Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plant systematics

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Plant systematics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant systematics"

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Greller, Andrew M., Samuel B. Jones, and Arlene E. Luchsinger. "Plant Systematics." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 114, no. 2 (April 1987): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996134.

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Mayo, Simon, and Gurchuran Singh. "Plant Systematics." Kew Bulletin 56, no. 3 (2001): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4117689.

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Editor, Associate. "Plant Systematics." Indian Journal of Forestry 43, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2021-s6m5sl.

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Pippen, Richard W., and Dennis W. Woodland. "Contemporary Plant Systematics." Systematic Botany 18, no. 1 (January 1993): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419796.

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Mayo, Simon, and Dennis W. Woodland. "Contemporary Plant Systematics." Kew Bulletin 52, no. 4 (1997): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4117836.

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Schlauer, Jan. "Carnivorous plant systematics." Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55360/cpn391.js609.

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As can be expected in an ecologically defined group of organisms, carnivorous plants (unlike orchids or cacti) do not constitute one single natural taxonomic unit marked by common descent and close interrelationship. On the contrary, several lines (derived from four different orders of flowering plants) have given rise to carnivorous families or genera (see Figure 1). The classification of at least some carnivorous families is not settled yet, so a somewhat extended discussion of different lines of evidence shall be presented here.
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Luteyn, James L., and D. W. Woodland. "Contemporary Plant Systematics." Brittonia 51, no. 1 (January 1999): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2666567.

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Schmid, Rudolf, and Dennis W. Woodland. "Contemporary Plant Systematics." Taxon 40, no. 3 (August 1991): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223255.

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Schmid, Rudolf, Dennis W. Woodland, Robert R. Kowal, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Marilyn J. Ward, and Dennis W. Woodland. "Contemporary Plant Systematics." Taxon 46, no. 2 (May 1997): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1224130.

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Schmid, Rudolf, Dennis W. Woodland, Jason C. Bradford, Theodore Cochrane, Michael Clayton, William Fritz, Robert Kowal, Kenneth Sytsma, Marilyn Ward, and Dennis Woodland. "Contemporary Plant Systematics." Taxon 50, no. 1 (February 2001): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1224550.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant systematics"

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Mwafongo, Elizabeth. "Morphological study of Schizaea Pectinata (L.) Sw. (Schizaeaceae)." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23941.

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Morphometrics was used to study variation in Schizeae pectinata as previous study showed that material originating from the summer rainfall area of South Africa differ in several aspects from that originating from the winter rainfall area. The plant has a simple structure and consequently spore, stoma and sporangia sizes, as well as the number per lamina was studied to determine if the species can be subdivided into two groups, e summer and e winter rainfall group, as was previously hypothesised. Univariate and bivariate methods were used to display the extent of variation within the species. Univariate analysis reflect variability of spore and stomata size, and the number of pinna pairs per lamina. Statistical analyses showed that interpopulation variation for these characters are often highly significant. Phonetic methods were used in the analyses of the data set and shows continuous variation in this species. This continuous variation in Schizaea pectinata could be linked to a phenotypic response to environmental differences between the two regions.
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Luna, Castro Javier Alejandro. "Systematics, biogeography and studies of floral evolution in Gesneriaceae." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29523.

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Understanding the processes that have affected the diversification of herbaceous plants is fundamental to understand how flowering plants evolve, how ecosystems form and to predict the effect of climate change and geological events in plant communities. Aiming to create a strong phylogenetic framework where biogeographic and morphological hypothesis can be tested a higher level dated phylogeny of Gesneriaceae was produced. Gesneriaceae is a good study group as it has variable floral morphology, a broad distribution throughout the tropics and subtropics - represented in all non-arid tropical and subtropical hotspots of biodiversity. There are evident differences between lineages in the numbers of species, and it is comparatively well studied compared with other asterid families. In this study a consolidated taxonomic hypothesis of Gesneriaceae is suggested based on a genus level phylogeny, the ages of the main lineages of the family are presented, the effect of geological events are explored, the geographic origin of lineages are suggested and an insight into the effect of floral morphology on the evolution of the family is given. Limiting the taxonomic scope and focusing on a single family should help us better understand how flowering plants diversify.
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Bentley, Joanne. "The evolution of the Afrotemperate-endemic genus Macowania (Asteraceae) in the Drakensberg region of South Africa." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24852.

