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1
Ali, M., F. U. Hasan, and M. Afzal. "Response of Linola (Linum usitatissimum L.) to Different Spacings under Rainfed Conditions." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0017.
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Abstract An experiment was conducted according to randomized complete design to determine best plant spacing and agronomic traits at research farm PMAS Arid Agriculture University Research Farm Chakwal Road, Rawalpindi, during 2008-2009. Three plant spacing’s (5, 10, 15 cm) and three row spacing’s (10, 20, 30 cm) comprised of the following treatment combinations (T1= 5×10 cm, T2= 5×20 cm, T3= 5×30 cm, T4= 10×10 cm, T5= 10×20 cm, T6= 10×30 cm, T7= 15×10 cm, T8= 15×20 cm, T9=15×30 cm) under rain-fed conditions. The net plot size was 2×6 m with three replications. Days to emergence, plant height at maturity, number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seed per capsule, 1000- seed weight, seed capsule ratio, seed yield per plot, biological yield, harvest index, oil concentration and fresh weight of weeds was observed. All agronomic attributes were significantly effected at 15×30 cm spacing, along with oil concentration and fresh weight of weeds, while 10×10 cm row to row and plant to plant spacing had no significant effect. Plant height (cm), number of capsules per plant was maximum for plant geometry of 15×30 cm and lesser amount of weeds. An increase in row and plant spacing led to significantly higher of branching. Higher plant and row spacing resulted in non- consistent increase in the number of seeds per capsule. Seed yield increased with higher row to row and plant to plant spacings. Yield were lower at the narrow (10×10 cm) row and plant spacing’s, compared to higher of 15×30 cm spacing. Thus, it is concluded from this study that Linola should be grown at 300-450 cm grids for higher yield output.
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Walters, S. Alan, and Jonathan R. Schultheis. "Effect of In-row Plant Spacing on Yield of `Beauregard' Sweetpotato." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 536b—536. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.536b.
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Several in-row plant spacings (15, 23, 31, and 38 cm) of `Beauregard' sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.] were evaluated to determine which spacing produced higher yields under North Carolina growing conditions.The 15 cm spacing (the closest spacing evaluated) gave the highest root yields.With closer plant spacings, the yields of No. 1 grade roots increased compared to wider plant spacings.The No. 1 grade is the most desired and gives the grower the greatest monetary return.Jumbo grade root production increased with wider plant spacings due to less plant-to-plant competition compared to those at closer spacings.In most cases, the widest spacing tested for `Beauregard' (38 cm) produced lower yields (except for jumbo grade yields) to the other spacings tested.
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Scott, W. D., and E. T. Maynard. "531 PB 005 PLANT POPULATION AFFECTS THE YIELD AND FRUIT SIZE OF `SUPERSTAR' MUSKMELON." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 507d—507. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.507d.
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Muskmelons (Cucumis melo L. cv. Superstar) were grown at two between-row spacings (1.5 m or 2.1 m) and four in-row spacings (0.6, 0.9, 1.2, or 1.5 m), corresponding to populations from 3074 to 10763 plants ha-1, to determine the influence of row spacing and population on melon growth and yield. The study was conducted at two sites in 1993, one in northern and one in southern Indiana. Numbers of flowers and early season vine growth were not significantly different between treatments. In southern Indiana, the number of fruit harvested per plot increased as in-row spacing decreased; means ranged from 5.2 fruit plot-1 for 0.6 m in-row spacing, to 4.7 fruit for 0.9 m in-row spacing, 3.9 fruit for 1.2 m in-row spacing, and 3.3 fruit for 1.5 m in-row spacing. Harvests were significantly earlier for the 0.6 m in-row spacing. Mean melon weight was significantly greater for 1.5 m in-row spacing, averaging 4.1 kg, compared to 3.8, 3.7, and 3.7 kg for 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 m in-row spacings, respectively. Between-row spacing did not affect number or weight of melons. There were no significant interactions between in-row and between-row spacings.
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Motsenbocker, Carl E. "In-row Plant Spacing Affects Growth and Yield of Pepperoncini Pepper." HortScience 31, no. 2 (April 1996): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.2.198.
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Pepperoncini pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L. `Golden Greek') was grown at in-row spacings of 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30, and 45 cm to determine the effect of plant population on growth and fruit yield in a 2-year field study. In 1992, pepper plants grown at the 15-cm in-row spacing had the lowest plant, stem, and leaf dry weights, while plants at the lowest density (45-cm spacing) had the highest plant, leaf, and stem dry weights and the largest leaf area (LA). Of plants grown at the 7.5-cm spacing, the total yield and fruit count per hectare were higher than at the other spacings; however, fruit yield per plant was lowest. In 1993, the lowest plant and leaf dry weights and LA and highest LA index (LAI) were from plants at the 7.5-cm in-row spacing. Plants at the 45-cm spacing had the highest plant and leaf dry weight and LA and the lowest LAI. Pepper plants grown at the narrowest spacing produced the lowest early and total fruit yield per plant but the most fruit per hectare. In general, plants grown at the narrowest spacings produced the smallest plant, leaf, and stem biomass but resulted in the highest fruit yields and counts per hectare and the lowest fruit yields per plant.
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Kumar, Ashwani, and Kulwant Sharma. "Effect of Organic Manures, Azotobacter and Spacing on Yield of Solanum nigrum L." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2015-6k8fwt.
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The present investigation on effect of organic manures, Azotobacter and spacing on yield of Solanum nigrum L. was carried out. Seven different treatments with three spacings were studied to observe the impact of these treatments on yield parameters. Overall, treatment of Vermicompost + Azotobacter combination at S3 (45x45 cm) spacing gave maximum seed yield/plant, fresh above ground biomass per plant, fresh root biomass per plant, dry above ground biomass per plant, dry root biomass per plant as compared to other treatments at different spacings. Maximum value for yield parameters viz. total fresh biomass yield and total dry biomass yield/ha were recorded in treatment of Vermicompost + Azotobacter combination at with 30 x 30 cm spacing. The yield decreased with the further increase in spacing.
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Oliveira, Mariana Alves de, Claudemir Zucareli, André Prechlak Barbosa, Leandro Teodoski Spolaor, Lucas Henrique Fantin, Luiz Henrique Pricinotto, and Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves. "Trinexapac-ethyl application time in the crop corn agronomic performance grown under different plant arrangements." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 43, no. 2 (February 25, 2022): 809–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n2p809.
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Reduced row spacing promotes more uniform spatial distribution of plants in the field. However, the adoption of reduced row spacing only is possible with smaller plants, which may be obtained with the use of plant growth regulator. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of the first corn crop with Trinexapac-ethyl applied at the different plant development stages and grown under different row spacing, with the same plant population. The experiments were arranged in a split-plot randomized block design with four replications, with row spacing for the plots (0.45 and 0.90 m) and Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) application time to subplots (control without application, at the V3, V6, V9 and V12 phenological stages). The Trinexapacethyl application time interacted with row spacings changing the growth and yield performance of the corn crop. For 0.45 m spacing Trinexapac-ethyl application at V12 and for 0.90 m spacing application at V9 and V12 reduced plant height and ear height. Trinexapac-ethyl application at V9 for both row spacings changed the plant architecture without changing the ear length and grain yield.
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Peachey, Ed, Robin L. Ludy, Mary L. Powelson, and Daniel M. McGrath. "Modification of Plant Arrangement Suppresses White Mold of Snap Beans." HortScience 41, no. 5 (August 2006): 1298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.5.1298.
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Field studies were conducted in 1999 and 2001 in western Oregon to determine the effect of between-row spacing on severity of white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in snap beans. Planting density was held constant at 445,000 plants ha–1 and between-row spacing ranged from 19 to 150 cm. Disease severity and pod rot were greatest in both years of study at the 19-cm between-row spacing and declined linearly as between-row widths increased. Severity of disease in 1999 was 24%, 41%, and 88% lower at the 38-, 75-, and 150-cm between-row spacings, respectively, than at the 19-cm row spacing. In 2001, disease severity was 11%, 25%, 34%, and 51% less at the between-row widths of 38, 75, 114, and 150 cm, respectively, than at the 19-cm row spacing. Incidence of pod rot declined by 0.24% and 0.64% for each 10-cm increase in between-row width in 1999 and 2001, respectively. The fungicide vinclozolin effectively suppressed pod rot in both years at all between-row spacings. Pod yield was not influenced by between-row spacings of 19 to 114 cm, but yield was significantly lower at the between-row spacings of 150 cm. Increasing the between-row width of snap bean rows may be an effective disease management tactic to suppress white mold when fungicides are not applied or if efficacious fungicides are not available.
