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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plant protection (pests, diseases and weeds)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Morton, J. D. "The effect on protein synthesis in barley of infection with P. hordei." Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1950.

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Infection of barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves with the rust fungus, Puccinia hordei, causes changes in the host protein synthesis. This thesis analyses these changes in the barley cultivar Triumph following inoculation of 7-day-old leaves with either a virulent or an avirulent race of P. hordei. The initial approach was to isolate membrane-bound polysomes from infected leaves, translate them in vitro and analyse the translation products. These products include the integral membrane proteins which were expected to be involved in the response of the host to the pathogen. A method based on differ

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2

Whelan, Helen G. "The effect of crop yield potential on disease yield loss relationships in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Lincoln University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1980.

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Proportional loss models commonly used in disease surveys are based on the assumption that per cent yield loss is the same in all crops, regardless of their yield potential. Estimates of regional crop loss may be inaccurate if the relationship between disease and yield loss is affected by crop yield potential. The importance of crop yield potential in disease: yield loss modelling was investigated and models for more accurate regional crop loss estimates were developed, taking crop yield potential into account. Two spring sown barley (cv. Triumph) experiments were conducted in 1987/88 and 198

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3

Dickson, Ross L. "The effect of water stress, nitrogen and gibberellic acid on the phytotoxicity of post-emergent herbicides to Avena spp." Lincoln University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1283.

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A series of experiments was carried out on cultivated oat (Avena sativa L. cv Amuri) to examine the efficacies of fluazifop-butyl and glyphosate against water stressed plants, plants grown in low and high nitrogen and plants treated with gibberellic acid (GA₃). Avena sativa L. was used as a test plant and on completion of the experiments, further studies were carried out on the weed species wild oat (Avena fatua L.). In the laboratory, plants maintained at wilting point for five days before and nine days after spraying and treated with fluazifop-butyl (0.5 kg a.i./ha) appeared healthy 32 days

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4

Balasubramaniam, Rengasamy. "The effects of foliar diseases and irrigation on root development, yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1514.

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Studies were conducted on three field trials of wheat cv. Kopara to investigate the lack of compensation by later determined components of yield because of early disease constraints. The investigation was based on the hypothesis that early disease reduces root development and thus causes the plants to be water constrained at later growth stages when soil water deficits usually occur. The reduced root development and soil water deficits may reduce the ability of the plant to compensate for reductions in early determined components. The hypothesis was tested by the application of irrigation to a

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5

Webber, J. D. "Phenology of hazelnut big bud mites in Canterbury and implications for management." Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/342.

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Eriophyoid big bud mites are key pests of hazelnuts throughout the world, although little is known of the identity and impact of the species on New Zealand hazelnut crops. The key objectives of this study were to determine the species of mite present on New Zealand crops, explore a method of monitoring mite emergence from overwintering big buds, determine the phenology of mites in relation to tree phenology and weather, and identify the optimum timing for control measures. The presence of both Phytoptus avellanae (Nalepa 1889) (Acari: Phytoptidae) and Cecidophyopsis vermiformis (Nalepa 1889) (

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6

Kean, J. M. "Metapopulation theory in practice." Lincoln University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1372.

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A metapopulation is defined as a set of potential local populations among which dispersal may occur. Metapopulation theory has grown rapidly in recent years, but much has focused on the mathematical properties of metapopulations rather than their relevance to real systems. Indeed, barring some notable exceptions, metapopulation theory remains largely untested in the field. This thesis investigates the importance of metapopulation structure in the ‘real world’, firstly by building additional realism into metapopulation models, and secondly through a 3-year field study of a real metapopulation s

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7

Merfield, C. N. "Predator interactions within a trophic level : Phalangium opilio L. (Arachnida: Opiliones) and mites (Arachnida: Acari)." Diss., Lincoln University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/21.

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This study investigated commensal feeding interactions between the European harvestman (P. opilio L.) and the predatory mites Balaustium spp. and Anystis baccarum L. It also investigated the feeding behaviour of P. opilio. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory using standardised temperature, humidity, photoperiod and experimental arenas, with eggs of the brown blowfly (Calliphora stygia F.) as prey facsimiles. Due to initial difficulties in obtaining enough predatory mites, mite feeding was manually simulated piercing blowfly eggs with a minuten pin. P. opilio consumed significantly mor

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8

Leathwick, D. M. "Applied ecology of the Tasmanian lacewing Micromus tasmaniae Walker (Neuroptera : Hemerodiidae)." Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1044.

