validate the performance in real time.

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Santos, Guaciara M., Anne Alexandre, Heloisa H. G. Coe, Paul E. Reyerson, John R. Southon, and Cacilda N. De Carvalho. "The Phytolith 14C Puzzle: A Tale of Background Determinations and Accuracy Tests." Radiocarbon 52, no. 1 (2010): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045070.

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Over the past decades, analysis of occluded carbon in phytoliths (opaline silica mineral bodies that form in and between plant cells) has become a workhorse of paleoclimate and archaeological studies. Since different plant types exhibit distinctive phytolith morphologies, their assemblages are used in identifying vegetation histories or food culture adaptations. A few direct radiocarbon AMS measurements of phytoliths have been carried out, but these measurements are difficult due to the low concentrations of phytoliths in some plant species, and the small amount of C per phytolith (<2%). In addition, no phytoliths samples of a known 14C age are available to verify measurement accuracy and precision, and to check sample preparation protocols. Background corrections are also difficult to address due to the lack of suitable material. In this work, we designed a procedure to quantify a suitable blank using SiO2 powder samples (close to the opal structure, and free of 14C). The full phytolith extraction showed high carbon contamination components: a) ∼3 μg of modern C and ∼2 μg of dead C. We also performed accuracy tests on large phytolith-occluded carbon samples extracted from soils and harvested plants. The unexpected 14C ages in some of the results triggered further investigations of possible sources of carbon contamination.

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Marzukoh, Roffiul Umamil, Amalia Tetrani Sakya, and Muji Rahayu. "Pengaruh Volume Pemberian Air terhadap Pertumbuhan Tiga Varietas Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill)." Agrosains: Jurnal Penelitian Agronomi 15, no. 1 (March 11, 2013): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agsjpa.v15i1.18986.

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Tomato is one of the agriculture commodity that has many benefits. However, the production of tomato in in low land is still low so it needs effort to increase production. Issues that facing in low land cultivation are high temperature and uncertain water availibility. This study aimed to investigate the effect of watering volume on growth of tomato. This research was conducted at the Greenhouse and Laboratory of Plant Fisiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University. Research was conducted from December 2012 to May 2013. This research used completely randomized factorial design with two factors of treatment, namely variety of tomato were Opal, Gondol and Mutiara and watering volume (4,4 l, 3,42 l, 2,34 l, and 1,28 l in each watering). Data were analyzed by analysis variance and continued by Duncan Multiple Range Test level of 5%. The results showed that the higher of watering volume increases the growth of tomato. Plant height, number of branch, leaf area, dry weight of shoot, dry weight of root and the length of root increase with increasing watering volume. The appropriate tomato that can be developed in the various watering is Gondol.

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Olonova, Marina V., Polina D. Gudkova, Valeria D. Shiposha, Elizaveta A. Kriuchkova, Natalia S. Mezina, and Mikhail Blinnikov. "Phytoliths from some grasses (Poaceae) in arid lands of Xinjiang, China." Acta Biologica Sibirica 7 (November 16, 2021): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/abs.7.e76105.

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Opal phytoliths, as silicon dioxide inclusions, are abundant in different parts of a plant. It is known that grasses are the most representative in this respect. The research of phytoliths, removed from 25 most common grass species in the arid and semiarid lands of the Junggar Basin and adjacent areas, has been undertaken. The visual estimation of diversity and variability of silica cells and identification of their morphological types (patterns) were also the aim of our research. Since the work is preliminary, we have emphasized on the visual estimation of silica cell variability and involved only the leaf blades in the analysis. Drawings of the revealed silica cells, characteristic of 25 species, are provided. The sig-nificant morphological diversity of phytoliths has been revealed, as well as their taxonomic similarity at the level of subfamilies. These data can be used for the identification of phytoliths from sediments.

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Buffington, Abigail Francesca, Andrew Weiland, Julia Arnold, and Drew Arbogast. "What is Your “Phytolith Load”? An Examination of the Potential for Cross-Contamination During Phytolith Extraction." Ethnobiology Letters 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.9.2.2018.955.

