Journal articles: 'Plant Peptide Hormones'

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Motomitsu, Ayane, Shinichiro Sawa, and Takashi Ishida. "Plant peptide hormone signalling." Essays in Biochemistry 58 (September 15, 2015): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0580115.

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The ligand–receptor-based cell-to-cell communication system is one of the most important molecular bases for the establishment of complex multicellular organisms. Plants have evolved highly complex intercellular communication systems. Historical studies have identified several molecules, designated phytohormones, that function in these processes. Recent advances in molecular biological analyses have identified phytohormone receptors and signalling mediators, and have led to the discovery of numerous peptide-based signalling molecules. Subsequent analyses have revealed the involvement in and contribution of these peptides to multiple aspects of the plant life cycle, including development and environmental responses, similar to the functions of canonical phytohormones. On the basis of this knowledge, the view that these peptide hormones are pivotal regulators in plants is becoming increasingly accepted. Peptide hormones are transcribed from the genome and translated into peptides. However, these peptides generally undergo further post-translational modifications to enable them to exert their function. Peptide hormones are expressed in and secreted from specific cells or tissues. Apoplastic peptides are perceived by specialized receptors that are located at the surface of target cells. Peptide hormone–receptor complexes activate intracellular signalling through downstream molecules, including kinases and transcription factors, which then trigger cellular events. In this chapter we provide a comprehensive summary of the biological functions of peptide hormones, focusing on how they mature and the ways in which they modulate plant functions.

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Kaufmann, Christine, and Margret Sauter. "Sulfated plant peptide hormones." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 16 (June 20, 2019): 4267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz292.

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Abstract Sulfated peptides are plant hormones that are active at nanomolar concentrations. The sulfation at one or more tyrosine residues is catalysed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST), which is encoded by a single-copy gene. The sulfate group is provided by the co-substrate 3´-phosphoadenosine 5´-phosphosulfate (PAPS), which links synthesis of sulfated signaling peptides to sulfur metabolism. The precursor proteins share a conserved DY-motif that is implicated in specifying tyrosine sulfation. Several sulfated peptides undergo additional modification such as hydroxylation of proline and glycosylation of hydroxyproline. The modifications render the secreted signaling molecules active and stable. Several sulfated signaling peptides have been shown to be perceived by leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) but have signaling pathways that, for the most part, are yet to be elucidated. Sulfated peptide hormones regulate growth and a wide variety of developmental processes, and intricately modulate immunity to pathogens. While basic research on sulfated peptides has made steady progress, their potential in agricultural and pharmaceutical applications has yet to be explored.

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Gancheva, M. S., Yu V. Malovichko, L. O. Poliushkevich, I. E. Dodueva, and L. A. Lutova. "Plant Peptide Hormones." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 66, no. 2 (March 2019): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443719010072.

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Matsushima, Norio, Hiroki Miyashita, Shinsuke Tamaki, and Robert H. Kretsinger. "Polyproline II Helix as a Recognition Motif of Plant Peptide Hormones and Flagellin Peptide flg22." Protein & Peptide Letters 26, no. 9 (September 16, 2019): 684–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866526666190408125441.

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Background: Plant peptide hormones play a crucial role in plant growth and development. A group of these peptide hormones are signaling peptides with 5 - 23 amino acids. Flagellin peptide (flg22) also elicits an immune response in plants. The functions are expressed through recognition of the peptide hormones and flg22. This recognition relies on membrane localized receptor kinases with extracellular leucine rich repeats (LRR-RKs). The structures of plant peptide hormones - AtPep1, IDA, IDL1, RGFs 1- 3, TDIF/CLE41 - and of flg22 complexed with LRR domains of corresponding LRRRKs and co-receptors SERKs have been determined. However, their structures are well not analyzed and characterized in detail. The structures of PIP, CEP, CIF, and HypSys are still unknown. Objective: Our motivation is to clarify structural features of these plant, small peptides and Flg22 in their bound states. Methods: In this article, we performed secondary structure assignments and HELFIT analyses (calculating helix axis, pitch, radius, residues per turn, and handedness) based on the atomic coordinates from the crystal structures of AtPep1, IDA, IDL1, RGFs 1- 3, TDIF/CLE41 - and of flg22. We also performed sequence analysis of the families of PIP, CEP, CIF, and HypSys in order to predict their secondary structures. Results: Following AtPep1 with 23 residues adopts two left handed polyproline helices (PPIIs) with six and four residues. IDA, IDL1, RGFs 1 - 2, and TDIF/CLE41 with 12 or 13 residues adopt a four residue PPII; RGF3 adopts two PPIIs with four residues. Flg22 with 22 residues also adopts a six residue PPII. The other peptide hormones – PIP, CEP, CIF, and HypSys – that are rich in proline or hydroxyproline presumably prefer PPII. Conclusion: The present analysis indicates that PPII helix in the plant small peptide hormones and in flg22 is crucial for recognition of the LRR domains in receptors.

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Hsiao, Yu-Chun, and Masashi Yamada. "The Roles of Peptide Hormones and Their Receptors during Plant Root Development." Genes 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12010022.

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Peptide hormones play pivotal roles in many physiological processes through coordinating developmental and environmental cues among different cells. Peptide hormones are recognized by their receptors that convey signals to downstream targets and interact with multiple pathways to fine-tune plant growth. Extensive research has illustrated the mechanisms of peptides in shoots but functional studies of peptides in roots are scarce. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be involved in stress-related events. However, recent studies have shown that they are also associated with many processes that regulate plant development. Here, we focus on recent advances in understanding the relationships between peptide hormones and their receptors during root growth including outlines of how ROS are integrated with these networks.

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Matsubayashi, Yoshikatsu, and Youji Sakagami. "PEPTIDE HORMONES IN PLANTS." Annual Review of Plant Biology 57, no. 1 (June 2006): 649–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144204.

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Hirakawa, Yuki, Keiko U. Torii, and Naoyuki Uchida. "Mechanisms and Strategies Shaping Plant Peptide Hormones." Plant and Cell Physiology 58, no. 8 (May 10, 2017): 1313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcx069.

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Jeon, Byeong Wook, Min-Jung Kim, Shashank K. Pandey, Eunkyoo Oh, Pil Joon Seo, and Jungmook Kim. "Recent advances in peptide signaling during Arabidopsis root development." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 8 (February 17, 2021): 2889–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab050.

