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1
Kumar, K. Kiran, Ashis K. Das, and Dharmendra P. Sinh. "Diversity of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Assam Lemon." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 37, no. 2 (March 4, 2025): 372–77. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2025/v37i25339.
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A comprehensive study was conducted to assess the diversity and community analysis of plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) in the rhizosphere soil of Assam lemon orchards across four districts in Assam. The study identified six predominant PPN genera: Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Helicotylenchus sp., Hoplolaimus sp., Tylenchorhynchus sp., Pratylenchus sp. and Rotylenchulus sp. The nematode community structure was analyzed using various ecological parameters. Among the identified PPN, T. semipenetrans and Helicotylenchus sp. were the most abundant (100%), followed by Hoplolaimus sp. (80%), Tylenchorhynchus sp. (60%) and Pratylenchus sp. (60%). This identification of PPN genera associated with Assam lemon orchards provides essential information for developing effective nematode management strategies aimed at reducing yield losses and enhancing food security.
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Brown, Amanda M. V. "Endosymbionts of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045824.
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Some of the most agriculturally important plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) harbor endosymbionts. Extensive work in other systems has shown that endosymbionts can have major effects on host virulence and biology. This review highlights the discovery, development, and diversity of PPN endosymbionts, incorporating inferences from genomic data. Cardinium, reported from five PPN hosts to date, is characterized by its presence in the esophageal glands and other tissues, with a discontinuous distribution across populations, and genomic data suggestive of horizontal gene exchange. Xiphinematobacter occurs in at least 27 species of dagger nematode in the ovaries and gut epithelial cells, where genomic data suggest it may serve in nutritional supplementation. Wolbachia, reported in just three PPNs, appears to have an ancient history in the Pratylenchidae and displays broad tissue distribution and genomic features intermediate between parasitic and reproductive groups. Finally, a model is described that integrates these insights to explain patterns of endosymbiont replacement.
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Devi, Gitanjali. "Biocontrol Mechanism of Arbuscular Mycorrhyzal Fungi against Plant-parasitic Nematodes: A Review." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 12 (December 12, 2024): 319–28. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i122676.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are the major global menace to food production. Management methods based on synthetic chemicals is objectionable due to environmental and health risks. Therefore, use of biocontrol agents such as Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is environmentally friendly options for management of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). Competition for nutrients and space, changing rhizosphere interactions, or increasing plant tolerance is the mode of action of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) against plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). Better knowledge of the mode of action of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) will help to increase the efficacy of these biocontrol agents. This review presents a general idea of different mechanisms of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-mediated biocontrol, and their possible use in reducing plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) population.
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Pulavarty, Anusha, Tilman Klappauf, Ankit Singh, Patricia Molero Molina, Anique Godjo, Bastiaan Molleman, Douglas McMillan, and Thomais Kakouli-Duarte. "Prevalence and Diversity of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Irish Peatlands." Diversity 16, no. 10 (October 15, 2024): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16100639.
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The prevalence of plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) in the Irish peatlands was investigated in five different peatland habitats—raised bog, cutover scrub/woodlands, fens and peat grasslands, which were further sub-categorised into fourteen different sub-habitats. Within the raised bog habitat were healthy bog hummock (HBH), healthy bog lawn (HBL), degraded bog hummock (DBH) and degraded bog lawn (DBL) and the fen habitats were fen peat (FP) and rich fen peat (R-FP). Cutover scrub or woodland habitat included cutover scrub rewetted (C-RW), cutover scrub non-rewetted (C-NRW), woodlands rewetted (W-RW) and woodlands non-rewetted (W-NRW). Grassland included wasted peat (WP), rough grazing (RG-I) and improved fen peat grassland (IFPG-RW and IFPG-NRW). Soil samples from peatlands were all collected between July and December 2023 when the temperature ranged from 12 to 20 °C. One half of each sample was used for molecular nematode analysis and the other half for morphological identification of nematodes. For the morphological identification, a specific nematode extraction protocol was optimised for peatland soils, and the extracted nematodes were fixed onto slides to be studied under a high-power light microscope. Subsequently, the other part of the soil was processed to isolate total DNA, from which the 18S rRNA gene was sequenced for the identification of nematode taxa. The extracted DNA was also used for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting analysis to determine banding patterns that could classify different bog habitats based on PPN random primers. Compared to that in the climax habitats (HBH, HBL, DBH, DBL, FP, R-FP), PPN prevalence was recorded as being higher in grasslands (WP, RG-I, IFPG-RW and IFPG-NRW) and scrub/woodland ecosystems (C-RW, C-NRW, W-RW, W-NRW). The results indicate that nematode populations are different across the various bog habitats. Emerging and current quarantine PPN belonging to the families Pratylenchidae, Meloidogynidae, Anguinidae and Heteroderidae were noted to be above the threshold limits mentioned under EPPO guidelines, in grassland and wooded peatland habitats. Future actions for PPN management may need to be considered, along with the likelihood that these PPN might impact future paludiculture and other crops and trees growing in nearby agricultural lands.
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Zoubi, Btissam, Fouad Mokrini, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Mohammed Amer, Cherki Ghoulam, Rachid Lahlali, Salah-Eddine Laasli, et al. "Occurrence and Geographic Distribution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Citrus in Morocco and Their Interaction with Soil Patterns." Life 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050637.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are found in citrus plantations throughout the world, but they are considered to be the most problematic pest in Morocco. Citrus fruit quality and yield have been adversely affected by PPNs. Due to data unavailability of nematodes associated with citrus, a detailed survey was conducted in the main citrus-growing regions of Morocco during 2020–2021 to assess the occurrence, distribution, and diversity of PPNs associated with rhizospheres of citrus trees. In addition, some soil properties have also been assessed for their impact on soil properties. Plant-parasitic nematode diversity was calculated using two ecological indexes, the Shannon diversity index (H′) and the Evenness index (E). The collected soil and root samples were analyzed, and eleven genera and ten species of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified. The results show that the most predominant PPN species were Tylenchulus semipenetrans (88%), Helicotylenchus spp. (75%), Pratylenchus spp. (47%), Tylenchus spp. (51%), and Xiphinema spp. (31%). The results showed that PPN distributions were correlated with soil physicochemical properties such as soil texture, pH levels, and mineral content. Based on the obtained result, it was concluded that besides the direct effects of the host plant, physicochemical factors of the soil could greatly affect PPN communities in citrus growing orchards.
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Zoubi, Btissam, Fouad Mokrini, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Mohammed Amer, Cherki Ghoulam, Rachid Lahlali, Salah-Eddine Laasli, et al. "Occurrence and Geographic Distribution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Citrus in Morocco and Their Interaction with Soil Patterns." Life 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050637.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are found in citrus plantations throughout the world, but they are considered to be the most problematic pest in Morocco. Citrus fruit quality and yield have been adversely affected by PPNs. Due to data unavailability of nematodes associated with citrus, a detailed survey was conducted in the main citrus-growing regions of Morocco during 2020–2021 to assess the occurrence, distribution, and diversity of PPNs associated with rhizospheres of citrus trees. In addition, some soil properties have also been assessed for their impact on soil properties. Plant-parasitic nematode diversity was calculated using two ecological indexes, the Shannon diversity index (H′) and the Evenness index (E). The collected soil and root samples were analyzed, and eleven genera and ten species of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified. The results show that the most predominant PPN species were Tylenchulus semipenetrans (88%), Helicotylenchus spp. (75%), Pratylenchus spp. (47%), Tylenchus spp. (51%), and Xiphinema spp. (31%). The results showed that PPN distributions were correlated with soil physicochemical properties such as soil texture, pH levels, and mineral content. Based on the obtained result, it was concluded that besides the direct effects of the host plant, physicochemical factors of the soil could greatly affect PPN communities in citrus growing orchards.
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Iliya, Jidere Caleb, Simon Lilian Dada, Sulaiman Ibrahim, and Abraham Peter. "Studies on plant-parasitic nematodes associated with sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L., Lam.) in Gombe State, Nigeria." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 6, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2021.060409.
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Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L., Lam.) is one of the most frequently eaten food crops. Its production is affected by plant-parasitic nematodes as well as biotic factors. This study was conducted to document the different plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) that limit the gainful production of sweet potato in Gombe State. Thirty soil core samples per hectare were collected at random from sweet potato farms in the three local government areas (Nafada, Kaltungo, and Yamaltu Deba) of Gombe state. The Whitehead and Hemming method and identification keys were used for the soil extraction and genera identification of the plant-parasitic nematodes respectively. A total of 15 plant-parasitic nematodes were recovered throughout the surveyed areas among which 7 are considered major nematode pests of global importance. Irrespective of the surveyed locations, Meloidogyne spp., was found to record the highest population density and prevalence value. The frequency of occurrence in Y/Deba and Nafada LGAs shows that Meloidogyne spp., wasthe most occurring (32 %) genera. In Kaltungo LGA however, Scutellonema spp., and Rotylenchusspp., were the most occurring (17 %) genera. There was a high similarity percentage (≥ 68 %) of PPN genera where 8 genera (Scutellonema spp., Nacobbus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Trichodorus spp., and Rotylenchus spp.) were found to be common amongst the surveyed locations. This is the first report of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with sweet potato in Gombe state, Nigeria. Hence, it is critical to educate farmers in the regions about their effects on the crop and how to successfully manage them.