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Phytoliths—amorphous opal silica bodies that form in living plant tissues—are assumed to be stable components of a soil matrix, minimally impacted by normal physical forces. This stability enables archaeologists to access an archive of prior vegetative landscapes when discrete horizons are recovered. However, there is a small chance of phytoliths moving in a laboratory setting via aeolian forces, especially after they have been isolated from other materials such as clay, organics, and carbonates, and when multiple samples are being processed simultaneously. As a result, an assessment of contamination risk on sample extraction is necessary for interpreting the results of phytolith analyses. We designed a study to test the potential for contamination on slides in two different locations of the phytolith laboratory. The results of our study inform how we can improve on phytolith processing protocols and analyses to reduce the potential effect of cross-contamination between samples.

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Howitt, Robyn L. J., Ross E. Beever, Michael N. Pearson, and Richard L. S. Forster. "Genome characterization of Botrytis virus F, a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus resembling plant ‘potex-like’ viruses." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-1-67.

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This study reports the first sequence of a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus and also the first molecular characterization of a virus that infects the plant-pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. The mycovirus Botrytis virus F (BVF) contains an ssRNA genome of 6827 nucleotides and a poly(A) tract at or very near the 3′ terminus. Computer analysis of the genomic cDNA sequence of BVF revealed two potential open reading frames (ORFs) encoding proteins of 212 kDa (ORF1) and 32 kDa (ORF2). ORF1 showed significant sequence identity to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)-containing proteins of plant ‘tymo-’ and ‘potex-like’ viruses. However, the ORF1 protein contained an opal putative readthrough codon between the helicase and RdRp regions, a feature not seen in this position in ‘tymo-’ and ‘potex-like’ replicases sequenced to date. ORF2 shared amino acid similarity with coat proteins of plant ‘potex-like’ viruses. Three untranslated regions were present in the genome, comprising a region of 63 nucleotides preceding the initiation codon of ORF1, a 93 nucleotide stretch between ORFs 1 and 2 and a 3′-terminal region of 70 nucleotides preceding the poly(A) tract. The nucleotide sequence of a putative defective RNA (D-RNA) of 829 nucleotides was also determined. The D-RNA contained one potential ORF comprising the N-terminal region of the replicase fused in-frame to the C-terminal region of the coat protein. It is proposed that the mycovirus BVF belongs to a new, as yet unassigned genus in the plant ‘potex-like’ virus group.

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Kelly, Eugene F., Ronald G. Amundson, Bruno D. Marino, and Michael J. Deniro. "Stable Isotope Ratios of Carbon in Phytoliths as a Quantitative Method of Monitoring Vegetation and Climate Change." Quaternary Research 35, no. 2 (March 1991): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90069-h.

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AbstractThe 13C/12C ratios of occluded carbon within opal phytoliths from the northern Great Plains show potential as a basis for paleoclimatic reconstruction. A significant correlation exists between the carbon isotopic composition of a host plant and that of the organic matter in its phytoliths. The 13C/12C ratios for phytoliths from surface layers of soils along climatic gradients reflect the current proportions of C3 and C4 plants. Variations in the δ13C values of phytoliths with soil depth are caused by a variety of processes: burial of soil surface by dust, bioturbation, and possible illuviation by percolating water. Also, contributions of phytoliths by dust and roots have unknown isotopic effects. The δ13C values of phytoliths from soils increase with decreasing 14C age, suggesting that the proportion of C4 plants in this region has increased during the Holocene. Phytoliths of apparent mid-Holocene age suggest exclusive dominance by C4 plants which agrees with paleoclimatic interpretations of an arid middle Holocene climate.

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Prinsi, Bhakti, Silvia Morgutti, Noemi Negrini, Franco Faoro, and Luca Espen. "Insight into Composition of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds in Leaves and Flowers of Green and Purple Basil." Plants 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010022.