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Abstract Roots provide the plant with water and nutrients and anchor it in a substrate. Root development is controlled by plant hormones and various sets of transcription factors. Recently, various small peptides and their cognate receptors have been identified as controlling root development. Small peptides bind to membrane-localized receptor-like kinases, inducing their dimerization with co-receptor proteins for signaling activation and giving rise to cellular signaling outputs. Small peptides function as local and long-distance signaling molecules involved in cell-to-cell communication networks, coordinating root development. In this review, we survey recent advances in the peptide ligand-mediated signaling pathways involved in the control of root development in Arabidopsis. We describe the interconnection between peptide signaling and conventional phytohormone signaling. Additionally, we discuss the diversity of identified peptide–receptor interactions during plant root development.

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Germain, Hugo, Eric Chevalier, and Daniel P. Matton. "Plant bioactive peptides: an expanding class of signaling molecules." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-162.

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Until recently, our knowledge of intercellular signaling in plants was limited to the so-called five classical plant hormones: auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, ethylene, and abscissic acid. Other chemical compounds like sterols and lipids have also been recognized as signaling molecules in plants, but it was only recently discovered that peptides in plants, as in animal cells, play crucial roles in various aspects of growth and development, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and self/non-self recognition in sporophytic self-incompatibility. These peptides are often part of a very large gene family whose members show diverse, sometime overlapping spatial and temporal expression patterns, allowing them to regulate different aspects of plant growth and development. Only a handful of peptides have been linked to a bona fide receptor, thereby activating a cascade of events. Since these peptides have been thoroughly reviewed in the past few years, this review will focus on the small putative plant signaling peptides, some often disregarded in the plant peptide literature, which have been shown through biochemical or genetic studies to play important roles in plants.

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Yamada, Masashi, and Shinichiro Sawa. "The roles of peptide hormones during plant root development." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 16, no. 1 (February 2013): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2012.11.004.

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Hou, Shuguo, Jie Zhang, and Ping He. "Stress-induced activation of receptor signaling by protease-mediated cleavage." Biochemical Journal 478, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 1847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200941.

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Plants encode a large number of proteases in activating intracellular signaling through proteolytic cleavages of various protein substrates. One type of the substrates is proligands, including peptide hormones, which are perceived by cell surface-resident receptors. The peptide hormones are usually first synthesized as propeptides, and then cleaved by specific proteases for activation. Accumulating evidence indicates that the protease-mediated cleavage of proligands can be triggered by environmental stresses and subsequently activates plant stress signaling. In this perspective, we highlight several recent publications and provide an update about stress-induced cleavage of propeptides and receptor-associated components by proteases in the activation of cell surface-resident receptor signaling in plants. We also discuss some questions and future challenges in the research of protease functions in plant stress response.

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Okuda, Satohiro, Satoshi Fujita, Andrea Moretti, Ulrich Hohmann, Verónica G. Doblas, Yan Ma, Alexandre Pfister, Benjamin Brandt, Niko Geldner, and Michael Hothorn. "Molecular mechanism for the recognition of sequence-divergent CIF peptides by the plant receptor kinases GSO1/SGN3 and GSO2." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 5 (January 21, 2020): 2693–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911553117.

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Plants use leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) to sense sequence diverse peptide hormones at the cell surface. A 3.0-Å crystal structure of the LRR-RK GSO1/SGN3 regulating Casparian strip formation in the endodermis reveals a large spiral-shaped ectodomain. The domain provides a binding platform for 21 amino acid CIF peptide ligands, which are tyrosine sulfated by the tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase TPST/SGN2. GSO1/SGN3 harbors a binding pocket for sulfotyrosine and makes extended backbone interactions with CIF2. Quantitative biochemical comparisons reveal that GSO1/SGN3–CIF2 represents one of the strongest receptor–ligand pairs known in plants. Multiple missense mutations are required to block CIF2 binding in vitro and GSO1/SGN3 function in vivo. Using structure-guided sequence analysis we uncover previously uncharacterized CIF peptides conserved among higher plants. Quantitative binding assays with known and novel CIFs suggest that the homologous LRR-RKs GSO1/SGN3 and GSO2 have evolved unique peptide binding properties to control different developmental processes. A quantitative biochemical interaction screen, a CIF peptide antagonist and genetic analyses together implicate SERK proteins as essential coreceptor kinases required for GSO1/SGN3 and GSO2 receptor activation. Our work provides a mechanistic framework for the recognition of sequence-divergent peptide hormones in plants.

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Lindsey, Keith. "Plant peptide hormones: The long and the short of it." Current Biology 11, no. 18 (September 2001): R741—R743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00435-3.

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Zhang, Heqiao, Zhifu Han, Wen Song, and Jijie Chai. "Structural Insight into Recognition of Plant Peptide Hormones by Receptors." Molecular Plant 9, no. 11 (November 2016): 1454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2016.10.002.

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Fraternali, Franca, Claudio Anselmi, and Piero Andrea Temussi. "Neurologically active plant compounds and peptide hormones: a chirality connection." FEBS Letters 448, no. 2-3 (April 9, 1999): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00244-6.

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Shinohara, Hidefumi, and Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi. "Identification of Receptors of Plant Peptide Hormones by Photoaffinity Labeling." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 78, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.713.

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Hastwell, April H., Peter M. Gresshoff, and Brett J. Ferguson. "The structure and activity of nodulation-suppressing CLE peptide hormones of legumes." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 3 (2015): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14222.

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Legumes form a highly-regulated symbiotic relationship with specific soil bacteria known as rhizobia. This interaction results in the de novo formation of root organs called nodules, in which the rhizobia fix atmospheric di-nitrogen (N2) for the plant. Molecular mechanisms that regulate the nodulation process include the systemic ‘autoregulation of nodulation’ and the local nitrogen-regulation of nodulation pathways. Both pathways are mediated by novel peptide hormones called CLAVATA/ESR-related (CLE) peptides that act to suppress nodulation via negative feedback loops. The mature peptides are 12–13 amino acids in length and are post-translationally modified from the C-terminus of tripartite-domain prepropeptides. Structural redundancy between the prepropeptides exists; however, variations in external stimuli, timing of expression, tissue specificity and presence or absence of key functional domains enables them to act in a specific manner. To date, nodulation-regulating CLE peptides have been identified in Glycine max (L.) Merr., Medicago truncatula Gaertn., Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.Larsen and Phaseolus vulgaris L. One of the L. japonicus peptides, called LjCLE-RS2, has been structurally characterised and found to be an arabinosylated glycopeptide. All of the known nodulation CLE peptides act via an orthologous leucine rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase. Perception of the peptide results in the production of a novel, unidentified inhibitor signal that acts to suppress further nodulation events. Here, we contrast and compare the various nodulation-suppressing CLE peptides of legumes.