8
Motsenbocker, Carl E., and Ramon A. Arancibia. "In-row Spacing Influences Triploid Watermelon Yield and Crop Value." HortTechnology 12, no. 3 (January 2002): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.3.437.
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Triploid watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), commonly called seedless watermelon, is increasing in popularity and market share. The optimum in-row spacing of triploid watermelon has not been studied previously. Triploid watermelon `Crimson Jewel' and `Honeyheart' were grown with drip-irrigation and black plastic mulch at 1-, 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-ft (0.3-, 0.6-, 1.2-, 1.8-, and 2.4-m) in-row spacings in 1996 and 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-ft. (0.6-, 0.9-, 1.2-, 1.5-, 1.8-, 2.1-, and 2.4-m) spacings in 1997 to determine the effect of in-row plant spacing on fruit yield. Marketable yield of `Crimson Jewel' was not affected by in-row spacing while narrower in-row spacing resulted in greater `Honeyheart' yield both years. For both cultivars, narrower spacing resulted in the highest number of fruit per acre, but primarily more extrasmall and small fruit. Fruit number per plant, fruit weight per plant, and individual fruit weight were higher at wider spacings, and yield per acre was lower. The data suggest that triploid watermelon yield, fruit weight and number can be adjusted by in-row spacing. Narrower in-row spacing can maximize yields, depending on the specific grower's cultural practices. In wider in-row spacings, the yield of medium and large fruit is maintained with a subsequent decrease in extra small and small fruit. Gross returns per acre were only different for farmers' market prices, not wholesale, and net returns were not significantly influenced by in-row spacing.
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Koirala, Saurabha, Akash Dhakal, Dhiraj Niraula, Sampurna Bartaula, Urbashi Panthi, and Mohan Mahato. "Effects of row spacings and varieties on grain yield and economics of maize." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 3, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v3i1.27174.
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Maize is the second most important crop of Nepal. The yield of the crop is low due to lack of appropriate plant density for the varieties. The field experiment was carried out to study the effect of different row spacings on different maize varieties at Deupur, Lamahi municipality of the dang district in province No. 5, Nepal during the rainy season from June to September, 2018. Four levels of spacings (boardcasting and three row spacings of 45, 60 and 75 cm) and two maize varieties (Rampur Composite and Arun-2) were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest grain yield was found in Rampur Composite and Arun-2 while they were planted with row spacing of 60 cm with plant to plant spacing of 25 cm. The highest grain yield, cob length, cob circumference, number of rows per cob, thousand grain weight were reported when maize was planted in the row spacing 60×25cm. Among the maize varieties, Rampur Composite produced the highest grain yield, cob length, cob circumference, number of rows per cob as compared to Arun-2. This study suggested that maize production can be maximized by cultivating maize varieties with row spacing of 60 cm with plant to plant spacing of 25 cm.
10
Decoteau, Dennis R., and Heather A. Hatt Graham. "Plant Spatial Arrangement Affects Growth, Yield, and Pod Distribution of Cayenne Peppers." HortScience 29, no. 3 (March 1994): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.3.149.
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The effect of planting population density (as a function of in-row plant spacing and number of rows per bed) on the growth, yield, and pod distribution of cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L. cv. Carolina Cayenne) was investigated in a 2-year study. In 1988, 15 -, 30-, 45-, and 60-cm in-row spacings in a single row were evaluated, and in 198915 -,30-, and 60-cm in-row spacings in single and double rows were evaluated. Plant population densities at these respective spacings ranged from≈ 11,100 to 44,400 and 11,100 to 88,900 plants/ha. In 1988, pepper plants grown at the highest density (15-cm in-row spacing, 44,400 plant/ha) produced less fruit per plant but more fruit per hectare than those grown in lower densities. In 1989, yields with either a 15-cm in-row spacing in a single row or a 30-cm in-row spacing in double rows (both with 44,400 plants/ha) were higher than in the others. In general, less fruit were located in the lower part of the plant canopy when planted in higher plant population densities.
11
Saifullah, Mangal, Abid Hakimullah, Bihroz Moula Khan, and Atif Mudir. "Studying the Effects of Tuber Size and Spacing between Plants on Growth and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (February 13, 2024): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.1.21.
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A field experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of different plant spacings and tuber sizes on the growth and yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Four tuber sizes (10-20 g, 20-30 g, 30-40 g, and 40-50 g) and three plant spacings (60 x 15 cm, 60 x 30 cm, and 60 x 45 cm) were examined. The study found significant effects of both plant spacing and tuber size on various growth and yield parameters. Increasing plant spacing generally led to increased shoot growth and tuber weight per plant but decreased plant height and overall tuber yield. Similarly, larger tuber sizes were associated with higher emergence rates and yields. The 'Desiree' potato variety showed the highest total tuber yield (62.363 t/ha) when planted with 40–50 g tubers at a spacing of 60 x 15 cm, followed by a yield of 41.136 t/ha with 30–40 g tubers at a spacing of 60 x 30 cm. Optimal production was achieved with a spacing of 60 x 15 cm, and using 40–50 g tubers resulted in the highest yield.
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OLIVEIRA, Rafael Gonçalves de, Alex Soares de SOUZA, Victor Alexandre Hardt Ferreira dos SANTOS, Roberval Monteiro Bezerra de LIMA, and Marciel José FERREIRA. "Long-term effects of plant spacing on the growth and morphometry of Bertholletia excelsa." Acta Amazonica 51, no. 3 (September 2021): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392202003611.
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ABSTRACT Plant spacing is a potential driver of tree form and yield in forest plantations. However, its effects on the productivity of tree plantations in the Amazon are still little known. This study examined the effects of six spacing regimes (3 x 4, 4 x 4, 4 x 5, 5 x 5, 5 x 6, and 6 x 6 m) on the growth and morphometry of a 20-year-old plantation of Bertholletia excelsa. We observed high, spacing-independent survival (> 70%). For timber production purposes, intermediate and two large spacing regimes tended to higher values of yield components, mainly diameter, biomass, and volume, although some did not differ significantly from the smallest spacing. One of the intermediate spacings (5 x 5 m) tended to higher commercial height. Tree crowns tended to be wider and longer in the larger spacings, which indicates the potential of these regimes for fruit production. Tree crowns exceeded the vital growth space in all spacing regimes, which suggests the need for thinning before the age of 20 years in all spacings to reduce intraspecific competition and increase yield. We estimated that a density of 84 remaining trees per hectare would be necessary to reach an average diameter of 40 cm at the age of 20 years. Thus, B. excelsa had high survival in the tested range of spacing regimes, while the intermediate and the largest spacing regimes led to better tree growth and morphometry.
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Chauhan, Abhishek, Rajesh Singh, Akhilesh Kumar, Pawar Hemant, Vinayakrao K, and Ajaykumar S. "Influence of Row Direction and Spacing on Growth, Yield and Oil Content of Toria (Brassica compestris)." Madras Agricultural Journal 99, December (2012): 719–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100178.
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A Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of row direction and row spacing on growth, yield and oil content of toria. The treatments consisted of two row directions (North- South and East-West) and four row spacings (25, 30, 35 and 40 cm). Among the row directions, maximum plant height (108.57 cm), number of primary branches/plant (6.63), number of secondary branches/plant (11.44) and plant dry weight (33.82 g) were recorded under North- South direction, whereas, among the row spacing, maximum plant height (113.94 cm), number of primary branches/plant (8.33), number of secondary branches/plant (14.91) and plant dry weight (34.92 g) were recorded with wider (40 cm) row spacing. The results indicated that maximum number of siliqua per plant (295.08), number of seeds per siliqua (15.85), test weight (3.51 g), seed yield (11.63 q ha -1 ), harvest index (26.94 %) and oil content (38.41 %) were obtained under north-south row direction, whereas, amongst the row spacings the highest number of siliqua per plant (353.83), number of seeds per siliqua (16.77), test weight (3.81 g), seed yield (14.75 q ha -1 ), harvest index (29.56 %) and oil content (41.33 %) were recorded under 40 cm row spacing.