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Keçici, Ayça İrem, Refik Bozbuğa, Atilla Öcal, Ebubekir Yüksel, Göksel Özer, Şenol Yildiz, Rachid Lahlali, Brigitte Slaats, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, and Mustafa İmren. "Diversity and Identification of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Wheat-Growing Ecosystems." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081534.
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Several nematode species can be found in different densities in almost any soil ecosystem, and their diversity in those ecosystems depends on numerous reasons, such as climatic conditions and host presence. Cereals are one of the main hosts of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), chiefly root-lesion nematodes (RLN, Pratylenchus spp.) and cereal cyst nematodes (CCN, Heterodera spp.). These nematodes are known as major parasites of the cereal crops; however, agricultural areas accommodate various nematodes showing biological variation. The diversity of parasitic nematodes on cereals in the Sakarya provinces of Türkiye, where cereals are intensively grown and located in the middle of two climatic zones, has not been well studied. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the diversity, identification, and molecular phylogeny of PPNs in wheat-growing ecosystems in the Hendek, Pamukova, Geyve, Akyazı, and Central districts of Sakarya. The diversity of PPNs was calculated using the Shannon diversity index. Thirteen PPN genera were detected in 92% of soil samples. Heterodera filipjevi was identified in 24% of the soil samples using morphological, morphometrical, and molecular tools. In the morphological and molecular analyses, intraspecific polymorphism was observed in H. filipjevi populations. The result indicated that the high infestation rate of H. filipjevi was recorded from Geyve and Pamukova, followed by Hendek and Akyazı; however, a low infestation rate was detected in the Central district. The moderate value of the Shannon index of migratory nematode species was obtained in wheat fields as 2.31, whereas the value of evenness was 0.93, implying moderate diversity and high evenness of nematodes. This study is the first comprehensive report on H. filipjevi from wheat cropping areas in the Sakarya province. Intensified cereal cropping systems with/without non-cereal rotations increased the risk of plant-parasitic nematodes, especially RLNs and H. filipjevi infection of wheat production areas in the province.
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Jada, M. Y., M. Y. Adamu, M. B. Aji, and G. Abdullahi. "Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with Moringa tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) in Adamawa, North Eastern Nigeria." Agricultural Science and Technology 13, Volume 13, Issue 2 (June 2021): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2021.02.031.
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Abstract. Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is becoming an economically important crop because of its nutritional value, therefore, more land area is currently being devoted to its cultivation particularly by vegetable farmers. But right now, little is known about plant-parasitic nematodes as one of its probable pest problems. A survey was, therefore, carried out to determine the plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) associated with Moringa tree in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Nine of the 21 local government areas (LGAs) of the state were randomly selected; and 10 moringa farms, indicating at least two household/home gardens, were picked from each of the selected local government area for the survey of PPN. In each selected sampling site, soil samples were taken from the base of randomly selected moringa plants to a depth of 15-25 cm using hand trowel and hoe. Composite sample from each LGA from root and soils were taken to Laboratory for nematode extraction. Nematodes were extracted from both soil and roots using Baermann Tray method. The Moringa tree root rhizosphere revealed the presence of 14 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes with specimens from Meloidogyne, Scutellonema, Aphelenchoides, and Hoplolaimus genera being more abundant and frequent. They recorded average prominence value of 123.96, 93.31, 63.83 and 61.83, respectively. Whereas in the roots, Meloidogyne and Scutellonema specimens were found more than the remaining plant-parasitic nematodes genera with an average prominence value of 50.92 and 22.26, respectively.
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Abd-Elgawad, Mahfouz M. M. "Optimizing Safe Approaches to Manage Plant-Parasitic Nematodes." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091911.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) infect and cause substantial yield losses of many foods, feed, and fiber crops. Increasing concern over chemical nematicides has increased interest in safe alternative methods to minimize these losses. This review focuses on the use and potential of current methods such as biologicals, botanicals, non-host crops, and related rotations, as well as modern techniques against PPNs in sustainable agroecosystems. To evaluate their potential for control, this review offers overviews of their interactions with other biotic and abiotic factors from the standpoint of PPN management. The positive or negative roles of specific production practices are assessed in the context of integrated pest management. Examples are given to reinforce PPN control and increase crop yields via dual-purpose, sequential, and co-application of agricultural inputs. The involved PPN control mechanisms were reviewed with suggestions to optimize their gains. Using the biologicals would preferably be backed by agricultural conservation practices to face issues related to their reliability, inconsistency, and slow activity against PPNs. These practices may comprise offering supplementary resources, such as adequate organic matter, enhancing their habitat quality via specific soil amendments, and reducing or avoiding negative influences of pesticides. Soil microbiome and planted genotypes should be manipulated in specific nematode-suppressive soils to conserve native biologicals that serve to control PPNs. Culture-dependent techniques may be expanded to use promising microbial groups of the suppressive soils to recycle in their host populations. Other modern techniques for PPN control are discussed to maximize their efficient use.
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Sikandar, Aatika, Tabassum Ara Khanum, and Yuanyuan Wang. "Biodiversity and Community Analysis of Plant-Parasitic and Free-Living Nematodes Associated with Maize and Other Rotational Crops from Punjab, Pakistan." Life 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11121426.
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Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of Pakistan’s essential staple food crops. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are a significant restraint in maize production. However, free-living nematodes (FLNs) provide crucial ecological functions such as suppressing pests and nutrient mineralization. This study aimed to assess the community analysis of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes associated with maize and other rotational crops (those cultivated in sequence with the maize in the same field) from Punjab, Pakistan. The occurrence percentage was observed per 500 g soil for each nematode genus. The present study revealed that 24 species of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes were identified from maize crops and other rotational crops from 16 localities through Punjab, Pakistan. Nematode communities were analyzed by absolute frequency, relative frequency, relative density, and prominence value, while cluster analysis was based on the presence or absence of nematode in different localities. The overall proportion of plant-parasitic nematodes was 35%, while free-living soil nematodes recovered 65%, out of 210 samples of maize and other rotational crops. Several major genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were reported during the present study viz., Ditylenchus, Filenchus, Helicotylenchus, Hemicriconemoides, Heterodera, Hoplolaimus, Malenchus, Pratylenchus, Psilenchus, Rotylenchulus, Seinura, Telotylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, and Xiphinema Community relationship revealed the overall dominance of Heterodera zeae, with the highest incidence (55.71%) followed by Tylenchorhynchus elegans (33.33%) and Helicotylenchus certus (24.76%). The results provide valuable information on the community structure of nematodes in maize and other rotational crops of maize in Punjab, Pakistan. Moreover, this data can be used as a preventive measure before PPN incidence results in greater losses on maize.
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Kawanobe, Masanori, Naoko Miyamaru, Koichi Yoshida, Takeshi Kawanaka, and Koki Toyota. "Plant-parasitic nematodes in sugarcane fields in Kitadaito Island (Okinawa), Japan, as a potential sugarcane growth inhibitor." Nematology 16, no. 7 (2014): 807–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002810.
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Sugarcane is the main industrial crop in Kitadaito Island (Okinawa), Japan, and the objective of this study was to estimate potential damage to sugarcane by plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). We selected 15 sugarcane fields with the same cultivar and cropping type in Kitadaito Island. Various kinds of PPN were found in all the fields and the proportion of PPN to the total nematode number was ca 50%, which is relatively high compared to other Japanese upland fields. Lesion (Pratylenchus sp.), stunt (Tylenchorhynchus sp.) and spiral (Helicotylenchus sp.) nematodes were detected at mean densities of 48, 22 and 6 (20 g soil)−1, respectively, from all the fields, and lance (Hoplolaimus sp.) and ring nematodes from half of the fields. The results suggested that sugarcane fields in Kitadaito Island were ubiquitously infested with a variety of PPN with a relatively high abundance. One of the fields was studied further to examine the potential relationship between PPN and sugarcane plant growth. Since no nematicide is registered for sugarcane fields in Japan, an appropriate agrochemical was selected by testing its efficacy against PPN before evaluating the relationship between a PPN community and sugarcane growth. The results of a 10-week pot experiment for sugarcane growth showed that the number of PPN decreased by applying a nematicide fosthiazate, and that sugarcane seedling biomass was significantly greater by 34-63% in soils with applied nematicide than in non-applied control soils, suggesting that PPN may suppress sugarcane growth in Kitadaito Island.
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A.O., Nengi-Benwari,, Minimah S. O., and Ozolua, A.O. "Incidence OF Parasitic Nematodes in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Rhizosphere Soil of Rainforest Vegetation in Rivers State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research 12, no. 2 (March 18, 2025): 54–63. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2025/v12i2368.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), despite the fact that they can drastically lower agricultural productivity, has been given little attention, necessitating this study which investigated their diversity in soil of rainforest vegetation. Soil samples were collected and used for a potted experiment which was laid out in a complete randomized design consisting of six treatments and five replicates at the Teaching and Research farm of the Rivers State University from January to April (Dry season) and April to July (Rainy season) 2024, to determine population of plant parasitic nematodes in rhizosphere soil planted with cowpea during the dry and rainy season. A total of five genera of plant parasitic nematodes namely: Meloidogyne spp, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Scutellonema, and Criconemella were extracted from soils and roots, and the nematodes genera followed the order Meloidogyne > Helicotylenchus > Criconemella > Pratylenchus > scutellonema for soils and roots respectively. Total nematode population in soils (140.9) was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than the population in the roots (21.5), and population counts were significantly higher in rainy season (116) than in dry season (46.4). The study highlighted the need for more diversity and management studies to mitigate the impacts of PPN on the future food security of the expanding populations of Nigeria.