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Hirakawa, Yuki, and Shinichiro Sawa. "Diverse function of plant peptide hormones in local signaling and development." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 51 (October 2019): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2019.04.005.

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Schuster, Mariana, and Renier A. L. van der Hoorn. "Plant Biology: Distinct New Players in Processing Peptide Hormones during Abscission." Current Biology 30, no. 12 (June 2020): R715—R717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.072.

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Xu, Ruibin, Yufeng Li, Zhipeng Sui, Tianyu Lan, Wanjun Song, Ming Zhang, Yirong Zhang, and Jiewen Xing. "A C-terminal encoded peptide, ZmCEP1, is essential for kernel development in maize." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 15 (June 9, 2021): 5390–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab224.

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Abstract C-terminal encoded peptides (CEPs) are peptide hormones which act as mobile signals coordinating important developmental programs. Previous studies have unraveled that CEPs are able to regulate plant growth and abiotic stress via cell-to-cell communication in Arabidopsis and rice; however, little is known about their roles in maize. Here, we examined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of ZmCEP1 and showed that ZmCEP1 is highly expressed in young ears and tassels of maize, particularly in the vascular bundles of ears. Heterologous expression of ZmCEP1 in Arabidopsis results in smaller plants and seed size. Similarly, overexpression of ZmCEP1 in maize decreased the plant and ear height, ear length, kernel size, and 100-kernel weight. Consistently, exogenous application of the synthesized ZmCEP1 peptide to the roots of Arabidopsis and maize inhibited root elongation. Knock-out of ZmCEP1 through CRISPR/Cas9 significantly increased plant and ear height, kernel size and 100-kernel weight. Transcriptome analysis revealed that knock-out of ZmCEP1 up-regulated a subset of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, nitrate transport, sugar transport and auxin response. Thus, these results provide new insights into the genetic and molecular function of ZmCEP1 in regulating kernel development and plant growth, providing novel opportunities for maize breeding.

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Turek, Ilona, Chris Gehring, and Helen Irving. "Arabidopsis Plant Natriuretic Peptide Is a Novel Interactor of Rubisco Activase." Life 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11010021.

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Plant natriuretic peptides (PNPs) are a group of systemically acting peptidic hormones affecting solute and solvent homeostasis and responses to biotrophic pathogens. Although an increasing body of evidence suggests PNPs modulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress, which could lead to their potential biotechnological application by conferring increased stress tolerance to plants, the exact mode of PNPs action is still elusive. In order to gain insight into PNP-dependent signalling, we set out to identify interactors of PNP present in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, termed AtPNP-A. Here, we report identification of rubisco activase (RCA), a central regulator of photosynthesis converting Rubisco catalytic sites from a closed to an open conformation, as an interactor of AtPNP-A through affinity isolation followed by mass spectrometric identification. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses reveals that the full-length recombinant AtPNP-A and the biologically active fragment of AtPNP-A bind specifically to RCA, whereas a biologically inactive scrambled peptide fails to bind. These results are considered in the light of known functions of PNPs, PNP-like proteins, and RCA in biotic and abiotic stress responses.

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Matsubayashi, Y. "Post-Translational Modifications in Secreted Peptide Hormones in Plants." Plant and Cell Physiology 52, no. 1 (November 11, 2010): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcq169.

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Lay, Katerina, and Hideki Takahashi. "Nutrient-Responsive Small Signaling Peptides and Their Influence on the Root System Architecture." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 3927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123927.

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The root system architecture (RSA) of plants is highly dependent on the surrounding nutrient environment. The uptake of essential nutrients triggers various signaling cascades and fluctuations in plant hormones to elicit physical changes in RSA. These pathways may involve signaling components known as small signaling peptides (SSPs), which have been implicated in a variety of plant developmental processes. This review discusses known nutrient-responsive SSPs with a focus on several subclasses that have been shown to play roles in root development. Most functionally well-characterized cases of SSP-mediated changes in RSA are found in responses to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability, but other nutrients have also been known to affect the expression of SSP-encoding genes. These nutrient-responsive SSPs may interact downstream with leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) to modulate hormone signaling and cellular processes impacting plant root development. SSPs responsive to multiple nutrient cues potentially act as mediators of crosstalk between the signaling pathways. Study of SSP pathways is complicated because of functional redundancy within peptide and receptor families and due to their functionality partly associated with post-translational modifications; however, as genomic research and techniques progress, novel SSP-encoding genes have been identified in many plant species. Understanding and characterizing the roles of SSPs influencing the root phenotypes will help elucidate the processes that plants use to optimize nutrient acquisition in the environment.

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Stührwohldt, N., and A. Schaller. "Regulation of plant peptide hormones and growth factors by post‐translational modification." Plant Biology 21, S1 (August 30, 2018): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12881.

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Du, Changqing, Xiushan Li, Jia Chen, Weijun Chen, Bin Li, Chiyu Li, Long Wang, et al. "Receptor kinase complex transmits RALF peptide signal to inhibit root growth inArabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 51 (December 5, 2016): E8326—E8334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609626113.

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A number of hormones work together to control plant cell growth. Rapid Alkalinization Factor 1 (RALF1), a plant-derived small regulatory peptide, inhibits cell elongation through suppression of rhizosphere acidification in plants. Although a receptor-like kinase, FERONIA (FER), has been shown to act as a receptor for RALF1, the signaling mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we identified a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RPM1-induced protein kinase, RIPK), a plasma membrane-associated member of the RLCK-VII subfamily, that is recruited to the receptor complex through interacting with FER in response to RALF1. RALF1 triggers the phosphorylation of both FER and RIPK in a mutually dependent manner. Genetic analysis of thefer-4andripkmutants reveals RIPK, as well as FER, to be required for RALF1 response in roots. The RALF1–FER–RIPK interactions may thus represent a mechanism for peptide signaling in plants.

