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1
Iglesias, Maria Claudia. "Spacial patterns of the genders in Dioecius plant species." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65458.
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Holmes, Robert Duane. "Neighbor interactions among herbaceous plants in a perennial grassland." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184376.
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Individual clumps of the perennial grass Bouteloua gracilis from which 25% or 75% of neighbors had been removed to a radius of 50 cm displayed significantly higher biomass production over one summer than did control plants. Neighbor removal also resulted in increased tiller production and flowering as compared to control plants. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of competition to B. gracilis in this system. In contrast, significant differences in predawn leaf water potential were found on only two of four sampling dates during the growing season. On the driest sampling date, increased variability in leaf water potential within treatments obscured the effect of treatment, even though the difference in mean leaf water potential between 75% removal and control treatments (0.35 MPa) was quite high. On the wettest sampling date, all plants appeared well-hydrated, and there was only negligible difference among treatments. In a second study, I examined the effect of near neighbors on the fecundity of an annual herb, Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (Asteraceae). Fecundity was negatively related to the number of neighbors within a biologically meaningful neighborhood radius for both conspecific neighbors and grass neighbors in 1984, and for grass neighbors in 1985. However, in no case did neighbors explain more than 6% of the variance in fecundity of M. tanacetifolia, and most plants produced few or no seeds regardless of the number of neighbors. I present a simple graphical model in which competition from neighbors serves as a necessary but not sufficient condition for high fecundity; other factors must also be favorable if a plant is to be successful. Application of this model to my data revealed that the amount of area occupied by neighbors had an important effect on fecundity for the subset of the population for which other conditions were inferred to be most favorable. As other conditions became less favorable, neighbors became less relevant to fecundity. I then discuss these results in terms of a general model of the interacting effects of competition and other factors, and distinguish four possible classes of outcome.
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Kgasago, Hans. "Effect of planting dates and densities on yield and yield components of short and ultra-short growth period of maize (Zea mays L.)." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09202007-163045.
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Schmitz, Peder. "Soybean Seeding Rate and Row Spacing Effects on Plant Establishment and Yield." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29226.
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North Dakota soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] management varies across the state, resulting in yield differences. Eight soybean seeding rates (starting at 197600 and increasing by 49400 live seed ha-1 increments) and row spacing (30 and 61 cm) were evaluated in 15 North Dakota environments in 2017-2018 to determine plant densities, seed yield, and plant loss, which were compared with soybean producer field data. Planting 30 cm row spacing yielded 183 kg ha-1 greater than 61 cm row spacing. On farm, maximum yields occurred at 414000 live seed ha-1 and final plant densities of 352000 plants ha-1. In research plots, 494000 live seed ha-1 had the highest yield. On farm, 8.9% plant loss occurred after plant establishment while research data observed 6.9% plant loss. North Dakota soybean producers should use narrow row spacing, use final plant density to estimate yields, and 444600 live seed ha-1 provided the highest net revenue.North Central Soybean Research Program
North Dakota Soybean Council
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Delaney, Dennis Patrick Monks C. Dale. "Management of Ultra Narrow Row Cotton." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/DELANEY_DENNIS_10.pdf.
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Ballard, Todd Curtis. "Mathematical Models of Zea mays: Grain Yield and Aboveground Biomass Applied to Ear Flex and within Row Spacing Variability." TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/41.
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Field studies were conducted during the summers of 2007 and 2008 at the Agricultural Research and Education Complex, Western Kentucky University, Warren County, KY and commercial production fields in Caldwell County, KY, Warrick County IN, and Vanderburgh County, IN. The goals of these studies were to further validate the Duncan grain yield model, the Russell aboveground biomass model, and to study the effect of inconsistent spacing within rows on Zea mays L. yield. Plant spacing other than uniform decreases grain yield and profitability. The population experiments conducted at the Warren County location were a randomized complete block design with three planting densities, three varieties (c.v. DeKalb DKC6547, DeKalb DKC6346, DeKalb DKC6478) in 2007 and (DeKalb DKC6478, DeKalb DKC6342, and DeKalb DKC6544) in 2008, and three replications. Seeds were planted in rows 76 cm apart and 9.1 m long with four rows per plot in a no-till system on a Crider Silt Loam with pH of 6.8 and 1.5% organic matter. The effect of variable within row spacing was evaluated in commercial production fields by randomly selecting five adjacent rows of 5.3 meters in length at each location. Grain yield for each row was then curve fitted both linearly and exponentially.
Minimizing interspecies competition was essential to evaluating the effects of competition within Zea mays L. A burn-down application of 2,4-D and glyphosate was used prior to planting. The most common weeds in the plots were Sorghum halepense L. (johnsongrass), Trifolium repens L. (white clover), and Taraxacum officinale L. (common dandelion) . Glyphosate was reapplied throughout the growing season due to reemergence of S. halepense and Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. (ivyleaf morningglory).
The weight of each ear was recorded and one row from each plot was randomly selected to shell. The moisture content was measured from a subsample twice each row using an electrical conductivity moisture meter. The mean of the two moisture readings was used as the moisture content from the plot. Cob weights from shelled ears were recorded to determine the grain/cob mass ratio. This ratio was used to project the grain weight for the remaining harvested rows.
Duncan’s grain yield model and Russell’s biomass model were curve fitted to the data for areas of 0.00040 hectares at the p < 0.05 significance level or greater in all population density plots. Individual plant grain masses were curve fitted to Duncan’s model with p < 0.05 significance in 3 out of 15 plots. Grain mass was negatively correlated (R < 0) with standard deviation of within row spacing in 14 of 15 plots. A linear fit to this trend was significant in only 2 of 15 plots. The Duncan yield curve and the Russell aboveground biomass model fit all 6 genotype by environment interactions for 2007 and 2008 to the α = 0.05 level of confidence when evaluated over a 5.3 meter length on 76.2 cm wide rows. Individual plants fit linearly at α = 0.05 in 9 out of 15 plots. Individual plants fit the Duncan yield curve at α = 0.05 in 4 out of 15 plots.
Standard deviation of within row spacing fit grain yield loss significantly at &#; = 0.05 in two of 15 plots. The individual plant spacing and local population density collectively fit nine plots significantly at α = 0.05 or better.
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Brachtvogel, Elizeu Luiz [UNESP]. "Densidades e arranjos populacionais de milho e componentes agronômicos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86346.
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A otimização da exploração dos recursos do ambiente é necessária para a maximização do rendimento do milho. Dentre os fatores que interferem na resposta ao ambiente está o arranjo de plantas, compreendido pelo arranjo espacial e área ocupada pela planta de milho, interagindo diretamente sobre a competição intraespecífica por fatores do meio. Desta forma, a hipótese desse trabalho é de que o arranjo espacial eqüidistante entre plantas de milho diminua os efeitos da competição intraespecífica principalmente em altas densidades, com conseqüente aumento da produtividade. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é comparar as formas de distribuição espacial de plantas eqüidistante e o espaçamento de 0,80 metro na entrelinha, preconizado como o convencionalmente utilizado, em populações de 30000, 45000, 60000, 75000, 90000, 105000 plantas ha-1. O ensaio foi conduzido em área de Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico, de textura argilosa situada na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP/Campus de Botucatu, na safra 2007/2008. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 X 6 (quatro repetições), em parcelas de 4,5 x 10 metros. Foram avaliados altura das plantas, altura de inserção de espiga, relação entre altura da espiga e altura da planta e diâmetro do colmo em pleno florescimento; índice de área foliar no florescimento e na maturidade fisiológica, índice de persistência e senescência foliar, produção de massa de matéria seca por planta e por área no florescimento e na maturidade fisiológica, índice de remobilização, índice de colheita, comprimento de espiga, diâmetros de espiga e do sabugo, comprimento do grão, número de fileiras, massa de mil grãos, massa de grãos por espiga, índice de espiga, estimativa do número de espigas e grãos por hectare, população de plantas...
The maximization of environmental resources exploration is necessary to maximize maize grain yield. Among the factors that interfere in response to the environment is the plant arrangement, understood by spatial arrangement and occupied area by the maize plant, interacting on the intraspecific competition by factors of the environment. Thus, the hypothesis of this work is that the equidistant plant spacing between maize plants can reduce the effects of intraspecific competition mainly at high densities, aiming improvement of maize grain yield. The objective of this essay was to compare the equidistant plant spacing and 0.80 m row width, in populations of 30000, 45000, 60000, 75000, 90000, 105000 plants ha-1. The essay was located in a clay red alfisol area, in the Experimental Lageado Farm of the Agronomic Science College, UNESP-Botucatu-SP, in 2007/2008 growing season. The experimental design was a randomized block in four replications, in 4.5 x 10 m plots. It was evaluated plant and ear height, the relationship between ear and plant height and stem diameter at the flowering; leaf area index at the flowering and physiological maturity, leaf persistence and leaf senescence index, dry matter production per plant and per area at physiological maturity, steam remobilization index, harvest index, ear length, ear and cob diameter, grain length, number of grain rows, a thousand grains weight, grain weight per ear, ear index, ear and grain number per hectare, final plant population, percentage of stalk lodged plants, grain yield, as well the correlations between source and sink characteristics with yield. All parameters evaluated were affected by plant densities, except the mobilization and harvesting index. The spatial arrangements affected the relationship between ear and plant... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Ferrufino, Miranda José. "Evaluation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) at different spacings between furrows and plants in the Mamani community." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5360.
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This study addressed spacing between furrows and plants in the cultivation of the quinoa variety Patacamaya. This study took place from 1999 to 2000 in the Mamani community, Ingavi, La Paz, Bolivia. The Patacamaya variety is a cross between Samaranti (sweet) and Kaslala (bitter), with a vegetative cycle of 145 days (semi-early). It has large grains, is sweet, and has a high grain yield. The spaces between furrows were 40, 60, and 80 cm in an experimental design of randomly divided plots with four repetitions. The spaces between furrows were implemented in large plots and the plant spaces as sub-treatments in small plots. The results showed that the height of the plants were similar in all treatments except for T1 that was 35% lower compared with the other treatments. The highest grain yields occurred in treatment T6 with a value of 2,708.5 kg/ha, followed by T1 and T11. The lowest grain yields occurred in treatments T15, T10, and T5 with values of 1,124.3, 1561.4, and 1653.3 kg/ha, respectively.
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Ferrari, Samuel [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento e produção do algodoeiro em função de espaçamentos e aplicação de regulador de crescimento." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98848.
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O cultivo do algodoeiro passou de uma cultura de pequenos e médios produtores para uma realidade alicerçada em um modelo de produção em escala, caracterizado por altas produtividades e intenso uso de insumos e mecanização. Essa mudança ocasionou uma série de alternativas nas técnicas de cultivo, sendo crescente a indagação sobre alternativas às recomendações tradicionais sobre os vários tratos culturais e práticas agronômicas tais como época de semeadura, espaçamentos, densidade de plantas e emprego de reguladores de crescimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes espaçamentos de cultivo e aplicação ou não de regulador de crescimento sobre o desenvolvimento, acúmulo de nutrientes e produtividade do algodoeiro em região de Cerrado. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x3 com 9 tratamentos e 4 repetições, constituído por três espaçamentos: 0,45m, 0,70m e 0,90m entre linhas; Aplicação de cloreto de mepiquat na dose de 1,0 L ha-1 : a- aplicação parcelada em quatro etapas, b- aplicação única aos 70 dias após a emergência e c- sem a aplicação do regulador. Foi utilizada a cultivar de algodão Deltaopal. O experimento foi instalado no município de Selvíria (MS), na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Unesp...
The cotton crop had changed the status of production from small to large scale, characterized by high yields and intensive use of fertilizers, agrochemicals and mechanization. That change caused a series of alternatives in the cultivation techniques, being growing the inquiry on alternatives to the traditional recommendations on the several cultural treatments and such agronomic practices as sowing time, spacings, density of plants and use of growth regulators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different row spacings in the cotton crop, with or without growth regulator and its effects in the development, nutrient uptake and yield in the Cerrado zone. The experimental design was the completely blocks in a factorial scheme 3x3 with 4 replications, with three row spacings: 0.45m, 0.70m and 0.90m; Application of mepiquat chloride using the dose of 1 L ha-1: a- split application in four stages, b- single application at 70 d.a.e and c-without application of the regulator. Was utilized the Deltaopal cotton cultivar. The trial was installed in the city of Selvíria (MS) out at the experimental farm of the Sao Paulo State University - Ilha Solteira Campus, in November of 2005 and the harvest realized in April of 2006... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Clarke, C. Taylor. "Flue-cured tobacco : alternative management systems /." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-171607/.
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Brachtvogel, Elizeu Luiz 1984. "Densidades e arranjos populacionais de milho e componentes agronômicos /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86346.
