Journal articles: 'Plant viruses – Transmission'

1

Campbell, R. N. "FUNGAL TRANSMISSION OF PLANT VIRUSES." Annual Review of Phytopathology 34, no. 1 (September 1996): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.87.

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Fulton, J. P., R. C. Gergerich, and H. A. Scott. "Beetle Transmission of Plant Viruses." Annual Review of Phytopathology 25, no. 1 (September 1987): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.000551.

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3

Brown, D. J. F., W. M. Robertson, and D. L. Trudgill. "Transmission of Viruses by Plant Nematodes." Annual Review of Phytopathology 33, no. 1 (September 1995): 223–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.001255.

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4

ADAMS, M. J. "Transmission of plant viruses by fungi." Annals of Applied Biology 118, no. 2 (April 1991): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb05649.x.

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Whitfield, Anna E., Bryce W. Falk, and Dorith Rotenberg. "Insect vector-mediated transmission of plant viruses." Virology 479-480 (May 2015): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.026.

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Nault, L. R., and E. D. Ammar. "Leafhopper and Planthopper Transmission of Plant Viruses." Annual Review of Entomology 34, no. 1 (January 1989): 503–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002443.

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NG, JAMES C. K., and KEITH L. PERRY. "Transmission of plant viruses by aphid vectors." Molecular Plant Pathology 5, no. 5 (September 2004): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00240.x.

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Hiruki, C. "Multiple transmission of plant viruses byOlpidium brassicae." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 16, no. 4 (December 1994): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060669409500729.

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Pirone, Thomas P., and Stéphane Blanc. "HELPER-DEPENDENT VECTOR TRANSMISSION OF PLANT VIRUSES." Annual Review of Phytopathology 34, no. 1 (September 1996): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.227.

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Whitfield, Anna E., and Dorith Rotenberg. "Disruption of insect transmission of plant viruses." Current Opinion in Insect Science 8 (April 2015): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2015.01.009.

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Wang, Xiao-Wei, and Stéphane Blanc. "Insect Transmission of Plant Single-Stranded DNA Viruses." Annual Review of Entomology 66, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-060920-094531.

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Of the approximately 1,200 plant virus species that have been described to date, nearly one-third are single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses, and all are transmitted by insect vectors. However, most studies of vector transmission of plant viruses have focused on RNA viruses. All known plant ssDNA viruses belong to two economically important families, Geminiviridae and Nanoviridae, and in recent years, there have been increased efforts to understand whether they have evolved similar relationships with their respective insect vectors. This review describes the current understanding of ssDNA virus–vector interactions, including how these viruses cross insect vector cellular barriers, the responses of vectors to virus circulation, the possible existence of viral replication within insect vectors, and the three-way virus–vector–plant interactions. Despite recent breakthroughs in our understanding of these viruses, many aspects of plant ssDNA virus transmission remain elusive. More effort is needed to identify insect proteins that mediate the transmission of plant ssDNA viruses and to understand the complex virus–insect–plant three-way interactions in the field during natural infection.

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Chare, Elizabeth R., and Edward C. Holmes. "Selection pressures in the capsid genes of plant RNA viruses reflect mode of transmission." Journal of General Virology 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 3149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80134-0.

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To determine the selection pressures faced by RNA viruses of plants, patterns of nonsynonymous (d N) and synonymous (d S) substitution in the capsid genes of 36 viruses with differing modes of transmission were analysed. This analysis provided strong evidence that the capsid proteins of vector-borne plant viruses are subject to greater purifying selection on amino acid change than those viruses transmitted by other routes and that virus–vector interactions impose greater selective constraints than those between virus and plant host. This could be explained by specific interactions between capsid proteins and cellular receptors in the insect vectors that are necessary for successful transmission. However, contrary to initial expectations based on phylogenetic relatedness, vector-borne plant viruses are subject to weaker selective constraints than vector-borne animal viruses. The results suggest that the greater complexity involved in the transmission of circulative animal viruses compared with non-circulative plant viruses results in more intense purifying selection.

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Bausher, Michael G. "Serial Transmission of Plant Viruses by Cutting Implements during Grafting." HortScience 48, no. 1 (January 2013): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.1.37.