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Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a culinary, medicinal, and ornamental plant appreciated for its antioxidant properties, mainly attributed to high content of rosmarinic acid. This species also includes purple varieties, characterized by the accumulation of anthocyanins in leaves and flowers. In this work, we compared the main morphological characteristics, the antioxidant capacity and the chemical composition in leaves, flowers, and corollas of green (‘Italiano Classico’) and purple (‘Red Rubin’ and ‘Dark Opal’) basil varieties. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of individual compounds allowed quantifying 17 (poly)phenolic acids and 18 flavonoids, differently accumulated in leaves and flowers of the three varieties. The study revealed that in addition to rosmarinic acid, basil contains several members of the salvianolic acid family, only scarcely descripted in this species, as well as, especially in flowers, simple phenolic acids, such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and salvianic acid A. Moreover, the study revealed that purple leaves mainly contain highly acylated anthocyanins, while purple flowers accumulate anthocyanins with low degree of decoration. Overall, this study provides new biochemical information about the presence of not yet characterized bioactive compounds in basil that could contribute to boosting the use of this crop and to gaining new knowledge about the roles of these compounds in plant physiology.

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Campbell, Kathleen A., T. F. Buddle, and P. R. L. Browne. "Late Pleistocene siliceous sinter associated with fluvial, lacustrine, volcaniclastic and landslide deposits at Tahunaatara, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 94, no. 4 (December 2003): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300000833.

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ABSTRACTThe Tahunaatara sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, is a ∼17–20-kyr-old hot-spring deposit of opal-A mineralogy. It is interbedded with fluvial, lacustrine and volcaniclastic sediments, some silicified by infusing thermal waters. The exposed sinter (∼4 m thick, 90 m long) was truncated at its southern margin by a landslide, which deposited a conglomerate (up to 2 m thick, 56 m long) of sinter blocks and associated strata nearby. Kaolinite-rich cobbles at the base of the conglomerate indicate a change in the thermal regime and its probable trigger: acid steamcondensate produced alteration. Clasts in the landslide are oriented SW, the same direction as flattened plant reeds entombed in sinter, and as intercalated fluvial beds. Thus, thermal waters, stream flow and the landslide all likely followed the same palaeo-valley, which is similar in terrain and stratigraphy to the Devonian Rhynie hydrothermal system. The plant-rich, layered, in situ sinter contains fossilised microbes and rare stromatolites, and was deposited on mid- to distal slopes adjacent to marshes. Ash falls, fluvial activity and ponding occurred during and after the thermal activity. Unsilicified tephric Ohakea loess (∼26–17 kyr BP) and Taupo Tephra (1·86 kyr BP) blanket both sinter and landslide. Today, the deposits form resistant remnants in a topographically inverted landscape.

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Fotirić Akšić, Milica, Radosav Cerović, Stein Harald Hjeltnes, and Mekjell Meland. "The Effective Pollination Period of European Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Cultivars in Western Norway." Horticulturae 8, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8010055.

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This study evaluated the effective pollination period (EPP) in four European plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars (‘Mallard’, ‘Edda’, ‘Jubileum’, and ‘Reeves’) during two years (2018–2019) under the environmental conditions in western Norway. The pollination of plum cultivars was carried out one, three, five, seven, and nine days after anthesis (DAA) with a pollen mix of two compatible cultivars (‘Victoria’ and ‘Opal’). Initial, middle-season, and final fruit set was recorded after one month and two months after pollination and just before the harvest, respectively. On average from both years cultivar ‘Jubileum’ had the highest fruit set when pollinated one, three, five, seven, and nine DAA (33.23%, 30.83%, 8.47%, 3.08%, and 1.15%, respectively), which was more than two folds higher fruit set than in the other studied cultivars. Cultivar ‘Jubileum’ showed significantly reduced fruit set between pollination on five and nine DAA, while cultivars ‘Mallard’, ‘Edda’, and ‘Reeves’ had markedly reduced fruit set if pollinated three to five DAA, implying that the EPP in ‘Jubileum’ was five days while in the rest it was three days. Variation of weather conditions during the flowering period in both years did not have a major effect on the receptivity of stigmas in the studied plum cultivars, which means that the existing differences in the length of EPP is maternal-genotype dependent.

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Titirică, Irina, Ioana A. Roman, Claudia Nicola, Monica Sturzeanu, Elena Iurea, Mihai Botu, Radu E. Sestras, et al. "The Main Morphological Characteristics and Chemical Components of Fruits and the Possibilities of Their Improvement in Raspberry Breeding." Horticulturae 9, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010050.