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Djelic, Ninoslav. "Mechanisms of genotoxic effects of hormones." Genetika 34, no. 2-3 (2002): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0203059d.

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A concept that compounds commonly present in biological systems lack genotoxic and mutagenic activities is generally in use, hence a low number of endogenous substances have ever been tested to mutagenicity. Epidemiological and experimental analyses indicated, however, that sexual steroids could contribute to initiation and/or continuation of malign diseases. Detailed studies using methods of biochemistry, molecular biology, cytogenetics and other branches, showed that not only epigenetic mechanisms, such as a stimulation of cell proliferation, but also certain hormones, that can express genotoxic effects, such as covalent DNA modification, then chromosomal lesions and chromosomal aberrations, are in the background of malign transformation under activities of hormones. In the case of oestrogens, it was shown that excessive hormonal stimulation led to a metabolic conversion of these hormones to reactive intermediates with formation of reactive oxygenic derivates, so that cells were virtually under conditions of oxidative stress. Individual and tissue susceptibility to occurrence of deterioration of DNA and other cell components generally results from the differences in efficiency of enzymic and non-enzymic mechanisms of resistance against oxidative stress. Besides, steroid thyeroid hormones and catecholamine (dopamine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine and adrenaline) can express genotoxic effects in some test-systems. It is interesting that all above mentioned hormones have a phenolic group. Data on possible genotoxic effects of peptide and protein hormones are very scarce, but based on the available literature it is considered that this group of hormones probably lacks mutagenic activities. The possibility that hormones, as endogenous substances, express mutagenic activities results from the fact that DNA is, regardless of chemical and metabolic stability susceptible, to a certain extent, to changeability compatible with the processes of the biological evolution.

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María I, Dinolfo, Castañares Eliana, and Stenglein Sebastián A. "Fusarium–plant interaction: state of the art – a review." Plant Protection Science 53, No. 2 (February 10, 2017): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/182/2015-pps.

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One of the most important genera able to develop diseases in cereals is Fusarium which not only produces losses by the fungal presence but also mycotoxin production harmful to human and animal consumers. In the environment, plants are continuously threatened by abiotic and biotic stresses. Among the latter, pathogens gained importance mainly due to their ability to affect the plant fitness. To protect against potential attacks, plants have developed strategies in which phytohormones have an essential role. In plant–pathogen interactions, salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonates are the most important, but there are also auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, and peptide hormones involved in plant defence. The interaction between Fusarium species and plants used as models has been developed to allow understanding the plant behaviour against this kind of pathogen with the aim to develop several strategies to decrease the Fusarium disease effects.

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Pierre-Jerome, Edith, Colleen Drapek, and Philip N. Benfey. "Regulation of Division and Differentiation of Plant Stem Cells." Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 34, no. 1 (October 6, 2018): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062459.

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A major challenge in developmental biology is unraveling the precise regulation of plant stem cell maintenance and the transition to a fully differentiated cell. In this review, we highlight major themes coordinating the acquisition of cell identity and subsequent differentiation in plants. Plant cells are immobile and establish position-dependent cell lineages that rely heavily on external cues. Central players are the hormones auxin and cytokinin, which balance cell division and differentiation during organogenesis. Transcription factors and miRNAs, many of which are mobile in plants, establish gene regulatory networks that communicate cell position and fate. Small peptide signaling also provides positional cues as new cell types emerge from stem cell division and progress through differentiation. These pathways recruit similar players for patterning different organs, emphasizing the modular nature of gene regulatory networks. Finally, we speculate on the outstanding questions in the field and discuss how they may be addressed by emerging technologies.

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Chen, Jia, Feng Yu, Ying Liu, Changqing Du, Xiushan Li, Sirui Zhu, Xianchun Wang, et al. "FERONIA interacts with ABI2-type phosphatases to facilitate signaling cross-talk between abscisic acid and RALF peptide in Arabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 37 (August 26, 2016): E5519—E5527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608449113.

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Receptor-like kinase FERONIA (FER) plays a crucial role in plant response to small molecule hormones [e.g., auxin and abscisic acid (ABA)] and peptide signals [e.g., rapid alkalinization factor (RALF)]. It remains unknown how FER integrates these different signaling events in the control of cell growth and stress responses. Under stress conditions, increased levels of ABA will inhibit cell elongation in the roots. In our previous work, we have shown that FER, through activation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GEF1)/4/10-Rho of Plant 11 (ROP11) pathway, enhances the activity of the phosphatase ABA Insensitive 2 (ABI2), a negative regulator of ABA signaling, thereby inhibiting ABA response. In this study, we found that both RALF and ABA activated FER by increasing the phosphorylation level of FER. The FER loss-of-function mutant displayed strong hypersensitivity to both ABA and abiotic stresses such as salt and cold conditions, indicating that FER plays a key role in ABA and stress responses. We further showed that ABI2 directly interacted with and dephosphorylated FER, leading to inhibition of FER activity. Several other ABI2-like phosphatases also function in this pathway, and ABA-dependent FER activation required PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE (PYR)/PYR1-LIKE (PYL)/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS (RCAR)–A-type protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2CA) modules. Furthermore, suppression of RALF1 gene expression, similar to disruption of the FER gene, rendered plants hypersensitive to ABA. These results formulated a mechanism for ABA activation of FER and for cross-talk between ABA and peptide hormone RALF in the control of plant growth and responses to stress signals.

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Taleski, Michael, Nijat Imin, and Michael A. Djordjevic. "CEP peptide hormones: key players in orchestrating nitrogen-demand signalling, root nodulation, and lateral root development." Journal of Experimental Botany 69, no. 8 (March 20, 2018): 1829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery037.

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Parker, Joanne L., Chenghan Li, Allete Brinth, Zhi Wang, Lutz Vogeley, Nicolae Solcan, Gregory Ledderboge-Vucinic, et al. "Proton movement and coupling in the POT family of peptide transporters." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 50 (November 27, 2017): 13182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710727114.

