Journal articles: 'Plant physiology – Experiments'

1

Newbury, H. J. "CLASS EXPERIMENTS IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (Book)." Plant, Cell and Environment 8, no. 3 (1985): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11604623.

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Lork, W. "Experiments and appropriate facilities for plant physiology research in space." Acta Astronautica 17, no. 2 (1988): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(88)90037-9.

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Gong, Yongwei, Yan Hao, Junqi Li, et al. "The Effects of Rainfall Runoff Pollutants on Plant Physiology in a Bioretention System Based on Pilot Experiments." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (2019): 6402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226402.

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Bioretention facilities have been widely used in the construction of Sponge City in China, but there have also been doubts about whether road runoff pollutants have adverse effects on plant growth. In response to this problem, this paper explored the effects of bioretention on the removal of pollutants and explored the effects of runoff on plant growth and physiology. The results showed that (1) the average concentration reduction rate and load removal rate of TN and NO3--N were above 70%, the average NH4+-N concentration reduction rate and load removal rate were greater than 90%, and the removal of elemental N was affected by the influent concentration. The removal effect of the four heavy metals was not very great. The average concentration reduction rate and load removal rate of heavy metals were 65.4–95.7% and 85.4–99.4%, respectively. The cumulative load removal rate of various pollutants was above 87.0%. (2) The runoff of high–concentration pollutants had a negative or no significant effects on the net photosynthesis rates (Pn), chlorophyll contents (CC), and electrolyte leakage (EL) of most plants (e.g., Iris tectorum Maxim, Rosa xanthina Lindl, and Ligustrum vicaryi). It had a significantly negative effect on the plant height of shrub plants (e.g., Rosa xanthina Lindl and Ligustrum vicaryi), but had a positive effect on Pn and CC of Iris lactea var. chinensis. (3) The runoff of low–concentration pollutants had a positive or no significant effects on the physiological indexes of herbaceous plants (e.g., Iris tectorum Maxim and Iris lactea var. chinensis), but there were no explicit conclusions regarding the physiological indicators of shrub plants (e.g., Rosa xanthina Lindl and Ligustrum vicaryi). It had no obvious effects on the plant height of these four species of plants.

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Joly, Robert J., and W. R. Woodson. "An Inquiry-based Approach to Teaching Plant Physiology." HortTechnology 10, no. 2 (2000): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.2.277.

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The principles of plant physiology are best learned in an environment where students are directly engaged in the process of scientific inquiry. Working from this assumption, we have developed a two-stage approach to laboratory instruction that fosters student-directed research within an undergraduate plant physiology course. During the first 10 weeks of a 16-week semester, students develop competency in measuring physiological variables by using an array of standard analytical techniques. A core set of 10 laboratory experiments provides structured instruction and teaches the principles of modern physiological analyses. During week 11, students observe a demonstration of a plant response, where the underlying cause of the phenomenon is not evident. Working together in groups of three or four, students hypothesize on the physiological mechanisms that may be involved. After submitting a statement of hypothesis and a plan of study, each group then requests the necessary instrumentation, plant material and greenhouse and/or growth chamber space to conduct their experiments. Results of their experimentation are presented during week 15 in both written and oral formats. The approach appears to help students to integrate and connect learnings from earlier in the semester to solve a defined problem. Further, students learn how to judge the reliability of experimental results and to evaluate whether conclusions drawn are justified by the data.

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Bais, Preeti, Stephanie M. Moon, Kun He, et al. "PlantMetabolomics.org: A Web Portal for Plant Metabolomics Experiments." Plant Physiology 152, no. 4 (2010): 1807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.151027.

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Xu, C., and D. I. Leskovar. "Growth, physiology and yield responses of cabbage to deficit irrigation." Horticultural Science 41, No. 3 (2014): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/208/2013-hortsci.

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Field experiments were conducted in two seasons to investigate growth, physiology and yield responses of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. cvs Pennant and Rio Grande) to deficit irrigation. In 2012 season, 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) irrigation temporarily decreased plant size, reduced leaf area, fresh weight, relative water content, specific leaf area and gas exchange during late development, and decreased head fresh weight, size, marketable and total yield. Deficit irrigation at 75% ETc had little influence on plant growth and physiology, but it still reduced both marketable and total yield. In 2013 season, 75%&nbsp;ETc irrigation had little influence on plant growth, leaf characteristics, photosynthetic rate, head fresh weight and size, but it temporarily increased chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and decreased stomata conductance, transpiration, and marketable yield. Pennant, the green-head cultivar, had higher photosynthetic rate, head fresh weight, marketable and total yield than the red-head cultivar Rio Grande. In both seasons, deficit irrigations did not influence cabbage head dry weight, indicating that most yield reduction under deficit irrigations is related to water content. &nbsp;

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Brodbeck, Brent V., Julieanne Stavisky, Peter C. Andersen, and Joseph E. Funderburk. "Effects of Girdling by the Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper on Host Plant Growth and Physiology." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 435B—435. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.435b.

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The threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistillus festinus (Say), is a major pest to production of a wide variety of crops. Herbivory by this insect is often highly detrimental because of girdling of petioles and shoots. Although girdling by this hopper has been recorded on a variety of hosts, the physiological effects of girdling have been examined primarily on one host (Glycine max). We examined the physiological effects of girdling by four densities of hoppers on Arachis hypogaea (L.) cv. Florarunner. Densities of 0, 2, 4, and 6 hoppers per plant were maintained for a 1-week period on peanuts grown in cages in a greenhouse. Effects of hopper herbivory on growth (shoot elongation and increases in plant dry weight) and whole-plant chemistry (carbon, nitrogen, and amino acid analysis) were determined at the end of the 1-week feeding experiments, and again at 2-week intervals until maturation of plants. Differences in plant growth or chemistry were not apparent at the conclusion of the feeding experiment. However, plants subjected to the highest rates of herbivory showed pronounced deleterious effects 2 to 6 weeks after girdling had occurred. Mean shoot growth was decreased by nearly 40% and plant dry weight was reduced by roughly 20%. Foliar nitrogen concentrations were also significantly reduced; peanuts subjected to high rates of herbivory contained 30% less foliar protein that control plants. This delayed response to girdling appeared to be in part attributed to increased rates of shoot and petiole breakage well after girdling occurs. Girdles became more brittle as shoots matured and hardened with maturity. Effects of girdling may be particularly detrimental to yield, as effects are most pronounced as plants are entering the reproductive stage.