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Raspberry is a delicious fruit with important nutritional and health properties for consumers. The efficiency of achieving raspberry breeding aims such as productivity, fruit quality, and adequate response to stressors, etc., depends directly on knowledge of the inheritance of traits and genetic factors of influence and their pragmatic use. In this study, the main morphological characteristics and chemical components of fruits of 24 raspberry genotypes were studied in a comparative field trial; 14 were promising selections and the other 10 included their parental forms (Autumn Bliss, Glen Moy, Glen Prosen, Opal, Pathfinder, Titan, Tulameen, Veten, Willamette) and Glen Ample cultivar, which was used as control. The results highlighted significant differences and a large variation among the genotypes (between 2.40 and 4.90 g for fruit weight, 0.19–0.47 kg/cane for yield, 50–106 for drupelets/fruit, 10.0–12.7% for dry matter, 0.23–2.00% pectin, 1.61–2.72% glucose, etc.). The inheritance of the analyzed traits, considered quantitative, was different, but a low heritability was recorded for non-marketable fruits and the number of drupelets in fruit. In several hybrid selections, negative heterosis prevailed, highlighting the breeding difficulties of the important desired traits of the species. The values of heterosis and the broad-sense and narrow-sense heritability of some traits demonstrate that, through judiciously choosing parents, raspberry breeding in the desired direction can be successful.

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Patarroyo-Montenegro, Juan F., Jesus D. Vasquez-Plaza, Omar F. Rodriguez-Martinez, Yuly V. Garcia, and Fabio Andrade. "Comparative and Cost Analysis of a Novel Predictive Power Ramp Rate Control Method: A Case Study in a PV Power Plant in Puerto Rico." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 5766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135766.

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One of the most important aspects that need to be addressed to increase solar energy penetration is the power ramp-rate control. In weak grids such as the one found in Puerto Rico, it is important to smooth power fluctuations caused by the intermittence of passing clouds. In this work, a novel power ramp-rate control strategy is proposed. Additionally, a comparison with some of the most common power ramp-rate control methods is performed using a proposed model and real solar radiation data from the Coto Laurel photovoltaic power plant located in Ponce, Puerto Rico. The proposed model was validated using one-year real data from Coto Laurel. The power ramp-rate control methods were compared in real-time simulations using the OP5700 from Opal-RT Technologies considering power ramp rate fluctuations, power ramp-rate violations, fluctuations in the state-of-charge, among other indicators. Moreover, the proposed power ramp-rate control strategy, called predictive dynamic smoothing was explained and compared. Results indicate that the predictive dynamic smoothing produced a considerably reduced Levelized Cost of Storage compared to other power ramp-rate control methods and provided a higher lifetime expectancy for lithium batteries.

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Kaiser, Thomas M., Caroline Braune, Gerhard Kalinka, and Ellen Schulz-Kornas. "Nano-indentation of native phytoliths and dental tissues: implications for herbivore-plant combat and dental wear proxies." Evolutionary Systematics 2, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.2.22678.

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Tooth wear induced by abrasive particles is a key process affecting dental function and life expectancy in mammals. Abrasive particles may be plant endogenous opal phytoliths, exogene wind-blown quartz dust or rain borne mineral particles ingested by mammals. Nano-indentation hardness of abrasive particles and dental tissues is a significant yet not fully established parameter of this tribological system. We provide consistent nano-indentation hardness data for some of the major antagonists in the dental tribosystem (tooth enamel, tooth dentine and opaline phytoliths from silica controlled cultivation). All indentation data were gathered from native tissues under stable and controlled conditions and thus maximize comparability to natural systems. Here we show that native (hydrated) wild boar enamel exceeds any hardness measures known for dry herbivore tooth enamel by at least 3 GPa. The native tooth enamel is not necessarily softer then environmental quartz grit, although there is little overlap. The native hardness of the tooth enamel exceeds that of any silica phytolith hardness recently published. Further, we find that native reed phytoliths equal native suine dentine in hardness, but does not exceed native suine enamel. We also find that native suine enamel is significantly harder than dry enamel and dry phytoliths are harder than native phytoliths. Our data challenge the claim that the culprit of tooth wear may be the food we chew, but suggest instead that wear may relates more to exogenous than endogenous abrasives.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant opal'

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