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POT transporters represent an evolutionarily well-conserved family of proton-coupled transport systems in biology. An unusual feature of the family is their ability to couple the transport of chemically diverse ligands to an inwardly directed proton electrochemical gradient. For example, in mammals, fungi, and bacteria they are predominantly peptide transporters, whereas in plants the family has diverged to recognize nitrate, plant defense compounds, and hormones. Although recent structural and biochemical studies have identified conserved sites of proton binding, the mechanism through which transport is coupled to proton movement remains enigmatic. Here we show that different POT transporters operate through distinct proton-coupled mechanisms through changes in the extracellular gate. A high-resolution crystal structure reveals the presence of ordered water molecules within the peptide binding site. Multiscale molecular dynamics simulations confirm proton transport occurs through these waters via Grotthuss shuttling and reveal that proton binding to the extracellular side of the transporter facilitates a reorientation from an inward- to outward-facing state. Together these results demonstrate that within the POT family multiple mechanisms of proton coupling have likely evolved in conjunction with variation of the extracellular gate.

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Klementova, Marta, Lenka Thieme, Martin Haluzik, Renata Pavlovicova, Martin Hill, Terezie Pelikanova, and Hana Kahleova. "A Plant-Based Meal Increases Gastrointestinal Hormones and Satiety More Than an Energy- and Macronutrient-Matched Processed-Meat Meal in T2D, Obese, and Healthy Men: A Three-Group Randomized Crossover Study." Nutrients 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11010157.

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Gastrointestinal hormones are involved in regulation of glucose metabolism and satiety. We tested the acute effect of meal composition on these hormones in three population groups. A randomized crossover design was used to examine the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a processed-meat and cheese (M-meal) and a vegan meal with tofu (V-meal) on gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in men with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 20), obese men (O, n = 20), and healthy men (H, n = 20). Plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), amylin, and peptide YY (PYY) were determined at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. Visual analogue scale was used to assess satiety. We used repeated-measures Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for statistical analysis. Postprandial secretion of GLP-1 increased after the V-meal in T2D (by 30.5%; 95%CI 21.2 to 40.7%; p < 0.001) and H (by 15.8%; 95%CI 8.6 to 23.5%; p = 0.01). Postprandial plasma concentrations of amylin increased in in all groups after the V-meal: by 15.7% in T2D (95%CI 11.8 to 19.6%; p < 0.001); by 11.5% in O (95%CI 7.8 to 15.3%; p = 0.03); and by 13.8% in H (95%CI 8.4 to 19.5%; p < 0.001). An increase in postprandial values of PYY after the V-meal was significant only in H (by 18.9%; 95%CI 7.5 to 31.3%; p = 0.03). Satiety was greater in all participants after the V-meal: by 9% in T2D (95%CI 4.4 to 13.6%; p = 0.004); by 18.7% in O (95%CI 12.8 to 24.6%; p < 0.001); and by 25% in H (95%CI 18.2 to 31.7%; p < 0.001). Our results indicate there is an increase in gut hormones and satiety, following consumption of a single plant-based meal with tofu when compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched processed-meat meat and cheese meal, in healthy, obese and diabetic men.

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Souza, Glaucia Mendes, Ana Carolina Quirino Simoes, Katia Cristina Oliveira, Humberto Miguel Garay, Leonardo Costa Fiorini, Felipe dos Santos Gomes, Milton Yutaka Nishiyama-Junior, and Aline Maria da Silva. "The sugarcane signal transduction (SUCAST) catalogue: prospecting signal transduction in sugarcane." Genetics and Molecular Biology 24, no. 1-4 (December 2001): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572001000100005.

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EST sequencing has enabled the discovery of many new genes in a vast array of organisms, and the utility of this approach to the scientific community is greatly increased by the establishment of fully annotated databases. The present study aimed to identify sugarcane ESTs sequenced in the sugarcane expressed sequence tag (SUCEST) project (<A HREF="http://sucest.lad.ic.unicamp.br/">http://sucest.lad.ic.unicamp.br</A>) that corresponded to signal transduction components. We also produced a sugarcane signal transduction (SUCAST) catalogue (<A HREF="http://sucest.lad.ic.unicamp.br/private/mining-reports/QG/QG-mining.htm">http://sucest.lad.ic.unicamp.br/private/mining-reports/QG/QG-mining.htm</A>) that covered the main categories and pathways. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) encoding enzymes for hormone (gibberellins, ethylene, auxins, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid) biosynthetic pathways were found and tissue specificity was inferred from their relative frequency of occurrence in the different libraries. Whenever possible, transducers of hormones and plant peptide signaling were catalogued to the respective pathway. Over 100 receptors were found in sugarcane, which contains a large family of Ser/Thr kinase receptors and also photoreceptors, histidine kinase receptors and their response regulators. G-protein and small GTPases were analyzed and compared to known members of these families found in mammalian and plant systems. Major kinase and phosphatase pathways were mapped, with special attention being given to the MAP kinase and the inositol pathway, both of which are well known in plants.

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Bligh, H. Frances J., Ian F. Godsland, Gary Frost, Karl J. Hunter, Peter Murray, Katrina MacAulay, Della Hyliands, et al. "Plant-rich mixed meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles have a dramatic impact on incretin, peptide YY and satiety response, but show little effect on glucose and insulin homeostasis: an acute-effects randomised study." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 4 (February 9, 2015): 574–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514004012.

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There is evidence for health benefits from ‘Palaeolithic’ diets; however, there are a few data on the acute effects of rationally designed Palaeolithic-type meals. In the present study, we used Palaeolithic diet principles to construct meals comprising readily available ingredients: fish and a variety of plants, selected to be rich in fibre and phyto-nutrients. We investigated the acute effects of two Palaeolithic-type meals (PAL 1 and PAL 2) and a reference meal based on WHO guidelines (REF), on blood glucose control, gut hormone responses and appetite regulation. Using a randomised cross-over trial design, healthy subjects were given three meals on separate occasions. PAL2 and REF were matched for energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates; PAL1 contained more protein and energy. Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations were measured over a period of 180 min. Satiation was assessed using electronic visual analogue scale (EVAS) scores. GLP-1 and PYY concentrations were significantly increased across 180 min for both PAL1 (P= 0·001 and P< 0·001) and PAL2 (P= 0·011 and P= 0·003) compared with the REF. Concomitant EVAS scores showed increased satiety. By contrast, GIP concentration was significantly suppressed. Positive incremental AUC over 120 min for glucose and insulin did not differ between the meals. Consumption of meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles resulted in significant increases in incretin and anorectic gut hormones and increased perceived satiety. Surprisingly, this was independent of the energy or protein content of the meal and therefore suggests potential benefits for reduced risk of obesity.