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Takehara, Akinari, Masayuki Sakakibara, Yasushi Sato, and Sakae Sano. "BASIC EXPERIMENTS OF CS UPTAKE CAPABILITY FOR Eleocharis acicularis." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (2015): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.209.

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Soil in the Fukushima area has been polluted with the radioactive contaminants such as Cs by the accident of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in March 2011. Remediation of soil contaminated with radioactive Cs remains one of the most important problems. Phytoremediation is an environmental remediation technique that takes advantage of plant physiology and metabolism to remove radioactive contaminants. Eleocharis acicularis is well known as heavy metal hyperaccumulator aquatic plant and expected as the strong candidate for application to Phytoremediation of polluted water and soil. In this study, a laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate the potential of E.acicularis for Phytoremediation of radioactive Cs contaminated site.The plants were grown hydroponically and placed in solutions containing Cs and K at different concentration (Cs concentration: 5 mg/L, K concentration: 0, 0.2, 2, 5, 50, 100 mg/L) in a period of 21days.In the experimental results, the highest concentration of Cs was 1560 mg/kg-DW in E. acicularis after 21 days. The concentration of Cs in plants decreased with the increasing initial concentration of K in the solution. This results indicate that E. acicularis has the ability to accumulate radioactive Cs from radioactive Cs contaminated soil and water, making it a good candidate species for radioactive Cs Phytoremediation. Keywords : Fukushima, Eleocharis acicularis, phytoremediation, Cs

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Dolganina, F., and A. Dulin. "RESEARCH OF AQUATIC CULTURE OF FAR EASTERN SPECIES OF TREE PLANTS IN SCHOOL EXPERIMENT." EurasianUnionScientists 3, no. 11(80) (2020): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.3.80.1113.

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A number of experiments with aquatic cultures of Far Eastern woody plants have been tested and proposed for use within the framework of specialized training in the classroom of elective courses in biology, laboratory work of ecological and biological centers. Regional material is aimed at developing students' interest in biology, deepening knowledge in the field of plant physiology and ecology.

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Mintāle, Zane, and Māra Vikmane. "Changes of Photosynthesis-Related Parameters and Productivity of Spring Oilseed Rape under Different Nitrogen and Sulphur Fertilizers Supply." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 6, 2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2013vol1.816.

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Fertilization with essential mineral elements is important to get high quality yield results. The lack of necessary mineral elements in soil can affect oilseed rape plant physiological functions, photosynthesis and plant productivity. Oilseed rape plants have high requirements for nitrogen and as oil crop – for sulphur. The aim of the investigation was to explain changes of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in spring oilseed rape leaves and yield changes under nitrogen and sulphur supply. During laboratory experiments changes of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and during field experiments changes of yield parameters under different nitrogen and sulphur supply were observed. Laboratory and field experiments showed that sulphur fertilizer rate 18 kg ha-1 is the most effective sulphur dose for spring oilseed rape, when nitrogen 55 kg ha-1 is added, because its presence has positive effect on photosynthetic reactions. There was found out in laboratory experiments that chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters Fv/Fm and PI can be used to describe sulphur and nitrogen mineral element supply efficacy on spring oilseed rape. There was observed in the field experiment that oilseed rape yield increases significantly (from +0.34 t ha-1 to +0.64 t ha-1) under optimal (S18N55) nutrient supply, but lack of sulphur leads to significant yield losses. To avoid excessive fertilizer usage, its negative impact on plant physiology and yield losses, we consider that sulphur: nitrogen = 1:3 as additional fertilizer is optimal for spring oilseed rape plants.

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Adhikari, Bhawana, Manish Adhikari, and Gyungsoon Park. "The Effects of Plasma on Plant Growth, Development, and Sustainability." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (2020): 6045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176045.

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Cold atmospheric or low pressure plasma has activation effects on seed germination, plant growth and development, and plant sustainability, and prior experimental studies showing these effects are summarized in this review. The accumulated data indicate that the reactive species generated by cold plasma at atmospheric or low pressure may be involved in changing and activating the physical and chemical properties, physiology, and biochemical and molecular processes in plants, which enhances germination, growth, and sustainability. Although laboratory and field experiments are still required, plasma may represent a tool for efficient adaptation to changes in the climate and agricultural environments.

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Frenkel, Martin, Hanna Johansson Jänkänpää, Jon Moen, and Stefan Jansson. "An illustrated gardener's guide to transgenicArabidopsisfield experiments." New Phytologist 180, no. 2 (2008): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02591.x.

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13

Lees, M. J., J. Taylor, P. C. Young, and A. Chotai. "Modelling and Control Design for Open Top Chambers used in Plant Physiology Climate Change Experiments." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 2 (1997): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)44591-5.

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Bertolla, Franck, Åsa Frostegård, Belen Brito, Xavier Nesme, and Pascal Simonet. "During Infection of Its Host, the Plant Pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum Naturally Develops a State of Competence and Exchanges Genetic Material." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, no. 5 (1999): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.5.467.

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In this work we investigated the ability of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum to develop a state of competence in planta and to be genetically transformed during the infection process. Tomato plants infected with R. solanacearum GMI1000 were inoculated with plasmid DNA. R. solanacearum clones expressing the marker gene were selected only during the period of time that bacteria were actively multiplying inside the plant vessels. Moreover, experiments in which R. solanacearum strains harboring different marker genes were co-inoculated into the plant demonstrated that infecting bacterial strains exchange genetic information in planta by a mechanism that is likely to be transformation. To our knowledge, these results constitute the first demonstration of soil microorganisms developing a state of competence in planta. The biotechnological implications of this result will be discussed.