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The cosmopolitan Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae, or paper daisies or everlastings, form a significant component of both the dry and cool temperate floras of southern Africa. Within this tribe exists a small Afrotemperate genus, Macowania, endemic to the grassland biome of South Africa and occurring almost exclusively within the Drakensberg region, apart from two disjunct species in North Africa. The age, relationships and geographic origin of Macowania is investigated in order to provide insight into the factors affecting speciation, especially uplift events, on this small Afrotemperate genus. A well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis based on both nuclear and chloroplast genes suggests that Macowania is sister to a clade corresponding to the Relhania clade s.s., and that these are in turn sister to a clade containing the genera Athrixia and Pentatrichia. Macowania is monophyletic only with the inclusion of the enigmatic monotypic genus Arrowsmithia, resulting in the future synonymy of Macowania with Arrowsmithia. The anomalous species M. pinifolia, previously part of the genus Athrixia, is placed in a polytomy with the Relhania s.s. clade and the remaining species of Macowania and Arrowsmithia. DNA sequence data could not be obtained for several Macowania species, including the taxa from North Africa. The placement of these species within Macowania is confirmed by means of a parsimony analysis of morphological characters against a molecular backbone constraint tree. One species, M. tenuifolia, is well-supported in two different placements within Macowania by chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data. The best position of this species is inferred by incongruence decomposition analysis and morphological affinities. Bayesian relaxed clock methods and ancestral area reconstruction using maximum likelihood and squared change parsimony estimate the age and ancestral area of the genus, and determine the timing and route of colonisation of the Drakensberg. Diversification within Macowania is consistent in timing with the uplift events during the Miocene and Pliocene that resulted in significant vertical movement in eastern South Africa, suggesting that colonisation of the high-elevation Drakensberg grassland by Macowania was promoted by uplift. The topographic heterogeneity and increased river action resulting from the uplift may also have promoted evolution into new habitats and potentially mediated the movement of the ancestor of Macowania into the Drakensberg region via riparian habitats.
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Thomas, Janet Clare. "The structure of the perennial growth of Disa uniflora Berg. (Orchidaceae)." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26497.

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The perennation of orchids is poorly understood, in particular that of the Orchidoidae. The understanding of perennation in the Orchidoidae is important because the root-stem tuberoid is used as the one character defining the Orchidoidae as a monophyletic group. The root-stem tuberoid has never been examined for variation before. This project focuses on perennial growth in the Diseae in order to study the structure and function of the root stem tuberoid in relation to other organs and to contribute to the understanding of Orchidoid phylogeny.
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Verboom, George Anthony. "An investigation of character variation in Chaetobromus Nees (Danthonieae: Poaceae) in relation to taxonomic and ecological pattern." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18333.

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Character variation in Chaetobromus, a genus of palatable grasses endemic to the arid western areas of southern Africa, was used to derive a classification reflecting taxonomic and ecological pattern. The present study differs from earlier biosystematic investigations by its much more intensive approach to sampling, with 75 anatomical, morphological and cytological characters and 169 individual samples being used. The use of larger population samples permitted quantification of variation within populations, in addition to that among populations and groups. Phenetic methods revealed the existence of three groups, approximating three formerly described taxa and reflecting divergent ecological strategies in Chaetobromus. A lack of diagnostic field characters argues against their recognition at species level, and Chaetobromus Nees is here described as monotypic, the type species, C. involucratus (Schrad.) Nees, comprising three subspecies C. involucratus subsp. involucratus, C. involucratus subsp. villosus Verboom and C. involucratus subsp. dregeanus (Nees) Verboom. There is overlap among subspecies in most characters although many showed significant mean differences. Within subspecies, character variation appears to be homogeneously distributed with respect to population boundaries suggesting that these are likely to have little impact on sampling. An investigation testing the effect of sample strategy on variation capture and taxonomic group detection suggests that a sample of 10-15 specimens is likely to account for most variation present. Phylogenetically, Chaetobromus is included in the tribe Danthonieae, and, on morphological evidence, is probably basal to a clade containing Pentaschistis, Pentameris and Pseudopentameris. The genus appears to occupy a niche unique among the African danthonioids, favouring lime-rich, basic soils and a strongly-seasonal winter-rainfall regime with arid summers. Ecological differences among the subspecies are reflected in differences in growth form and vegetative and reproductive phenologies. The niche requirements of Chaetobromus may be adequately specific to explain the patchy distribution of the genus. Bibliography: pages 119-131.
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Donnell, Aliya A. "A Systematic Revision of Bakeridesia Hochr. (Malvaceae)." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1345563427.