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Reciprocal grafts of two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars were made by hand using commercial grafting techniques. The razor blade used to cut the rootstock or scion was first contaminated by making a single cut on tomato plants infected with either Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) or Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Although no transmission of TSWV was observed in these experiments, ToMV was spread plant to plant through razor blade exposure to this virus. The presence of this virus was confirmed by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) at 21 days post-inoculation. The highest rate of infection was 25% of the inoculated plants. The greatest number of positive virus assays was found in the first 10 plants of each experiment. These areas contained 84% of the DAS-ELISA-positive plants. Gaps of up to 10 plants occurred during serial inoculation before infection resumed. Random dispersion occurred in two experiments. Similar results were observed whether the contaminated implement was used to cut the rootstock or the scion before graft assembly. This work demonstrates that some viruses from a single contamination can be moved in a serial manner during the grafting process, especially with varieties with minimal or no resistance to viral plant pathogens. Also, visual diagnosis cannot always be relied on as a means of eliminating virus-infected plants, especially when higher greenhouse and annealing temperatures are maintained.

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van Munster, Manuella. "Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Plant Virus Transmission by Aphids." Viruses 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020216.

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Plants regularly encounter abiotic constraints, and plant response to stress has been a focus of research for decades. Given increasing global temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels and the occurrence of water stress episodes driven by climate change, plant biochemistry, in particular, plant defence responses, may be altered significantly. Environmental factors also have a wider impact, shaping viral transmission processes that rely on a complex set of interactions between, at least, the pathogen, the vector, and the host plant. This review considers how abiotic stresses influence the transmission and spread of plant viruses by aphid vectors, mainly through changes in host physiology status, and summarizes the latest findings in this research field. The direct effects of climate change and severe weather events that impact the feeding behaviour of insect vectors as well as the major traits (e.g., within-host accumulation, disease severity and transmission) of viral plant pathogens are discussed. Finally, the intrinsic capacity of viruses to react to environmental cues in planta and how this may influence viral transmission efficiency is summarized. The clear interaction between biotic (virus) and abiotic stresses is a risk that must be accounted for when modelling virus epidemiology under scenarios of climate change.

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Gray, Stewart M., and Nanditta Banerjee. "Mechanisms of Arthropod Transmission of Plant and Animal Viruses." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 63, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.63.1.128-148.1999.

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SUMMARY A majority of the plant-infecting viruses and many of the animal-infecting viruses are dependent upon arthropod vectors for transmission between hosts and/or as alternative hosts. The viruses have evolved specific associations with their vectors, and we are beginning to understand the underlying mechanisms that regulate the virus transmission process. A majority of plant viruses are carried on the cuticle lining of a vector’s mouthparts or foregut. This initially appeared to be simple mechanical contamination, but it is now known to be a biologically complex interaction between specific virus proteins and as yet unidentified vector cuticle-associated compounds. Numerous other plant viruses and the majority of animal viruses are carried within the body of the vector. These viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to enable them to be transported through multiple tissues and to evade vector defenses. In response, vector species have evolved so that not all individuals within a species are susceptible to virus infection or can serve as a competent vector. Not only are the virus components of the transmission process being identified, but also the genetic and physiological components of the vectors which determine their ability to be used successfully by the virus are being elucidated. The mechanisms of arthropod-virus associations are many and complex, but common themes are beginning to emerge which may allow the development of novel strategies to ultimately control epidemics caused by arthropod-borne viruses.

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Nault, L. R. "Arthropod Transmission of Plant Viruses: a New Synthesis." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): 521–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/90.5.521.

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Mulot, Michaël, Sylvaine Boissinot, and Véronique Brault. "Transmission of plant and vertebrate viruses by arthropods." Virologie 24, no. 3 (June 2020): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/vir.2020.0845.

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18

Jia, Dongsheng, Qian Chen, Qianzhuo Mao, Xiaofeng Zhang, Wei Wu, Hongyan Chen, Xiangzhen Yu, Zhiqiang Wang, and Taiyun Wei. "Vector mediated transmission of persistently transmitted plant viruses." Current Opinion in Virology 28 (February 2018): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2017.12.004.

