Journal articles: 'Plant varieties ; Phytopathogenic microorganisms'

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Kyrova, Elena I., Fevzi S. Dzhalilov, and Alexander N. Ignatov. "The role of epiphytic populations in pathogenesis of the genus Xanthomonas bacteria." BIO Web of Conferences 23 (2020): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202303010.

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Global climate warming and involvement of new regions with endemic populations of microorganisms in commercial seed production have led to an increase in the diversity of phytopathogenic bacteria that are affecting major crops, including the fruit trees. As a rule, emergence of new pathogens is associated with importation of infected seeds and planting material, cultivation of new species and varieties of plants, and expansion of agricultural trade with foreign countries. One of the leaders in diversity among phytopathogens is the genus Xanthomonas bacteria, affecting more than 400 plant species. Among the characteristic signs of xanthomonads is the high frequency of horizontal gene transfer both within the genus and between phylogenetically removed bacterial taxa – up to 25% of the genes are of this origin. In this paper, we consider another source of increasing the number of phytopathogenic species – by the epiphytic populations. These bacteria are the likely ancestral form of the phytopathogenic bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas.

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Toropova, E. Yu, I. G. Vorobyova, R. I. Trunov, and V. V. Piskarev. "CONSORTS MONITORING IN ECOSYSTEM: PLANT – PHYTOPATHOGENS – SOIL SAPROTROPHES." Ecology. Economy. Informatics.System analysis and mathematical modeling of ecological and economic systems 1, no. 5 (2020): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-395x-2020-1-5-192-195.

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Monitoring studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods in the northern forest-steppe of West Siberia in 2019–2020, using the varieties collection of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS. Studies have shown that the genotypes of spring wheat varieties had a significant impact on the functioning of the “plant-phytopathogensaprotrophs” system. The parasitic activity of phytopathogens (Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc. Shoem., Fusarium spp. Link.) differed in the varietal groups to 43.6 %. Varieties of Asian origin (China, India, Kazakhstan, Syria) were most affected by the root infections, Australian varieties were least affected by phytopathogens, due to the chemical composition of root exudates, which suppressed the number of parasitic and saprotrophic microorganisms. Varietal secretions of the wheat plants roots regulated the number of saprotrophic rhizospheric microorganisms. The share of the influence of the “variety” factor on the number of saprotrophic soil microorganisms was 24.3 % and was reliable at a 1 % level. The most sensitive to the composition and number of root exudates of wheat plants turned out to be bacteria of various trophic groups, the most resistant were micromycetes. In comparison with the background indices of non-rhizospheric soil, the number of cellulosolytic bacteria increased up to 3 times (West European varieties), bacteria consuming organic nitrogen – up to 5.6 times (Asian varieties), consumers of organic nitrogen forms – up to 2.9 times (West European varieties), oligonitrophilic bacteria – up to 12.7 times (Siberian varieties). Varieties far from the region of the study (Australia, Africa, America) exerted a repressive effect on the trophic groups of microorganisms, reducing their number in comparison with indicators of non-rhizospheric soil.

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Domash, V. I., M. A. Belozersky, Y. E. Dunaevsky, O. A. Ivanov, T. P. Sharpio, S. A. Zabreiko, and T. G. Shabashova. "Antifungal potential of some proteins agricultural plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 65, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2020-65-1-50-58.

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The results of studies on the presence in the seeds of legumes and cereals of protein inhibitors that are active against animal proteinases (trypsin) and exogenous peptidases of phytopathogenic microorganisms are presented. It has been shown that secreted proteolytic enzymes of the studied phytopathogens are mainly represented by cysteine proteinases, to a lesser extent, serine and aspartane proteinases are present. It has been established that a close positive correlation between plant resistance to pathogens is observed not with well-known and widespread trypsin inhibitors, but with the activity of inhibitors directed against exogenous peptidases secreted by fungal pathogens of the genus Fusarium, Colletotrichum and Helminthosporium. The results obtained in the course of the work can be used in breeding and genetic studies on the creation of varieties and types of crops with increased resistance to pathogenic microflora and insect pests, as well as to create protective preparations.

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Mineralova, V. O., A. I. Parfeniuk, and O. I. Mineralov. "Phytopathogenic mycobiom of raspberry varieties (Rubus idaeus L.) Joan J and Himbo-top in the conditions of organic production." PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE 12, no. 1 (2021): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.01.094.

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The results of researches of influence of raspberry plant varieties on the species composition of micromycetes in rhizospheric soil and on vegetative organs of plants in the conditions of organic production are given. The mycobiota of raspberry varieties Joan J and Himbo-Top during plant ontogenesis was analyzed and the species composition of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the rhizosphere and on plant leaves was established. It was found that the population is dominated by fungi of following species: Septoria rubi, West, Botrytis cinerea, Pers, Aspergillus niger, V. Tiegh, Alternaria alternata, (Fr.) Keissl., Fusarium graminearum, Schwabe, regardless of the phase of ontogenesis of plants that produce mycotoxins, and can cause disease in animals and humans. According to the results of research, it can be assumed that in the phase of inflorescence growth in the mycobiota of rhizospheric soil and on the vegetative organs of raspberry plants of Joan J and Himbo-Top the greatest competitiveness can be characterized by isolates of fungi Septoria rubi and Alternaria alternata. The obtained results indicate a significant differentiation of the studied varieties by the reaction of interaction between plants, microorganisms and the environment. Thus, while in the mycobiota of rhizospheric soil and vegetative organs of raspberry plants of the Joan J variety during intensive fruiting of plants the isolates of Aspergillus flavus fungi were characterized by the greatest competitiveness, in Himbo-Top cultivar the highest rates of radial growth were shown by isolates of Aspergillus oryzae and Alternaria alternata

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Butsenko, Liudmyla, Lidiia Pasichnyk, Yuliia Kolomiiets, and Antonina Kalinichenko. "The Effect of Pesticides on the Tomato Bacterial Speck Disease Pathogen Pseudomonas Syringae pv. Tomato." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 3263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093263.

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A significant part of the used pesticides does not reach the target organisms and, while remaining in the agrophytocenosis, influences all living organisms in it. Having a toxic and often mutagenic effect, pesticides induce morphological and physiological changes in the cells of microorganisms and are the cause of phenotypic heterogeneity of their populations. However, the effect of pesticides on phytopathogenic bacteria as non-target microorganisms remains out of the field of view for most researchers. However, the use of pesticides can lead to expansion of the diversity of existing phytopathogens and, as a consequence, complications of identification of the pathogens, loss of resistance by plants varieties, and increased harm from diseases caused by them. This study is focused on the effect of pesticides used in tomato plantations on the causative agent of bacterial speck of this crop—Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. The studies were carried out using the methods of classical microbiology. The mutagenic action of pesticides was recorded, taking into account the increase of the number of streptomycin resistance mutations in bacteria in the case of pesticide action. It is established that the fungicide aluminium phosethyl is characterised by a bacteriostatic effect on P. syringae pv. tomato. Deltamethrin insecticide does not affect the growth of P. syringae pv. tomato. However, there is an increase in the frequency of streptomycin resistance mutations in both studied strains of P. syringae pv. tomato after using deltamethrin. It is shown that the frequency of occurrence of R (rough colonies) forms of P. syringae pv. tomato IZ28 and IZ46 after using deltamethrin increased by 100 times when in comparison to the frequency of spontaneous morphological dissociation, or smooth-to-rough (S-R) mutation, of these bacteria. Therefore, aluminium phosethyl is characterised by moderate bacteriostatic action against P. syringae pv. tomato. Deltamethrin does not influence the growth of the pathogen of tomato speck but increases the frequency of formation of StrR mutants and R forms of phytopathogenic bacteria.