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Leskovar, Daniel I., Chenping Xu, and Shinsuke Agehara. "Planting Configuration and Plasticulture Effects on Growth, Physiology, and Yield of Globe Artichoke." HortScience 48, no. 12 (2013): 1496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.12.1496.

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Globe artichoke is typically grown in Mediterranean and coastal areas. Because of the high profitability as a specialty crop, demand to develop production systems optimized for other semiarid and water-limited regions is rising. Field experiments were conducted over three seasons (2008–09, 2010–11, and 2011–12) in southwest Texas to investigate plant growth, physiology, and yield of artichoke grown as an annual system. Three strategies were evaluated: planting configuration (single and double lines per bed), plasticulture (bare soil and black plastic mulch), and cultivars differing in maturity (‘Imperial Star’, early; ‘Green Globe Improved’, late). Each fall, transplants were established in the field at 2.03 m between rows and 0.90 m between plants (single line) or 4.06 m between rows and 0.90 m between plants (double line). In both cultivars, black plastic mulch enhanced plant growth (leaf number, plant height and width) and increased early yield; however, its effect on total yield and yield components was not consistent. Single line per bed significantly increased head number of jumbo and large size per plant as compared with double line in the 2009 season. Chlorophyll index was unaffected by either planting configuration or plastic mulch. Comparing cultivars, ‘Green Globe Improved’ had lower marketable yield but bigger head size than ‘Imperial Star’ in one and two seasons, respectively. Our results indicate that single line with black plastic mulch can be recommended to improve earliness and water savings as compared with the bare soil system for annual artichoke production.

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Dun, Elizabeth A., Jim Hanan, and Christine A. Beveridge. "Computational Modeling and Molecular Physiology Experiments Reveal New Insights into Shoot Branching in Pea." Plant Cell 21, no. 11 (2009): 3459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.109.069013.

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Schlaeppi, Klaus, and Davide Bulgarelli. "The Plant Microbiome at Work." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 28, no. 3 (2015): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-10-14-0334-fi.

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Plants host distinct microbial communities on and inside their tissues designated the plant microbiota. Microbial community profiling enabled the description of the phylogenetic structure of the plant microbiota to an unprecedented depth, whereas functional insights are largely derived from experiments using individual microorganisms. The binary interplay between isolated members of the plant microbiota and host plants ranges from mutualistic to commensalistic and pathogenic relationships. However, how entire microbial communities capable of executing both growth-promoting and growth-compromising activities interfere with plant fitness remains largely unknown. Ultimately, unravelling the net result of microbial activities encoded in the extended plant genome—the plant microbiome—will be key to understanding and exploiting the full yield potential of a crop plant. In this perspective, we summarize first achievements of plant-microbiome research, we discuss future research directions, and we provide ideas for the translation of basic science to application to capitalize on the plant microbiome at work.

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Holmlund, Helen I., Stephen D. Davis, Frank W. Ewers, et al. "Positive root pressure is critical for whole-plant desiccation recovery in two species of terrestrial resurrection ferns." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 3 (2019): 1139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz472.

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Abstract Desiccation-tolerant (DT) organisms can lose nearly all their water without dying. Desiccation tolerance allows organisms to survive in a nearly completely dehydrated, dormant state. At the cellular level, sugars and proteins stabilize cellular components and protect them from oxidative damage. However, there are few studies of the dynamics and drivers of whole-plant recovery in vascular DT plants. In vascular DT plants, whole-plant desiccation recovery (resurrection) depends not only on cellular rehydration, but also on the recovery of organs with unequal access to water. In this study, in situ natural and artificial irrigation experiments revealed the dynamics of desiccation recovery in two DT fern species. Organ-specific irrigation experiments revealed that the entire plant resurrected when water was supplied to roots, but leaf hydration alone (foliar water uptake) was insufficient to rehydrate the stele and roots. In both species, pressure applied to petioles of excised desiccated fronds resurrected distal leaf tissue, while capillarity alone was insufficient to resurrect distal pinnules. Upon rehydration, sucrose levels in the rhizome and stele dropped dramatically as starch levels rose, consistent with the role of accumulated sucrose as a desiccation protectant. These findings provide insight into traits that facilitate desiccation recovery in dryland ferns associated with chaparral vegetation of southern California.

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Purdie, Rosemary. "Introduction: Charles Darwin's plant biology." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 6 (2009): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09077.

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The year 2009 marks the bicentenary of Charles Darwin’s birth and 150 years since publication of his theory of evolution, the seeds of which were sown while he was Naturalist during the voyage of the Beagle. Darwin’s botanical observations during that five-year long trip and his thousands of experiments with plants after his return to England provided much of the evidence he used to develop and substantiate his theory. Botany became a time-consuming passion that spanned topics as diverse as plant physiology, plant breeding and domestication, pollination biology, plant morphology and ecology. This paper provides an overview of his experimental work on plants, carried out at his home, Down House, using household items as equipment and working with hundreds of different species from across the flowering plant kingdom. Darwin communicated the results of his work in scientific and popular journals and in seven books, the last of which was published when he was 74 years old. In his autobiography, Darwin attributed his success as a scientist to his love of science, unbounded patience, industry in observing and collecting facts, invention, and common sense. Darwin remains an inspiration for the budding scientists of the 21st century.

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Ouzounis, Theoharis, Eva Rosenqvist, and Carl-Otto Ottosen. "Spectral Effects of Artificial Light on Plant Physiology and Secondary Metabolism: A Review." HortScience 50, no. 8 (2015): 1128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.8.1128.