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Meresa, Birhanu Kahsay, Jasper Matthys, and Tina Kyndt. "Biochemical Defence of Plants against Parasitic Nematodes." Plants 13, no. 19 (October 8, 2024): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13192813.
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Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs), such as Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp. and Pratylenchus spp., are obligate parasites on a wide range of crops, causing significant agricultural production losses worldwide. These PPNs mainly feed on and within roots, impairing both the below-ground and the above-ground parts, resulting in reduced plant performance. Plants have developed a multi-component defence mechanism against diverse pathogens, including PPNs. Several natural molecules, ranging from cell wall components to secondary metabolites, have been found to protect plants from PPN attack by conferring nematode-specific resistance. Recent advances in omics analytical tools have encouraged researchers to shed light on nematode detection and the biochemical defence mechanisms of plants during nematode infection. Here, we discuss the recent progress on revealing the nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs) and their receptors in plants. The biochemical defence responses of plants, comprising cell wall reinforcement; reactive oxygen species burst; receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases; mitogen-activated protein kinases; antioxidant activities; phytohormone biosynthesis and signalling; transcription factor activation; and the production of anti-PPN phytochemicals are also described. Finally, we also examine the role of epigenetics in regulating the transcriptional response to nematode attack. Understanding the plant defence mechanism against PPN attack is of paramount importance in developing new, effective and sustainable control strategies.
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Viswanathan Arjunan and Surya Prabha Deenan. "Review on Plant Parasitic Nematode (PPN) Infections in Sugarcane Cultivation Using AI Algorithms." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 14, no. 2 (February 28, 2025): 430–41. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.14.2.0366.
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Sugarcane farming plays a vital role in India's economy, society, and culture, as the country is among the top producers and users of sugarcane globally. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) is a major global threat to sugarcane crops, resulting in yield reductions and financial hardship for farmers. In order to minimize crop damage and implement efficient management strategies, the early detection of nematode infestations is imperative. Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents a viable approach for the early identification, tracking, and prevention of damage caused by nematodes through the implementation of cutting-edge machine learning algorithms, remote sensing technologies, and data analytics. This review focuses on the use of AI in sugarcane crop nematode infection detection and management. By integrating AI technologies in a complementary way with conventional agricultural practices, it is feasible to enhance the productivity and resistance of sugarcane crops to nematode infections.
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Ali, Nadine. "Diversity and Structure of Plant-Parasitic Nematode Communities in Some Olive Nurseries Along the Coastal Region of Syria." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 42, no. 3 (2024): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-001258.
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Ali, N. 2024. Diversity and Structure of Plant-Parasitic Nematode Communities in Some Olive Nurseries Along the Coastal Region of Syria. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(3): 281-290. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001258 Olive is one of the most important economic crops in Syria. Nurseries are often the main source for pathogens dissemination in olive orchards, especially soil-borne organisms such as Verticillium and plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), and investigating their occurrence and distribution in olive nurseries seems of great importance. No scientific data on the distribution of PPN in olive nurseries along the Syrian coastal region is available. Therefore, the present study was conducted in order to: (i) explore for the first time the occurrence and diversity of PPN communities distributed in some olive nurseries along the Syrian coastal region, and (ii) compare the nematode diversity and their community structure between two olive varieties. One hundred eight soil samples were collected from different nurseries in Latakia and Tartous governorates, from two common olive varieties Khdiry and Qaissy. Taxonomical and functional indices were calculated and compared between olive varieties and soil mixture used. The community structure was defined by using principal component analysis (PCA). The results revealed the wide distribution of PPN in olive nurseries with a total of 17 genera identified. Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, Ditylenchus and Tylenchorhynchus were the most common. Impact of olive varieties or soil mixture on functional diversity was observed, but not on the taxonomical indices. PCA also revealed a distinct structure of communities in each of the two olive varieties as well as in the soil mixture. Economically important genera such as Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus were also recorded with high population densities in some nurseries, suggesting the inevitable introduction of such nematodes to olive orchards. Certification programs for plant propagation materials in nurseries seem extremely important to be adopted in Syrian nurseries to ensure the production and distribution of “healthy” seedlings to growers. Keywords: Diversity, nurseries, olive varieties; plant-parasitic nematodes, soil mixture, Syria
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Pun, Top Bahadur, Arjun Neupane, and Richard Koech. "A Deep Learning-Based Decision Support Tool for Plant-Parasitic Nematode Management." Journal of Imaging 9, no. 11 (November 6, 2023): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9110240.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), especially sedentary endoparasitic nematodes like root-knot nematodes (RKN), pose a significant threat to major crops and vegetables. They are responsible for causing substantial yield losses, leading to economic consequences, and impacting the global food supply. The identification of PPNs and the assessment of their population is a tedious and time-consuming task. This study developed a state-of-the-art deep learning model-based decision support tool to detect and estimate the nematode population. The decision support tool is integrated with the fast inferencing YOLOv5 model and used pretrained nematode weight to detect plant-parasitic nematodes (juveniles) and eggs. The performance of the YOLOv5-640 model at detecting RKN eggs was as follows: precision = 0.992; recall = 0.959; F1-score = 0.975; and mAP = 0.979. YOLOv5-640 was able to detect RKN eggs with an inference time of 3.9 milliseconds, which is faster compared to other detection methods. The deep learning framework was integrated into a user-friendly web application system to build a fast and reliable prototype nematode decision support tool (NemDST). The NemDST facilitates farmers/growers to input image data, assess the nematode population, track the population growths, and recommend immediate actions necessary to control nematode infestation. This tool has the potential for rapid assessment of the nematode population to minimise crop yield losses and enhance financial outcomes.
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Aalders, L. T., M. R. McNeill, and N. L. Bell. "Quantifying survival of nematodes in disturbed soil and under prolonged drying intervals." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4861.
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Soilcontaminated footwear and equipment have been highlighted as a biosecurity risk for the entry of exotic unwanted organisms including nematodes into New Zealand Exotic plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) are of concern because of the risk they pose to commercially important crops and native plants Understanding survival probabilities of PPN in loose soil can assist in determining establishment probabilities if the soil is transported to new environments Two experiments were carried out (spring 2008 and summer 2009) using fieldcollected soil to determine nematode survival after 7 28 and 56 days of drying under ambient conditions in the laboratory Soil moisture at the beginning of the spring and summer experiments were ca 37 and 15 respectively Season appeared to be an important factor in the ability of the nematodes to survive desiccation with some plant parasitic taxa (Helicotylenchus and Criconematidae) present after 56 days in the summer experiment but none present beyond 7 days in the spring experiment Overall the reduction in total nematode numbers did not show a consistent pattern when compared to the day 0 samples with a reduction of 79 83 and 97 after 7 28 and 56 days of desiccation respectively for springcollected soil and 36 86 and 92 respectively for summercollected soil
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Chaerani, Chaerani. "Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Agricultural Ecosystem of Indonesia." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 26, no. 1 (July 19, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.71037.
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The plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) is often not recognized as important limiting crop production in Indonesia. This is largely caused by non-specific and non-dramatic above-ground plant disease symptoms, their microscopic nature, and partly caused by inadequate demonstration of the economic importance of this hidden pathogen. However, change in agricultural practices to meet the ever-increasing food demand along with global climate change may increase the risk of PPNs on crop productivity in the future. This paper reviews PPN inventory in Indonesia during the last three decades. Thirty-three genera of PPNs were found to associate with 25 host plants. Some genera were present at the densities that are considered as damaging levels in other countries. Results among surveys are difficult to compare because of differences in crop cultivar surveyed, cultivation practices, sampling unit and method, and nematode extraction techniques. Lack of field supporting data did not permit a valid assessment of nematode risk on a particular crop. The first record of several quarantined species has been reported, but not all of them have been validated molecularly. Challenges and opportunities to improve the future field survey are presented in this paper.
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Akinsanya, Aminat, Steve Afolami, Peter Kulakow, Elizabeth Parkes, and Danny Coyne. "Popular Biofortified Cassava Cultivars Are Heavily Impacted by Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Especially Meloidogyne Spp." Plants 9, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060802.
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The development of new biofortified cassava cultivars, with higher micronutrient contents, offers great potential to enhance food and nutrition security prospects. Among the various constraints affecting cassava production are plant parasitic nematodes (PPN), especially root-knot nematodes. In this study, six popular biofortified cultivars were field-evaluated for their response to PPN in Nigeria. A field naturally infested with a diversity of PPN but dominated by root-knot nematodes was used. Application of the nematicide carbofuran significantly reduced PPN densities, and at harvest, no root galling damage was observed, compared with untreated plots, which had heavy galling damage. Plant height, stem girth, plant weight, marketable storage root number and weight were significantly lower for most cultivars in untreated plots. Percentage yield losses in the range of 21.3–63.7% were recorded from two separate trials conducted for 12 months each. Lower total carotenoid and dry matter contents were associated with higher PPN densities in some biofortified cultivars, resulting in a loss of as much as 63% of total carotenoid and 52% of dry matter contents. The number and weight of rotted storage roots were significantly greater in untreated plots across cultivars, reducing in-field and post-harvest storability. This study demonstrates that natural field populations of PPN can substantially affect yield, quality and nutritional value of released biofortified cassava cultivars.
