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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plant Systematics and Taxonomy

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Academic literature on the topic 'Plant Systematics and Taxonomy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant Systematics and Taxonomy"

1

Small, Ernest. "SYSTEMATICS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS (OR, TAXONOMY OF TAXONOMY)." TAXON 38, no. 3 (August 1989): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1222265.

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Das, Partha, and Bhupendra Kholia. "A selective study of online resources of information on Plant Taxonomy & Systematics: a new path of data flow to the users in the digital age." Indian Journal of Forestry 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2014-r5msa0.

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The paper describes the importance of plant taxonomy and classifies the various plant taxonomic databases. It tries to focus on some selective important online public domain databases of plant taxonomy and systematics which are becoming a new path of data flow to the plant taxonomists, botanists and researchers on biodiversity all over the world.

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Klazenga, Niels. "Generic concepts in Australian mosses." Australian Systematic Botany 18, no. 1 (2005): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb04014.

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The impact of changes in generic concepts as a result of changes in philosophy and methodology associated with phylogenetic systematics on the taxonomy of Australian mosses is discussed. It is concluded that, while phylogenetic systematics has already had a significant impact on the taxonomy of Australian mosses, many taxonomic changes that have occurred in recent years are the result of an enormous taxonomic backlog that is being gradually eliminated. The relative impact of phylogenetic systematics is expected to increase in coming years.

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Jeffrey, C., V. H. Heywood, and D. M. Moore. "Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy." Kew Bulletin 40, no. 4 (1985): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4109880.

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Hegnauer, R. "Comparative phytochemistry and plant taxonomy." Giornale botanico italiano 120, no. 1-6 (January 1986): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263508609428018.

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Keener, Carl S., V. H. Heywood, and D. M. Moore. "Current Concept in Plant Taxonomy." Bryologist 89, no. 1 (1986): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3243085.

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Schilling, Edward E., V. H. Heywood, and D. M. Moore. "Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy." Systematic Botany 10, no. 4 (October 1985): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419146.

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Cronquist, Arthur, and Tod F. Stuessy. "Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data." Brittonia 42, no. 4 (October 1990): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2806812.

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Stevens, P. F., and T. F. Stuessy. "Plant Taxonomy. The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data." Kew Bulletin 46, no. 3 (1991): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4110562.

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Keener, Carl S., and Tod F. Stuessy. "Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data." Systematic Botany 16, no. 2 (April 1991): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419289.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant Systematics and Taxonomy"

1

Lee, Chung-Kun. "Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Commelinaceae (Commelinales)." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263508.

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Franck, Alan R. "Systematics of Harrisia (Cactaceae)." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4044.

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The genus Harrisia Britton (Cactaceae) comprises species of columnar cacti that are united by a unique seed morphology. The species range in form from prostrate shrubs to large trees and are native to South America and the Caribbean region. Harrisia is placed in an unresolved position within subtribe Trichocereinae of tribe Cereeae of subfamily Cactoideae. Relationships among the species within Harrisia are also poorly understood. In this study, several species of Harrisia were sequenced for as many as seven different regions of nuclear and plastid DNA. Species in the Caribbean were also examined with amplified fragment length polymorphisms. The morphology of Harrisia was characterized from herbarium specimens, live plants, and original descriptions. A biogeographic scenario was extrapolated from the molecular and morphological data. The flower morphology suggests a relationship between Harrisia and some species of Echinopsis s. l. However, DNA sequence analyses in this study do not clearly resolve generic relationships with Harrisia. Molecular and morphological data support recognition of two subgenera, four sections, and two series within Harrisia. It is proposed that Harrisia originated in the west-central Andes, ~3.5-6.5 Ma ago. Subgenus Eriocereus is composed of the species in the east Andes of Bolivia and the nearby species radiation in the Gran Chaco. Subgenus Harrisia originated by an early dispersal event into Brazil with subsequent dispersal into the Caribbean. In the last 500 Ka, Harrisia, colonized west Cuba and further diversified into other areas of the Caribbean. Harrisia is revised to contain 18 species.