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Orientador: Silvio José BicudoBanca: Claudio Cavariani
Banca: Augusto Dias kanthack
Resumo: A otimização da exploração dos recursos do ambiente é necessária para a maximização do rendimento do milho. Dentre os fatores que interferem na resposta ao ambiente está o arranjo de plantas, compreendido pelo arranjo espacial e área ocupada pela planta de milho, interagindo diretamente sobre a competição intraespecífica por fatores do meio. Desta forma, a hipótese desse trabalho é de que o arranjo espacial eqüidistante entre plantas de milho diminua os efeitos da competição intraespecífica principalmente em altas densidades, com conseqüente aumento da produtividade. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é comparar as formas de distribuição espacial de plantas eqüidistante e o espaçamento de 0,80 metro na entrelinha, preconizado como o convencionalmente utilizado, em populações de 30000, 45000, 60000, 75000, 90000, 105000 plantas ha-1. O ensaio foi conduzido em área de Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico, de textura argilosa situada na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP/Campus de Botucatu, na safra 2007/2008. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 X 6 (quatro repetições), em parcelas de 4,5 x 10 metros. Foram avaliados altura das plantas, altura de inserção de espiga, relação entre altura da espiga e altura da planta e diâmetro do colmo em pleno florescimento; índice de área foliar no florescimento e na maturidade fisiológica, índice de persistência e senescência foliar, produção de massa de matéria seca por planta e por área no florescimento e na maturidade fisiológica, índice de remobilização, índice de colheita, comprimento de espiga, diâmetros de espiga e do sabugo, comprimento do grão, número de fileiras, massa de mil grãos, massa de grãos por espiga, índice de espiga, estimativa do número de espigas e grãos por hectare, população de plantas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The maximization of environmental resources exploration is necessary to maximize maize grain yield. Among the factors that interfere in response to the environment is the plant arrangement, understood by spatial arrangement and occupied area by the maize plant, interacting on the intraspecific competition by factors of the environment. Thus, the hypothesis of this work is that the equidistant plant spacing between maize plants can reduce the effects of intraspecific competition mainly at high densities, aiming improvement of maize grain yield. The objective of this essay was to compare the equidistant plant spacing and 0.80 m row width, in populations of 30000, 45000, 60000, 75000, 90000, 105000 plants ha-1. The essay was located in a clay red alfisol area, in the Experimental Lageado Farm of the Agronomic Science College, UNESP-Botucatu-SP, in 2007/2008 growing season. The experimental design was a randomized block in four replications, in 4.5 x 10 m plots. It was evaluated plant and ear height, the relationship between ear and plant height and stem diameter at the flowering; leaf area index at the flowering and physiological maturity, leaf persistence and leaf senescence index, dry matter production per plant and per area at physiological maturity, steam remobilization index, harvest index, ear length, ear and cob diameter, grain length, number of grain rows, a thousand grains weight, grain weight per ear, ear index, ear and grain number per hectare, final plant population, percentage of stalk lodged plants, grain yield, as well the correlations between source and sink characteristics with yield. All parameters evaluated were affected by plant densities, except the mobilization and harvesting index. The spatial arrangements affected the relationship between ear and plant... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Zanon, Graciela Decian. "Manejo de cultivares de algodoeiro em densidade populacional variável com o uso de regulador de crescimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-08012003-091325/.
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Com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento fenológico, morfológico e produtivo de cultivares de algodoeiro com diferentes arquiteturas de plantas em diferentes espaçamentos, através do manejo com regulador de crescimento, foi realizado o presente trabalho, na área experimental da ESALQ/USP, no município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, no ano agrícola de 2000/01. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas sub-subdivididas e 4 repetições. As parcelas constituíram-se dos espaçamentos de 0,76 e 1,01 m, as subparcelas das três cultivares (IAC 23, DeltaOpal e CD 401) e as sub-subparcelas em presença ou ausência de regulador de crescimento. Em seis plantas marcadas de cada parcela foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: acompanhamento das fases fenológicas (emergência, aparecimento do primeiro botão floral, antese da primeira flor e abertura do primeiro capulho) e caracteres agronômicos de campo (altura de planta, diâmetro do caule, número de ramos vegetativos e frutíferos, conformação da planta, número de capulhos por planta e altura de inserção do primeiro ramo frutífero). Na área útil de cada parcela foi determinada, a produção de algodão em caroço por hectare e a precocidade de colheita. Em amostras de 20 capulhos tomadas aleatoriamente em cada parcela foram realizadas as análises dos caracteres agronômicos de laboratório (massa de 100 sementes, porcentagem de fibras e massa média de um capulho) e das características tecnológicas da fibra (comprimento, uniformidade de comprimento, maturidade, tenacidade e índice micronaire). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que não houve interações significativas para as cultivares x espaçamentos x regulador de crescimento, para a produção de algodão em caroço, precocidade de colheita, caracteres agronômicos de laboratório e características tecnológicas das fibras, com exceção da tenacidade. Desta forma, as cultivares avaliadas, independente da arquitetura da planta, apresentaram capacidade de ajustar-se às variações dos espaçamentos testados e aplicação de regulador de crescimento com relação a estas características. Os caracteres agronômicos de campo como: a altura das plantas e o diâmetro de caule, de modo geral, apresentaram médias reduzidas com a redução do espaçamento e aplicação do regulador de crescimento, para as cultivares de desenvolvimento mais vigoroso (IAC 23 e DeltaOpal), não influenciando, porém, a cultivar de plantas morfologicamente mais compactas (CD 401).The purpose of this work was to study the phenological, morphological and productive behavior of cotton cultivars presenting different plant shapes under different spacing layouts managed with the use of plant growth regulator. The experiment was established in the experimental field of ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, during the 2000/01 growing season and was arranged in a randomized block experimental design with subdivided plots and 4 replications. The plots represented spacing layouts of 0.76 and 1.01 m, subplots consisted of the IAC 23, DeltaOpal and CD 401 cultivars, while the sub-subplots were characterized by the use or absence of growth regulator. Six plants per plot were labeled and analyzed for the phenological phases (emergence, appearance of the first flower bud, anthesis of the first flower, opening of the first cotton boll) and field agronomical characteristics (plant height, stem diameter, number of vegetative and fruit branches, plant shape, number of cotton boll per plant and insertion height of the first fruit branch). The harvest early and raw cotton yield per hectare were determined considering the effective plot area. The agronomical lab characteristics (mass of 100 seeds, fiber percentage and cotton boll mass), as well as the fiber technological characteristics (length, length uniformity, maturity, strength, and micronaire) were analyzed using a sample of 20 bolls taken at random. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that there were no significant interactions among cultivars x spacing x growth regulator, as to cotton yield, harvest early, agronomical lab characteristics and fiber technological characteristics, except for stremgth. The analyzed cultivars, regardless of the plant shape, showed good adaptation to the variation in spacing layouts, as well as to the application of growth regulator, considering the analyzed characteristics. The field agronomical characteristics, such as plant height and stem diameter, generally decreased with the reduction in spacing and with the application of growth regulator, considering the most vigorous cultivars (IAC 23 and DeltaOpal). On the other hand, the cultivar presenting a more compact plant (CD 401) pattern was not influenced by spacing or use of growth regulator.
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Ferrari, Samuel. "Desenvolvimento e produção do algodoeiro em função de espaçamentos e aplicação de regulador de crescimento /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98848.
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Orientador: Enes Furlani JúniorBanca: Edson Lazarini
Banca: Ederaldo José Chiavegato
Resumo: O cultivo do algodoeiro passou de uma cultura de pequenos e médios produtores para uma realidade alicerçada em um modelo de produção em escala, caracterizado por altas produtividades e intenso uso de insumos e mecanização. Essa mudança ocasionou uma série de alternativas nas técnicas de cultivo, sendo crescente a indagação sobre alternativas às recomendações tradicionais sobre os vários tratos culturais e práticas agronômicas tais como época de semeadura, espaçamentos, densidade de plantas e emprego de reguladores de crescimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes espaçamentos de cultivo e aplicação ou não de regulador de crescimento sobre o desenvolvimento, acúmulo de nutrientes e produtividade do algodoeiro em região de Cerrado. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x3 com 9 tratamentos e 4 repetições, constituído por três espaçamentos: 0,45m, 0,70m e 0,90m entre linhas; Aplicação de cloreto de mepiquat na dose de 1,0 L ha-1 : a- aplicação parcelada em quatro etapas, b- aplicação única aos 70 dias após a emergência e c- sem a aplicação do regulador. Foi utilizada a cultivar de algodão Deltaopal. O experimento foi instalado no município de Selvíria (MS), na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Unesp... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The cotton crop had changed the status of production from small to large scale, characterized by high yields and intensive use of fertilizers, agrochemicals and mechanization. That change caused a series of alternatives in the cultivation techniques, being growing the inquiry on alternatives to the traditional recommendations on the several cultural treatments and such agronomic practices as sowing time, spacings, density of plants and use of growth regulators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different row spacings in the cotton crop, with or without growth regulator and its effects in the development, nutrient uptake and yield in the Cerrado zone. The experimental design was the completely blocks in a factorial scheme 3x3 with 4 replications, with three row spacings: 0.45m, 0.70m and 0.90m; Application of mepiquat chloride using the dose of 1 L ha-1: a- split application in four stages, b- single application at 70 d.a.e and c-without application of the regulator. Was utilized the Deltaopal cotton cultivar. The trial was installed in the city of Selvíria (MS) out at the experimental farm of the Sao Paulo State University - Ilha Solteira Campus, in November of 2005 and the harvest realized in April of 2006... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Souza, Aline Danielle de. "Plantas daninhas sob a copa de árvores em função da consorciação e densidades de plantio." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2011. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/42.
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Two experiments on planting density (E1) and intercropping (E2) were conducted in Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, aiming to: a) evaluate the growth of tree species; b) evaluate the floristic composition and the growth of weeds under tree canopies; c) estimate the soil nutrient content under tree canopies in E2. The experimental design of randomized blocks with three or four replications, respectively, was used in both experiments. In E1, Gliricídia sepium (G) and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia benth (S) were submitted to the following planting densities: 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 plant/ha-1. In E2, G, neem (Azadirachta indica) (N), and S were grown in monoculture and intercropped in three-line plots with four plants (GGG, NNN, SSS, SGS, NGN, GNG, SNS, SGS, and NSN, where each letter is one line). The evaluations, in both experiments, were done 1 and 2 years after planting the trees. In E1, the higher the planting density the lower the weed dry matter (MS) and fresh matter (MF), the amount of weeds (NPD) under the canopies, the S and G canopy diameter (DC), and G plant height (AP). It was observed that there is a relationship between AP and NPD under the canopy of G. The higher the NPD the higher the AP. In E2, it was observed a relationship between S plants, AP and DC. The S with higher AP and DC presented lower weed MS and MF under its canopy. The level of phosphorus in soil under the canopy was lower in the intercrop GNG in E2. N plants with higher AP and DC presented lower level of potassium under its canopy. Besides, N plants with higher AP have lower base saturation in soil
Foram realizados dois experimentos em Mossoró-RN, de densidades de plantio (E1) e de consorciação (E2) com os objetivos de: a) avaliar o crescimento das espécies arbóreas; b) avaliar a composição florística e o crescimento de plantas daninhas sob a copa de árvores; c) estimar os teores de nutrientes do solo sob a copa das árvores em E2. Em ambos os experimentos, utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três e quatro repetições, respectivamente. Em E1, (Gliricídia sepium) (G) e sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia benth) (S) foram submetidas às seguintes densidades de plantio: (plantas ha-1) foram 400, 600, 800, 1000 e 1200. Em E2, G, nim (Azadirachta indica) (N) e S foram cultivadas em monocultivo e em consorciação em parcelas de três fileiras com quatro plantas (GGG, NNN, SSS, SGS, NGN, GNG, SNS, GSG e NSN, onde cada letra representa uma fileira). Em E1 e E2 as avaliações foram feitas 2 e 1 anos após a semeadura das árvores. Em E1, quanto maior a densidade de plantio menor foi a matéria seca (MS) e matéria fresca (MF) de plantas daninhas, o número de plantas daninhas (NPD) sob a copa das árvores, o diâmetro da copa (DC) de S e G e a altura da planta (AP) de G. Observou-se que em G há uma correlação entre AP e o NPD sob a copa. Quanto maior NPD maior a AP. Em E2, observou-se uma correlação entre as plantas de sabiá e as características de crescimento da planta AP e DC. Sabiá com maior AP e DC apresentou menor MS e MF de plantas daninhas sob sua copa. Em E2, o teor de fósforo no solo sob a copa foi menor no consórcio GNG. Plantas de nim com maiores AP e DC apresentaram menor teor de potássio no solo sob sua copa, além disso, plantas de nim com maiores (AP) apresentam menor saturação por bases no solo.
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Gonçalves, Marcio Leandro. "Desempenho agronômico de híbridos de milho em função de espaçamentos e densidades populacionais em três locais." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2008. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1342.
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Previous issue date: 2008-12-12Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A study was conducted with the objetive to evaluate the effect of spacing between the plantation rows (0.45, 0.68 and 0.90 m) on plants population density of (50.000, 60.000, 70.000 and 80.000 plants ha-¹) about the grain productivity of three hibrid corn (Zea mays L.) A field experiment was conducted from September 10 to April 10/2008 in three different environments with different height, in Goioerê, Toledo and Cascavel localized in the west of Parana State. The design utilized was of randomized blocks into subdivided parcels. The spacing were placed in the main parcel and the population density and hybrids in sub parcels in a factorial schema. Biometric variables such as plant height, height of insertion of the first spike and diameter of stem and the components of production, number of rows, number of grains per spike, mass of grains per spike, the mass spike and productivity, were evaluated. Was no effect of row spacing, obtaining the maximum grain yield with the spacing of 0.57 m between rows, regardless of location. There was positive interaction between the environmental effect of plant population. The positive response to the increase of population in the Toledo plant was directly related to the level of soil fertility. In Cascavel Goioerê and no significant difference to the increase in population from 50,000 to 80,000 plants ha-1. In all locations the hybrid AS 1570 showed higher productivity of hybrid AS 1565 and AS 1575
Com objetivo de avaliar o efeito do espaçamento entre linhas de plantio (0,45; 0,68 e 0,90 m), sob quatro densidades populacionais (50.000, 60.000, 70.000 e 80.000 plantas ha-1), sobre a produtividade de grãos de três híbridos de milho ( Zea mays L.) em três ambientes com diferentes altitudes, foram conduzidos experimentos de campo nos municípios de Goioerê, Toledo e Cascavel, ambos no estado do Paraná na região oeste no período de 10 de setembro de 2007 a 10 de abril de 2008. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso dispostos em parcelas subdivididas. Os espaçamentos foram alocados na parcela principal e as densidades populacionais e híbridos nas subparcelas no esquema fatorial. Foram avaliadas as variáveis biométricas: altura de planta, altura de inserção da primeira espiga e diâmetro de colmo e os componentes da produção: número de fileiras, número de grãos por espiga, massa de grãos por espiga, massa de espiga e produtividade. Houve efeito do espaçamento entre linhas, obtendo o máximo rendimento de grãos com o espaçamento de 0,57 m entre linhas, independente do local. Houve interação positiva entre ambientes ao efeito de população de plantas. A resposta positiva ao aumento de população de plantas de Toledo foi diretamente relacionado ao nível de fertilidade do solo. Em Goioerê e Cascavel não houve diferença significativa ao aumento de densidade populacional de 50.000 a 80.000 plantas ha-1. Em todos os locais o híbrido AS 1570 apresentou produtividade superior aos híbridos AS 1565 e AS 1575
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Salas, Andrea. "Effects of Host-plant Density on Herbivores and Their Parasitoids: A Field Experiment with a Native Perennial Legume." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2583.