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19

Bradamante, Gabriele, Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid, and Marco Incarbone. "Under siege: virus control in plant meristems and progeny." Plant Cell 33, no. 8 (May 20, 2021): 2523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab140.

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Abstract In the arms race between plants and viruses, two frontiers have been utilized for decades to combat viral infections in agriculture. First, many pathogenic viruses are excluded from plant meristems, which allows the regeneration of virus-free plant material by tissue culture. Second, vertical transmission of viruses to the host progeny is often inefficient, thereby reducing the danger of viral transmission through seeds. Numerous reports point to the existence of tightly linked meristematic and transgenerational antiviral barriers that remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that exclude viruses from plant stem cells and progeny. We also discuss the evidence connecting viral invasion of meristematic cells and the ability of plants to recover from acute infections. Research spanning decades performed on a variety of virus/host combinations has made clear that, beside morphological barriers, RNA interference (RNAi) plays a crucial role in preventing—or allowing—meristem invasion and vertical transmission. How a virus interacts with plant RNAi pathways in the meristem has profound effects on its symptomatology, persistence, replication rates, and, ultimately, entry into the host progeny.

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Ali, Zahir, and Magdy M. Mahfouz. "CRISPR/Cas systems versus plant viruses: engineering plant immunity and beyond." Plant Physiology 186, no. 4 (May 12, 2021): 1770–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab220.

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Abstract Molecular engineering of plant immunity to confer resistance against plant viruses holds great promise for mitigating crop losses and improving plant productivity and yields, thereby enhancing food security. Several approaches have been employed to boost immunity in plants by interfering with the transmission or lifecycles of viruses. In this review, we discuss the successful application of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) (CRISPR/Cas) systems to engineer plant immunity, increase plant resistance to viruses, and develop viral diagnostic tools. Furthermore, we examine the use of plant viruses as delivery systems to engineer virus resistance in plants and provide insight into the limitations of current CRISPR/Cas approaches and the potential of newly discovered CRISPR/Cas systems to engineer better immunity and develop better diagnostics tools for plant viruses. Finally, we outline potential solutions to key challenges in the field to enable the practical use of these systems for crop protection and viral diagnostics.

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21

Allen, Linda J. S., Vrushali A. Bokil, Nik J. Cunniffe, Frédéric M. Hamelin, Frank M. Hilker, and Michael J. Jeger. "Modelling Vector Transmission and Epidemiology of Co-Infecting Plant Viruses." Viruses 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2019): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121153.

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Co-infection of plant hosts by two or more viruses is common in agricultural crops and natural plant communities. A variety of models have been used to investigate the dynamics of co-infection which track only the disease status of infected and co-infected plants, and which do not explicitly track the density of inoculative vectors. Much less attention has been paid to the role of vector transmission in co-infection, that is, acquisition and inoculation and their synergistic and antagonistic interactions. In this investigation, a general epidemiological model is formulated for one vector species and one plant species with potential co-infection in the host plant by two viruses. The basic reproduction number provides conditions for successful invasion of a single virus. We derive a new invasion threshold which provides conditions for successful invasion of a second virus. These two thresholds highlight some key epidemiological parameters important in vector transmission. To illustrate the flexibility of our model, we examine numerically two special cases of viral invasion. In the first case, one virus species depends on an autonomous virus for its successful transmission and in the second case, both viruses are unable to invade alone but can co-infect the host plant when prevalence is high.

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22

Wang, R. Y. "Noncirculative Transmission of Plant Viruses by Leaf-Feeding Beetles." Phytopathology 82, no. 9 (1992): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-82-946.

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Blanc, Stéphane, Marilyne Uzest, and Martin Drucker. "New research horizons in vector-transmission of plant viruses." Current Opinion in Microbiology 14, no. 4 (August 2011): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.07.008.

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Ziegler-Graff, Véronique. "Molecular Insights into Host and Vector Manipulation by Plant Viruses." Viruses 12, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12030263.