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Sweeney, Patrick Wayne. "Systematics and floral evolution in the plant genus Garcinia (Clusiaceae) /." View online, 2007. https://apps.umsl.edu/webapps/weboffice/ETD/query.cfm?id=r2641.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the Internet: https://apps.umsl.edu/webapps/weboffice/ETD/query.cfm?id=r2641 (viewed May 19, 2009).
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Maguire, Victoria. "Immunogold labelling of TIP proteins in the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26509.

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Zaheer, Khalid. "Virulence and biochemical systematics of potato cyst-nematodes (PCN)." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334687.

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McGrath, Kate. "Phylogeography and population genetics of two forest endemic mosses in the Cape Floristic Region." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26502.

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Different histories for forests in Southern Africa have been hypothesized from vegetation biogeography and pollen analysis. However, the history of forests is still controversial. Phylogeography uses gene genealogies to infer history of distributions. Two forest endemic moss species were sampled: Leptodon smithii; and Neckera valentiniana. Two gene regions were used, trnLF (chloroplast genome) and ITS1 (nuclear genome). Neckera valentiniana showed no variation from the populations sampled. Results from Leptodon smithii based on the trn and ITS region suggest that forests once were widespread, but then became fragmented. Dispersal corridors still exist between Southern Cape populations and Western Cape populations.
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Books on the topic "Plant systematics"

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Plant systematics. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2006.

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Jones, Samuel B. Plant systematics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.

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Plant systematics. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier, 2010.

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E, Luchsinger Arlene, ed. Plant systematics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986.

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Contemporary plant systematics. 4th ed. Berrien Springs, Mich: Andrews University Press, 2009.

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Woodland, Dennis W. Contemporary plant systematics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1991.

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Contemporary plant systematics. 2nd ed. Berrien Springs, Mich: Andrews University Press, 1997.

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May, Caddell Gloria, ed. Fundamentals of plant systematics. New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1986.

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Crawford, Daniel J. Plant molecular systematics: Macromolecular approaches. New York: Wiley, 1990.

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M, Hollingsworth Peter, Bateman Richard M. 1940-, Gornall R. J, and Conference on Advances in Plant Molecular Systematics (1997 : University of Glasgow), eds. Molecular systematics and plant evolution. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plant systematics"

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Decraemer, W. "Systematics." In Developments in Plant Pathology, 26–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8482-1_3.

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Soltis, Pamela S., and Douglas E. Soltis. "Plant Molecular Systematics." In Evolutionary Biology, 139–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1847-1_4.

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Kadereit, Joachim W., and Andreas Bresinsky. "Systematics and Phylogeny." In Strasburger's Plant Sciences, 665–1040. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15518-5_10.

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Eisenback, Jon D. "Morphology and Systematics." In Plant and Nematode Interactions, 37–63. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr36.c3.

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Khati, Rachana, Alok K. Paul, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, and Karma G. Dolma. "Plant-Derived Microbial Bio-Similar for the Treatment of Tuberculosis." In Microbial Systematics, 86–111. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003307679-6.

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Rieseberg, Loren H., and Steven J. Brunsfeld. "Molecular Evidence and Plant Introgression." In Molecular Systematics of Plants, 151–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3276-7_7.

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Bhattacharya, Debashish. "An introduction to algal phylogeny and phylogenetic methods." In Plant Systematics and Evolution, 1–11. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6542-3_1.

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McFadden, Geoffrey I., Paul R. Gilson, and Claudia J. B. Hofmann. "Division Chlorarachniophyta." In Plant Systematics and Evolution, 175–85. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6542-3_10.

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Simpson, Michael G. "Plant Systematics." In Plant Systematics, 3–16. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374380-0.50001-4.

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Simpson, Michael G. "Plant Morphology." In Plant Systematics, 469–535. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812628-8.50009-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plant systematics"

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Leonhard, M., S. Weidenhammer, and S. Böttger. "Gamification in teaching plant systematics." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400398.