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The Tasmanian lacewing (Micromus tasmaniae Walker) is one of the most common aphid predators occurring in lucerne crops in New Zealand. A comparison of sampling techniques, and the output from a simulation model, suggest that the abundance of this lacewing may have been significantly underestimated in the past. Although the occurrence of aphid predators was erratic M. tasmaniae occurred more often and in far greater numbers (up to 100 m⁻²) than any other predator species. A simulation model for lacewing development in the field indicated that the large adult populations which occurred could be

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9

Bithell, S. L. "An evaluation of Solanum nigrum and S. physalifolium biology and management strategies to reduce nightshade fruit contamination of process pea crops." Lincoln University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1160.

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The contamination of process pea (Pisum sativum L.) crops by the immature fruit of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) and hairy nightshade (S. physalifolium Rusby var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter.) Edmonds) causes income losses to pea farmers in Canterbury, New Zealand. This thesis investigates the questions of whether seed dormancy, germination requirements, plant growth, reproductive phenology, or fruit growth of either nightshade species reveal specific management practices that could reduce the contamination of process peas by the fruit of these two weeds. The seed dormancy status of these we

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10

Simeonidis, Andrew. "Development of a mass rearing technique for the Tasmanian brown lacewing, Micromus tasmaniae Walker." Lincoln University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1302.

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Aphids are one of the most important insect pests of greenhouse crops yet to be controlled by biological means. Broad spectrum chemical control is becoming increasingly difficult to use in integrated pest management programmes, therefore, there is a need for a suitable biocontrol agent to be mass reared and released. The Tasmanian brown lacewing, Micromus tasmaniae Walker is an aphid predator that is found commonly throughout Australasia and has suitable characteristics that make it a candidate for mass rearing. A technique for rearing M. tasmaniae was developed. Eggs of M. tasmaniae were rear

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11

Chng, Soon Fang. "Microbial factors associated with the natural suppression of take-all in wheat in New Zealand : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand /." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/863.

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Take-all, caused by the soilborne fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), is an important root disease of wheat that can be reduced by take-all decline (TAD) in successive wheat crops, due to general and/or specific suppression. A study of 112 New Zealand wheat soils in 2003 had shown that Ggt DNA concentrations (analysed using real-time PCR) increased with successive years of wheat crops (1-3 y) and generally reflected take-all severity in subsequent crops. However, some wheat soils with high Ggt DNA concentrations had low take-all, suggesting presence of TAD. This study investiga

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12

Irvin, N. A. "Understorey management for the enhancement of populations of a leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoid (Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron)) in Canterbury, New Zealand apple orchards." Lincoln University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1111.

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This study investigated understorey management in Canterbury, New Zealand, apple orchards for the enhancement of populations of Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) (Braconidae) for leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) biological control. The first objective was to determine the influence of understorey plants on the abundance of D. tasmanica and leafroller parasitism, and to investigate the mechanisms behind this influence. The second was to determine the most suitable understorey plants in terms of their ability to enhance parasitoid abundance, leafroller parasitism, parasitoid longevity, par

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13

Sanoamuang, Niwat. "Epidemiological aspects of MBC resistance in Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey and mechanisms of resistance." Lincoln University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1362.

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Isolates of Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey obtained from stone fruit orchards in Hawkes Bay, North Island and from Californian fruit exported to New Zealand, were tested for resistance to methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC). Resistant isolates from the North Island had EC₅₀ values of >30,000, and most isolates from the imported fruit had of values approximately 1.5 mg a.i./l carbendazim. Sensitive isolates failed to grow on 1 mg a.i./l carbendazim. A detached peach shoot system was used in controlled conditions for estimation of values for incubation period, latent period and rate of spor

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14

Viljanen-Rollinson, S. L. H. "Expression and detection of quantitative resistance to Erysiphe pisi DC. in pea (Pisum sativum L.)." Lincoln University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1657.

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Characteristics of quantitative resistance in pea (Pisum sativum L.) to Erysiphe pisi DC, the pathogen causing powdery mildew, were investigated. Cultivars and seedlines of pea expressing quantitative resistance to E. pisi were identified and evaluated, by measuring the amounts of pathogen present on plant surfaces in field and glasshouse experiments. Disease severity on cv. Quantum was intermediate when compared with that on cv. Bolero (susceptible) and cv. Resal (resistant) in a field experiment. In glasshouse experiments, two groups of cultivars, one with a high degree of resistance and the

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15

Yamoah, Emmanuel. "A model system using insects to vector Fusarium tumidum for biological control of gorse (Ulex europaeus)." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, 2007. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20080131.114607/.