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Uchida, Naoyuki, and Masao Tasaka. "Regulation of plant vascular stem cells by endodermis-derived EPFL-family peptide hormones and phloem-expressed ERECTA-family receptor kinases." Journal of Experimental Botany 64, no. 17 (July 23, 2013): 5335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert196.

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Watanabe, Shunsuke, Naoki Takahashi, Yuri Kanno, Hiromi Suzuki, Yuki Aoi, Noriko Takeda-Kamiya, Kiminori Toyooka, et al. "TheArabidopsisNRT1/PTR FAMILY protein NPF7.3/NRT1.5 is an indole-3-butyric acid transporter involved in root gravitropism." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 49 (November 20, 2020): 31500–31509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013305117.

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Active membrane transport of plant hormones and their related compounds is an essential process that determines the distribution of the compounds within plant tissues and, hence, regulates various physiological events. Here, we report that theArabidopsisNITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY 7.3 (NPF7.3) protein functions as a transporter of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), a precursor of the major endogenous auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). When expressed in yeast, NPF7.3 mediated cellular IBA uptake. Loss-of-functionnpf7.3mutants showed defective root gravitropism with reduced IBA levels and auxin responses. Nevertheless, the phenotype was restored by exogenous application of IAA but not by IBA treatment.NPF7.3was expressed in pericycle cells and the root tip region including root cap cells of primary roots where the IBA-to-IAA conversion occurs. Our findings indicate that NPF7.3-mediated IBA uptake into specific cells is required for the generation of appropriate auxin gradients within root tissues.

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Nakaminami, Kentaro, Masanori Okamoto, Mieko Higuchi-Takeuchi, Takeshi Yoshizumi, Yube Yamaguchi, Yoichiro Fukao, Minami Shimizu, et al. "AtPep3 is a hormone-like peptide that plays a role in the salinity stress tolerance of plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 22 (May 14, 2018): 5810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719491115.

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Peptides encoded by small coding genes play an important role in plant development, acting in a similar manner as phytohormones. Few hormone-like peptides, however, have been shown to play a role in abiotic stress tolerance. In the current study, 17 Arabidopsis genes coding for small peptides were found to be up-regulated in response to salinity stress. To identify peptides leading salinity stress tolerance, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing these small coding genes and assessed survivability and root growth under salinity stress conditions. Results indicated that 4 of the 17 overexpressed genes increased salinity stress tolerance. Further studies focused on AtPROPEP3, which was the most highly up-regulated gene under salinity stress. Treatment of plants with synthetic peptides encoded by AtPROPEP3 revealed that a C-terminal peptide fragment (AtPep3) inhibited the salt-induced bleaching of chlorophyll in seedlings. Conversely, knockdown AtPROPEP3 transgenic plants exhibited a hypersensitive phenotype under salinity stress, which was complemented by the AtPep3 peptide. This functional AtPep3 peptide region overlaps with an AtPep3 elicitor peptide that is related to the immune response of plants. Functional analyses with a receptor mutant of AtPep3 revealed that AtPep3 was recognized by the PEPR1 receptor and that it functions to increase salinity stress tolerance in plants. Collectively, these data indicate that AtPep3 plays a significant role in both salinity stress tolerance and immune response in Arabidopsis.

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AXARLI, Irine A., Daniel J. RIGDEN, and Nikolaos E. LABROU. "Characterization of the ligandin site of maize glutathione S-transferase I." Biochemical Journal 382, no. 3 (September 7, 2004): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20040298.

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Cytosolic GSTs (glutathione S-transferases) are a major reserve of high-capacity binding proteins and exhibit ligand-binding properties for a large variety of compounds. In the present study, the binding of two non-substrate anthraquinone dyes VBAR (Vilmafix Blue A-R) and CB3GA (Cibacron Blue 3GA) to maize (Zea mays) GST I was investigated. The results showed that the enzyme was specifically and irreversible inactivated by VBAR with a Kd of 35.5±2.2 μM and a k3 of 0.47 min−1. Proteolytic cleavage of the VBAR-modified enzyme and subsequent separation of peptides gave only one modified peptide. Sequencing of the modified peptide revealed the target site of VBAR reaction to be Lys41. CB3GA binds reversibly to GST I and behaves as a competitive inhibitor towards CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) and glutathione. CB3GA binding to GST I is accompanied by a characteristic spectral change in the absorption at positive maximum (670 nm) which exhibited a hyperbolic dependence on dye concentration with a Kd of 12.1±0.5 μM. Site-directed mutagenesis of selected residues (Trp12, Phe35, Lys41, Asn49, Gln53, Ser67 and Ile118) was employed, and the mutated enzymes were assessed for CB3GA binding. These results, together with molecular-modelling studies, established that the ligandin-binding site of GST I is located mainly in the hydrophobic binding site. The ability of VBAR to specifically inactivate GST I was exploited further to demonstrate the specific binding of several plant hormones and flavonoids to GST I. The inactivation of other GST isoenzymes by VBAR was also investigated, and it was concluded that VBAR may have wide applicability as an affinity label for probing structure–function relationships of GST isoenzymes.

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Lee, Ze Hong, Takeshi Hirakawa, Nobutoshi Yamaguchi, and Toshiro Ito. "The Roles of Plant Hormones and Their Interactions with Regulatory Genes in Determining Meristem Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 16 (August 20, 2019): 4065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164065.

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Plants, unlike animals, have developed a unique system in which they continue to form organs throughout their entire life cycle, even after embryonic development. This is possible because plants possess a small group of pluripotent stem cells in their meristems. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) plays a key role in forming all of the aerial structures of plants, including floral meristems (FMs). The FMs subsequently give rise to the floral organs containing reproductive structures. Studies in the past few decades have revealed the importance of transcription factors and secreted peptides in meristem activity using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent advances in genomic, transcriptomic, imaging, and modeling technologies have allowed us to explore the interplay between transcription factors, secreted peptides, and plant hormones. Two different classes of plant hormones, cytokinins and auxins, and their interaction are particularly important for controlling SAM and FM development. This review focuses on the current issues surrounding the crosstalk between the hormonal and genetic regulatory network during meristem self-renewal and organogenesis.