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Plant viruses rely on both host plant and vectors for a successful infection. Essentially to simplify studies, transmission has been considered for decades as an interaction between two partners, virus and vector. This interaction has gained a third partner, the host plant, to establish a tripartite pathosystem in which the players can react with each other directly or indirectly through changes induced in/by the third partner. For instance, viruses can alter the plant metabolism or plant immune defence pathways to modify vector’s attraction, settling or feeding, in a way that can be conducive for virus propagation. Such changes in the plant physiology can also become favourable to the vector, establishing a mutualistic relationship. This review focuses on the recent molecular data on the interplay between viral and plant factors that provide some important clues to understand how viruses manipulate both the host plants and vectors in order to improve transmission conditions and thus ensuring their survival.

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Kendall, Amy, Michele McDonald, Wen Bian, Timothy Bowles, Sarah C. Baumgarten, Jian Shi, Phoebe L. Stewart, et al. "Structure of Flexible Filamentous Plant Viruses." Journal of Virology 82, no. 19 (July 30, 2008): 9546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00895-08.

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ABSTRACTFlexible filamentous viruses make up a large fraction of the known plant viruses, but in comparison with those of other viruses, very little is known about their structures. We have used fiber diffraction, cryo-electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy to determine the symmetry of a potyvirus, soybean mosaic virus; to confirm the symmetry of a potexvirus, potato virus X; and to determine the low-resolution structures of both viruses. We conclude that these viruses and, by implication, most or all flexible filamentous plant viruses share a common coat protein fold and helical symmetry, with slightly less than 9 subunits per helical turn.

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Li, Lulu, Hehong Zhang, Changhai Chen, Haijian Huang, Xiaoxiang Tan, Zhongyan Wei, Junmin Li, et al. "A class of independently evolved transcriptional repressors in plant RNA viruses facilitates viral infection and vector feeding." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 11 (March 8, 2021): e2016673118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016673118.

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Plant viruses employ diverse virulence strategies to achieve successful infection, but there are few known general strategies of viral pathogenicity and transmission used by widely different plant viruses. Here, we report a class of independently evolved virulence factors in different plant RNA viruses which possess active transcriptional repressor activity. Rice viruses in the genera Fijivirus, Tenuivirus, and Cytorhabdovirus all have transcriptional repressors that interact in plants with the key components of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, namely mediator subunit OsMED25, OsJAZ proteins, and OsMYC transcription factors. These transcriptional repressors can directly disassociate the OsMED25-OsMYC complex, inhibit the transcriptional activation of OsMYC, and then combine with OsJAZ proteins to cooperatively attenuate the JA pathway in a way that benefits viral infection. At the same time, these transcriptional repressors efficiently enhanced feeding by the virus insect vectors by repressing JA signaling. Our findings reveal a common strategy in unrelated plant viruses in which viral transcriptional repressors hijack and repress the JA pathway in favor of both viral pathogenicity and vector transmission.

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Montero-Astúa, Mauricio, Dorith Rotenberg, Alexandria Leach-Kieffaber, Brandi A. Schneweis, Sunghun Park, Jungeun K. Park, Thomas L. German, and Anna E. Whitfield. "Disruption of Vector Transmission by a Plant-Expressed Viral Glycoprotein." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 3 (March 2014): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-13-0287-fi.

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Vector-borne viruses are a threat to human, animal, and plant health worldwide, requiring the development of novel strategies for their control. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the 10 most economically significant plant viruses and, together with other tospoviruses, is a threat to global food security. TSWV is transmitted by thrips, including the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Previously, we demonstrated that the TSWV glycoprotein GN binds to thrips vector midguts. We report here the development of transgenic plants that interfere with TSWV acquisition and transmission by the insect vector. Tomato plants expressing GN-S protein supported virus accumulation and symptom expression comparable with nontransgenic plants. However, virus titers in larval insects exposed to the infected transgenic plants were three-log lower than insects exposed to infected nontransgenic control plants. The negative effect of the GN-S transgenics on insect virus titers persisted to adulthood, as shown by four-log lower virus titers in adults and an average reduction of 87% in transmission efficiencies. These results demonstrate that an initial reduction in virus infection of the insect can result in a significant decrease in virus titer and transmission over the lifespan of the vector, supportive of a dose-dependent relationship in the virus–vector interaction. These findings demonstrate that plant expression of a viral protein can be an effective way to block virus transmission by insect vectors.