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With the expeditious development of optoelectronics, the light-emitting diode (LED) technology as supplementary light has shown great advancement in protected cultivation. One of the greatest challenges for the LED as alternative light source for greenhouses and closed environments is the diversity of the way experiments are conducted that often makes results difficult to compare. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the impacts of light spectra on plant physiology and on secondary metabolism in relation to greenhouse production. We indicate the possibility of a targeted use of LEDs to shape plants morphologically, increase the amount of protective metabolites to enhance food quality and taste, and potentially trigger defense mechanisms of plants. The outcome shows a direct transfer of knowledge obtained in controlled environments to greenhouses to be difficult, as the natural light will reduce the effects of specific spectra with species or cultivar-specific differences. To use the existing high-efficiency LED units in greenhouses might be both energy saving and beneficial to plants as they contain higher blue light portion than traditional high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, but the design of light modules for closed environment might need to be developed in terms of dynamic light level and spectral composition during the day to secure plants with desired quality with respect to growth, postharvest performance, and specific metabolites.

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Ali, Mohammad, Bosung Kim, Kevin D. Belfield, David Norman, Mary Brennan, and Gul Shad Ali. "Inhibition of Phytophthora parasitica and P. capsici by Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Aqueous Extract of Artemisia absinthium." Phytopathology® 105, no. 9 (2015): 1183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-15-0006-r.

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Application of nanoparticles for controlling plant pathogens is a rapidly emerging area in plant disease management, and nanoparticles synthesis methods that are economical and ecofriendly are extensively investigated. In this project, we investigated the potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with aqueous extract of Artemisia absinthium against several Phytophthora spp., which cause many economically important crop diseases. In in vitro dose-response tests conducted in microtiter plates, 10 µg ml−1 of AgNPs inhibited mycelial growth of P. parasitica, P. infestans, P. palmivora, P. cinnamomi, P. tropicalis, P. capsici, and P. katsurae. Detailed in vitro dose-response analyses conducted with P. parasitica and P. capsici revealed that AgNPs synthesized with A. absinthium extract were highly potent (IC50: 2.1 to 8.3 µg ml−1) and efficacious (100%) in inhibiting mycelial growth, zoospore germination, germ tube elongation, and zoospore production. Interestingly, AgNP treatment accelerated encystment of zoospores. Consistent with in vitro results, in planta experiments conducted in a greenhouse revealed that AgNP treatments prevented Phytophthora infection and improved plant survival. Moreover, AgNP in in planta experiments did not produce any adverse effects on plant growth. These investigations provide a simple and economical method for controlling Phytophthora with AgNP without affecting normal plant physiology.

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LORENZO, José Carlos, Lourdes YABOR, Norma MEDINA, Nicolás QUINTANA, and Vanessa WELLS. "Coefficient of Variation Can Identify the Most Important Effects of Experimental Treatments." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 43, no. 1 (2015): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4319881.

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Most agricultural experiments involve evaluation of multiple variables and at times it can be difficult to identify the biologically relevant effects of the experimental treatments after performing the traditional ANOVA, Tukey and t-tests. The coefficient of variation formula could be an important tool to focus ‘Result and Discussion’ sections only on the most important changes produced by the experimental treatments. This short report is intended to exemplify the use of the coefficient of variation in three plant physiology experiments. The first one dealt with the effects of common bean plantlet exposure to high temperature under controlled conditions (levels: 28 and 40 °C). The second experiment was related to common bean seed exposure to liquid nitrogen during five different periods of time (levels: 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days). The third experiment was bi-factorial: factor 1 was the ‘type of plant material’ (levels: pineapple plants genetically transformed and the untransformed control); and factor 2 was the ‘time of in vitro-plantlet hardening’ (levels: 0, 15 and 30 days). Contents of phenolics, aldehydes, chlorophylls and proteins were determined. Percentage of seed germination, electrolyte leakage, peroxidase activity, plant height and weight were also measured. Experiments were monofactorial with two levels, monofactorial with five levels and bifactorial, respectively, with randomized design. The coefficient of variation showed that the most remarkable effects of high temperature were recorded in free phenolics and chlorophylls (a, b, total). Electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll b concentration were the most modified indicators as a result of seed exposure to liquid nitrogen. In the third experiment, modification in the levels of malondialdehyde and other aldehydes were the most relevant changes resulting from factors interactions. A similar procedure has not been published, except for our previous publications, not focused on the use of the coefficient of variation, just on the biological results.

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Duursma, R. A., and B. E. Medlyn. "MAESPA: a model to study interactions between water limitation, environmental drivers and vegetation function at tree and stand levels, with an example application to [CO2] × drought interactions." Geoscientific Model Development 5, no. 4 (2012): 919–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-919-2012.

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Abstract. Process-based models (PBMs) of vegetation function can be used to interpret and integrate experimental results. Water limitation to plant carbon uptake is a highly uncertain process in the context of environmental change, and many experiments have been carried out that study drought limitations to vegetation function at spatial scales from seedlings to entire canopies. What is lacking in the synthesis of these experiments is a quantitative tool incorporating a detailed mechanistic representation of the water balance that can be used to integrate and analyse experimental results at scales of both the whole-plant and the forest canopy. To fill this gap, we developed an individual tree-based model (MAESPA), largely based on combining the well-known MAESTRA and SPA ecosystem models. The model includes a hydraulically-based model of stomatal conductance, root water uptake routines, drainage, infiltration, runoff and canopy interception, as well as detailed radiation interception and leaf physiology routines from the MAESTRA model. The model can be applied both to single plants of arbitrary size and shape, as well as stands of trees. The utility of this model is demonstrated by studying the interaction between elevated [CO2] (eCa) and drought. Based on theory, this interaction is generally expected to be positive, so that plants growing in eCa should be less susceptible to drought. Experimental results, however, are varied. We apply the model to a previously published experiment on droughted cherry, and show that changes in plant parameters due to long-term growth at eCa (acclimation) may strongly affect the outcome of Ca × drought experiments. We discuss potential applications of MAESPA and some of the key uncertainties in process representation.