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Babaeva, G., N. Salybekova, A. Serzhanova, and Esin Basim. "BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SPECIES OF PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL FUNGI AFFECTING TOMATOES (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.) IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF KAZAKHSTAN." BULLETIN 389, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.6.

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The article considers studies designed to justify the types of pathogens of tomatoes that occur during vegetation and storage, and measures to combat them. The work was carried out in 2019 on a land plot near the rural districts of Babaykorgan, Zhuynek, and Issa of the Turkestan region. As it became known, the growth period of vegetable seedlings depends on the temperature of the soil. In our experience, the seed material was planted in the open ground in early April. The soil was very hot and moist. Depending on the culture and varietal characteristics, the sprouts appeared on 6-15 days after sowing. The results of phytopathological control showed that various varieties of all types of tomatoes were affected by phytopathogenic microorganisms. During the growing season, the most dangerous disease in tomato fruit was apical rot of the fruit, which led to a significant decrease in the yield. The leaves are widely developed early blight and verticillus. Late blight at the end of the growing season was observed in full on both leaves and fruits (developed during fruit storage). When growing tomato crops at two sites was dominated by late blight, early blight, verticillus, viral diseases and apical rot. Based on the results of phytopathological control, it can be concluded that the number of fungal diseases prevailed in plot 1, which is associated with frequent irrigation on this site, its shading and a large number of fruits on plants. Viral diseases prevailed in plot 2, which is explained by weeds clogging the plot.

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Bazghaleh, Navid, Pratibha Prashar, Sheridan Woo, and Albert Vandenberg. "Effects of Lentil Genotype on the Colonization of Beneficial Trichoderma Species and Biocontrol of Aphanomyces Root Rot." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091290.

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Trichoderma species are opportunistic plant symbionts that are common in the root and rhizosphere ecosystems. Many Trichoderma species may enhance plant growth, nutrient acquisition, and disease resistance, and for these reasons, they are widely used in agriculture as biofertilizers or biocontrol agents. Host plant genotype and other microorganisms, such as root pathogens, may influence the efficacy of Trichoderma inoculants. Aphanomyces euteiches is an important soil-borne oomycete in western Canada that causes root rot in legume crops such as lentil and pea, and there is not yet any significantly resistant varieties or effective treatments available to control the disease. In this study, the composition of root-associated fungal communities and the abundance of Trichoderma species, T. harzianum strain T-22 and T. virens strain G41, was determined in the roots of eight Lens genotypes based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) Illumina MiSeq paired-end sequencing, both in the presence and the absence of the root rot pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches. Biocontrol effects of T. harzianum on A. euteiches was also examined. Significant genotypic variations were observed in the composition of root-associated fungal communities and the abundance of the different Trichoderma species in the lentil roots. The presence of A. euteiches altered the composition of Trichoderma found associated to the lentil genotypes. Biocontrol of A. euteiches by T. harzianum T22 species was observed in vitro and positive correlations between the abundance of Trichoderma and plant root and shoot biomass were observed in vivo. These findings revealed that lentil genotype and infection by the phytopathogen A. euteiches greatly influenced the colonization of root-associated fungi and the abundance of the Trichoderma species, as well as the effect on plant growth promotion. The multipartite interactions observed among lentil genotypes, Trichoderma species and A. euteiches suggest possibilities to select compatible host-beneficial microbe combinations in lentil breeding programs and to develop application strategies to harness the beneficial effects of Trichoderma inoculants in sustainable crop production systems.

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Rai, Mahendra, and Gabriela Kratosova. "Management of phytopathogens by application of green nanobiotechnology: Emerging trends and challenges." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 66 (June 2, 2015): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/66/1884.

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Nanotechnology is highly interdisciplinary and important research area in modern science. The use of nanomaterials offer major advantages due to their unique size, shape and significantly improved physical, chemical, biological and antimicrobial properties. Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of metal nanoparticles have received much attention of researchers. There are different methods i.e. chemical, physical and biological for synthesis of nanoparticles. Chemical and physical methods have some limitations, and therefore, biological methods are needed to develop environment-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles. Moreover, biological method for the production of nanoparticles is simpler than chemical method as biological agents secrete large amount of enzymes, which reduce metals and can be responsible for the synthesis and capping on nanoparticles. Biological systems for nanoparticle synthesis include plants, fungi, bacteria, yeasts, and actinomycetes. Many plant species including Opuntia ficus-indica, Azardirachta indica, Lawsonia inermis, Triticum aestivum, Hydrilla verticillata, Citrus medica, Catharanthus roseus, Avena sativa, etc., bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Lactobacillus sp., Klebsiella aerogenes, Torulopsis sp., and fungi, like Fusarium spp. Aspergillus spp., Verticillium spp., Saccharomyces cerevisae MKY3, Phoma spp. etc. have been exploited for the synthesis of different nanoparticles. Among all biological systems, fungi have been found to be more efficient system for synthesis of metal nanoparticles as they are easy to grow, produce more biomass and secret many enzymes. We proposed the term myconanotechnology (myco = fungi, nanotechnology = the creation and exploitation of materials in the size range of 1–100 nm). Myconanotechnology is the interface between mycology and nanotechnology, and is an exciting new applied interdisciplinary science that may have considerable potential, partly due to the wide range and diversity of fungi. Nanotechnology is the promising tool to improve agricultural productivity though delivery of genes and drug molecules to target sites at cellular levels, genetic improvement, and nano-array based gene-technologies for gene expressions in plants and also use of nanoparticles-based gene transfer for breeding of varieties resistant to different pathogens and pests. The nanoparticles like copper (Cu), silver (Ag), titanium (Ti) and chitosan have shown their potential as novel antimicrobials for the management of pathogenic microorganisms affecting agricultural crops. Different experiments confirmed that fungal hyphae and conidial germination of pathogenic fungi are significantly inhibited by copper nanoparticles. The nanotechnologies can be used for the disease detection and also for its management. The progress in development of nano-herbicides, nano-fungicides and nano-pesticides will open up new avenues in the field of management of plant pathogens. The use of different nanoparticles in agriculture will increase productivity of crop. It is the necessity of time to use nanotechnology in agriculture with extensive experimental trials. However, there are challenges particularly the toxicity, which is not a big issue as compared to fungicides and pesticides.

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Barret, Matthieu, Jean-François Guimbaud, Armelle Darrasse, and Marie-Agnes Jacques. "Plant microbiota affects seed transmission of phytopathogenic microorganisms." Molecular Plant Pathology 17, no. 6 (July 11, 2016): 791–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12382.

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Beznosko, І., Т. Gorgan, L. Gavrilyuk, Y. Turovnik, and N. Kosovska. "The pathogenic mycobium in seeds of cultural plant varieties." Agroecological journal, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.1.2021.227242.