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Ríos, José-Luis, Isabel Andújar, Guillermo R. Schinella, and Flavio Francini. "Modulation of Diabetes by Natural Products and Medicinal Plants via Incretins." Planta Medica 85, no. 11/12 (May 7, 2019): 825–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0897-7492.

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AbstractIncretins are metabolic hormones released after a meal that increase insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. The two main incretins are the intestinal peptides glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Both induce a decrease in glycemia, slow down the absorption of nutrients, and are inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Recently, incretin-based therapies have become a useful tool to treat diabetic patients, and different studies have focused on the identification of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, including those of natural origin. This review focuses on the new findings of medicinal plants and natural products as possible active agents on the potentiation of incretin receptor signaling. Among these, soluble fiber from species of Plantago and guar gum show promising effects, iridoid derivatives are relevant activators of incretin receptors, and derivatives of cyanidin, especially diglycosylated ones, are an interesting source of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors.

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Muleya, Victor, Claudius Marondedze, Janet I. Wheeler, Ludivine Thomas, Yee-Fong Mok, Michael D. W. Griffin, David T. Manallack, et al. "Phosphorylation of the dimeric cytoplasmic domain of the phytosulfokine receptor, PSKR1." Biochemical Journal 473, no. 19 (September 27, 2016): 3081–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20160593.

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Phytosulfokines (PSKs) are plant peptide hormones that co-regulate plant growth, differentiation and defense responses. PSKs signal through a plasma membrane localized leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (phytosulfokine receptor 1, PSKR1) that also contains a functional cytosolic guanylate cyclase with its cyclase catalytic center embedded within the kinase domain. To functionally characterize this novel type of overlapping dual catalytic function, we investigated the phosphorylation of PSKR1 in vitro. Tandem mass spectrometry of the cytoplasmic domain of PSKR1 (PSKR1cd) revealed at least 11 phosphorylation sites (8 serines, 2 threonines and 1 tyrosine) within the PSKR1cd. Phosphomimetic mutations of three serine residues (Ser686, Ser696 and Ser698) in tandem at the juxta-membrane position resulted in enhanced kinase activity in the on-mutant that was suppressed in the off-mutant, but both mutations reduced guanylate cyclase activity. Both the on and off phosphomimetic mutations of the phosphotyrosine (Tyr888) residue in the activation loop suppressed kinase activity, while neither mutation affected guanylate cyclase activity. Size exclusion and analytical ultracentrifugation analysis of the PSKR1cd suggest that it is reversibly dimeric in solution, which was further confirmed by biflourescence complementation. Taken together, these data suggest that in this novel type of receptor domain architecture, specific phosphorylation and dimerization are possibly essential mechanisms for ligand-mediated catalysis and signaling.

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Tunnicliffe, Jasmine M., and Jane Shearer. "Coffee, glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance: physiological mechanisms and mediators." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 6 (December 2008): 1290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-123.

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Epidemiological studies show coffee consumption to be correlated to large risk reductions in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Such correlations are seen with decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee, and occur regardless of gender, method of brewing, or geography. They also exist despite clear evidence showing that caffeine causes acute postprandial hyperglycemia and lower whole-body insulin sensitivity. As the beneficial effects of coffee consumption exist for both decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee, a component of coffee other than caffeine must be responsible. This review examines the specific coffee compounds responsible for coffee’s effects on T2D, and their potential physiological mechanisms of action. Being plant-derived, coffee contains many beneficial compounds found in fruits and vegetables, including antioxidants. In fact, coffee is the largest source of dietary antioxidants in industrialized nations. When green coffee is roasted at high temperatures, Maillard reactions create a number of unique compounds. Roasting causes a portion of the antioxidant, chlorogenic acid, to be transformed into quinides, compounds known to alter blood glucose levels. Coffee consumption may also mediate levels of gut peptides (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1), hormones intimately involved in the regulation of satiety and insulin secretion. Finally, coffee may have prebiotic-like properties, altering gut flora and ultimately digestion. In summary, it is evident that a better understanding of the role of coffee in the development and prevention of T2D has the potential to uncover novel therapeutic targets and nutraceutical formulations for the disease.

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Chakraborty, Sayan, Brian Nguyen, Syed Danyal Wasti, and Guozhou Xu. "Plant Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase (LRR-RK): Structure, Ligand Perception, and Activation Mechanism." Molecules 24, no. 17 (August 25, 2019): 3081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173081.

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In recent years, secreted peptides have been recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication which governs plant growth, development, environmental interactions, and other mediated biological responses, such as stem cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, wound healing, hormone sensation, immune defense, and symbiosis, among others. Many of the known secreted peptide ligand receptors belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) family of membrane integral receptors, which contain more than 200 members within Arabidopsis making it the largest family of plant receptor kinases (RKs). Genetic and biochemical studies have provided valuable data regarding peptide ligands and LRR-RKs, however, visualization of ligand/LRR-RK complex structures at the atomic level is vital to understand the functions of LRR-RKs and their mediated biological processes. The structures of many plant LRR-RK receptors in complex with corresponding ligands have been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing new mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor kinase activation. In this review, we briefly elaborate the peptide ligands, and aim to detail the structures and mechanisms of LRR-RK activation as induced by secreted peptide ligands within plants.

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Sánchez-Hernández, Silvia, Laëtitia Théron, Pablo Jiménez-Barrios, Manuel Olalla-Herrera, Isidra Recio, and Beatriz Miralles. "Protein Profile and Simulated Digestive Behavior of Breast Milk from Overweight and Normal Weight Mothers." Foods 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2021): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040887.

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Human milk proteins have shown to vary in concentration and distribution through lactation. However, while some regulatory components, such as hormones, have shown associations with regard to the mothers’ body mass index, there is limited information on the possible influence of this condition on the whole protein distribution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein profile of human milk from normal weight and overweight or obese mothers to identify differences in protein expression in colostrum, transitional and mature milk. The mass spectrometry analysis showed the ability to class with a high degree of confidence the lactation state and the milk profile according to the mother’s condition. Individual milk samples were subjected to a digestion in vitro model that takes into account the specificities of the gastrointestinal conditions of full-term newborn infants. The digestion products were compared with available data from the digestive contents in newborns. The behavior of the most abundant proteins and the overall peptide generation and survival, showed good correspondence with in vivo data.