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Legard, D. E., C. L. Xiao, J. C. Mertely, and C. K. Chandler. "Effects of Plant Spacing and Cultivar on Incidence of Botrytis Fruit Rot in Annual Strawberry." Plant Disease 84, no. 5 (May 2000): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.5.531.
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The effects of within-row plant spacing and cultivar on the incidence of Botrytis fruit rot (Botrytis cinerea) and marketable yield of annual strawberry were evaluated during the 1997-98 and 1998-99 seasons. Three cultivars (Camarosa, Rosa Linda, and Sweet Charlie) and four plant spacings (23, 30, 38, and 46 cm) were evaluated. Marketable yield and the incidence of Botrytis fruit rot were determined twice weekly. Cultivar and spacing effects were analyzed for three periods each season (early, late, and whole season). In 1997-98, spacing effects were observed on weekly incidence of Botrytis rot for the late period (P = 0.0925) and on cumulative incidence for the whole season period (P = 0.0795). Further analysis of the late and whole season periods revealed a spacing effect for Camarosa (P = 0.0102). Spacing also had a dramatic effect on cumulative and weekly Botrytis incidence for the late and whole season periods during the 1998-99 season (P ≤ 0.0014), when narrower spacings had higher incidence of Botrytis than wider spacings. Marketable yields were higher at narrower spacings during the early period for both seasons. Whole season marketable yields were also higher at the narrower spacings despite higher incidence of Botrytis. There were significant differences in susceptibility among cultivars.
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Barrett, Charles E., Lincoln Zotarelli, Lucas G. Paranhos, Brian S. Taylor, Peter Dittmar, Clyde W. Fraisse, and John VanSickle. "Optimum Planting Configuration for High Population Plasticulture Grown Cabbage." HortScience 50, no. 10 (October 2015): 1472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.10.1472.
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Florida is a major fresh-market cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) producing state in the United States. The current cabbage production system relies on bare ground and subirrigation that requires a large volume of water to irrigate the crop. The bare ground system facilitates a maximum of 48,438 plant/ha, while there is a potential to increase plant population per area using plasticulture and drip irrigation. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum cabbage plant population and plant arrangement that maximizes marketable yield per area for a high cabbage population plasticulture system. Cabbage was grown on 1.2-m-wide raised beds with black plastic mulch and drip irrigation. Plants were grown in either three or four rows with in-row plant spacings ranging from 15 to 35 cm and plant populations ranging from 41,518 to 129,167 plants/ha. Cabbage marketable yield increased as in-row spacing increased. Yields ranged from 19.7 to 69.7 Mg·ha−1. Marketable yield was not different between 3 and 4 rows for in-row spacings above 25 cm. The 15 and 20 cm in-row spacing produced significantly lower yields in the 4-row configuration as compared with the 3-row configuration in Fall and Winter 2011. Wider in-row spacings produced a greater percentage of heads of marketable size while reducing the percentage of small heads when compared with narrower in-row spacings. Mean head weight increased as in-row spacing increased and a 3- or 4-row configuration with an in-row spacing between 25 and 30 cm had consistently high yields in all three seasons compared with narrower in-row plant spacings. These results indicated that with a high population plasticulture system variable plant populations could be selected. In-row plant spacings between 30 and 35 cm may be beneficial for early plantings while a 25-cm spacing could be more productive for later plantings, especially when weather conditions are favorable.
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Jefferson, Paul G., and G. Andrew Kielly. "Reevaluation of row spacing/plant density of seeded pasture grasses for the semiarid prairie." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-136.
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Previous research in the semiarid prairie at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, indicated that optimum row spacing for forage production was 60 or 90 cm for crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertner) and Russian wild ryegrass (Psathyrostachys juncea [Fisch.] Nevski). However, recent research suggested that harvest method affects forage yield estimates from row spacing experiments. An experiment with three row spacings of mixtures of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with crested wheatgrass and Russian wild ryegrass was harvested mechanically and by hand. Yield differences between methods of harvesting were affected by row spacing; larger differences were observed at 15 cm than at 60 cm spacing, particularly for Russian wild ryegrass. The highest hand-harvested forage yield estimates were observed in the narrowest row spacing. In a second experiment, plant density was evaluated for the same grasses using square grid spacings of 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 cm. Decreasing plant density was associated with decreased hand-harvested forage yield in both species. In a third experiment, 60- and 90-cm row spacing resulted in more seed heads and lower leaf content than 30-cm row spacing. Leaf digestibility increased slightly with increased row spacing. These results suggest that 30-cm row spacing should be recommended to producers for sustainable pastures in the semiarid prairie region. Key words: Forage yield, forage quality, leaf:stem ratio, plot technique
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Schultheis, Jonathon R., S. Alan Walters, and Edmund A. Estes. "Economic Analysis of In-row Plant Spacing and Date of Harvest on `Beauregard' Sweetpotato." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 606d—606. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.606d.
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Yield in most crops can be increased with closer in-row spacing; however, the costs vs. benefits need to be assessed. A partial economic analysis was conducted at various plant spacings and harvest times to determine the best cultural management strategy. The effect of plant spacings (15.2, 22.9, 30.5, and 38.1 cm) and two dates of harvest (≈110 or 130 days after planting) were studied on `Beauregard' sweetpotato in one planting in 1991 and two planting locations in 1992. Weights were obtained for the U.S. Number 1, canner, jumbo, and cull grades. The 30.5-cm spacing interval was used as the standard comparison for economic analysis. Yields of sweetpotatoes increased as in-row spacing decreased. Based on economic analysis, the 38.1-cm spacing was always inferior to the 30.5-cm spacing. The preferred in-row spacing of `Beauregard' sweetpotato is 22.9 if a late harvest is anticipated, while the 15.2-cm spacing would be best if harvesting at ≈110 days after transplanting. As long as moisture is not limiting and planting is before mid-June, sweetpotato growers should place `Beauregard' plants at an in-row spacing of 15.2 or 22.9 cm, depending on projected date of harvest, to obtain the best yields with the highest marginal return on investment.
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Rashid, Zahida, Suhail Inamullah, Quadri Javeed Ahmad Peer, Mudasir Rashid, and Souliha R. "Influence of crop geometry on yield, yield attributes and glycoside yield of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i1.612.
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Field experiments were conducted in a loamy sand soil during 2006 and 2007 at Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana to evaluate the performance of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under varying planting geometry. The studies revealed that in case of row to row spacing, highest number of leaves per plant (533.0, 447.6), leaf area (8113.1, 6322.6 cm2/plant), leaf area index (5.1, 8.7) and dry matter accumulation per plant (86.0, 76.9 g/plant) during 2006 and 2007, respectively were found under wider row spacing of 75 cm. Which was significantly higher than narrower row spacing of 60 cm and 45 cm. Whereas, the fresh biomass yield (9861 and 11801 kg/ha), dry biomass (2080 and 2550 kg/ha), leaf yield (6129 and 4414 kg/ha) and stem yields (7611 and 5447 kg/ha) during 2006 and 2007, respectively and glycoside yield were registered higher under closer row spacing of 45 cm than the wider row spacing of 60 cm and 75 cm. In plant to plant spacings, the maximum number of leaves (5681.3 cm2/plant) was recorded under plant spacing of 45 cm which was statistically at par with plants spaced at 37.5 cm and 30.0 cm but significantly higher than 22.5 cm and 15.0 cm plant spacing, leaf area and dry matter accumulation per plant were highest with than other closer plant spacings.Whereas, the fresh and dry biomass, leaf and stem yields and glycoside yield were recorded highest under closer plant spacing of 15 cm which was statistically at par with 22.5 cm plant spacing.
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Omokanye, A. T., J. T. Amodu, and S. O. Onifade. "Influence of intra-row plant spacing, phosphorus application and growth stage on the forage, seed yields and quality of phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides) in subhumid area of Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v31i1.1456.