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Kusumawardani, Wahyu, Muzzazinah, and Murni Ramli. "Plant taxonomy learning and research: A systematics review." In THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, ENVIRONMENT, AND EDUCATION. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5139783.

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Serbina, Liliya. "Systematics, biogeography, and host-plant relationships of the Neotropical jumping plant-louse genusRusselliana(Hemiptera: Psylloidea)." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.116128.

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Palomino Jaramillo, Romel, Andrea Rojas Jiménez, Óscar Agudelo Varela, and Miguel Bonilla Morales. "Multimedia Training Material Development to facilitate the learning of Plant Systematics." In The Fourteen LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: “Engineering Innovations for Global Sustainability”. Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18687/laccei2016.1.1.131.

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Malenovsky, Igor. "The systematics of the jumping plant-louse family Phacopteronidae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea)." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107883.

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Taylor, Gary S. "Australian jumping plant lice and lerp insects (Hemiptera: Psylloidea): Species richness, systematics, invasives, and conservation." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112279.

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Mitrenina, E. Yu, and A. S. Erst. "A cytogenetic approach to the study of Ranunculaceae." In Problems of studying the vegetation cover of Siberia. TSU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-927-3-2020-24.

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Plant chromosomes investigation has an about 140 years-old history. A cytogenetic approach keeps being relevant to the systematics and phylogeny problem solving, although the molecular genetic methods are widely used. The comparative karyotype analysis as a part of the integrative taxonomic approach is used successfully along with morphological, molecular genetic, phytochemical, and other methods to study plants of different taxonomic groups, including fam. Ranunculaceae Juss.
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Ye, Cheng, Chao Ni, Tian Zheng, Zhicheng Zhang, and Ronghua Zhang. "Quality Assurance for a Nuclear Power Plant Simulator by Applying Standards for Safety-Critical Software." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15488.

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Nuclear power plant simulators are playing a more and more important role in nuclear power plant lifecycle analysis, and the quality of the simulators should be verified to ensure the safety of nuclear power plants. Currently, there is no systematic quality assurance method for nuclear power plant simulators. In this paper, a systematic quality assurance method for nuclear power plant simulators is proposed basing on experiences with safety-critical software. Key aspects of the method are discussed. In addition, application of this method to a real project is also described as a practical reference.
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Jo, Young G. "Practical Procedures for Estimation of Plant Specific Common Cause Failure Quantification Parameters for Plants With Accumulated Operating Experiences." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49215.

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One of the major tasks in a plant specific common cause failure (CCF) analysis is to determine the overall event applicability factors of the original CCF events. The overall event applicability factor of a CCF event, which is used for specializing the impact of the original event for a target system, should be determined by considering the target system’s defenses against such CCF. However, lack of currently available detailed guidelines made it difficult to determine the overall event applicability factors in a systematic and consistent manner. In this paper, practical procedures for plant specific CCF analysis were developed. Especially, guidelines and a set of criteria were developed for more systematic and consistent determination of the overall event applicability factors. Additional set of criteria was also developed especially for crediting plants with many years of operations for their enhanced defenses against CCFs based on accumulated operating experiences. The developed procedures were successfully implemented for three plant specific CCF analyses. It is believed that the use of the developed procedures would significantly facilitate a plant CCF analysis and produce consistent results.
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Liu, Xiaolin, Wei Meng, Li Lu, and Jianwen Li. "Research on the Prevention and Control System of Jellyfish in Nuclear Power Plants Cooling Water System." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92507.

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Abstract In recent years, incidents of jellyfish outbreaks invading cooling water system have occurred frequently in nuclear power plants, which directly affects the safe and stable operation of the units. In response, the prevention and control of disaster-causing jellyfish is aimed at increasing the response margin time and reducing the impact of invasion. It involves the application of multidisciplinary frontier achievements, and the design and construction of a complete prevention and control system should be based on the concept of defense in depth and systematic thinking. This paper summarizes these studies and practices, combined with the actual working conditions and needs of the nuclear power plant cooling water site, a interdisciplinary and systematic solution for the prevention and control of jellyfish in the whole chain covering the five defense lines of “prediction, monitoring, warning, interception and response” is proposed. Which is divided into the far-sea layer, offshore layer, nearshore layer, and shore layer according to the time and space elements and logical relationship to form a layered construction plan. It has the characteristics of modularization and intelligence, and can effectively improve the prevention and control of jellyfish disasters in nuclear power plants.
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Reports on the topic "Plant systematics"

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Mayanja, Maureen Nanziri, Rebecca Nalubega, John R. S. Tabuti, and Collins Grace Atuheire. Effectiveness of Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants of Eastern Africa in Control of Livestock Pests or Disease Pathogens: A Systematic Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0006.