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Duursma, R. A., and B. E. Medlyn. "MAESPA: a model to study interactions between water limitation, environmental drivers and vegetation function at tree and stand levels, with an example application to [CO2] × drought interactions." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 5, no. 1 (2012): 459–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-5-459-2012.

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Abstract. Process-based models (PBMs) of vegetation function can be used to interpret and integrate experimental results. Water limitation to plant carbon uptake is a highly uncertain process in the context of environmental change, and many experiments have been carried out that study drought limitations to vegetation function at spatial scales from seedlings to entire canopies. What is lacking in the synthesis of these experiments is a quantitative tool that can be used to integrate and analyse experimental results at scales of both the whole-plant and the forest canopy, and that includes a detailed mechanistic representation of the water balance. To fill this gap, we developed an individual tree-based model (MAESPA), largely based on combining the well-known MAESTRA and SPA ecosystem models. The model includes a hydraulically-based model of stomatal conductance, root water uptake routines, drainage, infiltration, runoff and canopy interception, as well as detailed radiation interception and leaf physiology routines from the MAESTRA model. The model can be applied both to single plants of arbitrary size and shape, as well as stands of trees. The utility of this model is demonstrated by studying the interaction between elevated [CO2] (eCa) and drought. Based on theory, this interaction is generally expected to be positive, so that plants growing in eCa should be less susceptible to drought. Experimental results, however, are varied. We apply the model to a previously published experiment on droughted cherry, and show that changes in plant parameters due to long-term growth at eCa (acclimation) may strongly affect the outcome of Ca × drought experiments. We discuss potential applications of MAESPA and some of the key uncertainties in process representation.

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Myers, Marcella J., and Ann B. Burgess. "INQUIRY-BASED LABORATORY COURSE IMPROVES STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO DESIGN EXPERIMENTS AND INTERPRET DATA." Advances in Physiology Education 27, no. 1 (2003): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00028.2002.

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We redesigned our intermediate-level organismal physiology laboratory course to center on student-designed experiments in plant and human physiology. Our primary goals were to improve the ability of students to design experiments and analyze data. We assessed these abilities at the beginning and end of the semester by giving students an evaluation tool consisting of an experimental scenario, data, and four questions of increasing complexity. To control for nontreatment influences, the improvement scores (final minus initial score for each question) of students taking both the laboratory and the companion lecture course were compared with those of students taking the lecture course only. The laboratory + lecture group improved more than the lecture-only group for the most challenging question. This evidence suggests that our inquiry-based curriculum is achieving its primary goals. The evaluation tool that we developed may be useful to others interested in measuring experimental analysis abilities in their students.

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Schneider, Julia Renata, Mariele Müller, Vilson Antonio Klein, et al. "Soybean Plant Metabolism under Water Deficit and Xenobiotic and Antioxidant Agent Application." Biology 9, no. 9 (2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9090266.

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The aim was to evaluate the interactive effects on biochemistry and physiology of soybean plants exposed to simultaneous xenobiotic and water deficit stresses, and the possible attenuation of plant damage by an antioxidant agent. Soybean plants were submitted to eight different soil water potentials, in two experiments (first experiment: −0.96, −0.38, −0.07, −0.02 MPa, and second experiment: −3.09, −1.38, −0.69, −0.14 MPa), xenobiotic, and antioxidant agent applications. Was observed a reduction in water status, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, photosystem II quantum yield, and increased leaf temperature in plants under low water availability. Water deficit also induced oxidative stress by the increased production of reactive oxygen species, cellular and molecular damage, and induction of the antioxidant defense metabolism, reduction of gas exchange, water status, and photosynthetic efficiency. The xenobiotic application also caused changes, with deleterious effects more pronounced in low soil water availability, mainly the reactive oxygen species production, consequently the antioxidant activity, and the oxidative damages. This indicates different responses to the combination of stresses. Antioxidant enzyme activity was reduced by the application of the antioxidant agent. Principal Component Analysis showed a relation with the antioxidant agent and reactive oxygen species, which is probably due to signaling function, and with defense antioxidant system, mainly glutathione, represented by thiols.

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SIMS, A. P., B. F. FOLKES, A. P. CAVILL, and K. R. PARSLEY. "A new method for measuring 13carbon abundance in tracer experiments." Plant, Cell and Environment 13, no. 8 (1990): 857–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1990.tb01104.x.

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Wagenmakers, A. J., N. J. Rehrer, F. Brouns, W. H. Saris, and D. Halliday. "Breath 13CO2 background enrichment during exercise: diet-related differences between Europe and America." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 5 (1993): 2353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.5.2353.

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A traditional North American diet contains a high percentage of carbohydrates (CHO) derived from C4 plants (maize, sugar cane), whereas a European diet contains primarily CHO derived from C3 plants (potato, sugar beet). The natural 13C enrichment of the first type of CHO is higher than that of the latter type. 13CO2 production from orally ingested C4 plant-derived CHO can, therefore, be used to quantify oxidation rates of orally ingested CHO at rest and during exercise. Recently it has been shown that oxidation rates assessed this way in North Americans should be corrected for an increase in breath background 13CO2 during exercise. We hypothesized that the indicated difference in metabolic origin of CHO would imply that no such correction is required for subjects on a European diet. We therefore studied changes from rest in breath 13CO2 enrichment in Dutch volunteers during cycle ergometry at 65% maximal work load (experiment 1, 2h, 6 subjects) and 70% maximal oxygen uptake (experiment 2, 90 min, 8 subjects) while ingesting water (experiments 1 and 2) and potato starch-derived glucose (experiment 2). Experiment 1 was done before and after careful instruction of the subjects to refrain from nutrient sources potentially containing CHO of C4 metabolic origin. No significant changes from rest 13CO2 enrichment were observed in tests with water and potato-derived glucose ingestion in subjects who excluded CHO of C4 metabolic origin from their diet.