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The number phytopathogenic micromycetes is determined in the seeds of such cultivated varieties of cultural plant as soybeans, sunflowers, yellow mustard, buckwheat and thistle, which are grown by organic technology. It is shown that the number of micromycetes in the plant seeds differs significantly and ranges from 0.2 to 1.3 thousand NCO/g seeds. It depends on properties plants variety and hybrid, which are characterized by some certain set of physiological and biochemical characteristics that influences the formation seed mycobiome and it is quantitative composition. In the seeds varieties of these crops we identified such species of the phytopathogenic fungi as Alternaria alternate Fr., Fusarium oxysporum Schleht, Cladosporium herbarum Lket Gray, Botrytiscinerea Pers. Ex Fr., Ascochyta fagopyri Bres., Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire, Aspergillus P. Micheliex Haller, Pénicillium Link. It was found that the species composition of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the seeds of soybean cultivar Kent and thistle Riches is much more diverse than the seeds other crops dominated by fungi A. alternate and F. oxysporum, which are characterized by different frequency of occurrence. These phytopathogenic fungi can cause plant diseases at different stages of ontogenesis, produce mycotoxins and reduce the quality of plant products. In the mycobiome of seeds buckwheat varieties Sophia, Sуn and sunflower hybrids Oscar and Oliver are dominated by fungi of the genus Pénicillium аnd Aspergillus (60–90%). The seeds affected by saprotrophic fungi can be reinfected during storage. This reduces its field and laboratory germination of the seeds. Saprotrophic fungi that dominate the seeds significantly impair its quality during storage and cause dangerous plant diseases in agrophytocenoses during the cultivation of this variety/hybrid. This requires the application of additional preventive protection measures of plants. Mycobioma mustard seeds of а yellow variety Ford represents a small number the phytopathogenic micromycetes. This may indicate its environmental safety in organic production. Thus, the analyzed research results indicate a significant differentiation in varieties species as to composition and number of phytopathogenic species of micromycetes in the seed mycobioma. Therefore, in order to avoid ecologic risks and biological contamination of agrocenoses, it is necessary to test the seeds, as on the density of the mycobiome and on the frequency of phytopathogenic micromycetes damage.

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Hussain, Mirza, and Noor Jehan Ismaili. "PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH RIPENING FRUIT OF DATE PALM (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA L.) DURING RAINY SEASON IN THE UNIVERSITY AREA OF KHAIRPUR, SINDH, PAKISTAN." Plant Protection 3, no. 3 (December 29, 2019): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.003.03.3113.

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In Khairpur, dates crop is damaged during rainy months of June, July and August as the rainy season provides favorable conditions for most of the microorganisms. Amongst different microorganisms, fungi are known as the severest pathogens. In the present study, phytopathogenic fungi associated with ripening fruits of different varieties of dates (Aseel, Khar and Kupro) were isolated and characterized. Three fungi viz. Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum and Alternaria tenuis were isolated from the ripening fruits of date varieties. The fungus P. expansum was isolated from Kupro, A. tenuis from Aseel and A. flavus from Kupro.

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Phae, Chae-Gun, Masayuki Sasaki, Makoto Shoda, and Hiroshi Kubota. "Characteristics ofBacillus subtilisisolated from composts suppressing phytopathogenic microorganisms." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 36, no. 4 (December 1990): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1990.10416794.

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Bolívar-Anillo, Hernando José, Carlos Garrido, and Isidro G. Collado. "Endophytic microorganisms for biocontrol of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea." Phytochemistry Reviews 19, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 721–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09603-5.

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Emelyanov, V. I., S. A. Polyakovskiy, V. I. Sakada, and D. M. Grodzinskiy. "Plant cells formed their protective structures use molecules of phytopathogenic microorganisms." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, no. 3 (March 18, 2018): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2018.03.110.

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Chuiko, N. V., A. Yu Chobotarov, Ya I. Savchuk, I. M. Kurchenko, and I. K. Kurdish. "Antagonistic Activity of Azotobаcter vinelandii IMV B-7076 against Phytopathogenic Microorganisms." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 82, no. 5 (October 17, 2020): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj82.05.021.

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Bacteria of the genus Azotobacter are known for their ability to stimulate plant growth and development. Azotobacter vinelandii IMV B-7076 strain was isolated from Zhytomyr region soil of Ukraine. It is one of the components of the "Azogran" complex bacterial preparation for plant growing. It has been established that A. vinelandii IMV B-7076 synthesizes biologically active substances that promote plant development. At the same time, the antagonistic activity of A. vinelandii IMV B-7076 against phytopathogens has not yet been studied, so this became the aim of this work. Methods. The antagonistic activity of A. vinelandii IMV B-7076 was determined by agar well diffusion and agar blocks methods. Results. It was shown that A. vinelandii IMV B-7076 had antagonistic activity against some phytopathogenic fungi. In particular, the diameter of growth inhibition zones of Alternaria alternata 16861, Fusarium avenaceum 50720, Fusarium verticillioides 50463, Fusarium lactis 50719, Fusarium oxysporum 54201, Fusarium poae 50704 was 14-37 mm, Bipolaris sorokiniana 16868 and Fusarium solani – 11-13 mm. Fusarium culmorum 50716 and Fusarium graminearum 50662 were not sensitive to A. vinelandii IMV B-7076 metabolites. Notably, the antagonistic effect was demonstrated in mycelial growth and spore formation inhibition, in fungal mycelium discoloration. It was also demonstrated that A. vinelandii IMV B-7076 did not show antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens 8628, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum 8982, Pseudomonas fluorescens 8573, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 8511, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis 13a, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8003b. Conclusions. Studied A. vinelandii IMV B-7076 strain is characterized by antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi and does not have antibacterial properties against phytopathogenic bacteria. The antifungal activity of A. vinelandii IMV B-7076, as a component of "Azogran", will be useful for this bacterial preparation application in plant growing.

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Valueva, T. A., and V. V. Mosolov. "Role of inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes in plant defense against phytopathogenic microorganisms." Biochemistry (Moscow) 69, no. 11 (November 2004): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10541-005-0015-5.

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Tistechok, S. I., V. Ya Syrvatka, V. O. Fedorenko, and O. M. Gromyko. "Actinomycetes of Juniperus excelsa Bield. rhizosphere – antagonists of phytopathogenic microbiota." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 23 (September 9, 2018): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v23.1038.

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Aim. Phytopathogenic microorganisms are one of the main causes of agricultural productivity losses. Thereby, the goal of this study was to evaluate actinomycetes strains, isolated from Juniperus excelsa Bield. rhizosphere, antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Methods. In this study we used microbiological methods for isolation actinomycetes from rhizosphere. Antagonistic activity was evaluated by using the dual culture method. Results. 372 actinomycete stains were isolated from J. excelsa Bield. rhizosphere. More than 60 % actinomyces isolates showed antibacterial activity against to lest one of the tested phytopathogenic bacteria genus Pseudomonas, Pectobacterium, Agrobacterium, Erwinia, Xanthomonas and 20.5 % of the tested phytopathogenic fungi genus Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, Botrytis. Only 2 strains had antagonistic activity to the all of the tested microorganisms and 62 strains, which had antagonistic activity to the one test-microorganism. Conclusions. Actinomicetes of J. excelsa Bield. rhizosphere are source for bioactive compounds against phytopatogenic microorganisms and showed good biotechnology potential. These results are the first step to the screening new biopesticides for controlling phytopatogenic diseases in plan. Keywords: actynomicetes, phytopathogens, biocontrol.

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Takahashi, Hirotaka, Kazuhiro Toyoda, Yuzo Hirakawa, Kunihiko Morishita, Toshiaki Kato, Yoshishige Inagaki, Yuki Ichinose, and Tomonori Shiraishi. "Localization and responsiveness of a cowpea apyrase VsNTPase1 to phytopathogenic microorganisms." Journal of General Plant Pathology 72, no. 3 (June 5, 2006): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-005-0267-3.

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Panstruga, Ralph, and Hannah Kuhn. "Mutual interplay between phytopathogenic powdery mildew fungi and other microorganisms." Molecular Plant Pathology 20, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12771.

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Silva, João Manoel da, Yamina Coentro Montaldo, Arthur Costa Pereira Santiago de Almeida, Viviane Araújo Dalbon, Juan Pablo Molina Acevedo, Tania Marta Carvalho dos Santos, and Gaus Silvestre de Andrade Lima. "Rhizospheric Fungi to Plant Growth Promotion: A Review." Journal of Agricultural Studies 9, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v9i1.18321.