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Senna mexicana chapmanii (Fabaceae: Caesalpinoideae), an attractive and threatened species native to pine rocklands of southern Florida, is consumed by folivorous caterpillars of Sulfur butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Caterpillars may be deterred or eaten by predators, but also very important are parasitoids, both flies and wasps. This study investigated the effects of plant density on Sulfur caterpillar numbers and rates of parasitization.
Senna mexicana chapmanii plantations were established at agricultural and urban areas; both sites are adjacent to protected pine rockland areas. Sulfur butterfly immature stages were collected and reared to glean information regarding number of herbivores and rates of parasitization. Continuing this weekly monitoring protocol over the course of a year provided data to determine that higher plant density has an effect on levels of parisitization and is correlated with the number of herbivores. Elucidating these patterns has important implications understanding the factors that regulate interactions in this plant/herbivore/parasitoid system.
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Lopes, Emerson Delano. "Avalia??o de clones de Eucalyptus spp e Corymbia spp em diferentes espa?amentos visando ? produ??o de bioenergia." UFVJM, 2017. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1733.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o crescimento, as caracter?sticas qu?micas e f?sicas, e as estimativas de massa de dois clones de Eucalyptus spp e dois clones de Corymbia spp implantados em diferentes espa?amentos de plantio, at? os 24 meses de idade. Para tanto, foi instalado um experimento em ?rea da empresa Aperam BioEnergia S/A, no munic?pio de Itamarandiba ? MG. Na avalia??o das caracter?sticas dendrom?tricas do experimento, observou-se nos espa?amentos mais amplos, os maiores valores de DAP em rela??o aos espa?amentos mais adensados, e os valores de volume por hectare foram inversamente proporcionais ao aumento dos espa?amentos de plantio. A vari?vel altura total foi a que apresentou as menores diferen?as no estudo, n?o sendo observadas redu??es em fun??o do adensamento de plantio. Na avalia??o das caracter?sticas f?sicas e qu?micas dos diferentes materiais gen?ticos, verificou-se efeito de clone na densidade b?sica da madeira e casca, sendo a densidade b?sica dos clones de Corymbia superiores aos dos clones de Eucalyptus. J? os teores de lignina na madeira seguiu tend?ncia inversa. Quanto aos teores de carbono na madeira e casca n?o foi observado efeito significativo de clone ou de espa?amento. Quanto ?s estimativas de massa, ficou constatada rela??o direta entre a produ??o de massa seca com o adensamento dos espa?amentos. A mesma tend?ncia foi verificada para as massas de carbono, cabendo ao clone C3 (h?brido de Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana) os melhores resultados para as estimativas de massa seca e massa de carbono por hectare. Os materiais h?bridos de Corymbia spp, especialmente o clone h?brido de Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana, podem ser utilizados como alternativa para o uso bioenerg?tico, preferencialmente em espa?amentos mais adensados. De maneira geral, os resultados do presente estudo evidenciaram varia??es na produ??o e na qualidade da biomassa florestal entre os materiais gen?ticos e espa?amentos testados. Assim, n?o se deve utilizar apenas ?nica propriedade para classifica??o da madeira/casca, pois v?rios fatores afetam o desempenho energ?tico da biomassa florestal.
Tese (Doutorado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
The present work aimed to evaluate the growth, chemical and physical characteristics, and mass estimates of two Eucalyptus spp and two clones of Corymbia spp implanted in different planting spacing, up to 24 months of age. For that, an experiment was installed in the area of the company Aperam BioEnergia S / A, in the municipality of Itamarandiba - MG. In the evaluation of the dendrometric characteristics of the experiment, we observed in the larger spacings, the higher values of DAP in relation to the denser spacings, and the volume values were inversely proportional to the increase of the planting spacings. The variable total height was the one that presented the smallest differences in the study, not being observed reductions due to the planting densification. In the evaluation of the physical and chemical characteristics of the different genetic materials, clone effect was verified on the basic density of the wood and bark, being the basic density of the Corymbia clones superior to those of the Eucalyptus clones. On the other hand, the lignin contents in the wood followed an inverse tendency. Regarding the carbon contents in the wood and bark, no significant effect of clone or spacing was observed. As for the mass estimates, it was verified a direct relation between the dry mass production and the densification of the spacings. The same trend was observed for the carbon masses, with clone C3 being the best results for the estimates of dry mass and carbon mass. Hybrid materials of Corymbia spp, especially the hybrid clone of Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana, can be used as an alternative for bioenergetic use, preferably in more densified spaces. In general, the results of the present study evidenced variations in the production and the quality of the forest biomass between the genetic materials and the spacings tested. Thus, one should not only use single property for wood / bark classification, since several factors affect the energy performance of forest biomass.
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Mackey, Grant. "TWIN AND NARROW ROW WIDTH EFFECTS ON CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) YIELD AND WEED MANAGEMENT." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/22.
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Corn or maize (Zea mays L.) has been grown in North America for many centuries, and an increase in corn production will continue to be needed. Agriculture producers must meet the demands of feeding and providing for an increasing population of people. In order to meet those needs, different production practices are being investigated as a way to increase grain yield.
Field plots were conducted across the state of Kentucky in 2011 and 2012 to evaluate the interaction between hybrid, row width, and plant density on corn yield. The primary objectives were to test if 1) narrower rows increase grain yield, 2) higher plant densities increase yield in narrow and twin rows, and 3) the interactions among all factors. Three hybrids were evaluated in three row widths (76, 38 cm or twin) at target densities ranging from 74 000 to 124 000 plants ha-1. Interactions between hybrid, row width, and plant density occurred; however, effects on grain yield and plant physiological characteristics were small and variable across all environments. Plant density had the greatest impact on IPAR and grain yield.
Field trials were conducted near Lexington and Princeton, Kentucky in 2011 and 2012 to evaluate the effects of row width on different weed management treatments in corn. The objectives were to 1) evaluate five weed management methods in three row widths (76, 38 cm or twin) and 2) estimate the effect of these practices on corn yield. Herbicides used within each weed management strategy included the residual herbicide S-metholachlor + atrazine (1.4 + 1.8 kg/ha) applied preemergence (PRE) and/or glyphosate (0.86 kg/ha) postemergence (POST). Weed management treatments consisted of a PRE only, PRE followed by POST, POST only, POST + PRE, and an untreated control. Row spacing had little effect on weed suppression and control except for two cases. In general, PRE followed by POST and POST + Residual treatments controlled weeds better compared to PRE only and POST only treatments. Corn yields were higher when a herbicide was used compared to applying no herbicide application.
KEYWORDS: Row spacing, Plant Density, Corn Hybrids, Weed Management, Herbicide Application Timing
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McLaughlin, Stephan. "Évaluation de la densité (tiges/ha.) et caractérisation de la défoliation d'un territoire forestier boréal à l'aide de la vidéographie aérienne multispectrale (VAM) /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1998. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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Rosa, Suzana Ferreira da. "PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS E QUÍMICAS DE UM SOLO ARENOSO SOB O CULTIVO DE Eucalypus spp." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8671.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThe study was carried out to evaluate the changes in the physical and chemical properties of a sandy soil after afforestation of an Eucalyptus forest planted in different spacing resulting in several plant population. The initial plant growth was also monitored. It was accomplished an experiment planted with Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden planted on Alfisol (Red Yellow Podzolic) with native grass. The plant spacing used were: 3,50X3,50; 3,50X1,75; 1,75X1,75 e 1,75X0,87 m. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four replicates. In the initial twelve months was not observed differences in results of soil properties due Eucalyptus exploration. To explore what may occur in this experiment by end of first or second forest plant cycle it was evaluated three areas, in sites side by side. Site 1 Eucalyptus planted 2x1m with 15 years; Site 2 Eucalyptus planted 3x2m with 20 years; Site 3 natural grass. In the experiment, soil samples were taken before the Eucalyptus planting and after twelve months, and layers of 0,00-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,40; 0,40-0,60; 0,60-1,00 e 1,00-1,50 m. In the area 2 (sites 1 to 3) soil samples were taken in four replicates at same soil layers as the experiment area. The soil physical properties measured were: particle size distribution, bulk and particle density, total, macro and microporosity and wet and dry aggregate size distribution. The soil chemical measured were: water pH SMP, Al+++, Ca++, Mg++, K+, available P, N, C and organic matter. In the experiment was measured the diameter 0,10 m and height of plants at three, six, nine and twelve months of age, at twelve months was measured also the DAP and calculated the basal area for plant and basal area for hectare. In the experiment, measuring at twelve months after installation the soil changes were only for macro and microporosity and for aggregation, mainly due to soil tillage and management involved in installation of forest. In the area 2, the Eucalyptus, as well as the planting spacing adopted did not caused soil physical alteration, except for aggregation, which was smaller at native grass field. The changes in soil chemical properties, in the experiment, area resulted in higher pH, Ca and Mg after twelve months. In the area 2 there were higher levels of Al and smaller pH for Eucalyptus forest, whereas the levels of Ca, Mg, P and K were higher in the natural grass. There were higher Ca, P and K in the site 2, 3x2m spacing, where the organic C were higher at layer 0,2 to 0,6m. The plant spacing for the initial twelve months did not affect plant height and canopy radii, however, did affect plant diameter, basal area for hectare at twelve months age. The higher plant diameter were observed for higher plant spacing whereas, the basal area per hectare were higher for narrower plant spacing.
O estudo desenvolveu-se com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações ocorridas nas propriedades físicas e químicas de um solo arenoso e o desenvolvimento das plantas após a implantação de povoamentos de eucalipto em diferentes densidades populacionais. O trabalho foi realizado a partir da instalação de um experimento implantado com Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden em campo nativo, nos espaçamentos 3,50X3,50; 3,50X1,75; 1,75X1,75 e 1,75X0,87 metros, em um argissolo vermelho distrófico (Área 1). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Nos primeiros 12 meses de idade do povoamento os resultados não permitiriam conclusões sobre o efeito do eucalipto nas propriedades do solo. Assim, foi avaliada, concomitantemente, uma área com eucalipto implantado nos espaçamentos iniciais de 2X1 e 3X2 m, com 15 e 20 anos de idade, respectivamente, e comparadas com campo nativo (Área 2). Na área 1 foram coletadas, em cada unidade experimental, amostras de solo nas profundidades 0,00- 0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,40; 0,40-0,60; 0,60-1,00 e 1,00-1,50 m antes da implantação e após 12 meses de instalação do experimento. Na área 2 foi realizada a coleta de solo com quatro repetições por tratamento, nas mesmas profundidades utilizadas na área 1. As propriedades físicas do solo avaliadas foram granulometria, densidade do solo e de partículas, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade, distribuição do tamanho dos agregados estáveis em água e a seco. As propriedades químicas determinadas foram: pH, pHSMP, alumínio, cálcio, magnésio, fósforo e potássio trocáveis, nitrogênio e carbono orgânico total, e matéria orgânica. Na área 1 foram realizadas avaliações de diâmetro a 0,10 m e altura das plantas aos três, seis, nove e doze meses de idade, sendo que aos doze meses também foi medido o DAP das plantas e calculado a área basal individual e área basal por hectare. Na área 1, aos doze meses somente ocorreram alterações na macro e microporosidade e na agregação devido às práticas de preparo do solo e do manejo do povoamento no período inicial. Na área 2, o eucalipto, bem como o espaçamento de plantio, não alteraram as propriedades físicas do solo, exceto a agregação, que foi menor no campo nativo. Para as propriedades químicas do solo, na área 1 houve aumento no pH e nos níveis de Ca e Mg no solo após 12 meses. Na área 2, observou-se maiores níveis de Al e menores valores de pH no solo sob o eucalipto. Os níveis de Ca, Mg, P e K foram mais elevados no campo nativo, o teor de matéria orgânica e carbono foram maiores no eucalipto 3X2 m, na terceira e quarta camadas. Em relação ao desenvolvimento inicial, o espaçamento de plantio do Eucalyptus dunnii afetou o diâmetro e a área basal por hectare aos 12 meses de idade, onde se observou um maior crescimento em diâmetro (0,10 m) nos espaçamentos mais amplos. Entretanto, a área basal por hectare foi maior nos espaçamentos menores.