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Review question / Objective: a) What is the current state and distribution of evidence on medicinal plants for ethnoveterinary practice in livestock keeping communities in Eastern Africa? b) What evidence exists about the pharmacological activities and effectiveness in control of livestock pests or disease pathogens, of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants accessible to the drylands of Eastern Africa? Information sources: This systematic review will consider both experimental and quasi-experimental evaluation studies that report positive outcomes; in-vivo and in-vitro assays and phytochemical composition assessment. Qualitative studies that focus on ethnoveterinary medicinal plant use including, but not limited to qualitative description and action research, will also be considered. In addition, systematic reviews that meet the inclusion criteria will be considered.
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Mosquna, Assaf, and Sean Cutler. Systematic analyses of the roles of Solanum Lycopersicum ABA receptors in environmental stress and development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604266.bard.

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Drought and other abiotic stresses have major negative effects on agricultural productivity. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many responses to environmental stresses and can be used to improve crop performance under stress. ABA levels rise in response to diverse abiotic stresses to coordinate physiological and metabolic responses that help plants survive stressful environments. In all land plants, ABA receptors are responsible for initiating a signaling cascade that leads to stomata closure, growth arrest and large-scale changes in transcript levels required for stress tolerance. We wanted to test the meaning of root derived ABA signaling in drying soil on water balance. To this end we generated transgenic tomato lines in which ABA signaling is initiated by a synthetic agonist- mandipropamid. Initial study using a Series of grafting experiments indicate that that root ABA signaling has no effect on the immediate regulation of stomata aperture. Once concluded, these experiments will enable us to systematically dissect the physiological role of root-shoot interaction in maintaining the water balance in plants and provide new tools for targeted improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.
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Perkins, William R., and Juraj V. Medanic. Systematic Low Order Controller Design for Disturbance Rejection with Plant Uncertainties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226073.

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Su, Yaohui, and Mingwang Wang. Reporting quality on interventional systematic review protocols for knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review plan. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.1.0111.

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McDonagh, Marian S., Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Benjamin Morasco, Devan Kansagara, and Roger Chou. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: May 2021 Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccerplantpain3.

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Overview This is the third quarterly progress report for an ongoing living systematic review on cannabis and other plant-based treatments for chronic pain. The first progress report was published in January 2021 and the second in March 2021. The draft systematic review was available for public comment from May 19 through June 15, 2021, on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Effective Health Care website. The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom, used to treat chronic pain, addressing concerns about severe adverse effects, abuse, misuse, dependence, and addiction. The purpose of this progress report is to describe the cumulative literature identified thus far. This report will be periodically updated with new studies as they are published and identified, culminating in an annual systematic review that provides a synthesis of the accumulated evidence. Main Points In patients with chronic (mainly neuropathic) pain with short-term treatment (4 weeks to <6 months): • Studies of cannabis-related products were grouped based on their tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) ratio using the following categories: high THC to CBD, comparable THC to CBD, and low THC to CBD. • Comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray is probably associated with small improvements in pain severity and may be associated with small improvements in function. There was no effect in pain interference or serious adverse events. There may be a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea. • Synthetic THC (high THC to CBD) may be associated with moderate improvement in pain severity and increased risk of sedation, and large increased risk of nausea. Synthetic THC is probably associated with a large increased risk of dizziness. • Extracted whole-plant high THC to CBD ratio products may be associated with large increases in risk of withdrawal due to adverse events and dizziness. • Evidence on whole-plant cannabis, low THC to CBD ratio products (topical CBD), other cannabinoids (cannabidivarin), and comparisons with other active interventions was insufficient to draw conclusions. • Other key adverse event outcomes (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, cognitive deficits) and outcomes on the impact on opioid use were not reported. • No evidence on other plant-based compounds, such as kratom, met criteria for this review.
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6

McDonagh, Marian S., Roger Chou, Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Benjamin J. Morasco, Suchitra Iyer, and Devan Kansagara. Living Systematic Reviews: Practical Considerations for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcwhitepaperlsr.