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The rhizosphere is the region that has direct influence from the roots. This is the place where most of the interactions between microorganisms and plants occur. Studies involving the ecology of microbial communities from the rhizosphere became more frequent after the first reports of biological interactions of microorganisms with plants that influence physically and chemically modify the soil surrounding. According to these hypotheses, the rhizosphere mycobiota provides the development of plants through various mechanisms, direct and indirect. Thus, the objective of this review was to explain the aspects that provide characterizing these microorganisms as beneficial to plants in view of their applicability to agro-ecosystems. Therefore, it is stated that rhizospheric fungi have the solubilization of phosphorus (P), assimilating this nutrient for plants, promoting growth through the production or stimulation of the production of growth regulators such as 3-indole acetic acid, and control of phytopathogenic agents such as other filamentous fungi, and also phytonemamatodes. Therefore, it is possible to observe the importance of the constant observance of the action of these microorganisms in terms of their ecological role due to the agro-ecosystem.

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Pastoschuk, A., M. Kovalenko, and L. Skivka. "Antioxidant reactions in winter wheat seedlings of different cultivars exposed to the Pseudomonas syringae and its lipopolysaccharides in vitro." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 84, no. 1 (2021): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2021.84.61-66.

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Pseudomonas syringae is the most common phytopathogenic bacterium with a wide range of target plants, which include important cereals such as wheat. One of the main pathogens of bacterial diseases of wheat is Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens. In some countries, wheat yield losses caused by this phytopathogenic bacterium reach 50%. Currently, the taxonomy of P. syringae includes more than 50 pathovars with varying degrees of adaptation to wheat lesions. One of them is Pseudomonas syringae pv. сoronafaciens. P. syringae pv. Coronafaciens is non-host pathogen for wheat. However, the infectionsof a wide range of crops, including wheat, with this pathogen attracts the attention of both researchers and specialiss of the agro-industrial complex. The study of the mechanisms of wheat resistance to host and non-host pathovars of P. syringae is of great interest, both in terms of in-depth study of the pathogen and in the perspective of selection of bacterial disease-resistant varieties of this strategically important grain crop for Ukraine. The aim of the study was to compare the antioxidant reactions of wheat seedlings of different winter wheat varieties under the grain exposition to P. syringae of different pathovars and their lipopolysaccharides (LPS). It was found that reactive oxygen species generation, as a mechanism of plant immune protection against phytopathogenic pseudomonads, is equally activated in the case of exposure to both host and nonhost pathovars and to a lesser extent in the case of the exposure with LPS of both pathovars. In grains of Favoritka variety (most sensitive to phytopathogenic pseudomonads) exposed to host pathovar, significant activation of antioxidant enzymes was observed. Exposure to the non-host pathovar causes sharp proline accumulation. Thus, the sensitivity of wheat seedlings to phytopathogenic host and non-host pathovars of phytopathogenic pseudomonads largely depends on the balanced functioning of the antioxidant defense system. Taken together, these data indicate the wheat cell oxidative metabolism as a target for selection of varieties resistant to phytopathogenic bacteria.

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VanEtten, Hans D., Robert W. Sandrock, Catherine C. Wasmann, Scott D. Soby, Kevin McCluskey, and Ping Wang. "Detoxification of phytoanticipins and phytoalexins by phytopathogenic fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-291.

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Most plants synthesize antimicrobial compounds as part of normal plant development (i.e., phytoanticipins) or synthesize such compounds de novo when challenged by microorganisms (i.e., phytoalexins). The presumed role of these plant antibiotics is to protect the plant from disease. However, many phytopathogenic fungi have enzymes that can detoxify the phytoanticipins or phytoalexins produced by their host. This may be a means that these pathogens have evolved to circumvent resistance mechanisms based on the production of plant antibiotics. Many of the phytoanticipin- and phytoalexin-detoxifying enzymes produced by phytopathogenic fungi have biochemical and regulatory properties that would indicate the phytoanticipins and phytoalexins produced by their host are their normal substrates. In addition, their activity, enzymatic products, or transcripts can be detected in infected plant tissue suggesting that they are functioning in planta during pathogenesis. Specific mutations have been made by transformation-mediated gene-disruption procedures that eliminate the ability of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae, Gloeocercospora sorghi, and Nectria haematococca to detoxify the phytoanticipins or phytoalexins produced by their hosts. The effect of these mutations on pathogenicity indicates a requirement for detoxifying enzymes in G. graminis var. avenae but not in G. sorghi or N. haematococca. Key words: disease resistance, pathogenicity mechanisms, isoflavonoids, saponins, cyanide.

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Pastoshchuk, A. Yu, L. M. Butsenko, and L. M. Skivka. "ВПЛИВ PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE НА IНТРОДУКОВАНI СОРТИ ПШЕНИЦІ." Scientific Issue Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Biology 76, no. 2 (July 26, 2019): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2078-2357.19.2.14.

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Pseudomonas syringae, the causal agent of basal bacteriosis of wheat, is the most dangerous wheat pathogen in Ukraine. The phytopathogen affects all parts of plants and seeds, and may be the cause of their low germination. It also causes empty-head leading to crop losses and quality decrease. P syringiae survives on host plant residues, in soil and on seed. Seed infestation can play an important role in disease epidemiology. An important component of the outer membrane and the virulence factor of phytopathogenic bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which participates in pathogenesis processes, and is responsible for toxigenicity and immunogenicity of causal agents. The strategic importance of wheat in the agrarian market of Ukraine actualizes the research into the varieties resistant to basal bacteriosis. The study aims to determine the effects of phytopathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens and P. syrіngae pv. atrofaciens, as well as their LPS on seeds of different wheat varieties. Bacterial strains were obtained from the collection of live cultures at the department of phytopathogenic bacteria of D. K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the NASU. To conduct the experiment a suspension of living cells of the pathogen with a concentration of 109 CFU / ml and LPS solution at the concentration of 5 mg/ml was used. Exposure time was 24 h. The seed germination and the length of the main root of the sprout were determined after 4 days of germination period. Phytotoxic effect of P. syrіngae cells and their LPS was investigated using two varieties of winter wheat (Discus and Huculus) and spring wheat variety of Grenny. Introduced in Ukraine wheat varieties of foreign breeding Discus, Hukulus and Grenny were characterized by moderate sensitivity to phytopathogenic bacteria P. syrinae pv. coronafaciens and P. syrіngae pv. atrofaciens, as well as to their LPS. The most resistant to the phytopathogenic effect of P. syrіngae pathovars were the grains of the variety of winter wheat Discus. Live bacterial suspensions exerted a more pronounced phytotoxic effect, compared to their LPS, towards wheat grains of winter varieties and less pronounced than LPS - towards grain of spring wheat variety.

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Galimzianova, N. F., G. E. Aktuganov, T. F. Boyko, E. A. Gilavnova, L. Yu Kuzmina, A. S. Ryabova, V. R. Safina, and A. I. Melentiev. "IN VITRO FORMATION OF ASSOCIATED BIOFILMS BY TRICHODERMA SPP. AND PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING BACTERIA (PGPB)." ÈKOBIOTEH 3, no. 3 (2020): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31163/2618-964x-2020-3-3-324-330.

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The capability to formation of combined biofilms by the fungi from Trichoderma genus and several PGP-bacteria including Pseudomonas extremaustralis, P. koreensis, P. mandelii and Advenella kashmirensis has been demonstrated. The strains of Trichoderma used in the experiment not only exert antagonism to phytopathogenic fungi, but also accelerate the decomposition of plant residues. It was found that microscopic fungi whose mycelial structure offers advantages in reaching and assimilating of nutrient substrates, during their growth can favor to directional moving of bacteria cells. The explored bacterial strains moved along the fungal mycelium on the surface of the medium, and in areas where the medium was absent, the bacteria moved inside the hyphae, leaving them when the mycelium reached the substrate. The findings evidence the potential of considered microorganisms for developing of a new generation multifunctional biopreparation for agriculture, contributing not only to crop yield increase and plant protection against phytopathogenic fungi, but also maintaining soil fertility.