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Onchari, Nancy M., Eunice W. Githae, Moses M. Muraya, and Franklin N. Nyabuga. "Molecular Characterization of Sweet Potato Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Different Agroecological Zones of Kirinyaga County, Kenya." East African Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Life Sciences 7, no. 06 (June 24, 2024): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjals.2024.v07i06.001.
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Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are widely distributed in all agroecological zones (AEZs) within Kenya. Plant parasitic nematodes are important pests of many cultivated crops and they exert a detrimental influence on a wide range of vascular plants, leading to significant crop losses by reducing both quantity and quality of the yield. However, due to inadequate taxonomic descriptions and a low number of diagnostic features, the morphological diagnosis of many species remains a challenge. The objective of this study was to characterize PPNs associated with sweet potatoes in different agroecological zones of Kirinyaga County, Kenya, using 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Seventy-seven soil samples from sweet potato tubers rhizosphere were collected from different agroecological zones and nematodes were extracted using Baermann’s technique. Thirteen nematode isolates were obtained and only seven could be identified morphologically to their genus level based on their distinct phenotypes. Seven isolates that could not be identified through the microscope were advanced to molecular sequencing. The nematode DNA were extracted and the PCR amplification and sequencing of 18S rRNA gene carried out. The study identified six PPN species, including Mylonchulus hawaiiensis, Aporcelaimellus nigeriensis, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Rotylenchulus borealis, Aporcella femina, Heterodera dunensis, and a predatory nematode (Dorylaimus aff. stagnalis) as part of the soil biota. This study showed significant distribution of plant parasitic nematodes across the agroecological zones. Thus, the occurrence of a nematode species complex in sweet potato farms requires the development of specific and appropriate sustainable control strategies.
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Arora, Deepika, Alvaro G. Hernandez, Kimberly K. O. Walden, Christopher J. Fields, and Guiping Yan. "First Draft Genome Assembly of Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus scribneri Generated Using Long-Read Sequencing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8 (April 15, 2023): 7311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087311.
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Root-lesion nematodes (genus Pratylenchus) belong to a diverse group of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) with a worldwide distribution. Despite being an economically important PPN group of more than 100 species, genome information related to Pratylenchus genus is scarcely available. Here, we report the draft genome assembly of Pratylenchus scribneri generated on the PacBio Sequel IIe System using the ultra-low DNA input HiFi sequencing workflow. The final assembly created using 500 nematodes consisted of 276 decontaminated contigs, with an average contig N50 of 1.72 Mb and an assembled draft genome size of 227.24 Mb consisting of 51,146 predicted protein sequences. The benchmarking universal single-copy ortholog (BUSCO) analysis with 3131 nematode BUSCO groups indicated that 65.4% of the BUSCOs were complete, whereas 24.0%, 41.4%, and 1.8% were single-copy, duplicated, and fragmented, respectively, and 32.8% were missing. The outputs from GenomeScope2 and Smudgeplots converged towards a diploid genome for P. scribneri. The data provided here will facilitate future studies on host plant-nematode interactions and crop protection at the molecular level.
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Krif, Ghizlane, Fouad Mokrini, Aicha El Aissami, Salah-Eddine Laasli, Mustafa Imren, Göksel Özer, Timothy Paulitz, Rachid Lahlali, and Abdelfattah A. Dababat. "Diversity and Management Strategies of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Moroccan Organic Farming and Their Relationship with Soil Physico-Chemical Properties." Agriculture 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100447.
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Organic farming has been increasing steadily over the last decade and is expected to grow drastically in the future. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are known as one of the most important pests attacking various plants in conventional and organic farming systems. A survey was conducted in January 2019 to determine the occurrence and diversity of PPNs, their associations with soil properties, and to assess their management methods in organically farmed fields in Southern Morocco. Twelve genera of PPNs were identified in soil and root samples collected from 53 organic fields, including Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchus, Tylenchorynchus, Criconemoides, Trichodorus, and Xiphinema. The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) were the most prevalent PPNs. Vegetable crops (bean, onion, and tomato) had high nematode diversity indices compared to some aromatic and medicinal crops, including the Shannon, Evenness, and plant parasitic index (PPI). Our study underlined that several PPN genera were significantly correlated with soil physico-chemical properties, in particular, soil structure and organic matter. Therefore, it was concluded that soil properties have a considerable impact on PPN communities in organic farming systems located in Southern Morocco. There are numerous strategies for the control of PPNs in organic farming systems.
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Heydari, Fariba, David Rodriguez-Crespo, and Chantal Wicky. "The New Nematicide Cyclobutrifluram Targets the Mitochondrial Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex in Caenorhabditis elegans." Journal of Developmental Biology 11, no. 4 (October 19, 2023): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb11040039.
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Today, agriculture around the world is challenged by parasitic nematode infections. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) can cause significant damage and crop loss and are a threat to food security. For a long time, the management of PPN infection has relied on nematicides that impact not only parasitic nematodes but also other organisms. More recently, new nematicides have been developed that appear to specifically target PPN. Cyclobutrifluram belongs to this new category of nematicides. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism, we show here that cyclobutrifluram strongly impacts the survival and fertility rates of the worm by decreasing the number of germ cells. Furthermore, using a genetic approach, we demonstrate that cyclobutrifluram functions by inhibiting the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a strong response to cyclobutrifluram exposure. Among the deregulated genes, we found genes coding for detoxifying proteins, such as cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronosyl transferases (UGTs). Overall, our study contributes to the understanding of the molecular mode of action of cyclobutrifluram, to the finding of new approaches against nematicide resistance, and to the discovery of novel nematicides. Furthermore, this study confirms that C. elegans is a suitable model organism to study the mode of action of nematicides.
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Mgonja, Doreen M., Gladness E. Temu, Sylvester L. Lyantagaye, Abdalah Makaranga, Joseph C. Ndunguru, and Nessie D. Luambano. "Plant parasitic nematodes occurrence and genetic diversity of banana cultivars grown in Tanzania." MAY 2020, no. 13(01): 2020 (May 20, 2020): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/poj.13.01.20.p2085.
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The genetic diversity of bananas (Musa spp.), one of the most economically important crops in Tanzania, is underestimated with scarce reports available. In addition, cultivation of banana is severely constrained by plant parasitic nematodes (PPN). We assessed genetic diversity and population structure of 159 banana varieties from four agro-ecological zones (Northern, Southern highlands, Lake and Zanzibar islands) of Tanzania using 20 SSR markers analysed with UPGMA method. We also, assessed the PPN occurrence through isolation and counting of PPN from each banana genotype where leaf samples were collected. SSR primer pairs were polymorphic; and generated 63 distinct reproducible bands. The polymorphic information content values of each SSR marker ranged from 0.50 to 0.75 indicating high level of genetic diversity among banana varieties. The 159 banana varieties were grouped into two clusters: A and B, based on UPGMA cluster and population structure analysis. A total of 128 independent and 31 overlapping genotypes were identified. Higher kinship among genotypes was observed in cluster A compared with cluster B. Some of the clusters in A and B genotypes showed high genetic distance. The most prevalent and abundant nematode species was Pratylenchus goodeyi with a mean count of 63%, followed by Radopholus similis (31%) and P. coffeae (6%). The results from this study provides a foundation for understanding genetic variability of bananas existing in Tanzania and PPN occurrence that will be valuable information for breeding disease and pest-resistant bananas with high yield traits.
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Khalil, Mohamed S., and Abdulqawi A. A. Alqadasi. "Potential of non-fumigant nematicides at different formulations against southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato plants." International Journal of Phytopathology 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.008.01.2899.
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Currently, plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) especially root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. have been found involved in the global losses of tomato crops. The most employed tactic for managing PPN in Africa is non-fumigant nematicides. Recently, in Egypt abamectin was recorded as a new tool to control PPN. Thus, two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of abamectin and certain non-fumigant nematicides namely; oxamyl and ethoprophos at two different formulations (granular and liquid) against southern root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. Results revealed the granular formulations of ethoprophos and oxamyl, in addition to abamectin, showed the same significance (P≤0.05) in suppressing tomato soil population and root galls of M. incognita, during both experiments. However, liquid formulations of ethoprophos and oxamyl gave relatively less decreasing in soil population and root galls. On the other hand, all applied treatments improved plant growth criteria ranging from 36.92 to 126.44% in shoot dry weight and from 31.25 to 137.50% in root dry weight for both experiments.
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Subedi, Pratima, Kaitlin Gattoni, Wenshan Liu, Kathy S. Lawrence, and Sang-Wook Park. "Current Utility of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria as Biological Control Agents towards Plant-Parasitic Nematodes." Plants 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091167.