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Eggens, Frida. "Systematics in Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae) : taxonomy and phylogenetic patterns /." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7380.

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Lewin, Marcus. "Taxonomic revision of the genus Chamaecrista (Fabaceae) in Ecuador." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-242636.

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A revision of the genus Chamaecrista (Leguminosae) in Ecuador is presented. The work is based on morphometric studies of herbarium material and information from the literature and the Internet. The purpose of the study was to get a better knowledge of the distribution, taxonomic status and conservation of Chamaecrista in Ecuador. The study recognizes in all six species and several varieties, viz. Ch. nictitans with var. jaliscensis, var. disandea, var. pilosa, var. paraguariensis and var. glabrata, Ch. glandulosa with var. flavicoma and var. andicola, Ch. absus and Ch. rotundifolia. Keys, descriptions and illustrations are provided for all taxa.

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Hastings, Jennifer Lynn. "Systematic and Ecological Studies of the Viola subsinuata Species Complex." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou153185551690636.

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Verboom, George Anthony. "An investigation of character variation in Chaetobromus Nees (Danthonieae: Poaceae) in relation to taxonomic and ecological pattern." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18333.

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Character variation in Chaetobromus, a genus of palatable grasses endemic to the arid western areas of southern Africa, was used to derive a classification reflecting taxonomic and ecological pattern. The present study differs from earlier biosystematic investigations by its much more intensive approach to sampling, with 75 anatomical, morphological and cytological characters and 169 individual samples being used. The use of larger population samples permitted quantification of variation within populations, in addition to that among populations and groups. Phenetic methods revealed the existence of three groups, approximating three formerly described taxa and reflecting divergent ecological strategies in Chaetobromus. A lack of diagnostic field characters argues against their recognition at species level, and Chaetobromus Nees is here described as monotypic, the type species, C. involucratus (Schrad.) Nees, comprising three subspecies C. involucratus subsp. involucratus, C. involucratus subsp. villosus Verboom and C. involucratus subsp. dregeanus (Nees) Verboom. There is overlap among subspecies in most characters although many showed significant mean differences. Within subspecies, character variation appears to be homogeneously distributed with respect to population boundaries suggesting that these are likely to have little impact on sampling. An investigation testing the effect of sample strategy on variation capture and taxonomic group detection suggests that a sample of 10-15 specimens is likely to account for most variation present. Phylogenetically, Chaetobromus is included in the tribe Danthonieae, and, on morphological evidence, is probably basal to a clade containing Pentaschistis, Pentameris and Pseudopentameris. The genus appears to occupy a niche unique among the African danthonioids, favouring lime-rich, basic soils and a strongly-seasonal winter-rainfall regime with arid summers. Ecological differences among the subspecies are reflected in differences in growth form and vegetative and reproductive phenologies. The niche requirements of Chaetobromus may be adequately specific to explain the patchy distribution of the genus. Bibliography: pages 119-131.

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Morawetz, Jeffery James. "Systematics of Alectra (Orobanchaceae) and phylogenetic relationships among the tropical clade of Orobanchaceae." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1195069917.

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Cardinal-McTeague, Warren Martin. "The Systematics and Evolution of Euphorbiaceae Tribe Plukenetieae." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38206.