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Pospieszny, Henryk, Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska, Natasza Borodynko-Filas, and Santiago F. Elena. "Effect of defective interfering RNAs on the vertical transmission of Tomato black ring virus." Plant Protection Science 56, No. 4 (September 18, 2020): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/54/2020-pps.

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Viruses are thought to be the ultimate parasites, using host resources for multiplication. Interestingly, many viruses also have their own 'parasites', such as defective interfering RNAs (DI RNAs). One of the plant viruses whose infection can be accompanied by subviral RNAs is the Tomato black ring virus (TBRV). DI RNAs associated with the TBRV genome were generated de novo as a result of prolonged passages in one host. DI RNAs modulate the TBRV accumulation and the severity of the symptoms induced on the infected plants. In this study, we have addressed the question of whether DI RNAs can also affect TBRV vertical transmission through seeds. The experiments were conducted using the TBRV-Pi isolate and Chenopodium quinoa plants. C. quinoa plants were infected with TBRV-Pi with and without DI RNAs. Overall, 4 003 seeds were tested, and the analysis showed that the presence of DI RNAs made the TBRV-Pi seed transmission 44.76% more efficient. Moreover, for the first time, we showed that DI RNAs are being transferred from generation to generation.

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Agranovsky, Alexey. "Enhancing Capsid Proteins Capacity in Plant Virus-Vector Interactions and Virus Transmission." Cells 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010090.

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Vector transmission of plant viruses is basically of two types that depend on the virus helper component proteins or the capsid proteins. A number of plant viruses belonging to disparate groups have developed unusual capsid proteins providing for interactions with the vector. Thus, cauliflower mosaic virus, a plant pararetrovirus, employs a virion associated p3 protein, the major capsid protein, and a helper component for the semi-persistent transmission by aphids. Benyviruses encode a capsid protein readthrough domain (CP-RTD) located at one end of the rod-like helical particle, which serves for the virus transmission by soil fungal zoospores. Likewise, the CP-RTD, being a minor component of the luteovirus icosahedral virions, provides for persistent, circulative aphid transmission. Closteroviruses encode several CPs and virion-associated proteins that form the filamentous helical particles and mediate transmission by aphid, whitefly, or mealybug vectors. The variable strategies of transmission and evolutionary ‘inventions’ of the unusual capsid proteins of plant RNA viruses are discussed.

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Agranovsky, Alexey. "Enhancing Capsid Proteins Capacity in Plant Virus-Vector Interactions and Virus Transmission." Cells 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010090.

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Vector transmission of plant viruses is basically of two types that depend on the virus helper component proteins or the capsid proteins. A number of plant viruses belonging to disparate groups have developed unusual capsid proteins providing for interactions with the vector. Thus, cauliflower mosaic virus, a plant pararetrovirus, employs a virion associated p3 protein, the major capsid protein, and a helper component for the semi-persistent transmission by aphids. Benyviruses encode a capsid protein readthrough domain (CP-RTD) located at one end of the rod-like helical particle, which serves for the virus transmission by soil fungal zoospores. Likewise, the CP-RTD, being a minor component of the luteovirus icosahedral virions, provides for persistent, circulative aphid transmission. Closteroviruses encode several CPs and virion-associated proteins that form the filamentous helical particles and mediate transmission by aphid, whitefly, or mealybug vectors. The variable strategies of transmission and evolutionary ‘inventions’ of the unusual capsid proteins of plant RNA viruses are discussed.

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Fiallo-Olivé, Elvira, Li-Long Pan, Shu-Sheng Liu, and Jesús Navas-Castillo. "Transmission of Begomoviruses and Other Whitefly-Borne Viruses: Dependence on the Vector Species." Phytopathology® 110, no. 1 (January 2020): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-19-0273-fi.

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Most plant viruses require a biological vector to spread from plant to plant in nature. Among biological vectors for plant viruses, hemipteroid insects are the most common, including phloem-feeding aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, planthoppers, and leafhoppers. A majority of the emerging diseases challenging agriculture worldwide are insect borne, with those transmitted by whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) topping the list. Most damaging whitefly-transmitted viruses include begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), criniviruses (Closteroviridae), and torradoviruses (Secoviridae). Among the whitefly vectors, Bemisia tabaci, now recognized as a complex of cryptic species, is the most harmful in terms of virus transmission. Here, we review the available information on the differential transmission efficiency of begomoviruses and other whitefly-borne viruses by different species of whiteflies, including the cryptic species of the B. tabaci complex. In addition, we summarize the factors affecting transmission of viruses by whiteflies and point out some future research prospects.