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Sánchez-López, Ángela María, Marouane Baslam, Nuria De Diego, Francisco José Muñoz, Abdellatif Bahaji, Goizeder Almagro, Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo, et al. "Volatile compounds emitted by diverse phytopathogenic microorganisms promote plant growth and flowering through cytokinin action." Plant, Cell & Environment 39, no. 12 (June 16, 2016): 2592–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.12759.

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Martínez, Eliana, Celina Torres, and Jaime Ernesto Díaz. "Identification of Phytopathogenic Fungi in Cultivars of the Heliconiaceae Family." Revista de Ciencias 21, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/rc.v21i2.6701.

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The main pathogens that affect the foliage and floral bracts of Heliconia cultivars in Las Heliconias National Park (Caicedonia, Colombia) were identified. Random samples were taken of foliage and floral bracts presenting symptoms of damage caused by phytopathogenic fungi. The degree of damage was described qualitatively and was correlated with the phytosanitary state of the crop. Reports of the evaluated plants indicated that 75% of the pathogens resided in the foliage and 25% resided in the floral bracts. The statistical analysis determined that the microorganisms Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Nigrospora sp. appeared equally in the two evaluated organs. The fungal genera found associated with plant sickness symptoms were considered to be phytopathogens. The degree of infection and development of disease varied from moderate lesions to severe infection. Reproductive fungi were present in the different plant organs studied and in organic matter residue in the soil.

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Iwebor, Maria, Sergey Frolov, Irina Frolova, Olga Shabaldas, and Maria Chernikova. "The role of insects in the spreading of pathogens and development of diseases on sunflower in the Krasnodar region of the Russian Federation." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022202025.

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The insects play a major role in the spreading of pathogens and the development of diseases on sunflower in the Krasnodar region of the Russian Federation. We established connections between the most common insects and phytopathogenic microorganisms. The main components of an integrated plant protection system are considered. When deciding on the usage of insecticides it is necessary to take into account not only direct, but also indirect insect damage (the development of plant diseases after damage, and as a result, a yield decrease, contamination of food and feed with dangerous mycotoxins).

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Patyka, Volodymyr, Natalia Buletsa, Lidiya Pasichnyk, Natalia Zhitkevich, Antonina Kalinichenko, Tatiyana Gnatiuk, and Lyudmyla Butsenko. "Specifics of pesticides effects on the phytopathogenic bacteria." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2016-0022.

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Abstract The data concerning the effects of pesticides of different nature on the phytopathogenic bacteria was examined and summarized. Without extensive research on the mechanisms of interaction between pathogenic bacteria and pesticides in the literature review a similar message about microorganisms of soil and phyllosphere are included. The bacteria can be suppressed permanently by pesticides with a mechanism of action that universally affects biological processes in living systems. Long-term storage, ease of use and fast visible effect are the advantages of synthetic pesticides remedies. But chemical pollution, shifts in the balance of ecosystems, unpredictable effects of chemical pesticides on non-target objects are the drawbacks. Stimulation of resistance response in plants is unifying factor for all types of biopesticides. This is realized through localization of the pathogen during infection, blocking its further penetration, distribution and reproduction. The results of the study of effects of plant protection products on the phytopathogenic bacteria of main crops are described. Among all tested pesticides, thiocarbamate fungicides demonstrated significant inhibitory action on phytopathogens, but their effect may be neutralized by other constituents of multicomponent preparations. Triazole fungicides affect the causative agents of bacterioses of crops at a dose of more than 1% of the active substance in the nutrient medium. Insecticides and herbicides have little or no effect on phytopathogenic bacteria; however they can enhance morphological dissociations of some Pseudomonas strains, thereby increasing their ability to survive. The disadvantage of many biopesticides against phytopathogenic microorganisms is the difference between their efficacy in vitro and in vivo that is why the desired result is not achieved in field condition. In addition, biological pesticides often lose their activity causing the problem of constant search for new active antagonists. The fact that the sensitivity of phytopathogenic bacteria to pesticides is strain-dependent should be considered in practice, particularly, assessment of the antibacterial action of various preparations should not be limited to a single bacterial strain.

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Guliayeva, G., I. Tokovenko, L. Pasichnyk, and M. Patyka. "Impact of the biological preparation Extrakon on photosynthetic apparatus, enzymatic activity of antioxidant enzymes and performance of spring wheat plants in the host-pathogen system." Agricultural Science and Practice 3, no. 2 (July 15, 2016): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp3.02.032.

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Aim. A complex study of the impact of the consortium of humus-forming microorganisms in the composition of the biological preparation Extrakon, introduced into the rhizosphere, on the intact plants and plants, infected with phytopathogenic microorganisms Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens st. 9771 and Acholeplasma laid- lawii var. granulum st.118. Methods. Microbiological, physiological and biochemical, biophysical, statistical. The impact of the multifunctional biological preparation Extrakon, introduced into the soil, was studied using physiological and biochemical indices, in particular, catalase and peroxidase activity of tissues and the content of chlorophylls a and b, the photochemical activity of the photosynthetic apparatus and the grain performance of the intact spring wheat plants, Pechernianka cultivar, and plants, infected with phytopathogenic microorgan- isms P. syringae pv. atrofaciens st. 9771 and A. laidlawii var. granulum st. 118. Results. The application of the consortium of humus-forming microorganisms in the composition of the biological preparation Extrakon resulted in registered stabilizing protective impact on the pigment composition of the leaves of spring wheat plants and their photochemical activity, especially when infected with phytopathogenic bacteria. If the wheat plants were in- fected on the background of the introduction of preparation Extrakon into the soil, the losses in grain performance were reduced. Conclusions. The biological preparation Extrakon neutralizes the destructive effect, conditioned by the phytopathogens of species P. syringae pv. atrofaciens st. 9771 and A. laidlawii var. granulum st. 118, on the photosynthetic apparatus of the host plant. This impact leads to the increase in the content of pigments in the leaves and induces the development of the resistance to damage in the conditions of the oxidative stress with the increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes activity, especially catalase, in the tissues. This is accompanied with the increase in the photosynthetic activity of leaves and the grain performance of plants.

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Santos, Andrés, Kattia Núñez-Montero, Claudio Lamilla, Mónica Pavez, Damián Quezada-Solís, and Leticia Barrientos. "ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY SCREENING OF ANTARCTIC ACTINOBACTERIA AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI." Acta Biológica Colombiana 25, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v25n2.76405.

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The extreme weather conditions in the Antarctic have exerted selective pressures favoring differential features in bacteria to survive this untapped environment (i.e., antibiotic molecules). Notably, higher chances of antibiotic discovery from extremophiles have been proposed recently. Althoughnew organic and environmentally friendly sources for helping in the control of plant pathogenic fungi are necessary, the information about anti-phytopathogenic applications of extremophile microorganisms from untapped environments is limited. In this study, we determined the antifungal effect of actinobacterial strains isolated from Antarctic soils and sediments. Co-culture inhibition assays and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination revealed that all Antarctic strains (x28) can inhibit the growth of at least one phytopathogenic fungi including Fusarium oxysporum,Rhizoctonia solani,Botrytissp. and Phytophthora infestans. Additionally, new novel antagonistic relationships are reported. Our work establishes a precedent on Antarctic actinobacteria strains with the capacity to produce antifungal compounds, and its potential for developing new fungicides or biocontrol agents solving current agriculture problems.