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Weber, Diego. "Densidade de plantio e produção do maracujazeiro-amarelo no Sul do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3017.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
A fruticultura apresenta-se como importante fonte de renda ao alcance do pequeno agricultor familiar, devido a alta demanda de mão de obra e o considerável rendimento para pequenas propriedades. Uma frutífera adaptada e de grande potencial no Brasil é o maracujazeiro-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims), devido o seu ciclo produtivo ser relativamente curto, alta produtividade e ótima qualidade do suco. Com a adaptabilidade da cultura na diversidade edafoclimática do Brasil, faz -se possível a produção de maracujá-amarelo em todas as regiões do país. Entretanto, pouco se conhece de seu crescimento, desenvolvimento e desempenho nas condições edafoclimáticas do Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, onde tem se invernos com geadas e verões mais curtos em relação as regiões tropicais. Objetivou-se avaliar as características produtivas e físico-químicas dos frutos do maracujazeiro-amarelo produzidos em Pelotas/RS, sob três densidades de plantio. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na UFPel/FAEM, nos anos de 2011 e 2012. Utilizou-se a seleção ‘Ovalado Grande’ de maracujazeiro-amarelo, desenvolvida pela Epagri/EEUR. O plantio foi realizado em outubro de 2011, sob sistema de condução em espaldeira, com irrigação por gotejamento e polinização manual. Os tratamentos (densidade de plantio) foram: tratamento D1 com distância entre plantas de 2,5m utilizando uma planta por cova, 1.600 plantas por hectare (plantas ha -¹); tratamento D2 com distância entre plantas de 1,5m utilizando uma planta por cova, 2.666 plantas ha -¹ e; tratamento D3 com distância entre plantas de 2,5m utilizando duas plantas por cova, 3.200 plantas ha -¹. Em todos os tratamentos o espaçamento entre filas foi de 2,5m. As variáveis de produção foram: produtividade estimada (P), produção por planta(PP), número de frutos por planta (NFP), número de frutos por hectare (NFH), massa média de frutos (MMF) e dias da antese até a maturação do fruto (DAMF). As variáveis físico-químicas foram: sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT (RATIO), coloração da epiderme (CE), espessura média do pericarpo (EP), comprimento médio do fruto (CMF), diâmetro médio do fruto (DMF) e rendimento de polpa (RP). Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os tratamentos para as variáveis MMF (249,24g) e DAMF (73,5 dias). Para as variáveis de produção, PP, NFP e NFH houve superioridade para os sistemas menos adensados, assim o tratamento D1, obteve melhor desempenho. Porém, considerando que o adensamento no plantio do maracujazeiro-amarelo promove maior produtividade, o tratamento D3 obteve melhor desempenho produtivo neste contexto, alcançando uma excelente produtividade, de 25,45 t ha -¹. Para as variáveis físico-químicas, não houve influência dos tratamentos em todas as variáveis. Porém os frutos apresentaram ótima qualidade, com ótimo padrão para o mercado ‘in natura’ , com valores considerados de alto padrão para as variáveis CMF (107,30mm), DMF(85,39mm), SS (11,25ºBrix) AT (5,67%) e EP (5,73mm) e RP (51,42%). Recomendase o cultivo do maracujazeiro-amarelo na região de Pelotas, RS, utilizando-se a densidade de plantio de 3.200 plantas ha -¹ (2,5 x 2,5m com duas mudas por cova).
The fruticulture presents itself as important income source adapted for the small family farmer, due to high demand on hand labor and high performance on small farms. A fruit tree adapted and great potential in Brazil is the yellow Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims), due its production cycle to be relatively short, high productivity and high quality juice. According to the excellent adaptability of culture diversity in climate and soil of Brazil, it is possible the production of Passion fruit in all regions of the country. However, little is known of their growth, development and performance at conditions of southern Rio Grande do Sul, where there winters with frosts and shorter summers over the tropics. This study aims to evaluate the productive and physicochemical characteristics in fruits of yellow Passion fruit tree produced in Pelotas/RS, under three planting densities. The work was developed in UFPel/FAEM, in the years 2011 and 2012. It was used the selection ‘Ovalado Grande' of yellow Passion fruit, developed by Epagri/EEUR. The planting was realized in October 2011, under the conduction system in trellis, with drip irrigation and manual pollination. The treatments (planting density) were: treatment D1 with distance of 2,5m between plants using one plant per hole, 1.600 plants per hectare (plants ha -¹); treatment D2 with distance of 1,5m between plants using o ne plant per hole, 2.666 plants ha -¹; treatment D3 with distance of 2,5m between plants using two plants per hole, 3.200 plants.ha -¹. In all treatments the spacing between rows was 2,5m. The production variables were estimated productivity (P), production per plant (PP), number of fruits per plant (NFP), number of fruits per hectare (NFH), average fruit weight (MMF) and days from anthesis through fruit ripening (DAMF). The physicochemical variables were: soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), SS/AT ratio (RATIO), skin color (CE), the average thickness of pericarp (EP), the average length of fruit (CMF) average width of fruit (DMF) and yield pulp (RP). There was no statistically significant difference between treatments for the variables MMF (249,24g) and DAA (73,5 days). For the production variables, PP, NFP and NFH were superior to systems less dense, so the treatment D1, performed better. However, considering that higher density planting of yellow Passion fruit promotes greater produtivity, the treatment D3 obtained better performance in this context, achieving an excellent produtivity, 25,45 t ha -¹. For physicochemical variables, there was no influence of the treatments on all variables. However, fruits showed great quality, with excellent standard for the fresh fruit market, with values considered high standard for the variables CMF (107,30mm), DMF (85,39mm), SS (11.25ºBrix) AT (5,67%), EP (5,73mm) and RP (51,42%). It is recommended the cultivation of yellow Passion fruit tree in Pelotas, RS, using a planting density of 3.200 plants ha -¹ (2,5 x 2,5m with two plants per hole).
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Demétrio, Cláudia de Sousa. "Desempenho agronômico de híbridos de milho em diferentes arranjos populacionais em Jaboticabal-SP /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96933.
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Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de espaçamentos entre as linhas e densidades populacionais, em dois híbridos de milho, no desempenho agronômico da cultura com ênfase nos componentes de produção, produtividade e composição glicídica dos grãos. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2006/2007, em condições de campo, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico típico, textura argilosa, A moderado, a 21°15'22"de latitude sul e longitude 48°18'58" WGr, em Jaboticabal - SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, compostos por 24 tratamentos, constituídos pela combinação de três espaçamentos entre as linhas (40, 60 e 80 cm) nas parcelas, dois híbridos (30K73 e 30F80) nas subparcelas, e quatro densidades populacionais (30, 50, 70 e 90 mil plantas ha-1) nas sub-subparcelas, com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram: estatura de plantas, altura da 1ª espiga, n.º espigas por planta, diâmetro de colmo, acamamento e quebramento de plantas, n.º de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de mil grãos, produtividade de grãos e índice de colheita. Foram feitas análises químicas do grão para determinação do teor de sacarose, açucares redutores e amido. Verificou-se que a produtividade do milho aumentou com a redução do espaçamento entre as linhas de 80 para 40 cm, que o melhor arranjo de plantas, para os híbridos 30K73 e 30F80, nas condições de edafoclimáticas de Jaboticabal, é composto pela combinação de 40 cm de espaçamento entre as linhas e 75 e 80 mil plantas ha-1 de densidade populacional, respectivamente. Modificando o arranjo espacial de plantas de milho, a composição final de glicídios no grão não é alterada.Abstract: The present work had the objective of evaluating the influence of row spacing and population densities, in two corn hybrids, on the agronomic performance of the culture with enface on production components and productivity. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural year of 2006/2007, under field conditions, in a Typical Haplustox , clay texture, at 21°15'22" South latitude and longitude 48°18'58" W, at Jaboticabal - SP, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, in split split-plot scheme with 24 treatments, where the plots were composed by three row spacing (40, 60 e 80 cm), the split-plots by two contrastive hybrids (30K73 ND 30F80) and the split split-plots by four population densities (30, 50, 70, e 90 thousand plants per hectare), with three replications. The following variables were evaluated: plant height, first ear height, number of ear per plant, stem diameter, plant lodging and breakage, number of grains per ear, mass of grains per ear, mass of a thousand grains, grain yield and yield index. Furthermore, grain chemical analyses were done to determine the content of saccharose, redacting sugars and starch. It was verified that corn productivity rises with the reduction of row spacing from 80 to 40 cm, that the best plant arrangement, for the hybrids 30K73 and P0F80, under Jaboticabal environment conditions, is the combination of 40 cm row spacing and 75 and 80 thousand plants per hectare, respectively. Final grain glicidic composition is not altered by the spacial arrangements of corn plants.
Orientador: Domingos Fornasieri Filho
Coorientador: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta
Banca: Aildson Pereira Duarte
Banca: Orivaldo Arf
Mestre
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Oliveira, Mailson Freire de [UNESP]. "Modelos de predição de produtividade da cultura do milho por meio de NDVI em arranjos espaciais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151597.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Há uma necessidade do uso de ferramentas para estimativa do potencial produtivo durante o desenvolvimento da cultura do milho. Assim, o auxílio por meio sensores ópticos ativos para a geração de índices de vegetação, pode fornecer informações significativas para o conhecimento do comportamento e relação temporal destes índices com parâmetros produtivos das culturas agrícolas. Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento temporal do NDVI e a sua relação com a produtividade da cultura do milho com o intuito de gerar modelos de predição de produtividade nas populações de plantas (55, 60 e 65 mil plantas ha-1) em espaçamento de semeadura reduzida e em linhas duplas. Foi utilizado fatorial 2 x 3 com 4 repetições, perfazendo 24 parcelas experimentais de 10 m2 de área útil em blocos casualizados, realizando a leitura do NDVI em 5 épocas (30, 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias após a emergência das plantas - DAE). O espaçamento em linhas duplas aos 90 e 30 DAE para as populações de 55 e 60 mil plantas ha-1, respectivamente permitiram gerar modelos para a predição de produtividade com base no NDVI do milho, enquanto que para a população de 65 mil plantas ha-1 aos 45 e 60 DAE não houve ajuste do modelo de predição de produtividade por valores próximos de NDVI para produtividades diferentes. No espaçamento reduzido a geração de modelos para a predição de produtividade foi possível nas populações de 55 e 60 mil plantas ha-1 respectivamente aos 90 e 30 DAE.
There is a need for the use of tools to estimate productive potential during corn crop development. Thus, the assistence by means of active optical sensors for the generating of vegetation indexes can provide significant information for the knowledge of the behavior and temporal relation of this index with productive parameters of the agricultural crops. It was aimed to evaluate the temporal behavior of NDVI and its relation with productivity of corn in order to generate productivity prediction models in plant populations (55, 60 and 65 thousand plants ha- 1 ) in spacing of conventional seeding and twin rows. A factorial 2 x 3 was utilized with four replicates, with a total of 24 experimental plots of 10 m2 in randomized blocks, performing reading NDVI at 5 seasons (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after emergence of the plants DAE). The spacing in twin rows at 90 and 30 DAE for populations of 55 and 60 thousand plants ha-1 , respectively, allowed to generate models for the prediction of productivity based on corn NDVI, while the population of 65 thousand ha-1 plants at 45 and 60 DAE there was no adjustment by the prediction model of productivity by values close to NDVI for different productivities. In the conventional spacing generating models for the prediction of productivity was possible in the populations of 55 and 60 thousand plants ha-1 respectively at 90 and 30 DAE.
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Plácido, Júnior Cristóvão Gomes. "Avaliação de guaranazeiro cultivado em diferentes estandes de plantas nos primeiros anos de produção." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2012. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3050.
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Previous issue date: 2011-06-04Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
The guarana cultivation has great social and economic importance in Maués City. Aimed at increasing crop yields, studies are needed on the plant population per unit area. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of different plant stands in the cultivation of guarana on aspects of vegetative growth, diseases, soil fertility and productivity, to improve the productive use of areas with the culture of guarana and reducing the impact of the implementation of the culture in new areas, providing an economic return for producers of guarana in Maués City, Amazonas State. We studied two clones BRS-Amazonas (CMU-300) and BRS-Maués (CMU-871) in booths of 625, 833, 1,111, 1,666, 2,500 and 5,000 plants per hectare. The experimental design for the analysis was completely randomized in factorial arrangement 2x6 and the number of replicates ranged from 3 to 10 according to the variables studied. The increase in the plant stands showed the economic viability for all indicators, with low risk of obtaining unfavorable results in the region analyzed when the used clones show high resistance to major diseases affecting the crop. There is need for continued evaluation to define the better stand of plants per unit area, which should be set at the end of at least five years of evaluation, after the stabilization of yield per plant.
O cultivo do guaranazeiro tem grande importância social e econômica na região do município de Maués. Visando o aumento da produtividade da lavoura, são necessários estudos sobre a população de plantas por unidade de área cultivada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes estandes de plantas no cultivo do guaranazeiro sobre aspectos de crescimento vegetativo, doenças, produtividade e fertilidade do solo, possibilitando uma melhor utilização das áreas utilizadas com a cultura do guaranazeiro, reduzir o impacto da implantação da cultura em novas áreas apresentando um retorno econômico aos produtores de guaraná do município de Maués, Estado do Amazonas. Foram estudados duas cultivares BRS-Amazonas e BRS-Maués em estandes de. 625, 833, 1.111, 1.666, 2.500 e 5.000 plantas por hectare. O delineamento experimental adotado para a análise foi o inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 6, sendo que o número de repetições variou de 3 a 10, de acordo com as variáveis estudadas. O aumento do estande de plantas mostrou viabilidade econômico-financeira para todos os indicadores, com baixo risco de obter resultados desfavoráveis na região analisada quando utilizadas cultivares que apresentem alta resistência às principais doenças que afetam a cultura. Existe a necessidade de se definir o estande ideal de plantas por unidade de área, considerando o tempo de estabilização da produção que ocorre a partir do quinto ano.
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Schmitt, Amauri. "Arranjo de plantas para maximizar o desempenho agronômico do milho em ambientes de alto manejo." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2014. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/520.