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Living systematic reviews are a relatively new approach to keeping the evidence in systematic reviews current by frequent surveillance and updating. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Evidence-based Practice Center Program recently commissioned a systematic review of plant-based treatments for chronic pain management. This white paper describes the team’s experience in implementing the protocol that was developed a priori, and reflects on the challenges faced and lessons learned in the process of developing and maintaining a living systematic review. Challenges related to scoping, conducting searches, selecting studies, abstracting data, assessing risk of bias, conducting meta-analysis, performing narrative synthesis, assessing strength of evidence, and generating conclusions are described, as well as potential approaches to addressing these challenges.
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McDonagh, Marian S., Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Rongwei Fu, Benjamin Morasco, Devan Kansagara, and Roger Chou. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer250.

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Objectives. To evaluate the evidence on benefits and harms of cannabinoids and similar plant-based compounds to treat chronic pain. Data sources. Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS® databases, reference lists of included studies, submissions received after Federal Register request were searched to July 2021. Review methods. Using dual review, we screened search results for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients with chronic pain evaluating cannabis, kratom, and similar compounds with any comparison group and at least 1 month of treatment or followup. Dual review was used to abstract study data, assess study-level risk of bias, and rate the strength of evidence. Prioritized outcomes included pain, overall function, and adverse events. We grouped studies that assessed tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) based on their THC to CBD ratio and categorized them as high-THC to CBD ratio, comparable THC to CBD ratio, and low-THC to CBD ratio. We also grouped studies by whether the product was a whole-plant product (cannabis), cannabinoids extracted or purified from a whole plant, or synthetic. We conducted meta-analyses using the profile likelihood random effects model and assessed between-study heterogeneity using Cochran’s Q statistic chi square and the I2 test for inconsistency. Magnitude of benefit was categorized into no effect or small, moderate, and large effects. Results. From 2,850 abstracts, 20 RCTs (N=1,776) and 7 observational studies (N=13,095) assessing different cannabinoids were included; none of kratom. Studies were primarily short term, and 75 percent enrolled patients with a variety of neuropathic pain. Comparators were primarily placebo or usual care. The strength of evidence (SOE) was low, unless otherwise noted. Compared with placebo, comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray was associated with a small benefit in change in pain severity (7 RCTs, N=632, 0 to10 scale, mean difference [MD] −0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.95 to −0.19, I2=28%; SOE: moderate) and overall function (6 RCTs, N=616, 0 to 10 scale, MD −0.42, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.16, I2=24%). There was no effect on study withdrawals due to adverse events. There was a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation and a moderate increased risk of nausea (dizziness: 6 RCTs, N=866, 30% vs. 8%, relative risk [RR] 3.57, 95% CI 2.42 to 5.60, I2=0%; sedation: 6 RCTs, N=866, 22% vs. 16%, RR 5.04, 95% CI 2.10 to 11.89, I2=0%; and nausea: 6 RCTs, N=866, 13% vs. 7.5%, RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.78, I2=0%). Synthetic products with high-THC to CBD ratios were associated with a moderate improvement in pain severity, a moderate increase in sedation, and a large increase in nausea (pain: 6 RCTs, N=390 to 10 scale, MD −1.15, 95% CI −1.99 to −0.54, I2=39%; sedation: 3 RCTs, N=335, 19% vs. 10%, RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.63, I2=0%; nausea: 2 RCTs, N=302, 12% vs. 6%, RR 2.19, 95% CI 0.77 to 5.39; I²=0%). We found moderate SOE for a large increased risk of dizziness (2 RCTs, 32% vs. 11%, RR 2.74, 95% CI 1.47 to 6.86, I2=0%). Extracted whole-plant products with high-THC to CBD ratios (oral) were associated with a large increased risk of study withdrawal due to adverse events (1 RCT, 13.9% vs. 5.7%, RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.33) and dizziness (1 RCT, 62.2% vs. 7.5%, RR 8.34, 95% CI 4.53 to 15.34). We observed a moderate improvement in pain severity when combining all studies of high-THC to CBD ratio (8 RCTs, N=684, MD −1.25, 95% CI −2.09 to −0.71, I2=50%; SOE: moderate). Evidence on whole-plant cannabis, topical CBD, low-THC to CBD, other cannabinoids, comparisons with active products, and impact on use of opioids was insufficient to draw conclusions. Other important harms (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, and cognitive effects) were not reported. Conclusions. Low to moderate strength evidence suggests small to moderate improvements in pain (mostly neuropathic), and moderate to large increases in common adverse events (dizziness, sedation, nausea) and study withdrawal due to adverse events with high- and comparable THC to CBD ratio extracted cannabinoids and synthetic products in short-term treatment (1 to 6 months). Evidence for whole-plant cannabis, and other comparisons, outcomes, and PBCs were unavailable or insufficient to draw conclusions. Small sample sizes, lack of evidence for moderate and long-term use and other key outcomes, such as other adverse events and impact on use of opioids during treatment, indicate that more research is needed.
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Tanksley, Steven D., and Dani Zamir. Development and Testing of a Method for the Systematic Discovery and Utilization of Novel QTLs in the Production of Improved Crop Varieties: Tomato as a Model System. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570570.bard.