Full textAbstract:
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are among the most economically and ecologically damaging pests, causing severe losses of crop production worldwide. Chemical-based nematicides have been widely used, but these may have adverse effects on human health and the environment. Hence, biological control agents (BCAs) have become an alternative option for controlling PPN, since they are environmentally friendly and cost effective. Lately, a major effort has been made to evaluate the potential of a commercial grade strain of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as BCAs, because emerging evidence has shown that PGPR can reduce PPN in infested plants through direct and/or indirect antagonistic mechanisms. Direct antagonism occurs by predation, release of antinematicidal metabolites and semiochemicals, competition for nutrients, and niche exclusion. However, the results of direct antagonism may be inconsistent due to unknown endogenous and exogenous factors that may prevent PGPR from colonizing plant’s roots. On the other hand, indirect antagonism may occur from the induced systemic resistance (ISR) that primes whole plants to better fight against various biotic and abiotic constraints, actuating faster and/or stronger defense responses (adaption), enhancing their promise as BCAs. Hence, this review will briefly revisit (i) two modes of PGPR in managing PPN, and (ii) the current working models and many benefits of ISR, in the aim of reassessing current progresses and future directions for isolating more effective BCAs and/or developing better PPN management strategy.
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Jain, Sandeep, Simarjot Kaur, Pooja Salaria, Liza Kalita, Dalvir Singh Dhami, Ritu Rani, and Jyoti Jain. "Two to Tango: Surreal soil borne fungus-plant parasitic nematode interactions in disease complexes of crops and their mitigation." JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY 54, no. 03 (September 2024): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.59467/jmpp.2024.54.227.
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The intricate interface between soil microbes and higher plants, especially in the rhizosphere, encompasses intercommunication and networking that greatly impact ecosystems. The interaction of soil-borne pathogens and plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) results in destructive disease complexes, particularly in different crops. Initially perceived as wound creators aiding fungal entry, nematodes' role in disease complexes has proven to be far more complicated. Their invasion creates openings for fungi along with the induction of changes in root exudates and host physiology, impacting the plant's susceptibility to further pathogenic invasion. Interestingly, while nematodes cause physical harm and alterations, fungi tend to benefit noticeably from nematode-host plant relations. Research efforts have identified resistance genes against specific nematode species, aiding in the development of resistant crop varieties. However, managing such disease complexes remains challenging due to the varied responses required against different pathogens. Tailored diagnostic and timely mitigation measures are crucial to efficiently managing such complexes and averting economic losses. The present review recapitulates a complex web of physical, biochemical, physiological, and molecular interactions between phytoparasitic nematodes and soil borne pathogens on different crops.. KEYWORDS :Antagonistic, management, nematode-fungal interactions, physiological alterations, rhizosphere, synergistic
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Zapałowska, Anita, Andrzej Skwiercz, Dawid Kozacki, and Czesław Puchalski. "Employing Plant Parasitic Nematodes as an Indicator for Assessing Advancements in Landfill Remediation." Sustainability 16, no. 10 (May 8, 2024): 3936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16103936.
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This research concentrated on the soil nematode communities inhabiting a reclaimed municipal waste landfill situated in Giedlarowa, southeastern Poland. The landfill, which was layered with natural soil in 2008 and cultivated with grass, served as the primary focus of the study. Samples for analysis were taken four times (October 2020 (Pf1), March 2021 (Pf2), October 2021 (Pf3), and March 2022 (Pf4)), with each time comprising three repetitions. The analysis was conducted employing microscopic examination, which enabled the identification of up to five trophic groups and species of plant-parasitic nematodes. During the assessment of nematode activity in the initial and subsequent growing seasons, it was found that Pratylenchus crenatus emerged as the predominant species among herbivorous nematodes in the plant-parasitic nematode (PPNs) community. Criconemoides informis, another nematode species, held a significant rank as well; their population during the third growing season formed the most substantial group among the PPN organisms dwelling in the soil. Nevertheless, interesting results were also obtained by populations of nematodes of the genus Hemicyclophora and Loofia, which were characterized by high densities. The analyzed soil environment showcased a C:N ratio spanning from 0.69 to 3.13. Furthermore, the soil samples exhibited variations in phosphorus content (P2O5), ranging from 4.02 mg/100 g to 10.09 mg/100 g. Criconemoides informis, Longidorus attenuates, Mesocriconema spp., and Bitylenchus maximus exhibited a positive correlation with soil mineral levels of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg).
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Abd-Elgawad, Mahfouz M. M. "Exploiting Plant–Phytonematode Interactions to Upgrade Safe and Effective Nematode Control." Life 12, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111916.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) bring about substantial losses of economic crops globally. With the environmental and health issues facing the use of chemical nematicides, research efforts should focus on providing economically effective and safe control methods. The sound exploitation of plant-PPN interactions is fundamental to such efforts. Initially, proper sampling and extraction techniques should be followed to avoid misleading nematode data. Recent evolutions in plant-PPN interactions can make use of diverse non-molecular and molecular approaches to boost plant defenses. Therefore, PPN control and increasing crop yields through single, sequential, dual-purpose, and simultaneous applications of agricultural inputs, including biocontrol agents, should be seriously attempted, especially within IPM schemes. The use of biologicals would ideally be facilitated by production practices to solve related issues. The full investment of such interactions should employ new views of interdisciplinary specialties in the relevant modern disciplines to optimize the PPN management. Having an accurate grasp of the related molecular events will help in developing tools for PPN control. Nonetheless, the currently investigated molecular plant-PPN interactions favoring plant responses, e.g., resistance genes, RNA interference, marker-assisted selection, proteinase inhibitors, chemo-disruptive peptides, and plant-incorporated protectants, are key factors to expanding reliable management. They may be applied on broader scales for a substantial improvement in crop yields.
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Abd-Elgawad, Mahfouz M. M. "Understanding Molecular Plant–Nematode Interactions to Develop Alternative Approaches for Nematode Control." Plants 11, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11162141.
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Developing control measures of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) rank high as they cause big crop losses globally. The growing awareness of numerous unsafe chemical nematicides and the defects found in their alternatives are calling for rational molecular control of the nematodes. This control focuses on using genetically based plant resistance and exploiting molecular mechanisms underlying plant–nematode interactions. Rapid and significant advances in molecular techniques such as high-quality genome sequencing, interfering RNA (RNAi) and gene editing can offer a better grasp of these interactions. Efficient tools and resources emanating from such interactions are highlighted herein while issues in using them are summarized. Their revision clearly indicates the dire need to further upgrade knowledge about the mechanisms involved in host-specific susceptibility/resistance mediated by PPN effectors, resistance genes, or quantitative trait loci to boost their effective and sustainable use in economically important plant species. Therefore, it is suggested herein to employ the impacts of these techniques on a case-by-case basis. This will allow us to track and optimize PPN control according to the actual variables. It would enable us to precisely fix the factors governing the gene functions and expressions and combine them with other PPN control tactics into integrated management.
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Nyandiala, A., T. Amakhobe, and S. Okoth. "Occurrence, abundance and distribution of soil nematodes associated with groundnut farming in Kenya." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 23, no. 8 (September 5, 2023): 24293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.123.23270.
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Groundnut is a major cash crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. In Kenya, groundnut is mostly grown in the Western and Nyanza regions and has been ranked the fourth cash crop of the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB). However, groundnut production in Kenya has continued to decline with farmers attaining less than 50 % of the yield potential of 700 to 1400 kg/ha. Yearly statistical reports by Agriculture and Food Authority (AFA), Nuts and Oil Crops Directorate for the last seven years, show the decline has been consistent. In 2019/2020 AFA reported there was a decrease of 216 Mt in Homa Bay and 30 Mt in Kisumu. Yield loss is attributed to lack of quality improved seed and pests’ infestation during growth and storage. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) are the major pests of groundnut worldwide. This study sought to investigate the occurrence of nematode communities (PPN and non-parasitic nematodes (NPN) in soils cultivated with groundnuts in the LVB and to determine the effect of farmyard manure application on their presence. Six peanut varieties (4 improved and 2 local) were cultivated in Nyakach and Karachuonyo in March to August in 2021 and 2022. Soil samples, groundnut roots and pods were collected. A modified Baermann’s, maceration methods and filtration technique was used to isolate nematodes from the soil, groundnut pods and roots. Multi-stage Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine any significant differences in abundance and richness while the Shannon index compared diversity of PPN and NPN among the farms in two seasons and regions. Eleven genera of PPN: Aphelenchoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchus, Scutellonema, Trichodorus, Hemicycliophora, Tylenchorhynchus, Rotylenchulus and Criconema. spp., and three genera of NPN; Rhabdittes, Dorylaimus spp. and Predators were categorized. Aphelenchoides and Meloidogyne were the most abundant PPN and Rhabdites NPN in both regions and seasons. Application of farm yard manure led to decline of abundance of PPN and an increase in NPN. The results confirm the presence of PPN in the LVB groundnut growing regions and the potential use of farm yard manure in their management. This study recommends further investigation on actual damage potential of these PPN and their management strategies. Key words: Arachis hypogaea, Soil nematodes, Meloidogyne, Aphelenchoides, Rhabdites, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus
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Jagdale, Ganpati B., Paul M. Severns, Phillip M. Brannen, and William O. Cline. "Occurrence and Distribution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes on Muscadine Grapes in Georgia and North Carolina." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-06-19-0042-s.