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The aim of this dissertation is to study the systematics and evolution of Euphorbiaceae vines (tribe Plukenetieae), a diverse pantropical lineage (~365 species and 18 genera) composed of three morphologically distinct subtribes, Dalechampiinae, Plukenetiinae, and Tragiinae. Through the course of my research I largely resolved the evolutionary history of Plukenetieae and made broader contributions to the study of pollen and seed evolution, pantropical biogeography, and plant diversification. In chapter two I developed the first well-sampled molecular phylogeny for Plukenetieae (154 terminals, ~93 species, 2,207 character dataset composed of ITS and psbA-trnH with indel gap-scored data), and determined baseline species group relationships of the tribe. Molecular phylogeny largely agreed with pollen morphology hypotheses and confirmed that the large genus Tragia was para- and/or polyphyletic and should be split into smaller genera. Analysis of pollen morphology revealed a trend towards aperture reduction and loss in Tragiinae, with four origins of weakly defined apertures and up to three origins of inaperturate pollen. In chapter three, I studied the seed size evolution of Plukenetia, a pantropical genus with large edible oil-rich seeds, by developing a near-exhaustive phylogeny (83 terminals, 20 of ~24 species, 5,069 bp dataset of ETS, ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, ndhF) and conducting ancestral state estimation and phylogenetic regression. Seed size evolution in Plukenetia was dynamic and associated with competing selective pressures of plant size, fruit type (and inferred dispersal syndrome), and seedling ecology. In chapter four I presented a revised sectional classification of Plukenetia based on phylogeny and morphological evidence, including three new taxa from South America. Chapters three and five included biogeographical investigations on Plukenetia and Plukenetieae. Analyses revealed that pantropical disjunct distributions arose one to three times in each subtribe via periodic long-distance dispersals from the Oligocene to the Pliocene, most often from South America to Africa and then Southeast Asia. Lastly, in chapter five, I developed an improved phylogeny for Plukenetieae (289 terminals, ~109 species, 5,160 bp dataset of ETS, ITS, KEA1 intron 11, TEB exon 17, matK, ndhF) to study the influence of innovative traits (twining growth form, stinging hair defences, and pseudanthial inflorescences) on diversification in the tribe. However, increased diversification was not associated with innovative traits. Instead, diversification was associated with clades that shifted into drier open habitats, aided by habitat expansion following the Late Miocene cooling period.

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Bucheli, Sibyl Rae. "Systematics of the megadiverse superfamily gelechioidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera)." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1124119415.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 389 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 332-345). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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Flynn, Thomas Alexander. "Evolution of nickel hyperaccumulation in Alyssum L." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fec1aee2-897b-4da0-b756-86385a802077.

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Phylogenetic studies are providing powerful new insights into the evolution of complex traits. Metal hyperaccumulation is an unusual and complex physiological trait found in about 500 plant species and is associated with an exceptionally high degree of tolerance of metalliferous soils. Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) is the largest known hyperaccumulator genus, comprising approximately 188 species distributed throughout the Mediterranean region and south-west Asia. Approximately one-quarter of these are largely restricted to areas of serpentine soils and have the ability to accumulate nickel to high concentrations in shoot tissue. This genus provides a good example in which to study the origins of a complex physiological trait, but its phylogeny is currently poorly understood. To produce a well-resolved phylogenetic tree to investigate the number and timing of origins of nickel hyperaccumulation within Alyssum, DNA sequences were generated for four chloroplast regions (matK, rps16–trnK, trnD–T and trnL–F) from 170 of 255 species in the tribe Alysseae. Additional sequencing was carried out for the chloroplast genes ndhF and rbcL and the nuclear gene PHYA. A Bayesian analysis employing a relaxed uncorrelated lognormal molecular clock and multiple fossil-age calibration points was carried out to reconstruct a time-calibrated phylogeny of this tribe using appropriate outgroups. Optimization of the nickel hyperaccumulation trait onto the resulting phylogenetic tree suggests that nickel hyperaccumulation arose twice in the Alysseae in the late Miocene/early Pliocene: 3.3–8.3 Mya in Alyssum and 6.3–8.8 Mya in Bornmuellera. The single origin in Alyssum is strongly associated with a significant acceleration in net species diversification rate, suggesting the ability to hyperaccumulate nickel could have provided a key evolutionary innovation facilitating rapid range expansion and subsequent species diversification. The scattered distribution of nickel hyperaccumulators across small island-like patches of serpentine soil suggests that allopatric speciation may have driven rapid diversification in this clade.

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Books on the topic "Plant Systematics and Taxonomy"

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S, Judd Walter, ed. Plant systematics: A phylogenetic approach. 3rd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2007.

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Crawford, Daniel J. Plant molecular systematics: Macromolecular approaches. New York: Wiley, 1990.