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Modern cultivated varieties carry only a small fraction of the variation present in the gene pool. The narrow genetic basis of modern crop plants is a result of genetic bottlenecks imposed during early domestication and modern plant breeding. The wild ancestors of most crop plants can still be found in their natural habitats and Germplasm Centers have been established to collect and maintain this material. These wild and unadapted resources can potentially fuel crop plant improvement efforts for many years into the future (Tanksley and McCouch 1997). Unfortunately, scientists have been unable to exploit the majority of the genetic potential warehoused in germplasm repositories. This is especially true as regards to the improvement of quantitative traits like yield and quality. One of the major problems is that much of the wild germplasm is inferior to modern cultivars for many of the quantitative traits that breeders would like to improve. Our research, focusing on the tomato as a model system, has shown that despite their inferior phenotypes, wild species are likely to contain QTLs that can substantially increase the yield and quality of elite cultivars (de Vicente and Tanksley 1992, Eshed and Zamir 1994, Eshed et al. 1996). Using novel population structures of introgression lines (ILs; Eshed and Zamir 1995) and advanced backcross lines (AB; Tanksley et al. 1996) we identified and introduced valuable QTLs from unadapted germplasm into elite processing tomato varieties. Populations involving crosses with five Lycopersicon species (L. pennellii (Eshed and Zamir 1994; Eshed et al. 1996; Eshed and Zamir 1996), L. hirsutum (Bernacchi et al. 1998), L. pimpinellifolium (Tanksley et al. 1996), L. parviflorum (unpub.), L. peruvianum (Fulton et al. 1997) have been field and laboratory tested in a number of locations around the world. QTLs from the wild parent were identified that improve one or more of the key quantitative traits for processing tomatoes (yield, brix, sugar and acid composition and earliness) by as much as 10-30%. Nearly isogenic lines (QTL-NILs) have been generated for a subset of these QTLs. Each QTL-NIL contains the entire genome of the elite cultivated parent except for a segment (5-40 cM) of the wild species genome corresponding to a specific QTL. The genetic material and information that was developed in this program is presently used by American and Israeli seed companies for the breeding of superior varieties. We expect that in the next few years these varieties will make a difference in the marketplace.
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Ștefănescu, Ruxandra, Eszter Laczkó-Zöld, Bianca-Eugenia Ősz, and Camil-Eugen Vari. An updated systematic review of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves: phytochemistry and pharmacology. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0029.

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Review question / Objective: This review aims to present the latest knowledge on the phytochemical profile as well as the therapeutic effects of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves. Background: The leaves are used in traditional medicine of different countries for the management of diabetes. Until date there are no relevant information, only assumptions regarding the compounds that are responsible for this effect Bilberry leaves are used in many countries in traditional medicine for treating a wide variety of diseases. Well documented in the literature, the influence of pedo-climatic conditions is an important factor that is responsible for the noticeable differences among the chemical composition of herbal drugs, and also the accumulation of different metals, having significant effects on the quality of plant products.
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Chou, Roger, Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Benjamin J. Morasco, Devan Kansagara, Shelley Selph, Rebecca Holmes, and Rongwei Fu. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for iii Chronic Pain: 2022 Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer250update2022.