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Rezki, Samir, Claire Campion, Beatrice Iacomi-Vasilescu, Anne Preveaux, Youness Toualbia, Sophie Bonneau, Martial Briand, et al. "Differences in stability of seed-associated microbial assemblages in response to invasion by phytopathogenic microorganisms." PeerJ 4 (April 11, 2016): e1923. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1923.

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Seeds are involved in the vertical transmission of microorganisms from one plant generation to another and consequently act as reservoirs for the plant microbiota. However, little is known about the structure of seed-associated microbial assemblages and the regulators of assemblage structure. In this work, we have assessed the response of seed-associated microbial assemblages ofRaphanus sativusto invading phytopathogenic agents, the bacterial strainXanthomonas campestrispv.campestris(Xcc) 8004 and the fungal strainAlternaria brassicicolaAbra43. According to the indicators of bacterial (16S rRNA gene andgyrBsequences) and fungal (ITS1) diversity employed in this study, seed transmission of the bacterial strainXcc8004 did not change the overall composition of resident microbial assemblages. In contrast seed transmission of Abra43 strongly modified the richness and structure of fungal assemblages without affecting bacterial assemblages. The sensitivity of seed-associated fungal assemblage to Abra43 is mostly related to changes in relative abundance of closely related fungal species that belong to theAlternariagenus. Variation in stability of the seed microbiota in response toXccand Abra43 invasions could be explained by differences in seed transmission pathways employed by these micro-organisms, which ultimately results in divergence in spatio-temporal colonization of the seed habitat.

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Bulanov, Alexander G., Anton A. Shagaev, Alexey A. Belov, and Nikolay S. Markvichev. "Physiological properties of resistance strain Fusarium oxysporum." Butlerov Communications 57, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-57-2-144.

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Soil microorganisms have a significant effect on microbiological cenosis. Such communities are called the root micro-flora of the plant. All organisms in the microflora are divided into two groups: rhizoplane, living directly on the root system of the plant, and rhizosphere, developing in the root area of the plant. The intensive population of the root and root zones of a plant is primarily associated with the release (exosmosome) of organic substances or exudates formed during the life of the plant. The plant microflora includes not only symbiotic and commensalithic types of interaction, but also parasitic forms. Parasitic pathogens are divided into two groups: pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic. Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms are in a latent state and have an effect only when certain conditions arise for their activation and development. Such conditions may include changes in temperature, humidity, disturbance of plant homeostasis, or damage to the integument. Pathogenic microorganisms, by contrast, are always active and infect the host organism upon contact. The pathogenicity of a microorganism is a complex of traits that adversely affect the health of the plant, cause various pathologies, leading to growth inhibition and partial inhibition of the development or complete destruction of the culture. The pathogenic properties of the Fusarium oxysporum culture F201 were investigated against the cucumber culture by Atlet F1. It was shown the phytopathogenic microorganisms Fusarium oxysporum has acquired signs of resistance without lost her aggressiveness properties against a plant. Fusarium oxysporum quite comparable with the common strain.

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Carrillo, Laura, Ignacio Herrero, Inés Cambra, Rosa Sánchez-Monge, Isabel Diaz, and Manuel Martinez. "Differential in vitro and in vivo effect of barley cysteine and serine protease inhibitors on phytopathogenic microorganisms." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 49, no. 10 (October 2011): 1191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.03.012.

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Assis, Bruno dos Passos, Eduardo Gross, Norma Eliane Pereira, Marcelo Schramm Mielke, and Gedeon Almeida Gomes Júnior. "Growth Response of Four Conilon Coffee Varieties (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) to Different Shading Levels." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 7 (May 31, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n7p29.

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In order to select a conilon coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) adapted to shade, four varieties (C153, JM2, LB1 and GG) were submitted to four shade levels (0, 30, 50 and 70) with evaluation of plant height, stem diameter, collar diameter, number of plagiotropic branches, number of fruits, root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and leaf anatomy. The experiment was carried out on a completely randomized design, in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with ten replicates. We used organic compost based on cocoa shells for plant nutrition and cow urine for phytopathogenic fungi control. There was interaction between variety and shade factors for most of coffee characteristics analyzed. In general all coffee characteristics evaluated mainly fruit number and length of fruiting branches, significantly increased with increasing shade. Coffee varieties tested respond differently to the increasing of shade levels and leaf anatomy demonstrated the reduction of mesophyll thickness as the shading increased. The effect of shade levels on fruit yield fit to a positive linear regression for all four coffee varieties tested but the mycorrhizal colonization no presented differences among coffee varieties and shade levels. The varieties C153 and GG presented highlighted anatomical, growth and productive characteristics and can be indicated for shading cultivation, for example on agroforestry systems.

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Tommonaro, Giuseppina, Gennaro Roberto Abbamondi, Barbara Nicolaus, Annarita Poli, Costantino D’Angelo, Carmine Iodice, and Rocco De Prisco. "Productivity and Nutritional Trait Improvements of Different Tomatoes Cultivated with Effective Microorganisms Technology." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020112.

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The use of ecofriendly strategies, such as the use of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria, to improve the yield and quality of crops has become necessary to satisfy the growing demand of food and to avoid the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In this study, we report the effects of an innovative microbial inoculation technique, namely Effective Microorganisms (EM), compared with traditional approaches, on productivity and nutritional aspect of four tomato varieties: Brandywine, Corbarino Giallo, S. Marzano Cirio 3, S. Marzano Antico. Results showed an increase of plant productivity as well as an enhanced antioxidant activity mainly in San Marzano Antico and Brandywine varieties treated with EM technology. Moreover, the polyphenol and carotenoid contents also changed, in response to the plant treatments. In conclusion, the application of EM® technology in agriculture could represent a very promising strategy in agricultural sustainability.

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Celligoi, Maria Antonia P. C., Victória A. I. Silveira, Amanda Hipólito, Talita O. Caretta, and Cristiani Baldo. "Sophorolipids: A review on production and perspectives of application in agriculture." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): e03R01. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020183-15225.

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Sophorolipids are bioactive molecules that have gained a lot of attention in the recent decades due to their unique functional properties of reducing surface and interfacial tension, emulsification and solubilization. They are mainly produced by the yeast Candida bombicola and are composed of a sugar moiety linked to a fatty acid chain. Sophorolipids are non-toxic, highly efficient and stable at extreme conditions and possess environmentally friendly characteristics over the chemical surfactants. This review is focused on the main characteristics of sophorolipids, fermentation processes, and their utilization in the agricultural field. In this context, sophorolipids are very suitable for use in agriculture, as enhancers of solubility and mobility of plant nutrients, which could result in increased plant biomass, root size and fruit yield. In addition, they could be used for biodegradation of oils, bioremediation of heavy metals in contaminated soils, and as potential biopesticides, to control phytopathogenic microorganisms in agriculture. The extensive use of chemical pesticides has led to widespread insecticide resistance and to hazards to human health and the environment due to their high toxicity. Thus, the introduction of a new biomolecule to control plant diseases and increase crop yield has become an interesting alternative. As a result of the demonstrated antimicrobial activity towards phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi, sophorolipids could be extensively explored in the agriculture field, as a sustainable and natural multifunctional agent for plant crops and soils.

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Santoyo, Gustavo, Carlos Alberto Urtis-Flores, Pedro Damián Loeza-Lara, Ma del Carmen Orozco-Mosqueda, and Bernard R. Glick. "Rhizosphere Colonization Determinants by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)." Biology 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10060475.