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Forage, seed yields and herbage chemical composition of phasey bean Macroptilium lathyroides) were investigated at 3 intra-row plant spacings (15, 30 and 45cm between plants; 50 cm between roms), 4 phosphorus (P) fertilizer application rates (O), 50, 100 and 750 kg/ha P) and 5 harvest stages (uncut control, 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks post sowing) in two growing seasons at Shika in northern Nigeria. The least intra-row plant spacing (15cm) produced higher (p<0.01) total DM vield (1.50 t/ha) than wider spacings. The proportion of leaf was least (40 %) in the widest spacing compared with other spacings (59-62 %). The P-fertilized plots produced 58-60% more total DM vields than the unfertilized plots and total DM yields increased with advanced plant growth. The highest percentage (61-63) of leaf was recorded from 6 to 12 weeks post sowing. Nitrogen level in herbage increased (p<0.05) with increased intra-row plant spacing and P application. Phosphorus and Calcium. Levels in herbage did not respond to intra-row plant spacing but increased with P application. The Ca:P ratios at the harvest stages were between 1:1 and 6:1. The highest seed yields (198 and 188 kg/ha) were recorded respectiely in the least intra-row plant spacing and the application of 100 kg Piha. Supplementation of calves on grasses/cereal stovers with phasey bean hay in a sustainable crop livestock production systems is suggested.
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Grangeiro, Leilson C., Carlos J. X. Cordeiro, Valdivia de F. L. Sousa, Jandeilson P. Santos, Francisco I. Souza, and Nubia M. Ferreira. "Spacing between plants and cultivar affect the production componentes of Italian zucchini." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 24, no. 5 (May 2020): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n5p332-336.
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ABSTRACT The italian zucchini is a vegetable of national importance, much appreciated, which requires techniques that aim to increase production in less space. Plant spacing can influence the development of plants and the fruit production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Italian zucchini cultivars as a function of plant spacing. The experimental design was a randomized blocks in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of a combination of two cultivars of zucchini (Alícia and Caserta) and four spacings between plants (0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 m). The evaluated characteristics were: total number of fruits plant-1, number of commercial fruits plant-1, total productivity, commercial and non commercial, fresh mass of commercial fruits and dry mass of the plant. The cultivars responded differently to spacings between plants. The Alicia hybrid showed higher commercial yield, 28,490.5 kg ha-1 at spacing of 0.64 m between plants and Caserta cultivar, 26,398.8 kg ha-1 at spacing of 0.4 m.
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Neugschwandtner, Reinhard W., Johanna Winkler, Maria Bernhart, Michael A. Pucher, Martin Klug, Christian Werni, Eveline Adam, and Hans-Peter Kaul. "Effect of row spacing, seeding rate and nitrogen fertilization on yield and yield components of soybean." Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment 70, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/boku-2019-0020.
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Summary Soybean crop management have not been studied much in Central Europe as compared with cereals. We assessed the effect of variety, row spacing, seeding rate and nitrogen (N) fertilization on yields and yield components of soybean in a two-year experiment in Gleisdorf, Austria. The varieties Lenka, Naya and Xonia were tested in row spacings of 13 cm, 38 cm and 76 cm with 30 germinable seeds m−2. Additionally, 60 seeds m−2 were tested at 13 cm row spacing, and 38 cm row spacing was additionally established with N fertilization. Faster soil coverage was obtained with a high seeding rate or narrower row spacings. First pod height differed between varieties and increased with higher seeding rate. Grain yield was not affected by treatments but yield components differed. The widest row spacing resulted in a lower plant density but more pods plant−1, grains plant−1, grains pod−1 (in one year) and a higher thousand kernel weight (TKW). The higher seeding rate resulted in a higher plant density but less pods plant−1 whereas grains pod−1 and TKW did not differ. N fertilization did not affect the grain yield. Correlation analysis showed a high adaptability of soybean to different seeding rates and row spacings through modulation of yield components.
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Sree, M. Swetha. "Variation in Reproductive Efficiency of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) Genotypes at Different Planting Densities." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8192.
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A field experiment was conducted during kharif season, 2018 and 2019 at S.V. Agricultural college, Tirupati to study the ‘Variation in reproductive efficiency of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) genotypes at different planting densities’. Instant increase in groundnut yields can be achived by reorienting its planting geometry. However identification of right variety with right plant architechture which fits into closed spacings is reduced. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with twelve treatments and three groundnut varities Kadiri 6, Kadiri 9 and Dharani with four spacings (S1: 30X10 cm, S2: 30X5 cm, S3: 20X10 cm and S4: 20X5 cm). Among the Spacings 20X10 cm (50 plants m-2) recorded significantly higher (3,616.87 kg ha-1) followed by 20x5cm (3,157.07 kg ha-1) and significantly lower pod yields in 30x10 cm (2,904.87 kg ha-1) and recommended spacing 30X5cm (2,540.07 kg ha-1). Among the three varieties Decumbent-3, Dharani recorded highest pod yield (3403.48 kg ha-1) followed by Decumbent-2 type, kadiri-9 (3292.65 kg ha-1) and least by Erect type, Kadiri-6 (2467.94 kg ha-1). However genotype performance was varied with the spacings adopted Kadiri-6 performed better under recommended spacing only (30x10 cm). Kadiri-9 variety also showed decreased yields when plant to plant to plant spacing was reduced. However Dharani recorded higher flower to peg ratio, peg to pod ratio and yields even in plant to plant and row to row spacings were reduced. Hence, to increase the groundnut productivity Dharani can be recommended at a spacing of 20x10 cm (50 plants m-2).
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TIGIST MOTBAYNOR, SANJAY SINGH, and YENUS OUSMAN. "Plant population is crucial to yield enhancement of white cumin (Trachyspermum ammi) in northwestern Ethiopia." Indian Journal of Agronomy 65, no. 3 (October 10, 2001): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v65i3.2977.
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A field experiment was conducted during August 2017 and January 2018 at Dembia district of Ethiopia, to determine the optimum plant population of white cumin [Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill] by adjusting inter- and intra-row spacings. The experiment consisted of a complete randomized block design with 4 inter-row spacings (30, 40, 50 and 60 cm) and 3 intra-row spacings (10, 15 and 20 cm), replicated 3 times. The maximum mean days to flowering (92 days) were recorded in plant spacing of 50 cm 20 cm. The highest numbers of primary and secondary branches were obtained in 60 cm 20 cm spacing. The maximum numbers of umbels and umbellets were recorded in 40 cm 20 cm spacing. The interaction effects of spacings on plant height, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index were significant, while those on days to flowering and maturity, number of primary and secondary branches, number of umbels and umbellets, and 1,000-seed weight were non-significant. It is concluded that white cumin should be planted at the spacing of 40 cm 10 cm in Dembia district and similar other agroecological areas of Ethiopia to achieve the maximum yield
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Chandler, Craig K., Daniel E. Legard, Chang-Lin Xiao, and James C. Mertely. "(370) In-row Plant Spacing Affects Early Season Fruit Yield of Strawberry Grown in a Winter, Annual Hill Production System." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1058C—1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1058c.
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On standard two-row black polyethylene covered beds, `Camarosa', `Rosa Linda', and `Sweet Charlie' strawberry plants were grown at 23, 31, 38, or 46 cm within-row spacing during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons at Dover, Fla. Ripe fruit were harvested twice weekly from December through March. The first 8 weeks of harvest was considered the early period; the late period consisted of all harvests after the first 8 weeks. The effect of spacing on early marketable yield was consistent across seasons and cultivars. The 23-cm spacing resulted in the highest marketable yield per unit area, followed by the 31-, 38-, and 46-cm spacing. The percentage of fruit that were small (unmarketable) was higher at the 23-cm spacing than at the wider spacings (40% vs. 35% or 36%), but spacing did not affect the percentage of fruit that were misshapen. For the late harvest period, a spacing effect on marketable yield occurred in 1998–99, but not in 1997–98. The 23-, 31-, and 38-cm spacings in 1998–99 resulted in similar late period yields, which were 15% to 21% higher than the yield resulting from the 46-cm spacing. These results indicate that marketable yields per plant during the late period were higher at the wider spacings.