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Muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia, is native to the southeastern United States, but Georgia (GA) and North Carolina (NC) are the largest North American producers. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) have become a significant factor affecting the health, quality, production, and maintenance of bunch grapes (V. labrusca, V. vinifera), but little is known about muscadine PPNs. A systematic survey was conducted of PPNs infesting eight and 11 muscadine grape vineyards in GA and NC in August and October 2018, respectively. The most frequently detected PPNs across all samples from both states were Helicotylenchus (90%), Mesocriconema (72%), and Xiphinema (58%). However, 5 Hemicycliophora and 710 Scutellonema nematodes/100 cm3 of soil were found only in GA, whereas only 1 Belonolaimus nematode/100 cm3 of soil was found only in NC. Ordination of the nematode communities from the samples collected in GA and NC yielded groupings that aligned with the state of origin. Multivariate tests for group membership indicated that several genera were statistically associated with either NC or GA muscadines, and the PPN communities distinctly differed between states. Because muscadine grapes do not have established nematode thresholds, it is not known whether these nematode species are negatively impacting mature grapes.
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Abd-Elgawad, Mahfouz M. M. "Optimizing Sampling and Extraction Methods for Plant-Parasitic and Entomopathogenic Nematodes." Plants 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040629.
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Plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes (PPNs and EPNs) are key groups in crop production systems. This study aims at optimizing nematode sampling and extraction methods to benefit integrated pest management (IPM) through (a) management of PPNs and (b) use of EPNs. The impacts of these methods on PPNs and EPNs to achieve cost-effective and efficient IPM programs are presented. The common misuses of sampling and extraction methods are discussed. Professionals engaged in IPM should consider sampling the reliability level in the light of the intended goal, location, crop value, susceptibility, nematode species, and available funds. Logical sampling methodology should be expanded to integrate various factors that can recover extra EPN isolates with differential pathogenicity. It should seek for the best EPN-host matching. Merits of repeated baiting for EPN extraction from soil and sieving for PPN recovery from suspensions are presented. Their extraction values may be modelled to quantify the efficiency of nematode separation. The use of proper indices of dispersion to enhance the biocontrol potential of EPNs or save costs in nematicidal applications is ideally compatible with IPM programs. Selecting an extraction method may sometimes require further tests to find the best extraction method of the existing fauna and/or flora. Cons and pros of modern sampling and extraction techniques are highlighted.
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ORISAJO, Samuel Bukola, and Kayode Babatunde ADEJOBI. "Fertilizer application enhances establishment of cacao seedlings in plant-parasitic nematodes infected soil." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 115, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.115.2.1136.
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<p>Low soil fertility, pests and diseases are major problems of growth and establishment of cacao seedlings on the field. Cocoa production increases by new plantings and rehabilitation of moribund farms, but a build-up of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) causing dieback and declining soil fertility has discouraged many farmers, leading to a reduction in crop productivity. In this study, the potentials of some organic wastes as fertilizers and their effects on establishment of cacao seedlings in PPN infected soils was investigated at Ibadan and Owena of Southwestern Nigeria. Goat dung (GD), organic fertilizer (OF), organo-mineral fertilizers (OMF) and NPK 15:15:15 were applied at 200, 400 and 600 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, to cacao seedlings one month after transplanting, while unfertilized served as control. Results from the experiments showed a significant increase in percentage survival of cacao seedlings under organic fertilizers at Ibadan and Owena compared to NPK and control even at the lowest rate of 200 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> 3 years after transplanting. The incorporation of GD, OF and OMF significantly reduced the population densities of PPN compared to control. Therefore, GD, OF and OMF at 200 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> are recommended for soil application to enhance the field establishment of cacao seedlings in the soil infected with PPN.</p>
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Molinari, Sergio. "Factors Determining the Variability of Performance of Bio-Control Agents against Root-Knot Nematodes in Vegetable Plants." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081602.
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The application of management strategies against plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), an alternative to the use of toxic nematicides, has become of paramount importance due to the recognized environmental impact. Pre-treatments with bio-control agents (BCAs), such as bio-control fungi (BCF, Trichoderma spp.) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), have been proved to protect many crop plants from endoparasitic sedentary nematodes (ESNs), the most damaging PPN group. However, the use of commercial BCA formulates is not always successful because of an array of variables that influence their performance. One AMF-based and 2 BCF-based commercial formulates were used as soil-drench pre-treatments to protect tomato, egg, and pepper plants from ESN attack. High variability of performance occurred according to the growth stage of treated plants and the amounts of formulates provided per plant. All formulates were highly effective in reducing both root-knot (RKN) and potato cyst (PCN) nematode infection when plants had reached an intermediate growth stage (3.5–5 g plant weight at treatment). However, only specific ranges of doses had to be used. Lower doses were ineffective against nematode attack; higher doses were often toxic to plants. When plants were grown from seeding in BCA-enriched soil, priming against RKNs was even more active. If plants were not challenged by nematodes, BCAs had a low bio-fertilizer effect.
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Adamu, Maryam Yahaya, Charles Ochapa, Peter Philip, and Christopher Oche Eche. "Identification of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with Citrus sinensis L. Osebeck (sweet orange) in Benue State, Nigeria." Bio-Research 22, no. 2 (July 14, 2024): 2352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/br.v22i2.4.
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Plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) genera associated with rhizospheres of citrus trees was conducted in Ado and Gboko Local Government Areas of Benue State during May/June 2022 farming season. A total of sixty (60) rhizosphere soil samples each from the two (2) local government areas were collected at a depth of 10-15 cm using auger. The soil samples were then transported to Crop Protection Department Laboratory, Modibbo Adama University, Yola for extraction and identification at the generic level using the standard identification keys. Results showed a total of ten and eight genera of PPNs were identified from the soil samples collected from around the root of citrus trees in Ado and Gboko local government areas respectively. These genera, in a general descending order of occurrence frequency (FO %) were: Tylenchulus (59.00), Helicotylenchus (28.00), Pratylenchus (41.00), Rotylenchulus (25.00), Trichodorus (20.00), Melodogyne (19.00), Radopholus (14.00), Longidorus (11.00) Xiphinema (8.00) and Scutellonema. (6.00). Among the plant-parasitic nematodes identified, Tylenchulus spp. appears to be the most abundant in occurrence and population density on the citrus orchards surveyed in the two surveyed location with a frequency of occurrence of 59.00 and 52.00 and a population density of 924% and 532% in Ado and Gboko respectively. While Scutellonema and Rotylenchulu are the least frequently occurring nematodes in Ado and Gboko local government areas respectively. Based on the obtained result, it was concluded that the occurrence of PPN is probably because the local environmental and soil conditions are more suitable for their growth.
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Pun, Top Bahadur, Roniya Thapa Magar, Richard Koech, Kirsty J. Owen, and Dante L. Adorada. "Emerging Trends and Technologies Used for the Identification, Detection, and Characterisation of Plant-Parasitic Nematode Infestation in Crops." Plants 13, no. 21 (October 30, 2024): 3041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13213041.
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Accurate identification and estimation of the population densities of microscopic, soil-dwelling plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are essential, as PPNs cause significant economic losses in agricultural production systems worldwide. This study presents a comprehensive review of emerging techniques used for the identification of PPNs, including morphological identification, molecular diagnostics such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), high-throughput sequencing, meta barcoding, remote sensing, hyperspectral analysis, and image processing. Classical morphological methods require a microscope and nematode taxonomist to identify species, which is laborious and time-consuming. Alternatively, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has emerged as a reliable and efficient approach for PPN identification and quantification; however, the cost associated with the reagents, instrumentation, and careful optimisation of reaction conditions can be prohibitive. High-throughput sequencing and meta-barcoding are used to study the biodiversity of all tropical groups of nematodes, not just PPNs, and are useful for describing changes in soil ecology. Convolutional neural network (CNN) methods are necessary to automate the detection and counting of PPNs from microscopic images, including complex cases like tangled nematodes. Remote sensing and hyperspectral methods offer non-invasive approaches to estimate nematode infestations and facilitate early diagnosis of plant stress caused by nematodes and rapid management of PPNs. This review provides a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers involved in nematology and plant protection. It highlights the importance of fast, efficient, and robust identification protocols and decision-support tools in mitigating the impact of PPNs on global agriculture and food security.
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Terra, Willian César, Júlio Carlos Pereira da Silva, Vicente Paulo Campos, and Sônia Maria De Lima Salgado. "ROOT-KNOT AND LESION NEMATODES IN COFFEE SEEDLINGS PRODUCED IN THE STATE OF MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL." Coffee Science 13, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.25186/cs.v13i2.1412.