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Taylor, James, Peter Young, Arun Chotai, and Andy Mcleod. "Modelling and Control Design for Free Air CO2 Enrichment Systems Used in Plant Physiology Atmospheric Change Experiments." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 26 (1997): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)41277-8.

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Sevilla, Myrna, Robert H. Burris, Nirmala Gunapala, and Christina Kennedy. "Comparison of Benefit to Sugarcane Plant Growth and 15N2 Incorporation Following Inoculation of Sterile Plants with Acetobacter diazotrophicus Wild-Type and Nif¯ Mutant Strains." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 3 (2001): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.3.358.

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The ability of the nitrogen-fixing bacterial endophyte Acetobacter diazotrophicus strain PAl5 to enhance the growth of sugarcane SP70-1143 was evaluated in the growth chamber, greenhouse, and field by comparing plants inoculated with wild-type and Nif¯ mutant MAd3A in two independent experiments. The wild-type and Nif¯ mutant strains colonized sugarcane plants equally and persisted in mature plants. In N-deficient conditions, sugarcane plants inoculated with A. diazotrophicus PAl5 generally grew better and had a higher total N content 60 days after planting than did plants inoculated with mutant MAd3A or uninoculated plants. These results indicate that the transfer of fixed N from A. diazotrophicus to sugarcane might be a significant mechanism for plant growth promotion in this association. When N was not limiting, growth enhancement was observed in plants inoculated with either wild-type or Nif¯ mutants, suggesting the additional effect of a plant growth promoting factor provided by A. diazotrophicus. A 15N2 incorporation experiment demonstrated that A. diazotrophicus wild-type strains actively fixed N2 inside sugarcane plants, whereas the Nif¯ mutants did not.

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Lin, Lin, Wu, and Chang. "Biostimulation of Maize (Zea mays) and Irrigation Management Improved Crop Growth and Water Use under Controlled Environment." Agronomy 9, no. 9 (2019): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090559.

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Water deficits during the growing season are a major factor limiting crop production. Therefore, reducing water use during crop production by the application of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is crucially important in water resources. There are few reports on the biostimulants used for growth and water use efficiency (WUE) in maize (Zea mays Linn.) under RDI. Therefore, the influence of betaine and chitin treatments, alone and in combination, on maize cultivar ‘White Pearl’ was assessed by observing changes in the physiology and morphology of plants exposed to RDI. Plants were grown in plastic pots in greenhouses and maintained under full irrigation (FI) for 1 week until imposing RDI and biostimulants. Plants were then subjected to FI (no water deficiency treatment, field capacity >70%) and RDI (field capacity <50%) conditions until the end of each experiment. Plant agronomic performance, photosynthesis parameters, and WUE values were recorded weekly for 8 weeks and three individual experiments were carried out to assess the efficacy of biostimulants and irrigation treatments. Betaine (0, 50, and 100 mM/plant) was foliage-treated every 2 weeks during Experiment 1, but chitin (0, 2, and 4 g/kg) was applied to the soil at the beginning of Experiment 2. The optimal concentration of each chemical alone or in combination was then applied to the plants as Experiment 3. A factorial experiment design of two factors with different levels under a completely randomized arrangement was used in this investigation. Betaine (50 mM) or chitin (2 g/kg) treatments alone significantly elevated total fresh weight (63.03 or 124.07 g/plant), dry weight (18.00 or 22.34 g/plant), and cob weight (3.15 or 6.04 g/plant) and boosted the water-stress tolerance of the maize under RDI compared to controls. However, a combination treatment of 50 mM betaine and 2 g/kg chitin did not increase plant height, fresh shoot and root weights, dry cob weight, and total dry weight under RDI compared to controls. Soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values (>30) were effective in detecting plant growth performance and WUE values under RDI. These findings may have greater significance for farming in dry lands and offer information for further physiological studies on maize WUE and water stress tolerance

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Veenendaal, Elmar M., Mireia Torello‐Raventos, Heloisa S. Miranda, et al. "Fire regimes, fire experiments and alternative stable states in mesic savannas." New Phytologist 231, no. 1 (2021): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.17331.

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Ogle, Kiona, Yao Liu, Sara Vicca, and Michael Bahn. "A hierarchical, multivariate meta‐analysis approach to synthesising global change experiments." New Phytologist 231, no. 6 (2021): 2382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.17562.

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Vargas, Ana I., Bruce Schaffer, Li Yuhong, and Leonel da Silveira Lobo Sternberg. "Testing plant use of mobile vs immobile soil water sources using stable isotope experiments." New Phytologist 215, no. 2 (2017): 582–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14616.

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Patterson, Adair, Lluvia Flores-Rentería, Amy Whipple, Thomas Whitham, and Catherine Gehring. "Common garden experiments disentangle plant genetic and environmental contributions to ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure." New Phytologist 221, no. 1 (2018): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15352.

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Follman, Tyler J., Aleix Valls, Katherine C. Kral-O’Brien, and Jason P. Harmon. "Mechanical stimulation from plant contact and wind negatively impact pea aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) indirectly through host plants." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 6 (2019): 768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.56.

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AbstractGlobal change research has shown how altering factors like temperature and precipitation can impact insect ecology. However, despite global changes in wind patterns, the effects of altering wind have been relatively unexplored, and even less is understood about indirect effects on insects. To better understand indirect effects of wind on pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris); Hemiptera: Aphididae), we performed two experiments using different techniques for simulating mechanical stimulation effects from wind. First, we used either a brush or leaf to simulate plant-to-plant contact caused by wind. Then we tested the indirect effects of wind by distinguishing between wind and wind plus plant contact produced by adjacent plants. In the first experiment, aphid fecundity was reduced on plants with the leaf-to-plant treatment compared to the control. In the second experiment, wind treatments reduced pea aphid fecundity, but wind did not interact with plant density. Our results further the idea that altering wind patterns can influence plant–insect interactions. We also show that more research is necessary to disentangle how and why wind indirectly influences herbivores. Future research should focus on how pea aphid responses to wind change due to the methodology of wind exposure and interactions with additional biotic and abiotic factors.