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Vanev, Simeon G. I͡A︡dlivi i otrovni gŭbi v Bŭlgarii͡a︡: Opredelitel. Sofii͡a︡: Izd-vo "Pensoft", 1998.

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Ladizinsky, Gideon. Studies in Oat Evolution: A Man's Life with Avena. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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Plant taxonomy: The systematic evaluation of comparative data. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.

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Stuessy, Tod F. Plant taxonomy: The systematic evaluation of comparative data. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.

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Bock, Ralph. Genomics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012.

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Nadaf, Altafhusain. Indian Pandanaceae - an overview. India: Springer India, 2012.

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Piperno, Dolores R. The silica bodies of tropical American grasses: Morphology, taxonomy, and implications for grass systematics and fossil phytolith identification. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998.

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Wunderlin, Richard P. Flora of Florida. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plant Systematics and Taxonomy"

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Doyle, Jeff J., and Jane L. Doyle. "DNA and Higher Plant Systematics: Some Examples from the Legumes." In Molecular Techniques in Taxonomy, 101–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83962-7_7.

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Nilsson, Siwert. "Taxonomic and evolutionary significance of pollen morphology in the Apocynaceae." In Plant Systematics and Evolution, 91–102. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9079-1_8.

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Rosselló-Móra, Ramon, and Erko Stackebrandt. "Bridging 200 years of bacterial classification." In Trends in the systematics of bacteria and fungi, 1–20. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244984.0001.

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Abstract This book chapter briefly takes a historical view of the major steps in bacterial systematics leading to the first reconciliation workshop in 1987 and a re-evaluation of the species concept in 2002. New challenges and concepts developed since then will be outlined. Never before has the future of the prokaryotic taxonomy been at such a critical point. The uncertain future, and whether Plan A or Plan B will prevail, depends totally on the wisdom of the ICSP. Perhaps by the time this book is published the situation will have been clarified, but the current situation is as full of uncertainty as of excitement, and none of the scenarios can be predicted. In April 2020, a majority of the ICSP members decided to reject the proposals to use DNA as type material. Therefore, this rejection leaves the only path for microbial ecologists to go through Plan B. Only time will reveal whether this was the best decision for the future of the taxonomy for prokaryotes.

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Gaaliche, B., D. Narzary, M. Ben Mimoun, and A. Sarkhosh. "Taxonomy, botany and physiology." In The fig: botany, production and uses, 9–46. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242881.0002.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the botany and physiology of the horticulturally important fig (Ficus carica) species. Through understanding of its reproductive complexity and developmental biology, complete genome sequencing could place the fig as a model plant in horticulture and evolutionary biology. And, in Mediterranean regions and Western Asia, where both cultivated and semiwild figs are found, a systematic germplasm collection of the traditional fig cultivars and wild relatives is imperative for proper germplasm management and conservation.

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Cohan, Frederick M. "Genomes reveal the cohesiveness of bacterial species taxa and provide a path towards describing all of bacterial diversity." In Trends in the systematics of bacteria and fungi, 282–300. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244984.0282.

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Abstract This book chapter argues that bacterial systematists of the mid-20th century fortuitously created a species-level systematics that actually fits an important universal theory of speciation by discussing taxonomy would allow us to infer the important characteristics of any unknown organism once we classify it to species. It turns out, unexpectedly, that bacterial species taxa share a species-like property with the species taxa of zoology and botany. While recombination within species taxa of all these groups fails to prevent diversification within species, recombination nevertheless appears to act universally as a force of cohesion within species taxa. That is, recurrent recombination within species limits neutral sequence divergence within species taxa of plants, animals, and bacteria; recombination also allows a sharing of generally adaptive genes across a species range. The 95% ANI criterion that demarcates the traditionally defined species taxa of bacteria fortuitously also yields groups of bacteria that are subject to the species-like property of cohesion, where recombination prevents neutral sequence divergence among ecotypes within a species. Use of the ANI criterion, then, not only provides an easily used algorithm for demarcating bacterial species; it also places bacterial demarcation on the same theory-based foundation as the species taxonomy of animals and plants.