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Echer, Márcia de M., Tiago Zoz, Charles Douglas Rossol, Fábio Steiner, Deise D. Castagnara, and Maria do C. Lana. "Plant density and nitrogen fertilization in Swiss chard." Horticultura Brasileira 30, no. 4 (December 2012): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362012000400023.
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant spacing and nitrogen fertilization on Swiss chard's yield, from September to November 2009. The experimental design was of randomized blocks in split plot with four replications. In the plots were allocated the two plant spacings (0.30 and 0.50 m) and in the subplots the five doses of nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1). The crop was harvested 90 days after transplanting. The plant spacing of 0.50 m provided increased production of total fresh weight of shoot (961.7 g plant-1) and marketable (873.1 g plant-1). However, the highest total yield (77.8 t ha-1) and marketable (64.5 t ha-1) was achieved with the smaller spacing between plants (0.30 m). The N rates applied in coverage until 160 kg ha-1 increased in a linear form the total and marketable production of fresh mass of shoots, the total and marketable yield, the N content and the N accumulation in the shoots of Swiss chard plants on the evaluated plant spacings.
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NeSmith, D. S. "Plant Spacing Influences Watermelon Yield and Yield Components." HortScience 28, no. 9 (September 1993): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.9.885.
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Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] cultivars StarBrite and Crimson Sweet were grown during 1991 and 1992 in rows 1.5 m apart at plant spacings of 0.9, 1.5, or 2.2 m. Total fruit yield, marketable fruit yield, fruit-weight distribution, and estimated gross returns were determined for each spacing treatment. Total and marketable fruit yields were greater overall for `StarBrite' than for `Crimson Sweet'. Except for 1991 `Crimson Sweet' yields, marketable fruit yields per unit land area increased 29% to 34% as plant spacing decreased from 2.2 to 0.9 m. The yield component contributing the most to increased yields with high-density plantings was increased fruit count per unit land area. Average fruit weight responded only slightly to decreased plant spacing. Fruit-weight distribution on a relative frequency scale was stable regardless of plant spacing or production year. The potential for increasing gross returns per unit land area exists by increasing watermelon plant populations beyond the current Georgia recommendation of 2500 to 3000 plants/ha.
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Hill, TR. "Effect of plant spacing and nitrogenous fertiliser on the yield and plant conformation of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 3 (1990): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900437.
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The effects of plant spacing and nitrogenous (N) fertiliser on the yield and plant conformation of Chinese cabbage were investigated for the michihili cultivar, Early Jade Pagoda, at Manjimup, Western Australia. The soil type was a sandy loam (7% gravel, pH 5.9) over clay at 60 cm. The experimental design included 4 plant spacings (25 by 25 cm, 30 by 30 cm, 35 by 35 cm, 40 by 40 em), and 6 rates of N fertiliser (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg N/ha). The highest marketable yields, 126.6 and 123.6 tha, were produced at the closest spacing, 25 by 25 cm, with N fertiliser rates of 200 and 300 kg/ha, respectively. Marketable yield for this spacing increased as N rate increased from 0 to 200 kg/ha, remained constant from 200 to 300 kg/ha and fell when the N rate was increased to 400 kg/ha. Soft rot damage was severe at the highest rate of N fertiliser and contributed to the reduced yield. The yield potential of Chinese cabbage was higher at close spacings than at the wider spacings. Plant height was not affected by any treatment, but plant width increased at the higher N fertiliser rates.
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Bracy, R. P., R. L. Parish, P. E. Bergeron, E. B. Moser, and R. J. Constantin. "PRECISION SEEDING FOR PLANTING CABBAGE TO A STAND." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 859a—859. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.859a.
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A study to evaluate the seeding rate necessary for precision seeding cabbage to a stand was initiated during the spring of 1989. A Stanhay precision seeder was used to plant cabbage seed at 10-cm (thinned to 30-cm), 20-cm, 30-cm (1 seed/hill), and 30-cm (2 seed/hill) spacings. Total weight was not significantly affected by seed spacing, but head size decreased with an increase in number of heads. Cabbage spaced 30 cm (1 seed/hill) apart produced the highest yield of marketable heads (1007 gms). Lab measurements were determined by operating the planter over a lubricated board and measuring seed spacing. Lab measurements of spacing indicated actual spacing was closely associated with expected spacing of each treatment. Field measurements of plant spacing were used to associate seed placement between lab and field spacings. Graphical analysis indicated spacing within a treatment was similar in both lab and field treatments. Small differences between data collected in the lab or field were attributed to loss of plants in the field.
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V, VAKESWARAN, and VIJAYAKUMAR A. "Effect of spacing and fertilizer level on growth, seed yield and resultant seed quality in pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Bonneville." Madras Agricultural Journal 92, March (2005): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00019.
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The treatments with four spacings (2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 10 cm between plants and a uniform spacing of 40 cm between rows) and three levels of NPK fertilizers (80:60:50; 120:80:70 and 160:100:90 kg ha") were imposed on seed crop of pea (Pisum sativum L.) ev. Bonneville. Observations were made on days to first flowering, plant height, number of pods plant', pod yield plant', number of seeds pod", seed yield plant', shelling outturn and 100 seed weight. All the parameters were significantly influenced by spacings and fertilizer levels. With every increased level of NPK fertilizer and spacing, generally these characters showed favourble response. Germination potential, seedling growth, vigour index, dry matter production, electrical conductivity, protein content and free amino acids of the resultant seeds also have positive association with increased fertilizer levels and spacing.
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Ewansiha, S. U., K. E. Oghenebrume, U. D. Aigbe, and A. U. Osaigbovo. "Nodulation, dry matter accumulation and yields of soybean (glycine max L.) cultivars at varying plant spacing in a rainforest agro-ecology." Agro-Science 21, no. 2 (June 21, 2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v21i2.5.
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Field trials were conducted during 2017 and 2018 late cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, in the rainforest zone of Nigeria to evaluate soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivars for nodulation, dry matter accumulation and seed and fodder yields at varying plant spacings. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement replicated four times. Four plant spacings (50 × 30 cm, 60 × 25 cm, 75 × 20 cm, and 100 × 15 cm) were evaluated on six soybean cultivars: TGX1835-10E and TGX1987-62F (early maturing), TGX1951-3F and TGX1955-4F (medium maturing) and TGX1448-2E and TGX1904-6F (late maturing). Results showed that varietal performance depended on plant spacing. TGX1904-6F nodulated best at plant spacing of 50 × 30 cm, TGX1835-10E at 60 × 25 cm, TGX1987-62F at 75 × 20 cm, TGX1448-2E at 75 × 20 cm, and TGX1951-3 at 100 × 15 cm. TGX1835-10E accumulated dry matter most at plant spacing of 60 × 25 cm and 75 × 20 cm, TGX1987-62 at 75 × 20 cm, TGX1951-3F at 60 × 25 cm, TGX1955-4F at 60 × 25 cm and 75 × 20 cm, TGX1904-6F at 50 × 30 cm, and TGX1448-2E at 60 × 25 cm and 75 × 20 cm. TGX1448-2E and TGX1904-6F had higher seed and fodder yields at plant spacing of 50 × 30 cm, TGX1951-3F and TGX1955-4F at 60 × 25 cm, and TGX1835-10E and TGX1987-62F at 75 × 20 cm, relative to other plant spacing. Therefore, for higher yields in rainforest agro-ecology, farmers should adopt the right cultivar-plant spacing combination for soybean.
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PAPADOPOULOS, ATHANASIOS P., and DOUGLAS P. ORMROD. "PLANT SPACING EFFECTS ON LIGHT INTERCEPTION BY GREENHOUSE TOMATOES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-149.