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NORBY, R. J., S. D. WULLSCHLEGER, C. A. GUNDERSON, D. W. JOHNSON, and R. CEULEMANS. "Tree responses to rising CO2in field experiments: implications for the future forest." Plant, Cell and Environment 22, no. 6 (1999): 683–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00391.x.

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Smith, Alistair M. S., Aaron M. Sparks, Crystal A. Kolden, et al. "Towards a new paradigm in fire severity research using dose–response experiments." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 2 (2016): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15130.

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Most landscape-scale fire severity research relies on correlations between field measures of fire effects and relatively simple spectral reflectance indices that are not direct measures of heat output or changes in plant physiology. Although many authors have highlighted limitations of this approach and called for improved assessments of severity, others have suggested that the operational utility of such a simple approach makes it acceptable. An alternative pathway to evaluate fire severity that bridges fire combustion dynamics and ecophysiology via dose–response experiments is presented. We provide an illustrative example from a controlled nursery combustion laboratory experiment. In this example, severity is defined through changes in the ability of the plant to assimilate carbon at the leaf level. We also explore changes in the Differenced Normalised Differenced Vegetation Index (dNDVI) and the Differenced Normalised Burn Ratio (dNBR) as intermediate spectral indices. We demonstrate the potential of this methodology and propose dose–response metrics for quantifying severity in terms of carbon cycle processes.

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Cui, Lili, Chuanling Zhang, Zhichao Li, et al. "Two plastidic glycolate/glycerate translocator 1 isoforms function together to transport photorespiratory glycolate and glycerate in rice chloroplasts." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 7 (2021): 2584–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab020.

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Abstract The photorespiratory pathway is highly compartmentalized. As such, metabolite shuttles between organelles are critical to ensure efficient photorespiratory carbon flux. Arabidopsis plastidic glycolate/glycerate translocator 1 (PLGG1) has been reported as a key chloroplastic glycolate/glycerate transporter. Two homologous genes, OsPLGG1a and OsPLGG1b, have been identified in the rice genome, although their distinct functions and relationships remain unknown. Herein, our analysis of exogenous expression in oocytes and yeast shows that both OsPLGG1a and OsPLGG1b have the ability to transport glycolate and glycerate. Furthermore, we demonstrate in planta that the perturbation of OsPLGG1a or OsPLGG1b expression leads to extensive accumulation of photorespiratory metabolites, especially glycolate and glycerate. Under ambient CO2 conditions, loss-of-function osplgg1a or osplgg1b mutant plants exhibited significant decreases in photosynthesis efficiency, starch accumulation, plant height, and crop productivity. These morphological defects were almost entirely recovered when the mutant plants were grown under elevated CO2 conditions. In contrast to osplgg1a, osplgg1b mutant alleles produced a mild photorespiratory phenotype and had reduced accumulation of photorespiratory metabolites. Subcellular localization analysis showed that OsPLGG1a and OsPLGG1b are located in the inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope, respectively. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that OsPLGG1a and OsPLGG1b have a direct interaction. Our results indicate that both OsPLGG1a and OsPLGG1b are chloroplastic glycolate/glycerate transporters required for photorespiratory metabolism and plant growth, and that they may function as a singular complex.

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Jordan, M.-O., and R. Habib. "Mobilizable carbon reserves in young peach trees as evidenced by trunk girdling experiments." Journal of Experimental Botany 47, no. 1 (1996): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/47.1.79.

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Potvin, Catherine. "Effect of Leaf Detachment on Chlorophyll Fluorescence during Chilling Experiments." Plant Physiology 78, no. 4 (1985): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.78.4.883.

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Pearce, Stephen, Lindsay M. Shaw, Huiqiong Lin, Jennifer D. Cotter, Chengxia Li, and Jorge Dubcovsky. "Night-Break Experiments Shed Light on the Photoperiod1-Mediated Flowering." Plant Physiology 174, no. 2 (2017): 1139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.00361.

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Alvarenga, Danillo O., Maione W. Franco, Kaarina Sivonen, Marli F. Fiore, and Alessandro M. Varani. "Evaluating Eucalyptus leaf colonization by Brasilonema octagenarum (Cyanobacteria, Scytonemataceae) using in planta experiments and genomics." PeerJ 8 (May 27, 2020): e9158. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9158.

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Background Brasilonema is a cyanobacterial genus found on the surface of mineral substrates and plants such as bromeliads, orchids and eucalyptus. B. octagenarum stands out among cyanobacteria due to causing damage to the leaves of its host in an interaction not yet observed in other cyanobacteria. Previous studies revealed that B. octagenaum UFV-E1 is capable of leading eucalyptus leaves to suffer internal tissue damage and necrosis by unknown mechanisms. This work aimed to investigate the effects of B. octagenarum UFV-E1 inoculation on Eucalyptus urograndis and to uncover molecular mechanisms potentially involved in leaf damage by these cyanobacteria using a comparative genomics approach. Results Leaves from E. urograndis saplings were exposed for 30 days to B. octagenarum UFV-E1, which was followed by the characterization of its genome and its comparison with the genomes of four other Brasilonema strains isolated from phyllosphere and the surface of mineral substrates. While UFV-E1 inoculation caused an increase in root and stem dry mass of the host plants, the sites colonized by cyanobacteria on leaves presented a significant decrease in pigmentation, showing that the cyanobacterial mats have an effect on leaf cell structure. Genomic analyses revealed that all evaluated Brasilonema genomes harbored genes encoding molecules possibly involved in plant-pathogen interactions, such as hydrolases targeting plant cell walls and proteins similar to known virulence factors from plant pathogens. However, sequences related to the type III secretory system and effectors were not detected, suggesting that, even if any virulence factors could be expressed in contact with their hosts, they would not have the structural means to actively reach plant cytoplasm. Conclusions Leaf damage by this species is likely related to the blockage of access to sunlight by the efficient growth of cyanobacterial mats on the phyllosphere, which may hinder the photosynthetic machinery and prevent access to some essential molecules. These results reveal that the presence of cyanobacteria on leaf surfaces is not as universally beneficial as previously thought, since they may not merely provide the products of nitrogen fixation to their hosts in exchange for physical support, but in some cases also hinder regular leaf physiology leading to tissue damage.