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<p>Understanding the mechanisms of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) dispersion is vital to improve control strategies aiming to restrict dissemination of these plant parasites. In the present work, we evaluated the presence of PPN in Arabic coffee (<em>Coffea arabica</em>) seedlings produced in commercial nurseries in Minas Gerais, state, Brazil. A total of 2830 samples obtained from 318 coffee nurseries, in 84 counties within the South and Zona da Mata regions in Minas Gerais, Brazil and representing more than 62 million coffee seedlings, were analyzed. <em>Meloidogyne</em> spp. was identified in 11 samples from four counties. <em>Pratylenchus spp</em>. and <em>Rotylenchulus reniformis</em> were detected in 281 and 47 samples, respectively. According to the Regulatory Instruction N° 35 from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA), in Brazil, coffee seedlings infected by <em>Meloidogyne</em> spp. are prohibited for commercialization and/or planting. However, such restrictions do not apply to other PPN. Therefore, seedlings sold in Minas Gerais may constitute sources of dissemination for root-lesion nematodes (<em>Pratylenchus</em> spp.) and the reniform nematode (<em>R. reniformis</em>).</p>
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Thiruchchelvan, N., S. Casonato, G. Mikunthan, L. M. Condron, R. Moukarzel, and M. Kularathna. "Prevalence and abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with corn (Zea mays L.) in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka ." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 52, no. 3 (October 10, 2024): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v52i3.11729.
Full textAbstract:
Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) are important pests of corn (Zea mays L.) Globally, while corn production has recently expanded in Sri Lanka. The population abundance, distribution, and pathological effects of nematodes that adversely affect corn production in Sri Lanka are poorly understood. This study was conducted to identify the prevalence of major PPN genera, population abundance, and their reproduction associated with corn fields in the Anuradhapura district. Over 92% of the corn fields were positive for PPN from the fields sampled in February 2021. Major PPN genera identified were Pratylenchus (71.4%) Helicotylenchus (28.6%), Meloidogyne (21.4%), Criconemella (21.4%), and Hoplolaimus (35.7%). The mean population of the Pratylenchus was 2020 kg-1 of soil, which was above the threshold level (1000 Pratylenchus kg-1 of soil), while other genera were lower than the threshold. All genera, except Meloidogyne, were observed from the intensive sampling from the selected fields during the next cropping season from November 2021 (seedling stage) to February 2022 (harvesting stage). Pratylenchus abundance in all the fields was lower than the threshold at the seedling stage and it was 2 to 10 times higher during the harvesting stage, except in Kelenikawewa where the initial Pratylenchus population (1865 kg-1 of soil) was also above the threshold. According to our results, Pratylenchus have the potential to impact corn yield in Anuradhapura. Future field experiments will determine the impact of PPN on corn production in Sri Lanka.
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Topalović, Olivera, Holger Heuer, Annette Reineke, Jana Zinkernagel, and Johannes Hallmann. "Antagonistic role of the microbiome from a Meloidogyne hapla-suppressive soil against species of plant-parasitic nematodes with different life strategies." Nematology 22, no. 1 (September 3, 2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003285.
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Summary In certain soils populations of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) decline. Understanding this effect may open up environmentally friendly management options. We identified such a suppressive soil containing virtually no PPN. Inoculated Meloidogyne hapla declined in this soil more than in a control soil and reproduction on tomato was reduced. The extracted soil microbiome alone decreased root invasion of second-stage juveniles (J2) and progeny as well as the native soil. We tested the antagonistic potential against PPN that differ in life strategies. The microbiome was most suppressive against two populations of M. hapla and one population of Pratylenchus neglectus, and least suppressive against M. incognita and the ectoparasite Hemicycliophora conida. In a split-root system with M. hapla, plant-mediated but not direct effects of the microbiome significantly reduced root invasion of J2, while direct exposure of M. hapla to the microbiome significantly affected reproduction. Overall, both plant-mediated and direct effects of the microbiome were responsible for the soil suppressiveness against M. hapla.
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Palomares-Rius, Juan Emilio, Pete Hedley, Peter J. A. Cock, Jenny A. Morris, John T. Jones, and Vivian C. Blok. "Gene expression changes in diapause or quiescent potato cyst nematode,Globodera pallida, eggs after hydration or exposure to tomato root diffusate." PeerJ 4 (February 4, 2016): e1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1654.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) need to be adapted to survive in the absence of a suitable host or in hostile environmental conditions. Various forms of developmental arrest including hatching inhibition and dauer stages are used by PPN in order to survive these conditions and spread to other areas. Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) (Globodera pallidaandG. rostochiensis) are frequently in an anhydrobiotic state, with unhatched nematode persisting for extended periods of time inside the cyst in the absence of the host. This paper shows fundamental changes in the response of quiescent and diapaused eggs ofG. pallidato hydration and following exposure to tomato root diffusate (RD) using microarray gene expression analysis encompassing a broad set of genes. For the quiescent eggs, 547 genes showed differential expression following hydration vs. hydratation and RD (H-RD) treatment whereas 708 genes showed differential regulation for the diapaused eggs following these treatments. The comparison between hydrated quiescent and diapaused eggs showed marked differences, with 2,380 genes that were differentially regulated compared with 987 genes following H-RD. Hydrated quiescent and diapaused eggs were markedly different indicating differences in adaptation for long-term survival. Transport activity is highly up-regulated following H-RD and few genes were coincident between both kinds of eggs. With the quiescent eggs, the majority of genes were related to ion transport (mainly sodium), while the diapaused eggs showed a major diversity of transporters (amino acid transport, ion transport, acetylcholine or other molecules).
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Salas, Augusto, Marcelo D. Barrera, and María F. Achinelly. "Abundance, diversity, and distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in horticultural soils under different management systems in a tomato-producing area in Argentina." Nematology 24, no. 3 (October 26, 2021): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10136.
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Summary Monitoring the diversity and structure of plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) communities together with developing appropriate control strategies can reduce the occurrence of these pathogens and other plant pests in horticultural crops. In this context a study of the abundance, frequency, diversity and distribution of PPN in horticultural soils under glasshouse conditions from the Green Belt of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, under different management systems was undertaken. Soil samples were collected from three horticultural areas with different tomato crop managements: agroecological crop (AC); organic crop with Brassicaceae soil amendments (OC); intensive conventional crop treated with methyl bromide (MeBr) (IC). The parameters evaluated were: nematode genera richness (G); Shannon-Wiener diversity index () (Hutcheson’s t-test was applied for this index); equitability index (E); abundance; and frequency of genera. ANOSIM and SIMPER statistical analyses were performed to find significant differences between the nematode assemblages from the different sites. A total of 14 genera of PPN were identified among the three crop sites. Members of the feeding habits categories ectoparasites, semi-endoparasites, migratory endoparasites and sedentary endoparasites were observed. Statistical analysis enabled us to characterise each site based on the composition of the nematode assemblages. Helicotylenchus, Tylenchus and Nacobbus were the most frequent and abundant genera. AC and OC showed similar values of richness and diversity; the crop treated with MeBr (IC) showed the lowest diversity of PPN.
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Beesa, Natthidech, Nattakorn Kuncharoen, Tida Dethoup, Kansiree Jindapunnapat, Anongnuch Sasnarukkit, and Buncha Chinnasri. "Prevalence and Characterization of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Existing in RD41 Rice Fields in Pathum Thani Province, Thailand, with Emphasis on Hirschmanniella mucronata and Meloidogyne graminicola." Trends in Sciences 21, no. 12 (October 25, 2024): 8952. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2025.8952.
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Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are one of the most destructive pests affecting rice growth worldwide. In this study, populations of PPNs associated with RD41 rice fields in Pathum Thani Province, Thailand, were surveyed and the dominant PPNs found in the fields were identified using a combination of morphological and molecular traits. A total of 105 soil or root samples were taken from 21 paddy fields in 7 districts of Pathum Thani, and nematode extraction was processed in a laboratory. In all sampled rice fields, 6 nematode genera, namely Hirschmanniella sp., Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus sp., Tylenchorhynchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., and Tylenchus sp., were extracted. Of these 6 nematode genera, Hirschmanniella sp. was the most prevalent in both soil and root samples (66.7 - 100 % occurrence observed), followed by Meloidogyne sp., which was found in only 4 districts of the province (0.2 to 8.7 % occurrence observed). The species of these predominant PPNs were morphologically and molecularly characterized. The identification results remained consistent across morphological features and molecular techniques, confirming the presence of Hirschmanniella mucronata and Meloidogyne graminicola in the studied rice fields. The results of this study provide useful baseline data of the occurrence of PPNs in Thailand's rice fields. The incidence of some PPNs found in this study is likely to become a significant factor limiting rice production yields if they are not better managed. HIGHLIGHTS Plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) populations in RD41 rice fields located in Pathum Thani province, Thailand were examined Six PPN genera were extracted from soil and root samples The predominant PPNs were characterized using morphological and molecular traits The main PPNs were identified as mucronata and M. graminicola This study provides useful baseline data of PPNs found in Thailand's rice fields GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Adamu, Maryam Yahaya, Philip Peter, and Mustapha Imrana Yusuf. "Effect of flamboyant flower (Delonix regia) powder on root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) infestation on tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum) in Yola, Adamawa State." Bio-Research 21, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 2121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/br.v21i3.6.