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The effect of six equidistant spacings (23, 30, 38, 45, 53, 60 cm) on interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by four-row plantings of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Jumbo’ and ’CR-6’) was studied. A silicon cell sensor was used to measure PAR in and around the test plant canopies. These observations were used to construct canopy profiles of PAR absorption, as affected by plant spacing and cultivar. Measurements under both clear and overcast skies revealed no major differences in the pattern of PAR interception within a canopy due to the presence or absence of direct light over the sampling period. The proportion of available PAR intercepted increased with closer plant spacing, but PAR penetration increased and distribution improved with increasing plant spacing. An increasing degree of self-shading of the central and north parts of the canopies was evident with closer planting. Plant spacing also had a large effect on the quality of canopy transmitted light. The ratios of blue:far-red, red:far-red and blue:red light transmitted through the four-row canopies of both cultivars decreased with decreases in plant spacing and in general were lower under the canopies of CR-6, than under the canopies of Jumbo.Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., plant spacing, light interception
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Reid, Judson, Cordelia Machanoff, and Caitlin Tucker. "Optimal Spacing of Grafted ‘Primo Red’ High Tunnel Tomato." HortTechnology 33, no. 4 (August 2023): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05188-23.
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Grafted and ungrafted ‘Primo Red’ tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) transplants were planted at 16-, 20-, and 24-inch spacing in a commercial high tunnel in central New York, USA, to compare yields. ‘Primo Red’ scions were grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ rootstocks and left to heal in a commercial greenhouse facility. Tomatoes were harvested as they ripened, and the weight and number of fruit per plot was recorded and then calculated out to a per-plant basis. Wider plant spacings resulted in higher yields for both grafted and ungrafted plants. However, economic returns remained highest in the highest density (16 inches in-row) spacing with grafted plants. This indicates that growers may not need to adjust density despite additional foliage from grafted plants. Foliar incidence of Botrytis gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) was not significantly different under spacing or grafting treatments. Grafting resulted in higher yields across all plant spacings compared with ungrafted plants. Commercial growers can use this information to make choices on grafting and spacing in high tunnel tomato.
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GUBBELS, G. H., and W. DEDIO. "RESPONSE OF EARLY-MATURING SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS TO ROW SPACING AND PLANT DENSITY." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-141.
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Two early-maturing sunflower hybrids, Sunwheat 101 and MRS 34, with shorter than normal height and a narrower growth habit were grown at 30- and 60-cm row spacings and three plant densities at each row spacing in the 1986 and 1987 seasons at Morden, Manitoba. There were no differences in achene yield or oil content between row spacings. Plant height and oil content of achenes increased with increase in plant density, while achene weight decreased. Achene yield of both hybrids increased as plant density increased from 55 000 to the 74 000 plants ha−1 density, then remained relatively constant to 148 000 plants ha−1.Key words: Oilseed sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., plant row spacing, plant density
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Moore, James N., Maurus V. Brown, and Bruce P. Bordelon. "PLANT SPACING EFFECTS ON YIELD AND FRUIT SIZE OF HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRIES." HortScience 28, no. 5 (May 1993): 517e—517. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.517e.
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The influence of in-row plant spacing on highbush blueberry yield and fruit size was studied on two cvs., `Blueray' (erect growing) and `Bluecrop' (spreading). Plants of both cvs. spaced at 0.6lm in-row significantly outyielded plants at wider spacings (0.92, 1.22m) in each of the five harvest years when based on per hectare yields. On a per plant basis, however, plants spaced at 1.22m outyielded closer spaced plants in the last two harvest years of the experiment, indicating that interplant competition was reducing per plant yields on close spaced plants as plants grew larger. Over the 5-year harvest period, plots with 0.61m plant spacing produced a cumulative total yield increase of 17239 kg/ha more than plots with the conventional spacing of 1.22m. There were no effects of plant spacing on fruit size in the experiment.
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P Pradhan, P Dhanger, NV Saresh, N Joshi, and MK Yadav. "Effect of spacing and harvest duration of moringa leaves in Arid Region." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology 16 (July 27, 2023): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.58628/jae-2316-215.
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Moringa oleifera Lam, a member of the Moringaceae family, is highly prized and grows in many tropical and subtropical countries. It has a broad spectrum of medicinal uses and is highly nutritious. An experiment was conducted to investigate how spacing and harvest duration impact the growth, leaf yield, and quality of Moringa oleifera Lam at the College of Agriculture, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The study involved spacing treatments of 60 x 60 cm, 60 x 45 cm, and 45 x 45 cm as well as harvest durations of 30, 45, and 60 days. Randomly selected individual plants from each harvest plot were analyzed to record the fresh leaves and air-dried weights. Additionally, the plant's average stem diameter, height, and branches were recorded. According to the results, over a 60-day period after sowing, there was a steady increase in plant height. The 60 x 60 cm, 60 x 45 cm, and 45 x 45 cm spacings resulted in plant heights of 92 cm, 96 cm, and 102 cm, respectively. The number of branches produced per plant also increased with time, reaching 10 and 12 for medium and wide spacings, respectively. Although the wider spacing produced a more significant number of branches and higher yield per plant compared to the medium and close spacings, the total shoot yield per hectare was higher in the close spacing than in the medium and wide spacings. According to the study, the growth and yield of Moringa were significantly influenced by spacing, with leaf production, branches, and overall yield being particularly affected.
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Caldwell, J. D., and L. W. Grimes. "Response of Perennial Cultured Strawberries to Fall Planting." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 4 (July 1987): 620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.4.620.
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Abstract Certified, fresh-dug plants of ‘Apollo’ and ‘Earlibelle’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were set in single plant rows on 23 Sept., 7 Oct., 21 Oct., and 5 Nov. 1982 at in-row spacings of 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 cm. Leaf, inflorescence, flower and fruit number per plant, and fruit size and yield were determined in Spring 1983. The highest yield and fruit numbers were obtained from the 23 Sept. plantings. Yields decreased with each delay in planting through 21 Oct., but the affected yield components varied with planting date, plant spacing, and cultivar. Total yield increased as plant spacing decreased for each planting date. Plant spacing had no effect on fruit size.
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Zaman, Ishrat, Muqarrab Ali, Khurram Shahzad, Muhammad Saeed Tahir, Amar Matloob, Wazir Ahmad, Saud Alamri, et al. "Effect of Plant Spacings on Growth, Physiology, Yield and Fiber Quality Attributes of Cotton Genotypes under Nitrogen Fertilization." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (December 19, 2021): 2589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122589.
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Cotton is a major cash crop of Pakistan that provides high foreign exchange and plays an important role in agriculture, industry, and economic development. The plant population is important in achieving high cotton yield and fiber quality attributes in irrigated conditions. Most farmers maintain plant spacing according to their local tradition, and often ignore the varietal characteristics in Pakistan that cause low yield and poor quality of products. Therefore, standardization of plant spacings according to varietal characteristics is important to achieve higher yield and fiber quality. A field experiment was carried out at the Agronomic Research Area, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan in 2017, in order to evaluate the performance of four cotton cultivars (MNH-1016, FH-Lalazar, NIAB-878, and Cyto-124) under five plant spacings (15.0, 22.5, 30.0, 37.5, and 45.0 cm), comparing them with and without nitrogen application. Nitrogen fertilization was applied at the rate of 197 kg ha−1. The experiment was replicated thrice, as per Randomized Complete Block Design with factorial arrangements. The results showed that nitrogen application of 197 kg ha−1 showed a positive impact on all crop parameters compared to plots where no nitrogen fertilizer was applied. The wider plant spacing (45 cm) increased the values of many cotton parameters compared with other plant spacings (22.5, 30.0, 37.5 and 45.0 cm), but the seed cotton yield was found to be higher in the narrow plant spacing (15 cm). However, fiber quality parameters such as GOT, staple strength, and micronaire showed higher values under wider plant spacing (45.0 cm). The varieties showed a mixed effect on cotton productivity and fiber quality. The MNH-1016 significantly impacted yield-contributing parameters such as bolls plant−1, boll weight and seed cotton yield. The NIAB-878 showed a higher photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance compared to other varieties. Therefore, the wider plant spacing with nitrogen application could be a better strategy to increase cotton growth, yield, physiology, and fiber quality. However, long-term studies under different climatic conditions are suggested for wider plant spacing with nitrogen fertilizers.
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Marodin, Josué C., Francisco V. Resende, Juliano TV de Resende, André Gabriel, André R. Zeist, Leonel V. Constantino, and Alisson WS Sanzovo. "Virus-free garlic: yield and commercial classification as a function of plant spacing and seed size." Horticultura Brasileira 38, no. 3 (September 2020): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620200309.