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The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the field has been hampered by a number of gaps in the knowledge of the mechanisms that improve plant growth, health, and production. These gaps include (i) the ability of PGPR to colonize the rhizosphere of plants and (ii) the ability of bacterial strains to thrive under different environmental conditions. In this review, different strategies of PGPR to colonize the rhizosphere of host plants are summarized and the advantages of having highly competitive strains are discussed. Some mechanisms exhibited by PGPR to colonize the rhizosphere include recognition of chemical signals and nutrients from root exudates, antioxidant activities, biofilm production, bacterial motility, as well as efficient evasion and suppression of the plant immune system. Moreover, many PGPR contain secretion systems and produce antimicrobial compounds, such as antibiotics, volatile organic compounds, and lytic enzymes that enable them to restrict the growth of potentially phytopathogenic microorganisms. Finally, the ability of PGPR to compete and successfully colonize the rhizosphere should be considered in the development and application of bioinoculants.

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Wilson, A. D., D. G. Lester, and C. S. Oberle. "Development of Conductive Polymer Analysis for the Rapid Detection and Identification of Phytopathogenic Microbes." Phytopathology® 94, no. 5 (May 2004): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.5.419.

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Conductive polymer analysis, a type of electronic aroma detection technology, was evaluated for its efficacy in the detection, identification, and discrimination of plant-pathogenic microorganisms on standardized media and in diseased plant tissues. The method is based on the acquisition of a diagnostic electronic fingerprint derived from multisensor responses to distinct mixtures of volatile metabolites released into sampled headspace. Protocols were established to apply this technology specifically to plant disease diagnosis. This involved development of standardized cultural methods, new instrument architecture for sampling, sample preparation, prerun procedures, run parameters and schedules, recognition files and libraries, data manipulations, and validation protocols for interpretations of results. The collective output from a 32-sensor array produced unique electronic aroma signature patterns diagnostic of individual microbial species in culture and specific pathogen-host combinations associated with diseased plants. The level of discrimination applied in identifications of unknowns was regulated by confidence level and sensitivity settings during construction of application-specific reference libraries for each category of microbe or microbe-host combination identified. Applications of this technology were demonstrated for the diagnosis of specific disease systems, including bacterial and fungal diseases and decays of trees; for host identifications; and for determinations of levels of infection and relatedness between microbial species. Other potential applications to plant pathology are discussed with some advantages and limitations for each type of diagnostic application.

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Josic, Dragana, Radmila Pivic, Miroslav Miladinovic, Mira Starovic, Snezana Pavlovic, Simonida Djuric, and Mirjana Jarak. "Antifungal activity and genetic diversity of selected Pseudomonas spp. from maize rhizosphere in Vojvodina." Genetika 44, no. 2 (2012): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1202377j.

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Antibiotic production by plant-associated microorganisms represents an environmentally compatible method of disease control in agriculture. However, a vide application of bacterial strains needs careful selection and genetic characterization. In this investigation, selected Pseudomonas strains were characterized by rep-PCR methods using ERIC and (GTG)5 primers, and partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis. None of strains produced homoserine lactones (C4, C6, C8) as quorum sensing signal molecules. Very poor production of phenazines and no significant fungal inhibition was observed for PS4 and PS6 strains. High amount of phenazines were produced by Pseudomonas sp. strain PS2, which inhibited mycelial growth of 10 phytopatogenic fungi in percent of 25 (Verticillium sp.) to 65 (Fusarium equiseti). Genetic characterization of the Pseudomonas sp. PS2 and evaluation of phenazines production, as the main trait for growth inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi, will allow its application as a biosafe PGPR for field experiments of plant disease control.

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Moreno-Gavíra, Alejandro, Victoria Huertas, Fernando Diánez, Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos, and Mila Santos. "Paecilomyces and Its Importance in the Biological Control of Agricultural Pests and Diseases." Plants 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121746.

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Incorporating beneficial microorganisms in crop production is the most promising strategy for maintaining agricultural productivity and reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Numerous microorganisms have been described in the literature as biological control agents for pests and diseases, although some have not yet been commercialised due to their lack of viability or efficacy in different crops. Paecilomyces is a cosmopolitan fungus that is mainly known for its nematophagous capacity, but it has also been reported as an insect parasite and biological control agent of several fungi and phytopathogenic bacteria through different mechanisms of action. In addition, species of this genus have recently been described as biostimulants of plant growth and crop yield. This review includes all the information on the genus Paecilomyces as a biological control agent for pests and diseases. Its growth rate and high spore production rate in numerous substrates ensures the production of viable, affordable, and efficient commercial formulations for agricultural use.

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Do, Hoai Thu Thi, Thanh Huong Nguyen, Trong Duc Nghiem, Huu Tung Nguyen, Gyung Ja Choi, Cuong Tu Ho, and Quang Le Dang. "Phytochemical constituents and extracts of the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis exhibit in vitro and in vivo control efficacy against various phytopathogenic microorganisms." South African Journal of Botany 142 (November 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.05.034.

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Gorshkov, Vladimir, Olga Parfirova, Olga Petrova, Natalia Gogoleva, Evgeny Kovtunov, Vladimir Vorob’ev, and Yuri Gogolev. "The Knockout of Enterobactin-Related Gene in Pectobacterium atrosepticum Results in Reduced Stress Resistance and Virulence towards the Primed Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 9594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179594.

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Siderophores produced by microorganisms to scavenge iron from the environment have been shown to contribute to virulence and/or stress resistance of some plant pathogenic bacteria. Phytopathogenic bacteria of Pectobacterium genus possess genes for the synthesis of siderophore enterobactin, which role in plant-pathogen interactions has not been elucidated. In the present study we characterized the phenotype of the mutant strain of Pba deficient for the enterobactin-biosynthetic gene entA. We showed that enterobactin may be considered as a conditionally beneficial virulence factor of Pba. The entA knockout did not reduce Pba virulence on non-primed plants; however, salicylic acid-primed plants were more resistant to ΔentA mutant than to the wild type Pba. The reduced virulence of ΔentA mutant towards the primed plants is likely explained by its compromised resistance to oxidative stress.

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Clemente, Marina, Mariana Corigliano, Sebastián Pariani, Edwin Sánchez-López, Valeria Sander, and Víctor Ramos-Duarte. "Plant Serine Protease Inhibitors: Biotechnology Application in Agriculture and Molecular Farming." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 17, 2019): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061345.

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The serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) are widely distributed in living organisms like bacteria, fungi, plants, and humans. The main function of SPIs as protease enzymes is to regulate the proteolytic activity. In plants, most of the studies of SPIs have been focused on their physiological role. The initial studies carried out in plants showed that SPIs participate in the regulation of endogenous proteolytic processes, as the regulation of proteases in seeds. Besides, it was observed that SPIs also participate in the regulation of cell death during plant development and senescence. On the other hand, plant SPIs have an important role in plant defense against pests and phytopathogenic microorganisms. In the last 20 years, several transgenic plants over-expressing SPIs have been produced and tested in order to achieve the increase of the resistance against pathogenic insects. Finally, in molecular farming, SPIs have been employed to minimize the proteolysis of recombinant proteins expressed in plants. The present review discusses the potential biotechnological applications of plant SPIs in the agriculture field.

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Muñoz Torres, Patricio, Steffany Cárdenas, Mabel Arismendi Macuer, Nelly Huanacuni, Wilson Huanca-Mamani, Denise Cifuentes, and Germán F. Sepúlveda Chavera. "The Endophytic Pseudomonas sp. S57 for Plant-Growth Promotion and the Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes." Plants 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081531.