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Pimenov, Michael G., Michael V. Leonov, and Tatiana A. Ostroumova. "Taxonomic and Phytogeograpical Databases in Systematics of the Flowering Plant Family Umbelliferae/Apiaceae." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 28–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11720-7_5.

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Gillott, Cedric. "Taxonomy and Systematics." In Entomology, 91–112. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-4380-8_4.

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Stackebrandt, Erko, and Hans Hippe. "Taxonomy and Systematics." In Clostridia, 19–48. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527600108.ch2.

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Huang, Yong, and Yuqing Guo. "Systematics and Taxonomy." In Free-living Marine Nematodes from the East China Sea, 19–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3836-7_4.

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Clarke, A. R. "Systematics and taxonomy." In Biology and management of iBactrocera/i and related fruit flies, 14–38. Wallingford: CABI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241822.0014.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plant Systematics and Taxonomy"

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Kusumawardani, Wahyu, Muzzazinah, and Murni Ramli. "Plant taxonomy learning and research: A systematics review." In THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, ENVIRONMENT, AND EDUCATION. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5139783.

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Mitrenina, E. Yu, and A. S. Erst. "A cytogenetic approach to the study of Ranunculaceae." In Problems of studying the vegetation cover of Siberia. TSU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-927-3-2020-24.

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Plant chromosomes investigation has an about 140 years-old history. A cytogenetic approach keeps being relevant to the systematics and phylogeny problem solving, although the molecular genetic methods are widely used. The comparative karyotype analysis as a part of the integrative taxonomic approach is used successfully along with morphological, molecular genetic, phytochemical, and other methods to study plants of different taxonomic groups, including fam. Ranunculaceae Juss.

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Leonhard, M., S. Weidenhammer, and S. Böttger. "Gamification in teaching plant systematics." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400398.

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Browne, Cormac, Ross Walker, Tim Embley, Muneer Akhtar, Amer Essa, Anette Pass, Simon Smith, and Alex Wright. "A Taxonomy for Connected Autonomous Plant." In 39th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc2022/0072.

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Gimmel, Matthew L. "Update on the systematics and taxonomy of Phalacridae (Cucujoidea): Where are we now?" In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94306.

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Bernstein, D. S. "A plant taxonomy for designing control experiments." In Proceedings of 2000 American Control Conference (ACC 2000). IEEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2000.876967.

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Serbina, Liliya. "Systematics, biogeography, and host-plant relationships of the Neotropical jumping plant-louse genusRusselliana(Hemiptera: Psylloidea)." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.116128.

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Palomino Jaramillo, Romel, Andrea Rojas Jiménez, Óscar Agudelo Varela, and Miguel Bonilla Morales. "Multimedia Training Material Development to facilitate the learning of Plant Systematics." In The Fourteen LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: “Engineering Innovations for Global Sustainability”. Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18687/laccei2016.1.1.131.

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Malenovsky, Igor. "The systematics of the jumping plant-louse family Phacopteronidae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea)." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107883.

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Erst, A. S., E. Yu Mitrenina, W. Wang, M. V. Skaptsov, and V. A. Kostikova. "How many species of Eranthis (Ranunculaceae) are there in Siberia and Far East part of Russia? An integrative taxonomic approach." In Problems of studying the vegetation cover of Siberia. TSU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-927-3-2020-51.

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For Siberian and Far East Eranthis systematics and taxonomy problems solving the integrative approach which includes morphometrical, cytological, molecular-philogenetical and biochemical methods has been applied. Complex obtained data has showed the genus population heterogeneity within the territory under study. Based on integrative taxonomy the new species – Eranthis tanhoensis was described. Our further research will allow study hybrids and evolution of Siberian and Far East taxa.

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Reports on the topic "Plant Systematics and Taxonomy"

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Rutter, Sara. Botany / Plant Taxonomy - University of Hawaii. Purdue University Libraries, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315000.

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Ben-Dov, Yair, Douglass R. Miller, G. Gibson, M. Kosztarab, and K. Veilleux. Computerized Synthesis of Information on the Scale Insects of the World. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573991.bard.