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Boonpa, Krissana, Suparuk Tantong, Kamonwan Weerawanich, Pawinee Panpetch, Onanong Pringsulaka, Sittiruk Roytrakul, and Supaart Sirikantaramas. "In Silico Analyses of Rice Thionin Genes and the Antimicrobial Activity of OsTHION15 Against Phytopathogens." Phytopathology® 109, no. 1 (January 2019): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-17-0217-r.

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Thionins are a family of antimicrobial peptides. We performed in silico expression analyses of the 44 rice (Oryza sativa) thionins (OsTHIONs). Modulated expression levels of OsTHIONs under different treatments suggest their involvement in many processes, including biotic, abiotic, and nutritional stress responses, and in hormone signaling. OsTHION15 (LOC_Os06g32600) was selected for further characterization based on several in silico analyses. OsTHION15 in O. sativa subsp. indica ‘KDML 105’ was expressed in all of the tissues and organs examined, including germinating seed, leaves, and roots of seedlings and mature plants, and inflorescences. To investigate the antimicrobial activity of OsTHION15, we produced a recombinant peptide in Escherichia coli Rosetta-gami (DE3). The recombinant OsTHION15 exhibited inhibitory activities toward rice-pathogenic bacteria such as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Pectobacterium carotovorum pv. atroseptica, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 112.6 and 14.1 µg ml−1, respectively. A significant hyphal growth inhibition was also observed toward Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Helminthosporium oryzae. In addition, we demonstrated the in planta antibacterial activity of this peptide in Nicotiana benthamiana against X. campestris pv. glycines. These activities suggest the possible application of OsTHION15 in plant disease control.

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Reichardt, S., H. P. Piepho, A. Stintzi, and A. Schaller. "Peptide signaling for drought-induced tomato flower drop." Science 367, no. 6485 (March 26, 2020): 1482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5641.

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The premature abscission of flowers and fruits limits crop yield under environmental stress. Drought-induced flower drop in tomato plants was found to be regulated by phytosulfokine (PSK), a peptide hormone previously known for its growth-promoting and immune-modulating activities. PSK formation in response to drought stress depends on phytaspase 2, a subtilisin-like protease of the phytaspase subtype that generates the peptide hormone by aspartate-specific processing of the PSK precursor in the tomato flower pedicel. The mature peptide acts in the abscission zone where it induces expression of cell wall hydrolases that execute the abscission process. Our results provide insight into the molecular control of abscission as regulated by proteolytic processing to generate a small plant peptide hormone.

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Furness, John B., and Jeremy J. Cottrell. "Signalling from the gut lumen." Animal Production Science 57, no. 11 (2017): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17276.

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The lining of the gastrointestinal tract needs to be easily accessible to nutrients and, at the same time, defend against pathogens and chemical challenges. This lining is the largest and most vulnerable surface that faces the outside world. To manage the dual problems of effective nutrient conversion and defence, the gut lining has a sophisticated system for detection of individual chemical entities, pathogenic organisms and their products, and physico-chemical properties of its contents. Detection is through specific receptors that signal to the gut endocrine system, the nervous system, the immune system and local tissue defence systems. These effectors, in turn, modify digestive functions and contribute to tissue defence. Receptors for nutrients include taste receptors for sweet, bitter and savoury, free fatty acid receptors, peptide and phytochemical receptors, that are primarily located on enteroendocrine cells. Hormones released by enteroendocrine cells act locally, through the circulation and via the nervous system, to optimise digestion and mucosal health. Pathogen detection is both through antigen presentation to T-cells and through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of PRRs triggers local tissue defence, for example, by causing release of antimicrobials from Paneth cells. Toxic chemicals, including plant toxins, are sensed and then avoided, expelled or metabolised. It continues to be a major challenge to develop a comprehensive understanding of the integrated responses of the gastrointestinal tract to its luminal contents.

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Brandsma, M., X. Wang, H. Diao, S. E. Kohalmi, A. M. Jevnikar, and S. Ma. "A Proficient Approach to the Production of Therapeutic Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) in Transgenic Plants." Open Biotechnology Journal 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2009): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070700903010057.

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a small peptide hormone with potent insulinotropic activity and represents a promising new therapeutic tool for the treatment of diabetes. Like many other therapeutic peptides, GLP-1 is commonly produced using chemical synthesis methods, but is limited by product quantity and cost. The advent of recombinant DNA technology offers the possibility of producing GLP-1 inexpensively and in vast quantities. In this study, transgenic plants were used as a recombinant expression platform for the production of GLP-1 as a large multimeric protein. A synthetic gene encoding ten sequential tandem repeats of GLP-1 sequence (GLP-1x10) was produced and introduced into tobacco plants. Transcriptional expression of the GLP1x10 gene in transgenic plants was confirmed by RT-PCR. Western blot analysis showed that the GLP-1x10 protein efficiently accumulated in transgenic plants, with an accumulation level as high as 0.15% of total soluble protein in leaves. Importantly, insulin secretion assays using a mouse pancreatic β cell line (MIN6), showed that plant-derived GLP-1 in its synthetic decamer form, retained its ability to stimulate cellular insulin secretion, although with reduced efficacy. These results demonstrate that transgenic plants are an efficient system for the production of a multimerized recombinant GLP-1. Moreover, transgenic plants synthesizing high levels of GLP-1x10 may prove to be an attractive delivery system for direct oral administration of a novel stable GLP-1 analog in the treatment of patients with Type 2 diabetes.

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MATSUBAYASHI, Yoshikatsu. "Exploring peptide hormones in plants: identification of four peptide hormone-receptor pairs and two post-translational modification enzymes." Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 94, no. 2 (2018): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/pjab.94.006.

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Maurya, Sanjeev Kumar, M. Gufran Khan, and Sanjay Kumar Garg. "Systemin: A Wound Responsive Plant Peptide Hormone." Biotech Today : An International Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no. 2 (2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0996.2016.00021.1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant Peptide Hormones'

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