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Oregano from Socoroma (Atacama Desert) is characterized by its unique organoleptic properties and distinctive flavor and it is produced using ancestral pesticide-free agricultural practices performed by the Aymara communities. The cultivation in this zone is carried out under extreme conditions where the standard production of different crops is limited by several environmental factors, including aridity, high concentration of salts, and boron among others. However, oregano plants are associated with microorganisms that mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses present in this site. In this work, the S57 strain (member of the Pseudomonas genus that is closely related to Pseudomonas lini) was isolated from roots of oregano plants, which are grown in soils with high content of non-sodium salts and aluminum. This bacterium stimulates the growth of Micro-Tom tomato plants irrigated with saline-boric water. Moreover, it controls the growth of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea and the nematode Meloidogyne incognita under saline-boric conditions. Together with the high levels of bacterial biomass (~47 g/L), these results allow the establishment of the bases for developing a potential new agricultural bioproduct useful for arid and semiarid environments where commercial biological products show erratic behavior.

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Lorrai, Riccardo, and Simone Ferrari. "Host Cell Wall Damage during Pathogen Infection: Mechanisms of Perception and Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions." Plants 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020399.

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The plant cell wall (CW) is a complex structure that acts as a mechanical barrier, restricting the access to most microbes. Phytopathogenic microorganisms can deploy an arsenal of CW-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are required for virulence. In turn, plants have evolved proteins able to inhibit the activity of specific microbial CWDEs, reducing CW damage and favoring the accumulation of CW-derived fragments that act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an immune response in the host. CW-derived DAMPs might be a component of the complex system of surveillance of CW integrity (CWI), that plants have evolved to detect changes in CW properties. Microbial CWDEs can activate the plant CWI maintenance system and induce compensatory responses to reinforce CWs during infection. Recent evidence indicates that the CWI surveillance system interacts in a complex way with the innate immune system to fine-tune downstream responses and strike a balance between defense and growth.

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Trifonova, E. A., S. M. Ibragimova, O. A. Volkova, V. K. Shumny, and A. V. Kochetov. "Ribonuclease activity as a new prospective disease resistance marker in potato." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 22, no. 8 (January 3, 2019): 987–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj18.441.

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Disease resistance is an important characteristic for each variety of potato, and the search for pathogen resistance markers is one of the primary tasks of plant breeding. Higher plants possess a wide spectrum of enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of nucleic acids; it is believed that protection against pathogens is the most probable function of the enzymes. RNases are actively involved in several immune systems of higher plants, for example, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and genetic silencing, hence RNase activity in plant leaves, as a relatively easily measured parameter, can serve as a good marker for the selection of pathogen resistant varieties. We have analyzed sixteen varieties of potatoes permitted for use on the territory of the Russian Federation and tested the correlation of the level of varietyspecifc ribonuclease (RNase) activity with such economically valuable traits as maturity and resistance to viruses, late blight and common scab. In general, the level of RNase activity was varietyspecifc, which was confrmed by very small values of average squared error for the majority of tested varieties. We have detected a statistically signifcant positive correlation of RNase activity in potato leaves with increased resistance of varieties to phytopathogenic viruses, a negative correlation with resistance to scab and an absence of a signifcant connection with maturity and resistance to late blight, regardless of the organ affected by the oomycete. Thus, the level of RNase activity in potato leaves can be used as a selective marker for resistance to viruses, while varieties with increased RNase activity should be avoided when selecting resistance to scab.

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Ahmad, Iftikhar, David Malloch, and John Bissett. "Influence of the bioherbicide phosphinothricin on interactions between phytopathogens and their antagonists." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1750–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-187.

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Phosphinothricin is a microbial toxin currently under development as a selective weed killer in the cultivation of transgenic plants engineered to resist its presence. Here it is shown that phosphinothricin is inhibitory to antagonistic soil microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas flourescens, and many species of Trichoderma. Phosphinothricin was also inhibitory to the phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In contrast, phytopathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium aphanidermatum were highly resistant to phosphinothricin. In pathogen–antagonist challenges, species of Trichoderma that parasitize F. oxysporum and P. aphanidermatum were eliminated when phosphinothricin was added to the growth media. Similarly, the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens to exclude Pythium aphanidermatum was markedly affected by the presence of phosphinothricin in the media. The dominance equilibrium between Trichoderma species and the bacterium Bacillus subtilis was influenced in favor of the former at 0 and 5 mM concentrations of the herbicide and in favor of the latter at 1 mM concentrations. Pseudomonas fluorescens was unable to exclude Trichoderma species regardless of the phosphinothricin concentration in the media. Key words: phosphinothricin, pathogens, fungi, bacteria, antagonists, biocontrol.

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Itkina, D. L., L. V. Sokolnikova, A. D. Suleimanova, and M. R. Sharipova. "EFFECT OF BACILLUS GINSENGIHUMI M2.11 AND PANTOEA BRENNERI AS3 ON PLANT BIOMASS GROWTH AND SEED GERMINATION ENERGY." ÈKOBIOTEH 4, no. 1 (2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31163/2618-964x-2021-4-1-49-55.

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In the modern conditions of agricultural development, the use of microbiological preparations as an alternative to mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products is gaining wide interest and practical significance. Soil microorganisms have the ability to interact with the root system of plants, optimize mineral nutrition, synthesize growth hormones and antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the development of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria and have a stimulating effect on the growth and development of cultivated crops, increasing their resistance to phytopathogens and stress. The search for environmentally friendly technologies, the use of enzymes and active metabolites of bacterial origin, or the use of bacterial strains that promote plant growth is a promising direction. The effect of culture fluid of Bacillus ginsengihumi and Pantoea brenneri on the average length of the plant stem was studied. When processing wheat seeds of P. brenner AS3, the length of the first leaf increased by 50%, and B. ginsengihumi M2.11 by 25%.

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Juhariah, Jujuk, Dwi Suci Lestariana, and Margaretha Praba Aulia. "Improve Capsicum spp. Seed Quality in Seedling Using Microorganism Organic Fertilizers." METANA 16, no. 2 (November 22, 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/metana.v16i2.33380.

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This study aims to improve the seed quality in seedling using microorganism-based fertilizer. This study was conducted from July to September 2019 at Boyolali University’s greenhouse. This experiment was an arranged factorial randomized block design with three factors, which are three chili varieties (green, white, and curly chili) and three kinds of organic fertilizers (microalgae, effective microorganisms, and local microorganisms). Then the plants observed five times. Parameters observed are the living plant number, leaves’ number, and plant height. The results show that there was no significant difference in living plant numbers among all the treatments. The significant differences appear in the number of leaves and plant height. The significant difference indicated that the difference influenced by the plant type not because of the application of the fertilizer.

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Galambos, Nikoletta, Stéphane Compant, Felix Wäckers, Angela Sessitsch, Gianfranco Anfora, Valerio Mazzoni, Ilaria Pertot, and Michele Perazzolli. "Beneficial Insects Deliver Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Endophytes between Tomato Plants." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061294.

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Beneficial insects and mites, including generalist predators of the family Miridae, are widely used in biocontrol programs against many crop pests, such as whiteflies, aphids, lepidopterans and mites. Mirid predators frequently complement their carnivore diet by feeding plant sap with their piercing–sucking mouthparts. This implies that mirids may act as vectors of phytopathogenic and beneficial microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting bacterial endophytes. This work aimed at understanding the role of two beneficial mirids (Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis) in the acquisition and transmission of two plant growth-promoting bacteria, Paraburkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN (PsJN) and Enterobacter sp. strain 32A (32A). Both bacterial strains were detected on the epicuticle and internal body of both mirids at the end of the mirid-mediated transmission. Moreover, both mirids were able to transmit PsJN and 32A between tomato plants and these bacterial strains could be re-isolated from tomato shoots after mirid-mediated transmission. In particular, PsJN and 32A endophytically colonised tomato plants and moved from the shoots to roots after mirid-mediated transmission. In conclusion, this study provided novel evidence for the acquisition and transmission of plant growth-promoting bacterial endophytes by beneficial mirids.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant varieties ; Phytopathogenic microorganisms'

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