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Previous issue date: 2014-10-13Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The proper choice of plant arrangement is important to maximize maize grain yield. This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the best strategies to manipulate plant arrangement in order to reach grain yields higher than 18,000 kg ha-1. Four field experiments were set during the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing seasons. In the first experiment, the effect of increasing plant density was assessed. The plant populations of 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 pl m-2 were tested at two row spacing (40 and 80 cm). In the second trial, the effect of reducing row spacing was studied. Five row spacings were tested: 40, 60, 80, 100 cm and twin rows. Each row spacing was tested at two plant densities (7 and 9 pl m-2). In the third trial, plant uneven emergence at the sowing row was evaluated. Five levels of unevenness in plant emergence were studied: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 days. In the level 0, all seeds were sowed in the same day. In the other treatments, half seeds were sowed in day 0 and the other half 2,5, 5, 7.5 and 10 days after. It the forth trial spatial uneven plant distribution in the sowing row was simulated. Five levels of spatial unevenness were addressed: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 of the variation coefficient (C.V.). In the level 0, all seeds were placed at the same distance from each other in the sowing row. Uneven temporal and spatial distribution was studied at 18 19 two row spacings: 40 and 80 cm. In the first experiment, grain increased linearly with the increment in plant population from 3 to 11 pl m-2 when maize was grown with the row spacing of 40 cm. In the second trial, grain yield was greater with 9 pl m-2 than with 7 pl m-2 and row spacing did not affect the crop productivity. In the third experiment, the increase in temporal variability of plant emergence decreased grain yield when maize was grown with rows 80 cm apart. In the fourth trial, grain yield was reduced by the increment in spatial variability among plants at the sowing row when the crop was grown with the row spacing of 40 cm. The use of supra-optimum plant densities ( 9 to 11 pl m-2), associated to narrow row spacing (40 cm), are efficient strategies to manipulate plant arrangement in order to lift maize grain yield above 18,000 kg ha-1, as long as the plants are evenly distributed in space and time at the sowing rows
A escolha adequada do arranjo de plantas é importante para potencializar o rendimento de grãos do milho. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o intuito de identificar as melhores estratégias de manipulação do arranjo de plantas para alcançar tetos produtivos superiores a 18.000 kg ha-1. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos nas safras 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. No primeiro avaliou-se o efeito do incremento na densidade de plantas sobre o desempenho agronômico do milho. Foram testadas as densidades de 3, 5, 7, 9 e 11 pl m-2, nos espaçamentos entre-linhas de 40 e 80 cm. No segundo avaliou-se o impacto da redução do espaçamento entre-linhas no potencial produtivo do milho. Foram avaliados os espaçamentos entre-linhas de 100, 80, 60 e 40 cm e o de linhas gêmeas, nas densidades de 70.000 e 90.000 pl ha-1. No terceiro quantificou-se o efeito da irregularidade temporal na emergência das plantas na linha de semeadura sobre o rendimento de grãos. Foram testados cinco níveis de desuniformidade temporal, equivalentes a 0, 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 e 10 dias. No nível 0 todas as sementes foram semeadas no mesmo dia. Nos demais níveis, metade das sementes foi semeada no dia 0 e a outra metade 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 e 10 dias após. No quarto experimento analisou-se o efeito da desuniformidade espacial na linha sobre o rendimento de grãos do milho. Foram testados cinco níveis de desuniformidade espacial, equivalentes a 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 % do coeficiente de variação, onde o nível 0 equivale as plantas uniformemente distribuídas nos sulcos. Cada nível de desuniformidade temporal e espacial foi avaliado nos espaçamentos entre-linhas de 40 e 80 cm. No primeiro ensaio, o rendimento de grãos aumentou linearmente com o incremento na densidade de plantas no espaçamento de 0,4m entre-linhas. No segundo ensaio, os rendimentos foram maiores na densidade de 9 pl m-2 do que na de 7 pl m-2 e não houve diferenças significativas no rendimento de grãos entre os cinco espaçamentos entre-linhas. No terceiro trabalho, o aumento da variabilidade temporal das plantas na linha diminuiu o rendimento de grãos do milho quando o mesmo foi cultivado com espaçamentos entre-linhas de 80 cm. No quarto ensaio, o rendimento de grãos reduziu com o aumento do C.V na distribuição espacial de plantas quando o milho foi cultivado no espaçamento entre-linhas de 40 cm. A utilização de densidades supra-ótimas (9 a 11 pl m-2) e de espaçamento entre-linhas reduzido (40-50 cm) são estratégias efetivas de manipulação do arranjo de plantas para alcançar produtividades superiores a 18.000 kg ha-1 em lavouras com distribuição espacial e temporal uniforme das plantas na linha de semeadura
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Fontoura, Darci da. "Influência do espaçamento, população de plantas e híbridos na intensidade de doenças e fatores de produção de milho safrinha." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2005. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1271.
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Previous issue date: 2005-11-25Although the safrinha (short season) corn area had almost a tenfold increase during the last 15 years, few studies were reported on this specific environment. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of the spatial arrangement created by row spacing or by plant population on corn disease intensity in the safrinha environment. The experiment was installed in Toledo/PR for two consecutive years, 2004 and 2005. It was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, on a factorial scheme with hybrid as the first factor (X1392D, 30F80, 30K75 and 30P70) and row spacing (38 cm, mix with 38 and 76 cm or 76 cm) or plant population (45, 60 and 75 thousand plants ha-1) as the second factor. The hybrids were selected in order to fill the following requirements: two of them had erect leaf architecture and the other two had horizontal leaf architecture, besides a different tolerance level for the main corn diseases. The incidence and severity of the leaf, stalk and ear pathogenic fungus, the incidence of generic parameters as kernel rot, root lodging, stalk lodging, besides the production factors and productivity were evaluated. Although higher plant populations and narrower row spacing resulted in higher disease intensity, there was a tendency of better yields under these treatments. On the other hand, it was dependant on the hybrid and climate condition of each growing year. The internal temperature of each plot was not affected by the spatial arrangement, however the leaf architecture affected the maximum temperature, even though it was not directly related to the disease intensity
Apesar da área de milho safrinha ter aumentado em aproximadamente dez vezes nos últimos 15 anos, poucos estudos foram relatados nesse ambiente específico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do arranjo espacial gerado pelo espaçamento entre linhas e pela população de plantas na intensidade de doenças em milho safrinha. O experimento foi conduzido em Toledo/PR por dois anos consecutivos, nas safrinhas de 2004 e de 2005. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial, tendo como primeiro fator o híbrido (X1392D, 30F80, 30K75 e 30P70) e como segundo fator o espaçamento entre linhas (38 cm, misto com 38 e 76 cm na mesma parcela ou 76 cm) ou a população de plantas (45, 60 e 75 mil plantas ha-1). Os híbridos foram escolhidos de forma que dois tivessem arquitetura foliar ereta e dois tivessem arquitetura foliar horizontal, além de níveis diferentes de tolerância às principais doenças. Foram avaliadas a incidência e a severidade dos principais fungos fitopatogênicos responsáveis por doenças foliares, de colmo e de espiga, a incidência de parâmetros genéricos como grão ardido, acamamento de raiz, acamamento de colmo e doenças da base do colmo, além dos fatores de produção e produtividade. O microclima gerado pela redução do espaçamento entre linhas ou pelo aumento da população de plantas resultou em aumento na intensidade de doenças de colmo e de espiga, porém não reduziu a produtividade na mesma proporção. Por outro lado, essa resposta é dependente do híbrido e da condição climática de cada ano agrícola. A temperatura interna da parcela não foi afetada pelo arranjo espacial, porém a arquitetura foliar afetou a temperatura máxima ainda que não estivesse diretamente relacionada à intensidade de doença
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Gelain, Neiva Somavilla. "MONITORAMENTO DA ÁGUA DO SOLO EM PLANTIO DE Eucalyptus spp." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8728.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThe growing demand for forest products has allowed the increase in areas planted forests in Brazil. Eucalyptus is a fast growing tree species and is cultivated on a large scale, but still is a subject that causes controversy about the effect on the dynamics of soil water where they are deployed. Therefore, this study aimed to monitor water use by Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden settlement under different population densities in sandy soil. The study was conducted from the installation of an experiment implemented with Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden in native grass, at spaced 3.50 X3, 50, 3.50 X1, 75, 1.75 X1, X0 75 and 1.75, 87 meters in an Alfisol (Red Yellow Podzolic). The experimental design was a complete randomized block with three replicates. To measure the soil moisture to field technique was used in the time domain reflectometry (TDR). Thus, we installed two units in the TDR-100 manufactured by Campbell. Probes with metal double rod 20 cm long were installed horizontally every 30 inches deep, by means of trenching 2.10 meter depth in each plot, comprising seven layers trench. Soil moisture was monitored continuously in the period november/2011 at may/2012. In addition, assessments were made dendrometrical as total height and DBH (1.30 m). These evaluations were performed at 36 and 42 months of age. In periods, the measures taken by TDR moisture was very sensitive to changes in water content of soil, mainly in the superficial layers of the soil. However, much of the monitoring period there were very few precipitation events, which resulted in measures of low soil water content will also result in stunted growth.
A crescente demanda por produtos florestais tem propiciado o aumento das áreas com florestas plantadas no Brasil. O eucalipto é uma espécie florestal de rápido crescimento e é cultivada em larga escala, porém ainda é um assunto que provoca polêmicas sobre o efeito na dinâmica da água do solo onde são implantados. Por isso, este estudo teve como objetivo monitorar do uso da água por povoamento de Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden sob diferentes densidades populacionais em solo arenoso. O trabalho foi realizado a partir da instalação de um experimento implantado com Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden em campo nativo, nos espaçamentos 3,50X3,50; 3,50X1,75; 1,75X1,75 e 1,75X0,87 metros, em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições Para as medidas de umidade do solo a campo foi utilizada a técnica da reflectometria de domínio do tempo (TDR). Para isso, foram instalados na área dois equipamentos TDR-100 fabricado pela Campbell. Sondas metálicas com haste dupla de 20 cm de comprimento foram instaladas horizontalmente a cada 30 cm de profundidade, por meio de abertura de trincheiras com 2,10m de profundidade em cada parcela, compondo sete camadas por trincheira. A umidade do solo foi monitorada continuamente no período de novembro/2011 a maio/2012. Além disso, foram realizadas avaliações dendrométricas, como altura total e DAP (1,30 m). Estas avaliações foram realizadas aos 36 e 42 meses de idade. Nos períodos avaliados, as medidas de umidade feitas pelo TDR foram bastante sensíveis as mudanças do conteúdo de água do solo, principalmente nas camadas mais superficiais do solo. Porém, em grande parte do período de monitoramento houveram pouquíssimos eventos de precipitação, o que ocasionou em medidas de baixos conteúdos de água no solo, resultando também em déficit no crescimento.
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Demétrio, Cláudia de Sousa [UNESP]. "Desempenho agronômico de híbridos de milho em diferentes arranjos populacionais em Jaboticabal-SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96933.
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O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de espaçamentos entre as linhas e densidades populacionais, em dois híbridos de milho, no desempenho agronômico da cultura com ênfase nos componentes de produção, produtividade e composição glicídica dos grãos. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2006/2007, em condições de campo, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico típico, textura argilosa, A moderado, a 21°15’22”de latitude sul e longitude 48°18’58” WGr, em Jaboticabal – SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, compostos por 24 tratamentos, constituídos pela combinação de três espaçamentos entre as linhas (40, 60 e 80 cm) nas parcelas, dois híbridos (30K73 e 30F80) nas subparcelas, e quatro densidades populacionais (30, 50, 70 e 90 mil plantas ha-1) nas sub-subparcelas, com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram: estatura de plantas, altura da 1ª espiga, n.º espigas por planta, diâmetro de colmo, acamamento e quebramento de plantas, n.º de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de mil grãos, produtividade de grãos e índice de colheita. Foram feitas análises químicas do grão para determinação do teor de sacarose, açucares redutores e amido. Verificou-se que a produtividade do milho aumentou com a redução do espaçamento entre as linhas de 80 para 40 cm, que o melhor arranjo de plantas, para os híbridos 30K73 e 30F80, nas condições de edafoclimáticas de Jaboticabal, é composto pela combinação de 40 cm de espaçamento entre as linhas e 75 e 80 mil plantas ha-1 de densidade populacional, respectivamente. Modificando o arranjo espacial de plantas de milho, a composição final de glicídios no grão não é alterada.
The present work had the objective of evaluating the influence of row spacing and population densities, in two corn hybrids, on the agronomic performance of the culture with enface on production components and productivity. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural year of 2006/2007, under field conditions, in a Typical Haplustox , clay texture, at 21°15’22” South latitude and longitude 48°18’58” W, at Jaboticabal – SP, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, in split split-plot scheme with 24 treatments, where the plots were composed by three row spacing (40, 60 e 80 cm), the split-plots by two contrastive hybrids (30K73 ND 30F80) and the split split-plots by four population densities (30, 50, 70, e 90 thousand plants per hectare), with three replications. The following variables were evaluated: plant height, first ear height, number of ear per plant, stem diameter, plant lodging and breakage, number of grains per ear, mass of grains per ear, mass of a thousand grains, grain yield and yield index. Furthermore, grain chemical analyses were done to determine the content of saccharose, redacting sugars and starch. It was verified that corn productivity rises with the reduction of row spacing from 80 to 40 cm, that the best plant arrangement, for the hybrids 30K73 and P0F80, under Jaboticabal environment conditions, is the combination of 40 cm row spacing and 75 and 80 thousand plants per hectare, respectively. Final grain glicidic composition is not altered by the spacial arrangements of corn plants.
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Abebe, Yibekal Alemayehu. "Managing the soil water balance of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to improve water productivity." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25257.