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ABSTRACT Studies on the interaction between garlic plant density and virus-free seed size are scarce in Brazil. Thus, this study was installed to evaluate the effect of plant spacing and seed size on garlic traits and yield for infected and virus-free bulbs. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and 2x5x3 factorial combination [infected and virus-free bulbs, five plant spacings (210, 260, 300, 360, and 390 cm2 per plant), and three bulbous seed sizes (sieve one, two, and three)]. The highest bulb yield was observed for virus-free seeds at a plant spacing of 390 cm2 plant-1, while the highest commercial yield was verified for 210 cm2 plant-1 spacing. The combination of virus-free seeds, larger bulbs, and 332 cm2 plant-1 spacing promoted the highest leaf area index. For virus-free garlic, lower plant densities resulted in higher yields and garlic bulb quality. The best option for higher yields and improved commercial quality bulbs was the use of medium-sized virus-free bulbils at a plant density of about 300 thousand plants ha-1.
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Zhou, X. B., Y. H. Chen, and Z. Ouyang. "Spacing between rows: effects on water-use efficiency of double-cropped wheat and soybean." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000890.
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SUMMARYProductivity and water resource usage efficiency are crucial issues in sustainable agriculture. The aims of the present research were to compare and evaluate the soil moisture content (SMC), evapotranspiration (ETa), yield, water-use efficiency (WUE), and net return of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under different plant population distribution patterns and to identify the possible ways to improve water utilization. Using the same plant population for a given crop, the experiments consisted of four spacings between rows (row spacings) for winter wheat (cvar Shannong 919) under both rainfed and irrigated conditions and five row spacings for summer soybean (cvar Ludou 4) under rainfed conditions. For winter wheat, the stem number with row spacing of 49 cm was the lowest in all treatments. The SMC was enhanced by irrigation, particularly at the 10–40 cm depth. The yield and WUE were negatively correlated with row spacing and were greater with narrower row spacing than with wider rows. For soybean, SMC in uniform distribution (spacing between plants) treatments was greater at lower depths than at shallower depths for each row spacing treatment. A high yield, WUE and net return of winter wheat and soybean can be achieved with narrower row spacing. Combining winter wheat row spacing of 14 cm with soybean row spacing of 18 cm and soybean row spacing of 27 cm is a highly suitable planting system for the plains of Northern China.
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Santi, Antônio L., Geomar M. Corassa, Ronei Gaviraghi, Thomas N. Martin, Mateus B. Bisognin, and Lisandra P. D. Flora. "White lupine yield under different sowing densities and row spacings." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 10 (October 2016): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n10p903-907.
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ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate different sowing densities and row spacings on grain yield and biomass in the white lupine crop, cv. ‘Comum’. The experimental design was a randomized block in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with four row spacings (20, 40, 60 and 80 cm) and four sowing densities in the row (10, 15, 20 and 25 plants m-1), with four replicates. The evaluated variables were: grain yield, hundred-grain weight, fresh and dry matter and the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plant tissue. The highest grain yield was obtained with row spacing of 20 cm, regardless of plant density. The density of 25 plants m-1 and row spacing of 20 cm increased the fresh and dry matter yield. The adjustment of plant density and row spacing did not affect the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant tissue.
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NeSmith, D. Scott. "YIELD OF WATERMELON AS INFLUENCED BY PLANT SPACING." HortScience 28, no. 5 (May 1993): 479f—479. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.479f.
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Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai) cultivars Starbrite and Crimson Sweet were grown during 1991 and 1992 in 1.5 m wide rows at plant spacings of 0.9 m, 1.5 m, or 2.2 m. Total fruit yield, marketable fruit yield, fruit size distribution, and estimated gross returns were determined for the different spacing treatments. Total and marketable fruit yields were greater overall for `Starbrite' than for `Crimson Sweet'. With the exception of 1991 `Crimson Sweet' yields, marketable fruit yields per unit land area increased 29% to 34% as plant spacing was decreased from 2.2 m to 0.9 m. The yield component contributing the most to increased yields with higher density plantings was increased fruit number per unit land area. Average fruit weight responded only slightly to decreased plant spacing. Fruit size distribution on a relative frequency scale was stable regardless of plant spacing or production year. The potential for increasing gross returns per unit land area exists by increasing watermelon plant populations beyond the current Georgia recommendation of 2500 to 3000 plants ha-1.
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Widders, Irvin E., and Hugh C. Price. "Effects of Plant Density on Growth and Biomass Partitioning in Pickling Cucumbers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 5 (September 1989): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.5.751.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L. cvs. Tamor and Castlepik) were direct-seeded at six plant densities (in thousands, 44, 77, 97, 121, 152, 194) using two between-row spacings (71 and 36 cm) and three within-row spacings (29, 14, and 11 cm between plants). Compared with the 29 cm within-row spacing, the 11- and 14-cm spacings resulted in significantly lower total above-ground plant dry weights, growth rates, and total leaf areas for both cultivars as early as 21 to 27 days after planting. The between-row spacing effects on plant growth were similar, but were of a lower magnitude and appeared later in plant development than for the within-row spacing effects. Leaf lamina and fruit tissue exhibited the largest reduction in tissue dry weights per plant compared to stem and petiole tissue when plant density was increased from ≈4.5 to 20 plants/m−2 (45,000 to 200,000 plants/ha). Lower fruit productivity per plant at higher plant densities resulted from fewer fruit set per plant and lower fruit : shoot ratios. Unit leaf rate (g dry weight/day per g of lamina dry weight) was not affected by plant spacing during the fruit development period. Increased densities resulted in significantly higher leaf area indexes, and vegetative and total above-ground dry weights/m−2. Total fruit yield with a single harvest did not increase above ≈77,000 plants/ha for both cultivars. A high correlation (r = 0.877) between leaf lamina dry weight and fruit growth rate indicates that net photosynthetic capacity might be limiting fruit productive potential in pickling cucumbers.
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Moore, James N., Maurus V. Brown, and Bruce P. Bordelon. "Yield and Fruit Size of `Bluecrop' and `Blueray' Highbush Blueberries at Three Plant Spacings." HortScience 28, no. 12 (December 1993): 1162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.12.1162.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of in-row plant spacing on the yield and fruit size of `Blueray' (erect growing) and `Bluecrop' (spreading) highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) was studied. Plants of both cultivars, spaced at 0.61 m within the row, had significantly higher yields per hectare than plants grown at wider spacings (0.92 and 1.22 m) in each of five harvest years. On a per-plant basis, however, plants spaced at 1.22 m had higher yields in the last two harvest years of the experiment than plants spaced more closely, which indicated that interplant competition reduced per-plant yields of closely spaced plants as plants grew larger. Over the 5-year harvest period, plots with 0.61-m plant spacing produced a cumulative total yield of 17.24 t·ha more than plots with the conventional 1.22-m spacing. Plant spacing did not affect fruit size in this experiment.
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Myers, S. C. "Primocane Development and Early Yield of `Heritage' Red Raspberry in Relation to Initial Plant In-row Spacing." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 1 (January 1993): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.1.6.
Full textAbstract:
Micropropagated plants of `Heritage' primocane-fruiting (PF) red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) were planted at in-row spacings of 100, 50, or 25 cm. Yield per unit area during the first season was positively correlated with initial plant in-row spacing. During the first season of growth, initial plant in-row spacing did not affect the total number of primocanes that developed but was positively associated with the numbers of primocanes that fruited. Yield per primocane, primocane yield efficiency, total nodes per primocane, and number of fruiting nodes per primocane were not affected by plant in-row spacing in the first year. Average fruit weight and fruiting primocane diameter in the first year were negatively associated with plant in-row spacing. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) penetrating the row canopy as measured in the first season was not affected by treatment. Treatment did not influence percentage of fruit exhibiting solar injury, shattering, or infection by Botrytis cinerea. Plant in-row spacing did not influence yield during the second and third production seasons.
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Mulkey, W. A., W. B. McLemore, and T. P. Talbot. "THE EFFECT OF PLANT SPACING ON SWEET POTATO VARIETIES AND PROMISING SEEDLINGS." HortScience 29, no. 7 (July 1994): 726c—726. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.726c.