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Objectives. To update the evidence on benefits and harms of cannabinoids and similar plant-based compounds to treat chronic pain using a living systematic review approach. Data sources. Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS® databases; reference lists of included studies; and submissions received after Federal Register request were searched to April 4, 2022. Review methods. Using dual review, we screened search results for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients with chronic pain evaluating cannabis, kratom, and similar compounds with any comparison group and at least 1 month of treatment or followup. Dual review was used to abstract study data, assess study-level risk of bias, and rate the strength of evidence (SOE). Prioritized outcomes included pain, overall function, and adverse events. We grouped studies that assessed tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) based on their THC to CBD ratio and categorized them as comparable THC to CBD ratio, high-THC to CBD ratio, and low-THC to CBD ratio. We also grouped studies by whether the product was a whole-plant product (cannabis), cannabinoids extracted or purified from a whole plant, or a synthetic product. We conducted meta-analyses using the profile likelihood random effects model and assessed between-study heterogeneity using Cochran’s Q statistic chi square test and the I2 statistic. Magnitude of benefit was categorized as no effect or small, moderate, and large effects. Results. From 3,283 abstracts, 21 RCTs (N=1,905) and 8 observational studies (N=13,769) assessing different cannabinoids were included; none evaluated kratom. Studies were primarily short term, and 59 percent enrolled patients with neuropathic pain. Comparators were primarily placebo or usual care. The SOE was low unless otherwise noted. Compared with placebo, comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray was associated with a small benefit in change in pain severity (7 RCTs, N=632, 0 to10 scale, mean difference [MD] −0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.95 to −0.19, I2=39%; SOE: moderate) and overall function (6 RCTs, N=616, 0 to 10 scale, MD −0.42, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.16, I2=32%). There was no effect on study withdrawals due to adverse events. There was a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea (dizziness: 6 RCTs, N=866, 31.0% vs. 8.0%, relative risk [RR] 3.57, 95% CI 2.42 to 5.60, I2=0%; sedation: 6 RCTs, N=866, 8.0% vs. 1.2%, RR 5.04, 95% CI 2.10 to 11.89, I2=0%; and nausea: 6 RCTs, N=866, 13% vs. 7.5%, RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.77, I2=0%). Synthetic products with high-THC to CBD ratios were associated with a moderate improvement in pain severity, a moderate increase in sedation, and a large increase in nausea (pain: 6 RCTs, N=390, 0 to 10 scale, MD −1.15, 95% CI −1.99 to −0.54, I2=48%; sedation: 3 RCTs, N=335, 19% vs. 10%, RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.63, I2=28%; nausea: 2 RCTs, N=302, 12.3% vs. 6.1%, RR 2.19, 95% CI 0.77 to 5.39; I²=0%). We also found moderate SOE for a large increased risk of dizziness (2 RCTs, 32% vs. 11%, RR 2.74, 95% CI 1.47 to 6.86, I2=40%). Extracted whole-plant products with high-THC to CBD ratios (oral) were associated with a large increased risk of study withdrawal due to adverse events (1 RCT, 13.9% vs. 5.7%, RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.33) and dizziness (1 RCT, 62.2% vs. 7.5%, RR 8.34, 95% CI 4.53 to 15.34); outcomes assessing benefit were not reported or insufficient. We observed a moderate improvement in pain severity when combining all studies of high-THC to CBD ratio (8 RCTs, N=684, MD −1.25, 95% CI −2.09 to −0.71, I2=58%; SOE: moderate). Evidence (including observational studies) on whole-plant cannabis, topical or oral CBD, low-THC to CBD, other cannabinoids, comparisons with active products or between cannabis-related products, and impact on use of opioids was insufficient to draw conclusions. Other important harms (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, and cognitive effects) were not reported. Conclusions. Low to moderate strength evidence suggests small to moderate improvements in pain (mostly neuropathic), and moderate to large increases in common adverse events (dizziness, sedation, nausea) with high- and comparable THC to CBD ratio extracted cannabinoids and synthetic products during short-term treatment (1 to 6 months); high-THC to CBD ratio products were also associated with increased risk of withdrawal due to adverse events. Evidence for whole-plant cannabis and other comparisons, outcomes, and plant-based compounds was unavailable or insufficient to draw conclusions. Small sample sizes, lack of evidence for moderate and long-term use and other key outcomes, such as other adverse events and impact on use of opioids during treatment, indicate that more research is needed.
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