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Systematic information on all aspects of agriculture is a significant tool in finding solutions to various problems. This project was initiated to develop a searchable database on taxonomy, host plants, geographic distribution, economic importance and control of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). A systematic database has been developed for 17 families of scale insects, namely, Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Beesoniidae, Carayonemidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Eriococcidae, Halimococcidae, Kerriidae, Lecanodiaspididae, Micrococcidae, Ortheziidae, Phenacoleachiidae, Phoenicococcidae and Pseudococcidae. These databases are now available on the Internet in ScaleNet - A Searchable Information System on Scale Insects - a Systematic Database of the Scale Insects of the World, (URL: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm ). Since 1997, the year in which ScaleNet was first placed on the Internet, this site became the best worldwide source of information on scale insects. The most reliable evaluation is that the site was 'visited' during 1999 by more than 50,000 users. Messages from the clientele of the site clearly indicate that it is widely used by researchers, applied entomologists, quarantine officers, students as well as the general public.

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Jordan, Ramon L., Abed Gera, Hei-Ti Hsu, Andre Franck, and Gad Loebenstein. Detection and Diagnosis of Virus Diseases of Pelargonium. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568793.bard.

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Pelargonium (Geranium) is the number one pot plant in many areas of the United States and Europe. Israel and the U.S. send to Europe rooted cuttings, foundation stocks and finished plants to supply a certain share of the market. Geraniums are propagated mainly vegetatively from cuttings. Consequently, viral diseases have been and remain a major threat to the production and quality of the crop. Among the viruses isolated from naturally infected geraniums, 11 are not specific to Pelargonium and occur in other crops while 6 other viruses seem to be limited to geranium. However, several of these viruses are not sufficiently characterized to conclude that they are distinct agents and their nomenclature and taxonomy are confusing. The ability to separate, distinguish and detect the different viruses in geranium will overcome obstacles te developing effective detection and certification schemes. Our focus was to further characterize some of these viruses and develop better methods for their detection and control. These viruses include: isolates of pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV), pelargonium ringspot virus (PelRSV), pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV), pelargonium leaf curl (PLCV), and tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV). Twelve hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies specific to a geranium isolate of TomRSV were produced. These antibodies are currently being characterized and will be tested for the ability to detect TomRSV in infected geraniums. The biological, biochemical and serological properties of four isometric viruses - PLPV, PelRSV, and PFBV (and a PelRSV-like isolate from Italy called GR57) isolated from geraniums exhibiting line and ring pattern or flower break symptoms - and an isolate ol elderbeny latent virus (ELV; which the literature indicates is the same as PelRSV) have been determined Cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNAs of these viruses were sequenced and the sizes and locations of predicted viral proteins deduced. A portion of the putative replicase genes was also sequenced from cloned RT-PCR fragments. We have shown that, when compared to the published biochemical and serological properties, and sequences and genome organizations of other small isometric plant viruses, all of these viruses should each be considered new, distinct members of the Carmovirus group of the family Tombusviridae. Hybridization assays using recombinant DNA probes also demonstrated that PLPV, PelRSV, and ELV produce only one subgenomic RNA in infected plants. This unusual property of the gene expression of these three viruses suggests that they are unique among the Carmoviruses. The development of new technologies for the detection of these viruses in geranium was also demonstrated. Hybridization probes developed to PFBV (radioactively-labeled cRNA riboprobes) and to PLPV (non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled cDNAs) were generally shown to be no more sensitive for the detection of virus in infected plants than the standard ELISA serology-based assays. However, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was shown to be over 1000 times more sensitive in detecting PFBV in leaf extracts of infected geranium than was ELISA. This research has lead to a better understanding of the identity of the viruses infecting pelargonium and to the development of new tools that can be used in an improved scheme of providing virus-indexed pelargonium plants. The sequence information, and the serological and cloned DNA probes generated from this work, will allow the application of these new tools for virus detection, which will be useful in domestic and international indexing programs which are essential for the production of virus-free germplasm both for domestic markets and the international exchange of plant material.

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