Full textAbstract:
In-row spacing studies have been conducted with `Beauregard!, `Hernandez' and some promising seedlings in the LSU Agricultural Center sweet potato breeding program. May, June and early July plantings are evaluated on 1 m rows with in-row spacings of 23, 30, 38, and 46 cm. With the variety `Beauregard' early May plantings (1-15th) yields of U.S. No.1 grade roots are higher at the 30 cm spacing. From mid-May to June 20th higher yields of No. 1's are produced at a 23 cm spacing. Higher yields are obtained in the late June-early July plantings at the 30 cm spacing. Highest yields overall are produced in late May-early June plantings with `Beauregard'. With the `Hernandez' variety the highest yield of U.S. No.1 grade roots have been produced at a 38 cm in-row spacing during all three planting seasons, with the highest yields overall being produced in the May plantings. Days to maturity are reduced in early `Hernandez' plantings. Results of limited in-row plant spacing with the seedling `LU7-59' are identical to the `Beauregard' variety.
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Friend, Heather H., and Dennis R. Decoteau. "YIELD AND POD DISTRIBUTION OF CAYENNE PEPPERS AS AFFECTED BY PLANTING DENSITY." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1140F—1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1140.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of planting density on yield and pod distribution of cayenne pepper (Capsicun annuum var. annuum L. cv. Carolina Cayenne) was investigated in a two year study. In 1988, planting density was adjusted by altering the in-row spacing of single row beds, while in 1989 planting density was adjusted by altering both in-row spacing and number of rows per bed. In-row spacings evaluated in 1988 were 60, 45, 30, and 15 cm, while in-row spacings of 60, 30, and 15 cm in single and double rows were evaluated in 1989. In 1988, pepper plants grown in the highest density (15 cm in-row spacing) produced less fruit per plant, but more fruit per hectare than those grown in lower densities. In 1989, greatest yields per hectare were recorded with either 15 cm in-row spacings with single rows per bed or 30 cm in-row spacings with double rows per bed, In general, greater percentages of fruits were located in the upper part of the plant canopy when planted in higher plant densities.
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Friend, Heather H., and Dennis R. Decoteau. "YIELD AND POD DISTRIBUTION OF CAYENNE PEPPERS AS AFFECTED BY PLANTING DENSITY." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1140f—1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1140f.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of planting density on yield and pod distribution of cayenne pepper (Capsicun annuum var. annuum L. cv. Carolina Cayenne) was investigated in a two year study. In 1988, planting density was adjusted by altering the in-row spacing of single row beds, while in 1989 planting density was adjusted by altering both in-row spacing and number of rows per bed. In-row spacings evaluated in 1988 were 60, 45, 30, and 15 cm, while in-row spacings of 60, 30, and 15 cm in single and double rows were evaluated in 1989. In 1988, pepper plants grown in the highest density (15 cm in-row spacing) produced less fruit per plant, but more fruit per hectare than those grown in lower densities. In 1989, greatest yields per hectare were recorded with either 15 cm in-row spacings with single rows per bed or 30 cm in-row spacings with double rows per bed, In general, greater percentages of fruits were located in the upper part of the plant canopy when planted in higher plant densities.
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Rangarajan, Anusuya, Betsy Ingall, Michael Orfanedes, and David Wolfe. "In-row Spacing and Cultivar Affects Ear Yield and Quality of Early-planted Sweet Corn." HortTechnology 12, no. 3 (January 2002): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.3.410.
Full textAbstract:
Early-planted fresh market sweet corn (Zea mays) is prone to nonuniform ear length and quality due to uneven germination in cool soils. Growers compensate by reducing in-row spacing at seeding, to increase final plant stand. This risk management strategy was suspected to be reducing quality of early-planted sweet corn, based upon buyer feedback. Four experiments were conducted in upstate New York, to examine the effects of in-row spacing and cultivar on early-planted sweet corn ear yield, length and uniformity. Cultivars examined included `Temptation' (4 years), `Sweet Symphony' (3 years) and `Seneca Spring' (2 years). In-row spacings tested ranged from 6 to 9 inches (15.2 to 22.9 cm), using a 30-inch (76.2-cm) between-row spacing. In-row spacing and cultivar influenced marketable yield, husked ear weight and length of early-planted corn, but the extent varied by year. Despite improvements in individual ear weight and length at wider in-row spacing, marketable yield was usually higher at more narrow spacings. Increases in ear weight at wider spacings were usually associated with increases in weight of the outer, green husk. Average ear length of a cultivar varied between 0.2 and 0.6 inches (0.5 to 1.5 cm) in response to spacing. If ears longer than 7 inches (17.8 cm) were desired, 40% to 60% of ears satisfied this criteria if harvested from plants grown at 8-inch (20.3-cm) in-row spacing or a plant population of 26,000 plants/acre (64,200 plants/ha). Ear weight and length of `Seneca Spring' was not as affected by the in-row spacing treatments compared to the other two cultivars, perhaps due to the small size of this cultivar. Selection of smaller sized sweet corn cultivars for planting at high plant populations (6-inch in-row spacing) may reduce the variation in ear weight under challenging early season conditions. For cultivars with similar growth characteristics and maturities of `Temptation' and `Sweet Symphony,' a minimum in-row spacing of 8 to 9 inches or a plant population of 23,200 to 26,000 plants/acre (57,300 to 64,200 plants/ha) was recommended to minimize variation in ear yield and quality from first bareground plantings in the northeastern United States.
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Locascio, Salvadore J., and William M. Stall. "Bell Pepper Yield as Influenced by Plant Spacing and Row Arrangement." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 5 (September 1994): 899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.5.899.
Full textAbstract:
Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of plant spacing, row arrangement, and N rate on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit production. Peppers were grown on a recently cleared sandy soil on raised polyethylene mulch beds during 2 years with one and two plant rows on 1.22-m beds and two and three plant rows on 1.83-m beds with two in-row plant spacings and two N rates. Marketable fruit production was similar during the 2 years. Yields per plant were 30% greater with a 0.31- than a 0.23-m in-row plant spacing. Even with the 33.3% larger number of plants per ha with the latter in-row spacing, yields per ha were similar with both in-row spacings. Yields per plant also varied with bed arrangement and were 50% greater with one row/1.22-m bed than with two rows/1.22-m bed or three rows/1.83-m bed. Plant populations were double with the two latter arrangements (53,818 plants/ha) than the former (25,909 plant/ha) arrangement with a 0.31-m in-row spacing. Thus, total yields were significantly greater with row arrangements with higher than lower plant populations. With three rows/1.83-m bed, the marketable fruit yields per plant were 19% lower for plants grown on the inside plant row than from plants grown on the outside plant rows. Leaf tissue N concentrations were higher during the season with 224 than with 135 kg N/ha, but yield was not influenced by N rate.
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Silva, João A. da, Sérgio L. R. Donato, Paulo E. R. Donato, Evilasio dos S. Souza, Milton C. Padilha Júnior, and Ancilon A. e. Silva Junior. "Yield and vegetative growth of cactus pear at different spacings and under chemical fertilizations." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 6 (June 2016): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n6p564-569.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the effect of different spacings and mineral fertilizations on cactus pear growth and production in a randomized block design, with three replicates, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme: three spacings, 1.00 x 0.50 m, 2.00 x 0.25 m and 3.00 x 1.00 x 0.25 m, and four fertilizations, 000-000-000, 000-150-000, 200-150-000 and 200-150-100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively. Plant growth was evaluated between 90 and 390 days and production and growth were evaluated at 620 days after planting. There were significant interactions between spacing and fertilization for plant height, number of cladodes and cladode area index from 90 to 390 days and for production of fresh and dry matter at 620 days after planting. Spacing influenced cladode area index, while fertilization influenced plant height, number of cladodes and cladode area index at 620 days after planting. Plant height showed cubic effect for the days after planting. Number of cladodes and cladode area index were dependent on spacing, fertilization and plant age, and fitted to cubic models. The best results of growth and production of fresh and dry matter are associated with NPK and NP fertilizations and the spacing of 1.00 x 0.50 m.