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A series of field, rainshelter, growth cabinet and modelling studies were conducted to investigate hot pepper response to different irrigation regimes and row spacings; to generate crop-specific model parameters; and to calibrate and validate the Soil Water Balance (SWB) model. Soil, climate and management data of five hot pepper growing regions of Ethiopia were identified to develop irrigation calendars and estimate water requirements of hot pepper under different growing conditions. High irrigation regimes increased fresh and dry fruit yield, fruit number, harvest index and top dry matter production. Yield loss could be prevented by irrigating at 20-25% depletion of plant available water, confirming the sensitivity of the crop to mild soil water stress. High plant density markedly increased fresh and dry fruit yield, water-use efficiency and dry matter production. Average fruit mass, succulence and specific leaf area were neither affected by row spacing nor by irrigation regimes. There were marked differences among the cultivars in fruit yields despite comparable top dry mass production. Average dry fruit mass, fruit number per plant and succulence were significantly affected by cultivar differences. The absence of interaction effects among cultivar and irrigation regimes, cultivars and row spacing, and irrigation regimes and row spacing for most parameters suggest that appropriate irrigation regimes and row spacing that maximize productivity of hot pepper can be devised across cultivars. To facilitate irrigation scheduling, a simple canopy cover based procedure was used to determine FAO-type crop factors and growth periods for different growth stages of five hot pepper cultivars. Growth analysis was done to calculate crop-specific model parameters for the SWB model and the model was successfully calibrated and validated for five hot pepper cultivars under different irrigation regimes or row spacings. FAO basal crop coefficients (Kcb) and crop-specific model parameters for new hot pepper cultivars can now be estimated from the database, using canopy characteristics, day degrees to maturity and dry matter production. Growth cabinet studies were used to determine cardinal temperatures, namely the base, optimum and cut-off temperatures for various developmental stages. Hot pepper cultivars were observed to require different cardinal temperatures for various developmental stages. Data on thermal time requirement for flowering and maturity between plants in growth cabinet and open field experiments matched closely. Simulated water requirements for hot pepper cultivar Mareko Fana production ranged between 517 mm at Melkassa and 775 mm at Alemaya. The simulated irrigation interval ranged between 9 days at Alemaya and 6 days at Bako, and the average irrigation amount per irrigation ranged between 27.9 mm at Bako and 35.0 mm at Zeway.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted
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Dib, Tamara S. "Relationship between Anisotropy and Dispersive Stress in Wind Plants with Variable Spacing." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4335.
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Large eddy simulations are considered for wind plants with varied spanwise and streamwise spacing. Data from five different configurations of staggered and aligned LES wind turbine arrays with a neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer are employed for analysis. Fields are analyzed by evaluating the anisotropy stress invariants based on the Reynolds shear stresses and dispersive stress tensor. The relationship between quantities are drawn as a function of the wind plant packing. Reynolds stresses and dispersive stresses are investigated alongside a domain altered version of the second and third scalar invariants, ξ, η, as well as the combination of the two invariants described by the function F = 1−27η 2 + 54ξ 3. F is a measure of the approach to either a two-component turbulence (F=1) or an isotropic turbulence (F=0). The invariant η describes the degree of anisotropy while ξ describes the characteristic shape. For the purposes of this study, the LES data is analyzed to understand the effects of canopy density on anisotropy and dispersive stresses, adding further insight and detail for future modeling techniques.
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Fiorin, Rubens Alex. "Penetração de gotas e rendimento de grãos em função do arranjo de plantas, cultivares e volume de calda na cultura da soja." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4998.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the penetration of spray droplets and grain yield depending on the cultivar, on the arrangement of plants and the spray volume in three stages of soybean. For this two experiments they had been developed in the experimental area of the Department of Fitossanitária Defense of the Federal University of Maria/RS. In the first experiment was used the spacing of 45.0, 52.5 and 60.0 cm between the row and the population of 150,000, 250,000 and 350,000 plants ha-1, being evaluated to cultivate Fundacep 55 and in as the experiment were used will cultivate Fundacep 55 and BRS 243 RR was used the spacing of 30,0; 45,0 and 60,0 cm, kept sine the population in 250.000 plants ha-
1. The penetration of drops was evaluated in the V8 stage using the volumes of 75, 100 and 150 l ha-1 and in stages V14 and R3 using the volumes o 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 l ha-1. The larger spacing and lower plant population of the greater penetration of drops, but the opposite occurs with yield. In cultivar BRS 243 received a higher number of drops which is also more productive when compared to cultivate Fundacep 55. The increase in the volume
of spray increases the number of gotas cm-2, especially when the crop is in advanced stage (R3).Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a penetração de gotas de pulverização e o rendimento de grãos em função da cultivar, do arranjo de plantas e volume de calda de soja em três estádios do ciclo da cultura. Para isso foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos na área experimental do Departamento de Defesa Fitossanitária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/RS. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados os espaçamentos de 45,0; 52,5 e 60,0 cm nas entre linhas e as populações de 150.000, 250.000 e 350.000 plantas ha-1, sendo avaliada a cultivar Fundacep 55 e no segundo experimento utilizou-se as cultivares Fundacep 55 e BRS 243 RR nos espaçamentos de 30,0; 45,0 e 60,0 cm, seno mantida a população em 250.000 plantas ha-1. A penetração de gotas foi avaliada nos estádios V8, quando utilizou-se os volumes de 75, 100 e 150 l ha-1 e nos estádios V14 e R3, quando foram utilizados os volumes de 100, 150, 200, 250 e 300 l ha-1. Quanto maior o espaçamento e menor população de plantas maior a penetração de gotas, porém o inverso ocorre com o rendimento de grãos. Na cultivar BRS 243 observou-se maior número de gotas sendo esta também mais produtiva em comparação a cultivar Fundacep 55. O incremento no volume de pulverização aumenta o número de gotas/cm2, especialmente quando a cultura encontra-se em estádio mais avançado (R3).
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Ottman, M. J., M. D. Sheedy, and R. T. Ramage. "Row Spacing Effects on Small Grain Varieties at Maricopa." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201377.
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A 12-inch row spacing is commonly used to evaluate small grain varieties at the Maricopa Agricultural Center and other experiment stations. The objective of this study was to document the interactions of varieties and row spacings. Sir barley, durum, and wheat varieties were planted in the 1989 and 1990 growing seasons at the Maricopa Agricultural Center at four planting dates (November, December, January, February) and 6 and 12-inch row spacings. At the December planting date, which is near optimum, WestBred 881 and Topaz performed best at a 6-inch row spacing while Gustoe, Aldura, Klasic, and WestBred 911 performed best at a 12-inch row spacing. Caution must be exercised when interpreting variety trials planted in 12-inch rows anti, in addition, conducted under growing conditions different from commercial practice.
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Marín, Parra Wilfredo Pablo. "Spacing between rows and plants in two ecotypes of Kanawa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) in the northern highlands." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5398.
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The study "Distance between rows and plants in two ecotypes of canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) in the northern Altiplano" was conducted during the agricultural period of 1999-2000 in the community of Achaca, Tiahuanaco canton, Ingavi province, department of La Paz, Bolivia. It was at 3854 meters above sea level, 16°35' South latitude by 68°41' West longitude. Precipitation was 474.6 mm and the soil was a loose sandy texture. The genetic material was composed of the ecotypes of yellow Lasta, red Lasta, yellow Saihua, and red Saihua, from the Belén Experimental Station, part of the Faculty of Agronomy, San Andrés Higher University. With the objective to evaluate the effect of distance between rows and between plants on the agronomic behavior of two ecotypes of Canihua in the northern Altiplano, planting took place on December 20, 1999, in rows 20, 40, and 60 cm apart, at a density of 4 kg/ha, all of it under a random block design with plots sub-subdivided. The principal plot set the distance between rows, the subplot set the distance between plants, and the sub-subplot the different ecotypes. Thirty-five days after planting the plants were thinned by hand, and with the use of a cord they were located at pre-established distances of 10, 20, and 30 cm between plants. The effects of the different distances on the ecotypes gave the following results and principal conclusions: The height and stem width of canihua was directly proportional to the different distances between plants and rows, and inversely proportional to the number of plants per area. The maximum values reached for height (21.4 cm) and diameter (2.5mm) occurred with 60 cm between rows and 101,852 plants per hectare. Also, the yellow Saihua ecotype was taller than the rest of the ecotypes at 19.1 cm. As for diameter, the ecotypes presented statistically similar behavior.
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Gearhart, Gregory P. Jr. "Synthesis Study on Load Capacity of Concrete Slabs without Plans." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1522057637077884.
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Findley, Elliot M. "Christoffel Function Asymptotics and Universality for Szegő Weights in the Complex Plane." Scholar Commons, 2009. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1965.
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In 1991, A. Máté precisely calculated the first-order asymptotic behavior of the sequence of Christoffel functions associated with Szego measures on the unit circle. Our principal goal is the abstraction of his result in two directions: We compute the translated asymptotics, limn λn(µ, x + a/n), and obtain, as a corollary, a universality limit for the fairly broad class of Szego weights. Finally, we prove Máté’s result for measures supported on smooth curves in the plane. Our proof of the latter derives, in part, from a precise estimate of certain weighted means of the Faber polynomials associated with the support of the measure. Finally, we investigate a variety of applications, including two novel applications to ill-posed problems in Hilbert space and the mean ergodic theorem.
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Ottman, M. J., and A. D. Day. "Seeding Rate and Row Spacing for WestBred 881 and Aldura Durum at Marana, 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200837.
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WestBred 881 durum commands a premium price due to its superior quality, but it produces a lower yield than other commonly grown cultivars. This study was initiated to improve our understanding of how to grow WestBred 881. Two dumm cultivars (WestBred 881 and Aldura) were planted at five seeding rates (30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs seed /A) and five row spacings (3, 6, 12, 18 an 24 inches) at the Marana Agricultural Center. The optimum seeding rate was 180 lbs /A for WestBred 881 and 120 lb /A for Aldura. An increase in seeding rate resulted in decreased kernel weight and number and increased head number. At row spacings of 3, 6 and 12 inches, grain yield of WestBred 881 was 6120, 6300, and 6060 lbs /A and grain yield of Aldura was 6350, 6770, and 7190 lb /A, respectively. WestBred 881 has larger kernels than Aldura but fewer kernels per head and heads per unit area. The yield advantage of WestBred 881 relative to Aldura at higher seeding rates was due to in kernels per head. At the closer row spacings, the advantage was due to kernel weight, kernels per head and heads per unit area.
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Hafner, Timothy. "The Effects of Within-Row Spacings & Cultivars on the Yield of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2428.
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The effects of within-row spacings and cultivars on the yield of bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied in two experiments. In each experiment, two cultivars and four within-row spacings (8, 15, 23 and 30 cm) were arranged in a split-plot with four replications. Spacing treatments were the whole plots and cultivars were the split plots. In 1988, the two cultivars were 'Blue Lake 274' and 'White Half Runner'. In 1989, the cultivars were 'Blue Lake 274' and 'Kentucky Wonder 125'. All rows were spaced 91 cm apart. Pods were harvested and oven dried. The data were subjected to analysis of vlriance procedure for a split-plot design, assuming a fixed model.
In 1988, White Half Runner was significantly higher yielding than Blue Lake 274. In 1989, yield of Kentucky Wonder 125 was significantly greater than that of Blue Lake 274.
Bean yields were significantly influenced by spacing treatments in 1988 and 1989. Yields per plant were significantly higher for the 30-cm than for the 15- and 8-cm spacings. Yields for the 23-cm spacing treatment were significantly higher than those for the 8-cm treatment. Yields per meter of row showed no significant differences at any spacings. The linear effect for spacings was significant for both yield per meter of row and yield per plant in 1988 and 1989.
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Ottman, Mike, Arden Day, and John Harper. "Seeding Rate and Row Spacing for Westbred 881 and Aldura Durum Wheat at Maricopa, 1987." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203761.
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Westbred 881 durum wheat commands a premium price due to its superior quality, but produces a lower yield than other commonly grown commercial cultivars. This study was initiated to improve our understanding of how best to manage Westbred 881. Two durum wheat cultivars (Westbred 881 and Aldura) were planted at 5 seeding rates (30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs. seed/A), 5 row spacings (3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 inches), and two planting dates (Dec. 1 and Jan. 16) at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. Both cultivars produced optimum yields at seeding rates of 120 to 180 lbs/A for the Dec. 1 planting date. At the Jan. 16 planting date, however, yields of Westbred 881 increased linearly with seeding rate up to 240 lbs/A, while Aldura produced optimum yields between 120 and 180 lbs. seed/A. At the Dec. 1 planting date, Aldura produced similar yields at row spacings from 3 to 12 inches, while the yield of Westbred 881 decreased linearly with an increase in row spacing. The highest yield achieved in this study was with Westbred 881 at the 3 -inch row spacing. Row spacings of 6 to 12 inches were optimum for both Westbred 881 and Aldura at the Jan. 16 planting date. The seeding rate and row spacing responses attained with Westbred 881 may be related to its tittering characteristics.
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Ottman, M. J. "Row Spacing and Direction Effects on Yield, Water Use, Tillering and Light Interception of One-Irrigation Barley." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208254.
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The one-irrigation barley variety Solum is adapted to wide row spacing, and sometimes yields higher in wide compared to narrow spacing. This study was initiated to determine the effect of row spacing and direction on Solum water use and yield components. Solum barley was planted at the Marana Agricultural Center at 6, 12, 18, and 24 inch row spacings in north-south and east -west rows in late November and late -February or early March over 2 growing seasons. Row spacing and direction had little effect on yield and yield components, water use, tillering, and light interception. Nevertheless, in some instances narrow row spacing resulted in more heads that were smaller and had lighter kernels than wide row spacing. We measured greater soil water depletion for the narrow row spacings at the late planting date one year due to greater stem density. The narrow rows intercepted more light than wide rows and the wide rows intercepted more light at solar noon in east-west compared to north -south rows. We were not able to confirm the theory that soil water is conserved in wide rows for use at more critical stages later in the season.
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Widodo. "The Effects of Spacings & Cultivars on Biological Yields, Yields, Component of Yield & Harvest Index of Green Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." TopSCHOLAR®, 1989. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2967.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of cultivars and plant spacings on biological yield, seed yield, seeds per pod, average seed weight, and harvest index of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied in 1987 and 1988. Two cultivars, 'Blue Lake 27' and 'Kentucky Wonder 125' and four plant spacings -- 7, 14, 21, and 28 cm, constituted eight treatments that were arranged in a split-plot with four replications. Each experimental unit or hill consisted of five plants -- four in the corners and one in the center of a square. Spacings treatment were established by varying the distance between the center plant and the four corner plants. Corner plants provided competition; only the center plant was harvested for experimental data. The data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure for a split-plot design, assuming a fixed model.