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Koutroubas, Spyridon D., and Christos A. Damalas. "Physiology and Yield of Confection Sunflower under Different Application Schemes of Mepiquat Chloride." Agriculture 10, no. 1 (2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10010015.

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The use of plant growth regulator mepiquat chloride (MPC) has been a widespread practice for the control of vegetative growth in cotton production for several decades. As a growth retardant, MPC could potentially provide a means of controlling plant height in field sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), but this possibility has not been studied. Field experiments over two years were conducted in northern Greece to study the influence of MPC at rates of 37.5 plus 37.5 g ha−1 (named double application) and 37.5 plus 37.5 plus 37.5 g ha−1 (named triple application) on sunflower growth and yield. MPC provided a height reduction of 9.5% (25 cm) with the double application and a height reduction of 14.4% (49.2 cm) with the triple application at maturity. The number of nodes was also reduced, indicating shorter plants, whereas stem width did not show a consistent response. Moreover, MPC resulted in increased crop growth rate with the triple application scheme. MPC reduced nitrogen utilization efficiency in both growing seasons. However, a reduction in achene yield per plant by 19.9% was observed with the triple application scheme. The achene yield reduction resulted by the reduction in the 100-achene weight (22.3%), given that the number of filled achenes was similar to control. None of the application schemes reduced seed nitrogen and oil content. The results from testing application schemes could be a basis for further research on the use of MPC in this crop, e.g., different timing of applications could be tested for benefits to height reduction.

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De Chadarevian, Soraya. "Laboratory science versus country-house experiments. The controversy between Julius Sachs and Charles Darwin." British Journal for the History of Science 29, no. 1 (1996): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400033847.

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In 1880, Charles Darwin publishedThe Power of Movement in Plants, a heavy volume of nearly six hundred pages in which he presented the results of many years of experiments conducted with his son Francis on the reaction of plants to the influence of light and gravity. His results contradicted the observations and explanations of the same phenomena offered by the German plant physiologist Julius Sachs in his influentialLehrbuch der Botanik(1868, English translation 1875). Darwin wished rather to ‘convert him than any other half-dozen botanies put together’. Sachs, however, regarded Darwin's work with contempt. Taking up the topic in hisVorlesungen über Pflanzenphysiologiein 1882 and taking issue especially with Darwin's experiments on the movement of root radicles in reaction to gravity, he remarked sharply: In such experiments with roots not only is great precaution necessary, but also the experience of years and extensive knowledge of vegetable physiology, to avoid falling into errors, as did Charles Darwin and his son Francis, who, on the basis of experiments which were unskilfully made and improperly explained, came to the conclusion, as wonderful as it was sensational, that the growing point of the root, like the brain of an animal, dominates the various movements in the root.

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Wilhelm, NS, RD Graham, and AD Rovira. "Application of different sources of manganese sulfate decreases take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) of wheat grown in a manganese deficient soi." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 1 (1988): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880001.

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Two experiments tested the effectiveness of manganese (Mn) decreasing take-all of wheat. The first experiment was conducted under controlled environmental conditions. Mn sulfate was mixed through the soil at sowing or 2 weeks before, or applied to the seed or leaves, and manganese dioxide (MnO2) was mixed through the soil at sowing or 2 weeks before. Mixing manganese sulfate (MnSO4) through the soil was the most effective treatment at decreasing take-all, followed by seed applied Mn. MnO2 and foliar applied Mn had little effect on take-all. All Mn treatments, except foliar Mn, completely eliminated Mn deficiency in the plants. In the second experiment, which was conducted in the field at a Mn deficient site, Mn sulfate and MnO2 were applied to the soil at sowing. MnSO4 decreased take-all and increased grain yields in take-all inoculated plots nearly threefold, but increased yields only slightly in uninoculated plots. MnO2 was not effective in decreasing take-all or increasing grain yield. This is the first report of take-all infection being suppressed by MnSO4in the field. The results of these experiments support the hypothesis that Mn may be acting through the physiology of the wheat plant to decrease take-all.

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De Swaef, Tom, Gianni Bellocchi, Jonas Aper, Peter Lootens, and Isabel Roldán-Ruiz. "Use of identifiability analysis in designing phenotyping experiments for modelling forage production and quality." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 9 (2019): 2587–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz049.

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McDowell, Nate G., Michael G. Ryan, Melanie J. B. Zeppel, and David T. Tissue. "Feature: Improving our knowledge of drought-induced forest mortality through experiments, observations, and modeling." New Phytologist 200, no. 2 (2013): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12502.

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Sedbrook, John C., and Timothy P. Durrett. "Pennycress, carbon wise: labeling experiments reveal how pennycress seeds efficiently incorporate carbon into biomass." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 10 (2020): 2842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa136.

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This article comments on: Tsogtbaatar E, Cocuron J-C, Alonso AP. 2020. Non-conventional pathways enable pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) embryos to achieve high biosynthetic efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 3037–3051.

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DAUDET, F. A., and J. P. CLAUSTRES. "Continuous monitoring of gas exchange in open-top chambers in pollution experiments: methodological aspects." New Phytologist 130, no. 1 (1995): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb01817.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant physiology – Experiments'

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