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Plant Parasitic Nematodes (PPN) are regarded as one of the major challenges of sustainable tomato production in the world. Their control which involves the use of synthetic chemicals is being restricted because of their toxicity coupled with the environmental risk associated with their use. To this effect this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of flamboyant flower powder on M. incognita inoculated on tomato plants as an alternative control strategy of PPN. Screen house experiment (potted experiment) was conducted at the landscape garden of Modibbo Adama University Yola to evaluate the efficacy of plant powder for the control of root- knot nematode in tomato plant. The experimental design used was the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments replicated three times. D. regia powders were incorporated at different levels into the bucket each containing 4kg of sterilized soil. The plant powder was incorporated at the rate of 40g, 30g, 20g and 10g (T1, T2, and T3) respectively and T4 with no level of powder 0g. D. regia powder and 40g gave the best effect on M. incognita in the potted experiments as higher plant height, number of leaves; fresh shoot weight, galling index and least final nematode of both soil and roots were recorded. Therefore, from these findings, D. regia at 40g exhibited nematicidal effect on M. incognita in tomato plant followed by 30g, 20g, and 10g respectively. The nematicidal characteristics exhibited by this plant material (flamboyant flower) might be due to some phytochemical constituents present in the plant material. The control plant has least plant height, number of leaves, fresh shoot weight, plant fruit and higher fresh root weight as well as galling index and highest final root and soil nematode population.
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Pires, David, Cláudia S. L. Vicente, Esther Menéndez, Jorge M. S. Faria, Leidy Rusinque, Maria J. Camacho, and Maria L. Inácio. "The Fight against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: Current Status of Bacterial and Fungal Biocontrol Agents." Pathogens 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101178.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are among the most notorious and underrated threats to food security and plant health worldwide, compromising crop yields and causing billions of dollars of losses annually. Chemical control strategies rely heavily on synthetic chemical nematicides to reduce PPN population densities, but their use is being progressively restricted due to environmental and human health concerns, so alternative control methods are urgently needed. Here, we review the potential of bacterial and fungal agents to suppress the most important PPNs, namely Aphelenchoides besseyi, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Globodera spp., Heterodera spp., Meloidogyne spp., Nacobbus aberrans, Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus similis, Rotylenchulus reniformis, and Xiphinema index.
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Aubry, Elyse, Jerry Akanwari, Ping Liang, Walid Ellouze, Jonathan Gaiero, and Tahera Sultana. "Effects of Cover Crops on Nematode Communities in Spinach Production." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 24 (December 13, 2024): 13366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413366.
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Agricultural soil environments contain different types of nematodes in all trophic levels that aid in balancing the soil food web. Beneficial free-living nematodes (FLNs) consist of bacterivores, fungivores, predators, and omnivores that help in the mineralization of the soil and the top-down control of harmful plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). Annually, USD 125 billion in worldwide crop losses are caused by PPNs, making them a plant pathogen of great concern for growers. Farmers have started to implement the use of cover crops in agricultural systems for the protection and enrichment of soil but research on how different cover crops affect nematode populations is lacking and in demand. This study aims to determine the effects of legume and grass cover crops, Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum), as well as their mixture on the abundance and diversity of FLN and PPN populations. Soil samples were collected at the time of cover crop maturity and spinach harvest to analyze nematode communities using both morphological and DNA metabarcoding analysis. The results showed that the application of Cowpea and Pearl Millet as well as their mixture in a spinach agricultural system led to the control of PPNs and proliferation of FLN communities, with each cover crop treatment demonstrating different advantages for the various nematode feeding groups. Soil property analysis did not show a significant difference except for magnesium and total nitrogen levels, which were significantly correlated with nematode community composition. The overall findings of our study indicate that the choice of cover crop implementation by growers for spinach cultivation should be based on specific soil health conditions, which in turn promote soil fertility and a healthy nematode community.
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GRECO, NICOLA, ANDREA MINUTO, FRANCESCO PAOLO d’ERRICO, and GIADA d’ERRICO. "SYNTHETIC NEMATICIDES IN ITALY: PAST AND PRESENT ROLE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF CONTROL." Redia 107 (September 13, 2024): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19263/redia-107.24.16.
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Although plant damages caused by phytoparasitic nematodes has been known at world level since the second half of the 19th century, the most effective methods for their management were discovered only in the past century. At first, plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) were controlled by the same products used against insect pests (carbon disulfide, chloropicrin, methyl bromide), but since 1940, with the discovery of the nematicide activity of the soil fumigant DD (dichlopropane-dichloropropene), chemical nematicides played a pivotal role in increasing the yield of many agricultural crops. In the second half of the past century and especially during its last two decades, the high demand from the farmers for chemical products having immediate nematicidial activity stimulated the interest of many chemical companies in patenting and marketing an increasing number of new chemical products. They were both fumigants (methyl bromide, chloropicrin, dibromoethane, bromochloropropane, dichloroethane, dichloropropane, dichloropropene, dazomet, metam sodium, metam potassium, methyl isothiocyanate, dimethyldisulfide) and non-fumigants (aldicarb, abamectin, benfuracarb, cadusaphos, carbosulfan, carbofuran, benfuracarb, fosthiazate, fluopyram, fenamiphos, ethoprophos, oxamyl, iprodione, thionazin). In the meantime, awareness increased about the negative impact of plant protection products were having on the environment and the need to regulate their approval and use in the European Union (EU). This resulted in a number of EU decrees adopted by all member States to restrict the marketing and use of these products. This led to a drastic reduction in p.a. nematicides on the market, which are already in limited numbers compared to fungicides and insecticides. In this phase of transition towards eco-sustainable agriculture, as alternative products are not yet available for all crops and for all the different species of parasitic nematodes, agricultural operators are having considerable difficulties. The future of the market for synthetic nematicides is not promising. Today, only a handful of active ingredients (dazomet, metam sodium, metam potassiium fenamiphos, fosthiazate, fluopyran, abamectin) are registered in EU. However, studies are underway to search for less polluting products, such as plant extracts, volatile organic compounds, and nano-formulations. The use of these products should be integrated with the implementation of appropriate crop systems, the use of cover crops, soil amendments, rigorous sanitation practices, and resistant planting material, obtained both by conventional and modern technique, for a sustainable control of PPN. Key Words: nematicides, nematode control, chemical products
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Mathew, Reny, and Charles H. Opperman. "Current Insights into Migratory Endoparasitism: Deciphering the Biology, Parasitism Mechanisms, and Management Strategies of Key Migratory Endoparasitic Phytonematodes." Plants 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060671.
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Despite their physiological differences, sedentary and migratory plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) share several commonalities. Functional characterization studies of key effectors and their targets identified in sedentary phytonematodes are broadly applied to migratory PPNs, generalizing parasitism mechanisms existing in distinct lifestyles. Despite their economic significance, host–pathogen interaction studies of migratory endoparasitic nematodes are limited; they have received little attention when compared to their sedentary counterparts. Because several migratory PPNs form disease complexes with other plant-pathogens, it is important to understand multiple factors regulating their feeding behavior and lifecycle. Here, we provide current insights into the biology, parasitism mechanism, and management strategies of the four-key migratory endoparasitic PPN genera, namely Pratylenchus, Radopholus, Ditylenchus, and Bursaphelenchus. Although this review focuses on these four genera, many facets of feeding mechanisms and management are common across all migratory PPNs and hence can be applied across a broad genera of migratory phytonematodes.
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RUEDA-RAMÍREZ, DIANA, ERIC PALEVSKY, and LILIANE RUESS. "Trophic links between soil predatory mites and nematodes as a key component of conservation biocontrol." Zoosymposia 22 (November 30, 2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.30.
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Biological control is an important ecosystem service for soil and plant health and has been successfully exploited, especially through augmentative biological control programs, for above-ground agricultural pest control often using predatory mites of Mesostigmata. Similar success has not been achieved for below-ground systems. Predatory mites are an important part of soil food webs, in which they have a regulatory impact. While this is mediated by the predator on the prey, recent studies suggest that biocontrol efficiency can be enhanced in the mid to long term for generalist predators by the presence of complementary prey. In below-ground systems, nematodes are an important food source and numerous species of predatory mites in soil may prefer them. Thus, nematodes are a viable and accessible alternative prey for these natural enemies. Our aim was to review the studies on mite-nematode trophic interactions and how these interactions affect the regulatory activity of predatory mites in soil. We found ca. 170 publications reporting a predator-prey interaction. The majority of the studies were conducted in the laboratory (149 studies), but important correlations between nematode and mite densities have been observed in greenhouses and in the open field. Most reports involved free-living nematodes (FLN), followed by plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) and finally animal-parasitic nematodes (APN). These reports are for Astigmatina, Endeostigmata, Prostigmata, Oribatida (non-Astigmatina) and Mesostigmata, the latter group being the one in which most nematophagous species are known. The family with the most reports of nematophagy is Ascidae (46 species), followed by Macrochelidae and Laelapidae (both with 30 species). In many cases, a positive effect on reproductive parameters and developmental times of mite species has been observed with a nematode-based diet, especially FLN. Although still scarce, studies on species of Laelapidae, Macrochelidae, Parasitidae and Rhodacaridae have shown that supplementing FLN in the diet can favor reproduction and development, even though preference may change at different stages of development. Also, recent studies have shown that some organic amendments can increase the density and diversity of mites, FLN or both, enhancing top down forces by predatory mites in the soil food web. Although some steps have been taken, future studies should focus on transferring laboratory research to field and semi-field conditions. For this, a multidisciplinary approach is essential.