The cultivars had similar biological yield curves during the 1987 growing season and did not differ significantly for biological yield at the final harvest either year. Kentucky Wonder 125 produced significantly higher average seed weight and harvest index, but fewer seeds per pod, than did Blue Lake 274. In 1987, seed yield per plant was higher for Blue Lake 274 than for Kentucky Wonder 125; however, the cultivars did not differ significantly for seed yield per plant in 1988.
Spacing treatment effects were not significant when expressed through seed yield per plant, seeds per pod, average seed weight, or harvest index. Spacings affected biological yield significantly in 1988, but not in 1987. The linear response of biological yield to spacing was positive and significant both years. The linear effect of spacings on pod yield was significant in 1988, but not in 1987.
Drought conditions in 1987 and 1988 adversely affected bean growth and seed production. The experimental error, as evidenced by large coefficients of variation for treatment means, was unusually high. Consequently, some true cultivar and spacing effects may not have been detected.
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Benavente, Minaya Karina Janet, Castañeda Erika Maribel Buleje, Mesía Zoila María Olascoaga, and Gayoso María Belén Solís. "Plan de Negocios para un centro de tratamientos corporales, basado en masajes: Spacio Azul." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas - UPC. Escuela de Postgrado, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/273928.
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En el presente trabajo, se evalua y expone la factibilidad de la creación de un Centro especializado en Tratamientos Corporales basados en masajes, como una alternativa para eliminar el estrés, la tensión y la fatiga Este centro será denominado: Spacio Azul El objetivo principal de Spacio Azul será lograr que quienes ingresen a él, puedan desconectarse del bullicioso día a día, y encontrar un espacio que invite a la calma, al descanso y al alivio En Spacio Azul, además de terapias de masajes reparadores y relajantes, podrán encontrar tratamientos de belleza como mascarillas faciales y tratamientos reductores de medidas, con el uso exclusivo de masajes y cremas reductoras
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Hora, Rerison Catarino da [UNESP]. "Aplicação de luz na faixa do vermelho-extremo em mudas e diferentes sistemas de condução do tomateiro cultivado em ambiente protegido." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98907.
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hora_rc_me_ilha.pdf: 278731 bytes, checksum: f000da603552eea3caab3009581fa3b0 (MD5)O ensaio foi conduzido de maio a setembro de 2002, na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, SP, tendo por objetivo avaliar a eficiência da aplicação de luz na faixa do vermelho-extremo, em mudas de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum), na redução da emissão de brotação lateral das plantas, bem como estudar o adensamento e poda apical drástica, na concentração da produção de tomate, em ambiente protegido. Foram estudadas três condições de tratamento de mudas (IT - fotoperíodo natural, como testemunha; IVE - fotoperíodo natural, mais irradiação, ao final do fotoperíodo, com luz na faixa do vermelho-extremo; IV+VE - fotoperíodo natural, mais irradiação, com luz na faixa do vermelho, substituído pelo vermelho-extremo, ao final do fotoperíodo, uma semana antes do transplantio) e dois sistemas de condução da cultura, tendo como base 100.000 inflorescências/ha (SC1 - poda apical após a 5a inflorescência e 20.000 plantas/ha, no espaçamento de 1,0 m entre linhas e 0,5 m entre plantas; e SC2 - poda apical após a 2a inflorescência e 50.000 plantas/ha, no espaçamento de 1,0 m entre linhas e 0,2 m entre plantas). Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso no esquema experimental de parcelas subdivididas, estudando-se o comportamento do híbrido Duradoro da EMBRAPA, cultivado sob ambiente protegido de dimensões 5,4 x 30,0 m, coberto com filme plástico de polietileno de 75 mm. Foram obtidas, nas avaliações das mudas, o peso seco, altura e diâmetro do caule e área foliar. Após o transplantio, realizaram-se avaliações microclimáticas, fitotécnicas, eficiência de conversão da radiação solar global incidente em matéria fresca de frutos (EC), e análise econômica de acordo com os tratamentos. Verificou-se que, o ambiente protegido, comparado ao campo aberto, reduziu a densidade de fluxo de radiação solar... .
The experiment was conducted between May and September 2002, at the Teaching and Research Farm (Ilha Solteira, São Paulo State, Brazil) of the College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, UNESP. The main objective was to evaluate the efficiency of the application of far-red light on the reduction of emission of side shoots in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings, as well as to investigate the effects of plant density and drastic pruning on tomato yield under protected environment. Seedlings were exposed to three conditions: (1) natural photoperiod (control); (2) natural photoperiod plus 20 min of far-red radation at the end of the day and (3) natural photoperiod plus 20 min of radiation at the end of the day, with light at the red wave length, which was replaced by far-red radiation a week before transplanting. We also analyzed two cultivation systems, both based on 100,000 inflorescences/ha, (a) growing tip pruning after the fifth inflorescence and (SC1) (b) growing tip pruning after the second inflorescence (SC2). The experimental design was a split plot design, where we studied the performance of EMBRAPA's Duradouro hybrid, cultivated under protected environment of 5.4 x 30.0 m, with 75-mm polyethylene sheets. We evaluated plant dry weight, height, stem diameter and leaf area. After seedlings were transplanted to the field, we assayed daily the solar flux density, air temperature and air moisture. In the field we also measured growth (height and diameter of plants, number of internodes, dry weight and number of side shoots) and botanical and technological traits such as yield, total and commercial number of fruits per area, cropping period and efficiency of conversion of global incident solar radiation on fresh weight of fruits. An economical analysis was also carry out for each treatment. We verified that the solar flux... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
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Hora, Rerison Catarino da. "Aplicação de luz na faixa do vermelho-extremo em mudas e diferentes sistemas de condução do tomateiro cultivado em ambiente protegido /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98907.
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Orientador: Max José de Araújo Faria JuniorBanca: Jairo Augusto Campos de Araújo
Banca: Rumy Goto
Resumo: O ensaio foi conduzido de maio a setembro de 2002, na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, SP, tendo por objetivo avaliar a eficiência da aplicação de luz na faixa do vermelho-extremo, em mudas de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum), na redução da emissão de brotação lateral das plantas, bem como estudar o adensamento e poda apical drástica, na concentração da produção de tomate, em ambiente protegido. Foram estudadas três condições de tratamento de mudas (IT - fotoperíodo natural, como testemunha; IVE - fotoperíodo natural, mais irradiação, ao final do fotoperíodo, com luz na faixa do vermelho-extremo; IV+VE - fotoperíodo natural, mais irradiação, com luz na faixa do vermelho, substituído pelo vermelho-extremo, ao final do fotoperíodo, uma semana antes do transplantio) e dois sistemas de condução da cultura, tendo como base 100.000 inflorescências/ha (SC1 - poda apical após a 5a inflorescência e 20.000 plantas/ha, no espaçamento de 1,0 m entre linhas e 0,5 m entre plantas; e SC2 - poda apical após a 2a inflorescência e 50.000 plantas/ha, no espaçamento de 1,0 m entre linhas e 0,2 m entre plantas). Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso no esquema experimental de parcelas subdivididas, estudando-se o comportamento do híbrido Duradoro da EMBRAPA, cultivado sob ambiente protegido de dimensões 5,4 x 30,0 m, coberto com filme plástico de polietileno de 75 mm. Foram obtidas, nas avaliações das mudas, o peso seco, altura e diâmetro do caule e área foliar. Após o transplantio, realizaram-se avaliações microclimáticas, fitotécnicas, eficiência de conversão da radiação solar global incidente em matéria fresca de frutos (EC), e análise econômica de acordo com os tratamentos. Verificou-se que, o ambiente protegido, comparado ao campo aberto, reduziu a densidade de fluxo de radiação solar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo).
Abstract: The experiment was conducted between May and September 2002, at the Teaching and Research Farm (Ilha Solteira, São Paulo State, Brazil) of the College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, UNESP. The main objective was to evaluate the efficiency of the application of far-red light on the reduction of emission of side shoots in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings, as well as to investigate the effects of plant density and drastic pruning on tomato yield under protected environment. Seedlings were exposed to three conditions: (1) natural photoperiod (control); (2) natural photoperiod plus 20 min of far-red radation at the end of the day and (3) natural photoperiod plus 20 min of radiation at the end of the day, with light at the red wave length, which was replaced by far-red radiation a week before transplanting. We also analyzed two cultivation systems, both based on 100,000 inflorescences/ha, (a) growing tip pruning after the fifth inflorescence and (SC1) (b) growing tip pruning after the second inflorescence (SC2). The experimental design was a split plot design, where we studied the performance of EMBRAPA's Duradouro hybrid, cultivated under protected environment of 5.4 x 30.0 m, with 75-mm polyethylene sheets. We evaluated plant dry weight, height, stem diameter and leaf area. After seedlings were transplanted to the field, we assayed daily the solar flux density, air temperature and air moisture. In the field we also measured growth (height and diameter of plants, number of internodes, dry weight and number of side shoots) and botanical and technological traits such as yield, total and commercial number of fruits per area, cropping period and efficiency of conversion of global incident solar radiation on fresh weight of fruits. An economical analysis was also carry out for each treatment. We verified that the solar flux... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
Mestre
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Oda, Melissa Lombardi. "Aplicação de métodos geoestatísticos para identificação de dependência espacial na análise de dados de um experimento em delineamento sistemático tipo "leque"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-22082005-135811/.
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Os delineamentos sistemáticos são usados nas mais diversas áreas, como: florestal, horticultura, solos, etc. Na área florestal, os delineamentos sistemáticos são freqüentemente usados para estudos preliminares e têm o objetivo de testar o maior número de espaçamentos possíveis. No entanto, existem algumas limitações para a sua utilização. A primeira é o arranjo sistemático (não casualizado) das plantas, que não permite o uso das análises convencionais. A segunda é a alta sensibilidade para valores perdidos. Quando uma planta é perdida, o espaçamento das plantas vizinhas é alterado, assim esses valores não podem ser incluídos no conjunto de dados e informações consideráveis são excluídas das análises. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar a metodologia geoestatística para identificação de dependência espacial em um experimento em delineamento sistemático tipo "leque", levando-se em consideração: a eliminação dos dados das plantas vizinhas aos valores perdidos e as informações de ocorrência de parcelas perdidas e o tempo que ocorreram. Os dados de volume sólido por planta utilizados neste trabalho são provenientes de um experimento de espaçamento de Eucalyptus dunnii em delineamento sistemático tipo "leque". Neste trabalho foram utilizados os dados referentes ao sexto ano, idade comercial de corte da espécie, com os seguintes procedimentos: eliminação dos dados das plantas vizinhas às plantas mortas (Modelo I); as informações de mortes das plantas foram consideradas como uma covariável no modelo (Modelo II) e além da covariável morte das plantas, também foi levado em consideração o tempo da ocorrência da morte (Modelo III). Os parâmetros do semivariograma foram estimados pelo método de máxima verossimilhança e para seleção de modelos, utilizou-se o Critério de Akaike (AIC). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que se identificou uma fraca dependência espacial, o que não justificaria considerá-la com a aplicação de um modelo geoestatístico. A função de correlação que apresentou melhor desempenho foi a Matérn com k = 2 para os três modelos considerados. Comparando-se esses modelos e seguindo o critério de Akaike, o modelo mais adequado foi o II, pois apresentou menor valor de AIC.Systematic designs are utilized in many areas, such as: forestry, horticulture, soils, etc. In forestry, the systematic designs are frequently used for preliminary studies and they aim at evaluating the largest number of possible spacings. However, there are some limitations on their use. The first limitation is the systematic design (non-randomized) of plants, which does not allow the use of conventional analyses. The second is the high sensitivity to lost values. When a plant is lost, the neighboring plant spacings are altered, so these values cannot be added to the data collection, and a great sum of information is excluded from the analyses. This study aimed at applying geostatistical methods to identify the spatial dependence in the data analysis of a fan systematic design experiment, taking into account: the exclusion of neighboring plant data to the lost values and the information regarding the occurrence of lost parcels as well as the time of their occurrence. The plant solid volume data utilized in this study were taken from a fan systematic design Eucalyptus dunnii spacing study. The data utilized were referent to the sixth year, commercial age for cutting of the specie, with the following procedures exclusion of the data from a neighboring plant next to a dead tree (Model I); the information of tree mortality as covariable in the model (Model II); and the time of occurrence of tree mortality, besides the tree mortality covariable (Model III). The semivariogram parameters were estimated by the maximum likelihood method, and the model selection was done by the utilization of the Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). It was possible to conclude from the result analyses that there is a weak spatial dependence, which does not justify neither taking it into account nor the utilization of a geostatistical model. The correlation function that showed the best performance was the Matérn, with kappa=2 for the three models considered. By the comparison of these three models and the utilization of the Akaike's Information Criterion, the most suitable model was Model II, as it showed lower AIC value.
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Mussini, Nicola Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Salvatore, Benno [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hoffmeister, Enrico [Akademischer Betreuer] Spacone, and Ioannis [Akademischer Betreuer] Vayas. "A multilevel decision-making approach for the resilience assessment of industrial plants in seismic prone areas / Nicola Mussini ; Walter Salvatore, Benno Hoffmeister, Enrico Spacone, Ioannis Vayas." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1186269766/34.
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Mussini, Nicola [Verfasser], Walter Akademischer Betreuer] Salvatore, Benno [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hoffmeister, Enrico [Akademischer Betreuer] Spacone, and Ioannis [Akademischer Betreuer] Vayas. "A multilevel decision-making approach for the resilience assessment of industrial plants in seismic prone areas / Nicola Mussini ; Walter Salvatore, Benno Hoffmeister, Enrico Spacone, Ioannis Vayas." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2019051606315336820132.
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Espíndola, Jhone de Souza. "CULTIVO DE BABY LEAF DE CHICÓRIA: SISTEMAS DE PROTEÇÃO E ESPAÇAMENTOS DE PLANTIO." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2012. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2231.