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The overall objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that insects can vector F. tumidum conidia to infect gorse plants with the aim of developing an alternative approach to mycoherbicide delivery to control weeds. Four potential insect species (Apion ulicis, Cydia ulicetana, Epiphyas postvittana and Sericothrips staphylinus) were assessed for their ability to vector F. tumidum conidia. To achieve this, the external microflora (bacteria and fungi) and the size and location of fungal spores on the cuticle of these insect species were determined. In addition, the ability of the insects

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16

Peacock, Lora. "Eco-climatic assessment of the potential establishment of exotic insects in New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1530.

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To refine our knowledge and to adequately test hypotheses concerning theoretical and applied aspects of invasion biology, successful and unsuccessful invaders should be compared. This study investigated insect establishment patterns by comparing the climatic preferences and biological attributes of two groups of polyphagous insect species that are constantly intercepted at New Zealand's border. One group of species is established in New Zealand (n = 15), the other group comprised species that are not established (n = 21). In the present study the two groups were considered to represent success

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17

Laubertie, Elsa. "The role of resource subsidies in enhancing biological control of aphids by hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)." Diss., Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/984.

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In this thesis, experiments were conducted in the laboratory and the field to determine whether the provision of floral resources to hoverflies could enhance the biological control of aphids. The overall aim was to clarify hoverfly behaviour and ecology in an agroecosystem in order to understand the potential of these insects for biocontrol under a conservation biological control (CBC) regime. A preliminary experiment in New Zealand compared the effect of different coloured water-traps on catches of the hoverflies Melanostoma fasciatum (Macquart) and Melangyna novaezelandiae (Macquart). Signif

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18

Spies, Christoffel F. J. (Christoffel Frederik Jakobus). "The inoculum ecology of Botrytis cinerea in Rooibos nurseries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20943.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is the most important foliar disease of rooibos seedlings. Although the disease is primarily controlled with applications of fungicides, the improvement of cultural methods of disease management should lessen this dependence on chemical control. Such improvements would, however, not be possible without knowledge of the inoculum sources and dispersal of the pathogen. The aim of this study was to investigate the inoculum ecology of B. cinerea in rooibos nurseries in order to ide

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19

Berndt, Lisa A. "The effect of floral resources on the leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in selected New Zealand vineyards." Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1045.

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In this study, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.)) flowers were used to examine the effect of floral resources on the efficacy of the leafroller parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) in vineyards. This was done by assessing the influence of these flowers on parasitoid abundance and parasitism rate, and by investigating the consequences of this for leafroller abundance. In laboratory experiments, alyssum flowers were used to investigate the effect of floral food on the longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of D. tasmanica. Dolichogenidea tasmanica

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20

Robinson, K. A. "Use of floral resources by the lacewing Micromus tasmaniae and its parasitoid Anacharis zealandica, and the consequences for biological control by M. tasmaniae." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/823.

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Arthropod species that have the potential to damage crops are food resources for communities of predators and parasitoids. From an agronomic perspective these species are pests and biocontrol agents respectively, and the relationships between them can be important determinants of crop yield and quality. The impact of biocontrol agents on pest populations may depend on the availability of other food resources in the agroecosystem. A scarcity of such resources may limit biological control and altering agroecosystem management to alleviate this limitation could contribute to pest management. This

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21

Yadav, Anand. "General biology and reproductive fitness of Tasmanian lacewing, Micromus tasmaniae Walker : a thesis presented in partial fulfllment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Protection at the Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1029.

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Tasmanian lacewing, Micromus tasmaniae Walker, is an important predator of a number of economically important pests such as aphids. This study was conducted to investigate some aspects of general biology and factors affecting the reproductive fitness of this species Emergence of M. tasmaniae peaked 3 h before light off and there was no significant difference in emergence patterns between males and females. Males became sexually mature earlier than females. Mating success significantly increased from the first to the eleventh hour after lights on. Predation, development and oviposition of M. ta

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22

(5929676), Elizabeth A. French. "PLANT HORMONE PATHWAYS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN SOLANUM SPP. INTERACTIONS WITH THE SOIL ENVIRONMENT." Thesis, 2019.