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Previous issue date: 2012-09-14Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná
The vegetables like baby leaf are characterized by the early harvest of cultivated species, and the production and marketing of these are still incipient in Brazil. To assist the production techniques, experiment was conducted between August and October 2011 with the objective of evaluating the productive responses of baby leaf chicory cv. Escarole Lisa in different environmental conditions and spacing between plants. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 04 replications with treatments arranged in split-split. The primary factor was the growing environment (TP- low plastic tunnel; AG-white non woven; AN-natural environment), the secondary factor was spacing between plants (E1- 2 x 5 cm; E2- 4 x 5 cm; E3- 2 x 10 cm; E4- 5 x 10 cm) and tertiary factor was evaluation periods (14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after sowing - DAS). The characteristics evaluated were plant height (AP), leaf area index (IAF), number of leaves per plant (NF), length (CMF) and width (LMF) of the largest leaf, fresh fitomassas (FMF) and dry (FMS) and plant productivity (P). In protect cultivation, the plants reached the harvesting stage (plant height = 10 cm) at 35 days after harvest while (DAS), in the natural environment was at 41 DAS. The NF, at the point of harvest, was higher for plants grown in AN, differentiating the results for AP, CMF, LMF, FMF and IAF. FMF values in TP and AG were higher until it reaches the point of harvest. For growing baby leaf chicory, it was found that the average temperature between 18 and 19ºC was the most suitable for plant growth under protected cultivation in relation to the natural environment. The interaction between different environmental conditions and spacing between plants was significant only for FMF. For cultivation under AG, the spacing between plants E2 and E4 resulted in plants with FMF higher than the spacing between plants E1 and E3. In relation to FMF, Plants grown in AN had lower values than those under TP and AG, except for E3, where plants under GA did not differ from those of AN. For the interaction between evaluation periods and spacing between plants, there was a significant effect for FMF, FMS and IAF. It was found that the FMF and FMS in E1 and E3 were lower than E2, and E4 in 35 DAS. The results of IAF demonstrated that plants grown in smaller spacing between plants (E1) had greater leaf area expansion compared to those in lower density (E4). At harvesting stage, there was a higher productivity when the combination was used spacing between plants E1 and cultivation environment AN. It was verified that is possible to obtain precocity in the cultivation of baby leaf chicory without loss of quality in TP and AG. When all the plants reach the harvesting stage, it is possible to obtain higher productivity using the natural environment (AN) together with the spacing between plants (E1). The use of protect cultivation (non-woven and low tunnel) and spacing E1 are suitable for the cultivation and marketing of whole plant (unit sales) of baby leaf chicory instead of selling by weight.
As hortaliças tipo baby leaf são caracterizadas pela colheita precoce das folhas das espécies cultivadas, sendo que a produção e comercialização das mesmas ainda são incipientes no Brasil. Para auxiliar as técnicas de produção, foi realizado experimento entre agosto e outubro de 2011 com o objetivo de avaliar as respostas produtivas de baby leaf de chicória cv. Escarola Lisa em diferentes ambientes de cultivo e espaçamentos de plantio. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com 04 repetições, com tratamentos distribuídos em parcelas sub-subdivididas. O fator primário foi ambiente de cultivo (TP- Túnel baixo com plástico; AG- Agrotêxtil branco diretamente sobre as plantas; AN- Ambiente natural); o fator secundário foi espaçamento de plantio (E1- 2 x 5 cm; E2- 4 x 5 cm; E3- 2 x 10 cm; E4- 5 x 10 cm) e o fator terciário foi momentos de avaliação (14; 21; 28; 35 e 42 dias após a semeadura - DAS). As características avaliadas foram altura de plantas (AP), índice de área foliar (IAF), número de folhas por planta (NF), comprimento (CMF) e largura (LMF) da maior folha, fitomassas fresca (FMF) e seca (FMS) das plantas e produtividade (P). Nos ambientes protegidos, as plantas atingiram o ponto de colheita (10 cm de altura) aos 35 DAS enquanto em ambiente natural foi aos 42 DAS. O NF, no ponto de colheita, foi superior para as plantas cultivadas em AN, diferenciando dos resultados encontrados para AP, CMF, LMF, FMF e IAF onde em TP e AG os valores foram superiores ao AN. Para FMS os valores em TP e AG foram superiores até atingir o ponto de colheita para baby leaf. Para o cultivo de chicória baby leaf foi constatado que a temperatura média entre 18 e 19ºC foi adequada para o maior crescimento das plantas em cultivo protegido em relação ao ambiente natural, que teve média de 16ºC. A interação entre ambiente de cultivo e espaçamentos foi significativa somente para FMF. Para o cultivo sob AG, os espaçamentos E2 e E4 resultaram em plantas com FMF superior àquelas espaçadas em E1 e E3. As plantas cultivadas em AN apresentaram menores valores de FMF que aquelas sob TP e AG, exceto para o E3 onde a FMF das plantas sob AG não diferiu daquelas do AN. Em relação à interação entre espaçamento e momentos de avaliação, verificou-se efeito significativo para FMF, FMS e IAF. Foi verificado que a FMF e FMS em E1 e E3 foram menores que em E2 e E4 a partir de 35 DAS. Os resultados de IAF demonstraram que as plantas cultivadas no menor espaçamento (E1) apresentaram maior expansão da área foliar em relação àquelas menos adensadas (E4). No ponto de colheita, houve maior produtividade quando foi utilizada a combinação entre o espaçamento E1 e cultivo em ambiente AN. Concluiu-se que é possível obter precocidade no cultivo de baby leaf de chicória sem perda de qualidade sob TP e AG. Quando todas as plantas atingem o ponto de colheita, é possível obter maior produtividade utilizando o ambiente natural (AN) juntamente com o espaçamento mais adensado (E1). O uso do cultivo protegido (Agrotêxtil e Túnel baixo) e o espaçamento E1 são adequados para o cultivo e comercialização de planta inteira (venda da unidade) de baby leaf de chicória em lugar da venda por peso produto.
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Trevisol, Wolmar. "Morfologia e fenologia do porongo: produtividade e qualidade da cuia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-23082013-160458/.
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A cultura do porongo ou cabaça [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl] é importante para a agricultura familiar em várias regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, porque sua rentabilidade, que viabiliza a pequena propriedade, e propicia empregos no campo, no processamento e na comercialização da cuia e artesanatos derivados. A pesquisa foi realizada com a finalidade de estudar a morfologia, fenologia e biologia floral do porongueiro, como base para outras pesquisas, e, também, para subsidiar o manejo da cultura. No experimento sobre densidade de plantas (6.666, 3.333, 2.222 e 1.666 plantas ha-1) avaliou-se a produtividade e a qualidade da cuia, assim como realizou os estudos sobre a fenologia e morfologia. A biologia floral foi estudada em casa de vegetação. Identificou as fases fenológicas e a duração das mesmas em graus-dia acumulados. A relação área foliar por fruto foi muito alta, e a taxa de fecundação baixa; e a cor pardo-escura do pedicelo do fruto serviu como indicador do ponto de colheita. A polinização das flores dependeu de agente biótico. A produtividade aumentou com a densidade de plantas, sem, no entanto, ficar estabelecido a população máxima. Os atributos morfológicos de qualidade da cuia não variaram com a densidade de plantas, no intervalo da pesquisa.The cultivation of the bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl] is an important crop for the familiar farming of several regions of Rio Grande does Sul, states Brazil. Due to profitability enables the small property, and also provides jobs in the field, in the processing and marketing of the gourd and derivative handicrafts. The research was conducted in order to study the morphology, phenology and floral biology of the bottle gourd plant, as a basis for further researches, and also to subsidize the crop management. The experiment of the plants density (6.666, 3.333, 2.222 and 1.666 plants ha-1), in which was evaluated productivity and the quality of the gourd, as well as studies conducted on the phenology and morphology. The floral biology was studied in a greenhouse. Identified phenological phases and the duration of the same in degree-days. The relative leaf area per fruit was very high, and low fertilization rate, and the dark-brown color of the fruit pedicel served as an indicator of harvest time. The pollination of flowers depended on biotic agent. The productivity of the gourd increased with the density of the plants, without establishing the maximum population. The morphological attributes of quality of the gourd did not varied with the plants density, in the interval of the research.
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Dziura, Giselle Luzia. "Permeabilidade espacial e zelo urbanístico no projeto arquitetônico: da modernidade à pós modernidade nos edifícios multifuncionais do eixo estrutural sul de Curitiba, 1966-2008." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16133/tde-29112010-083628/.
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O estudo consiste na análise das mudanças da relação espacial do edifício multifuncional, caracterizado pelo Plano Massa, com o ambiente urbano marcado pelo Eixo Estrutural Sul em Curitiba, entre 1966 e 2008.O Plano Massa consisteemuma configuração arquitetônica e urbanística que atende a orientações legais específicas de ocupação nos Eixos Estruturais. Estes são resultantes de uma das propostas do Plano Preliminar de Urbanismo, de 1965, e caracterizam-se como setores em faixa submetidos a diretrizes de ocupação e uso do solo, fundamentadas no crescimento e adensamento, e condutores da expansão da cidade em vias tangenciais ao centro desta. A relação espacial edifício/entorno imediato incide na transição entre espaço público, presente nas galerias cobertas, e semipúblico, no interior dos edifícios, cujo processo de transformação urbana se sustenta no processo de migração deformada. A migração constitui a transição, em diferentes graus de dimensão física, social e funcional, dos espaços públicos para o interior dos edifícios. Atribui-se a deformação à mudança do caráter de uso e apropriação e, conseqüentemente, do significado: de espaço público para semipúblico. Assim, a hipótese principal é que, com a tensão entre as forças das regras do planejamento urbano, as exigências do mercado imobiliário e as mudanças sociais, econômicas e culturais, houve uma tendência de redução na utilização dos espaços públicos por pedestres, aliada à migração deformada desses espaços para o interior dos edifícios multifuncionais no trecho e período descritos. O objetivo do trabalho consiste em avançar na reflexão histórica e teórica sobre esses edifícios e sua inter-relação com o espaço urbano, a fim de fornecer subsídios para o ensino da arquitetura e urbanismo e desenvolver projetos nessa área em contextos similares. A partir da análise conjuntural de cenários, identificam-se três momentos em que ocorreram tais transformações urbanas. O primeiro (1966-1971) se refere aos Eixos Estruturais como concepção, com o anseio de planejar conforme o pensamento modernista, cujo Plano Diretor atendia à legislação específica. O segundo (1971-1983) compreende o Plano Massa perante o planejamento, com redefinição do pensamento moderno quanto à implantação e ocupação dos edifícios. O terceiro (1983-2008) inclui a adaptação dessas regras aos interesses políticos e imobiliários e às transformações ocorridas na produção do espaço urbano, cujo resultado tendeu à migração mencionada. Para atingir o objetivo proposto e comprovar a hipótese levantada, os procedimentos metodológicos consistem no levantamento de obras construídas, seguido pela identificação das tipologias conforme seu ano de implantação, e pela análise da migração deformada dos espaços quanto à permanência e aparecimento ou desaparecimento das tipologias identificadas, usando como parâmetro a permeabilidade espacial. Os períodos históricos buscam explicar as mudanças entre a teoria moderna e a prática pós-moderna. Assim, a análise pretende esclarecer alguns princípios da Pós-Modernidade que podem ser observados no trecho estudado determinados pelo advento do consumismo, aperfeiçoamento do lar para socialização, encapsulamento das trocas comerciais nos corredores protegidos das galerias e necessidade de segurança física, entre outros responsáveis pelo amadurecimento de uma cultura urbana, e forjados por vários atores sociais.The study is the analysis of spatial changes of the multifunctional building, characterized by the Plano Massa with the urban environment marked by the Southern Strutural Axis in Curitiba, between 1966 and 2008. The Plano Massa consists in an architectural and urbanistic configuration built according the guidelines of specific legal occupation in the structural axis, which were first defined on the \"Preliminary Master Plan\" in 1965. Their definition characterized the city´s growth as linear, following specific land use, transportation and road system guidelines. The linear corridors conduct the city expansion, tangential to the city center. The building/neighborhood spatial relation affects the transition between public spaces as the covered galleries, and semi-public, as inside the buildings in which the process of urban transformation is found on the deformed migration process. Migration is the transition, with a variety of physical, social and functional degrees, from public spaces into the interior of the buildings. Deformation corresponds to the changes of use, caused by the ownership and consequently the change of the building´s meaning from a public space to a semi-public space. Therefore, the main hypothesis is, with the tension among the forces of urban planning rules, the requirements of the property market and social changes, economic and cultural, there was a trend in reducing the use of public spaces for pedestrians, added to the deformed migration to inside the multifunctional buildings, in the Southern Strutural Axis in Curitiba during the period of analisys. The objective is to advance the historical and theoretical reflection on these buildings and their inter-relationship with the urban space in order to provide support for teaching architecture and urban design and developing projects in this area in similar contexts. From the analysis of economic scenarios, there are identified three moments that these urban transformations have occurred. The first one (1966-1971) refers to the Structural Axis as a design concept, inspired on the modernist mind set when the Master Plan met the specific legislation. The second period (1971-1983) includes the Plano Massa to the planning, with redefinition of the modern thought by the establishment of the buildings occupation. The third period (1983-2008) includes the adaptation of these rules to the political and property market and the changes in the production of urban space as the result of the migration mentioned. To achieve the proposed objective and to prove the hypothesis, the methodological procedures are: the organization of the data from the buildings constructed, followed by the identification of the buildings´ typology by the year of their development, and the analysis of deformed migration spaces by the appearance or disappearance of the types identified, using the spacial permeability as a parameter. The historical periods seek to explain the changes between modern theory and postmodern practice. Thus, the analysis seeks to clarify certain principles of post-modernity that can be observed in the studied cases, determined by the advent of consumerism, the home improvement for socialization, the commerce encapsulation inside the corridors and protected galleries, as a physical security, and some other responsible features as the urban culture enrichment, developed by various social actors.
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Ballard, Todd Curtis. "Mathematical models of Zea mays : grain yield and above ground biomass applied to ear flex and within row spacing variability /." 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/41.
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