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Plants regulate responses to their environment through complex hormone signaling; these hormones can be categorized broadly into two categories: growth and defense, though many have roles in both. Much remains to be understood about the complexity of hormone signaling in relation to environmental responses, especially species- and genotype-specific differences. Unraveling this complexity of hormone signaling will lead to the development of resilient crops that are able to respond appropriately to their environment. In this dissertation, I hypothesize novel roles for growth and defense hormones

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23

Moyo, Clyton. "Improving the efficiency of herbicide application to pasture weeds by weed-wiping and spot-spraying : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philososphy in Plant Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/779.

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This study investigated methods to reduce herbicide application through improved targeting of weeds, thereby also reducing damage to pastures. The focus was to evaluate and improve wiper and spot-spraying application techniques for pasture herbicides as they reduce chemical use by treating just the weed. Wiper application of herbicides was shown to be a useful technique for controlling Californian thistles. In one trial, a stem reduction of over 90% when assessed 10 months post application was achieved with a double pass of clopyralid, metsulfuron and glyphosate when the plants were treated at

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24

Palisetty, Raghunadh. "Effects of sheep, kangaroos and rabbits on the regeneration of trees and shrubs in the chenopod shrublands, South Australia." 2007. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/28390.

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After European settlement, Australian rangelands especially in South Australia underwent significant changes because of the main land use of pastoralism. Many studies have revealed that the plant communities are negatively effected by herbivory mainly by sheep. The main aim of this study is to separate the different effects of sheep, rabbits and kangaroos. This was examined by survey supported by experimental and modelling research. A 32,000 km² area previously surveyed by Tiver and Andrew (1997) in eastern South Australia was re-surveyed to monitor populations of perennial plant species at si

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25

(9133244), Wyatt Steven Petersen. "Weed Control in Cover Crop No-Till Corn Systems." Thesis, 2020.

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<p><a>In the United States and Canada, weed interference in corn (<i>Zea mays </i>L.) costs farmers nearly $4 billion per year. Weed control has been achieved primarily through herbicides and tillage. As no-till corn acres have increased, dependence on herbicides has also increased. Herbicide-resistant weed infestations have pressured many growers into other weed management practices, such as adding winter cover crops into crop rotations. Field experiments were conducted in 2017 through 2018 and 2018 through 2019 at three locations in Indiana to determine residual herbicide efficacy applied at

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26

(5929796), Joseph T. Ikley. "The Role of Alternative Hosts and Herbicides in the Management of Clavibacter nebraskensis, Causal Agent of Goss’s wilt of Corn." Thesis, 2019.

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The reemergence of Goss’s wilt of corn in the western Corn Belt in 2006, along with subsequent identification of the disease in 16 states, has led to renewed interest in the disease and its epidemiology. Goss’s wilt, caused by the bacterium Clavibacter nebraskensis, is currently the third-leading cause of yield loss in corn from diseases in the United States. Its impact is exacerbated by the fact that cultural control methods are the only current means for its control. The objectives of our research were to (1) determine the role that alternative hosts of the bacterium play in the disease cycl

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27

(10723935), Quincy D. Law. "Buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolata) biology and 2,4-D resistance in turf." Thesis, 2021.

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<p>Herbicide resistance poses a threat to sustainable vegetation management. Recently, the first report of 2,4-D resistance in buckhorn plantain (<i>Plantago lanceolata</i> L.) as well as the first report of 2,4-D resistance in turf was published. Additional 2,4-D resistant buckhorn plantain ecotypes have been reported in Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Virginia in the short time since. Thus, the aims of this research were to investigate the mechanism(s) of 2,4-D resistance in a resistant ecotype of buckhorn plantain, screen other potentially resistant ecotypes and measure them for f

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(10782717), Brent Coy Mansfield. "Characterization of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) herbicide resistance in tall waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)." Thesis, 2021.

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<p>Tall waterhemp management in agronomic crops continues to be an increasing problem due to widespread resistance to herbicides, including protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibitors. With limited effective postemergence herbicides, especially in soybeans, research to further understand the selection of PPO-resistant (PPO-R) tall waterhemp and identification of new herbicide resistance mechanisms is crucial for improving weed management decisions in order to slow selection for herbicide resistance and prolong the effectiveness of PPO-inhibiting herbicides.</p> <p> Previous researc

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(7041278), Sharon Wanjiru Kinyungu. "Efficacy of pre-harvest Aspergillus flavus biocontrol treatment on reducing aflatoxin accumulation during drying." Thesis, 2019.

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<p>Maize is a major calorie source for people living in Sub-Sahara Africa. In this region, <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> causes ear rot diseases in maize, contributing to food insecurity due to aflatoxin contamination. The biological control principle of competitive exclusion has been applied in both the United States and Africa to effectively reduce aflatoxin levels in maize at harvest by introducing atoxigenic strains that out-compete toxigenic strains. The goal of this study was to determine if the efficacy of preharvest biocontrol treatments carry over into the drying period, which is often de

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(10726101), Marian M. Rodriguez-Soto. "CHARACTERIZING BILLBUG (SPHENOPHORUS SPP.) SEASONAL BIOLOGY USING DNA BARCODES AND A SIMPLE MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS." Thesis, 2021.

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Insect species complexes challenge entomologists in a variety of ways ranging from quarantine protection to pest management. Billbugs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: <i>Sphenophorus</i> spp. Schönherr) represent one such species complex that has been problematic from a pest management perspective. These grass-feeding weevils reduce the aesthetic and functional qualities of turfgrass. Sixty-four species of billbugs are native to North America, and at least ten are associated with damage to turfgrass. Billbug species are sympatric in distribution and their species composition and seasonal biology va

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(6623615), Jesse A. Haarmann. "The Effect of Herbicide Respray Treatments and Timings on Regrowth of Four Weed Species." Thesis, 2019.

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<p>Control of weeds that have survived a postemergence (POST) herbicide often need to be controlled in order to prevent seed production and interference with crops. The most efficacious herbicides and timings used for respray applications has not been determined in many problematic weed species. Previous research has demonstrated that weeds clipped to simulate a failed herbicide application responded differently to herbicide applications to regrowth based on herbicide used and weed species. Other research is conflicting as to the optimum timing of an herbicide respray application with various

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(8932271), Connor L. Hodgskiss. "WEED CONTROL SYSTEMS IN SYNTHETIC AUXIN-RESISTANT SOYBEANS." Thesis, 2020.

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<p>Herbicide-resistant weed populations have become problematic throughout the Eastern Corn Belt, with 18 unique herbicide-resistant weed biotypes confirmed in Indiana alone. In response to these resistant populations, the agricultural chemical industry has responded by developing glyphosate-resistant crops paired with resistance to synthetic auxin herbicides such as dicamba and 2,4-D.</p><p>This research evaluates weed population shifts in cropping systems using row crops that are resistant to synthetic auxin herbicides. Identifying weed population shifts will allow future research to be targ

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(6632369), Jodi E. Boe. "Establishing the Value of ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides in Fields with Confirmed Weed Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides." Thesis, 2019.

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<p>Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors are a widely used class of selective herbicides used to control grass and broadleaf weeds. The repeated use of ALS-inhibiting herbicides has selected for biotypes of weeds resistant to ALS inhibitors, especially in the weeds most problematic to growers in the Midwest. While ALS inhibitor use seems futile, new mechanisms of herbicide action are not predicted to be commercialized in the near future to solve this problem. This leads to the main objective of this research, determining what value ALS inhibitors provide in controlling populations of weeds wi

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(8797730), Rupesh Gaire. "GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PURDUE SOFT RED WINTER WHEAT BREEDING POPULATION." Thesis, 2020.

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<p></p>Comprehensive information of breeding germplasm is a necessity to develop effective strategies for accelerated breeding. I characterized Purdue University soft red winter wheat breeding population that was subjectof intensive germplasm introduction and introgression from exotic germplasm. Using genotyping-by-sequences (GBS) approach, I developed ~15,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and studied extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD)and hidden population structure in the population.The extent of LD and its decay varied among chromosomes with chromosomes 2B and 7D sh

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Ndung'u, David Kamundia. "Mutagenesis and development of herbicide resistance in sorghum for protection against Striga." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/670.

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(9729146), Kyle David Richardville. "Overcoming Barriers In Urban Agriculture To Promote Healthy Eating On College Campuses." Thesis, 2020.

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Food insecurity and nutrition are two of the biggest challenges facing our society. Urban agriculture can help address these challenges, though lack of awareness about opportunities for engagement and degraded soils are two barriers that could prevent people from realizing the benefits that these operations can provide. Soils in urban areas are often highly degraded due to development activities and lack the structure and microbial life needed to sustain healthy, productive plants. Many lifelong habits such as healthy eating and engagement in community gardening are best established during you

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Hanse, Bram. "Improvement of the competitiveness of the sugar beet crop in the Netherlands." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AB36-4.

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