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Francis, Frederic, Julian Chen, Liu Yong, and Emilie Bosquee. "Aphid Feeding on Plant Lectins Falling Virus Transmission Rates: A Multicase Study." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4 (June 9, 2020): 1635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa104.

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Abstract Aphids are insect vectors that have piercing–sucking mouthparts supporting diversified patterns of virus–vector interactions. Aphids primarily retain circulative viruses in the midgut/hindgut, whereas noncirculative viruses tend to be retained in the stylet. Most viruses, and many proteins from animals, have carbohydrate or carbohydrate-binding sites. Lectins vary in their specificity, of which some are able to bind to viral glycoproteins. To assess the potential competition between lectins and viral particles in virus transmission by aphids, this study examined how feeding plant lectins to aphids affects the transmission efficiency of viruses. Sitobion avenae (F, 1794) (Homoptera: Aphididae) aphids fed with Pisum sativum lectin (PSL) transmitted Barley yellow dwarf virus with significantly lower efficiency (four-fold ratio). Pea enation mosaic virus was significantly reduced in Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera: Aphididae) aphids fed with the lectin Concanavalin A. In comparison, the transmission of Potato virus Y was significantly reduced when Myzus persicae Sultzer (Homoptera: Aphididae) aphids were fed with PSL. Thus, lectin could be used as a blocking agent of plant viruses, facilitating an alternative approach for crop protection.

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Montes, Nuria, and Israel Pagán. "Light Intensity Modulates the Efficiency of Virus Seed Transmission through Modifications of Plant Tolerance." Plants 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8090304.

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Increased light intensity has been predicted as a major consequence of climate change. Light intensity is a critical resource involved in many plant processes, including the interaction with viruses. A central question to plant–virus interactions is understanding the determinants of virus dispersal among plants. However, very little is known on the effect of environmental factors on virus transmission, particularly through seeds. The fitness of seed-transmitted viruses is highly dependent on host reproductive potential, and requires higher virus multiplication in reproductive organs. Thus, environmental conditions that favor reduced virus virulence without controlling its level of within-plant multiplication (i.e., tolerance) may enhance seed transmission. We tested the hypothesis that light intensity conditions that enhance plant tolerance promote virus seed transmission. To do so, we challenged 18 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) under high and low light intensity. Results indicated that higher light intensity increased TuMV multiplication and/or plant tolerance, which was associated with more efficient seed transmission. Conversely, higher light intensity reduced plant tolerance and CMV multiplication, and had no effect on seed transmission. This work provides novel insights on how environmental factors modulate plant virus transmission and contributes to understand the underlying processes.

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Gergerich, R. C. "Determination of Host Resistance to Beetle Transmission of Plant Viruses." Phytopathology 81, no. 10 (1991): 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-81-1326.

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Power, Alison G. "Insect transmission of plant viruses: a constraint on virus variability." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 3, no. 4 (August 2000): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00090-x.

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Macfarlane, Stuart A. "Molecular determinants of the transmission of plant viruses by nematodes." Molecular Plant Pathology 4, no. 3 (March 26, 2003): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00164.x.

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37

Dáder, Beatriz, Christiane Then, Edwige Berthelot, Marie Ducousso, James C. K. Ng, and Martin Drucker. "Insect transmission of plant viruses: Multilayered interactions optimize viral propagation." Insect Science 24, no. 6 (July 18, 2017): 929–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12470.

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38

MAULE, A., and D. WANG. "Seed transmission of plant viruses: a lesson in biological complexity." Trends in Microbiology 4, no. 4 (April 1996): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0966-842x(96)10016-0.

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39

Sovinska, R., L. Mishchenko, and A. Dunich. "Viruses infecting gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus) and their harmful effect on agricultural crops." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 10-12 (December 14, 2020): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2020.10-12.12-18.

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Goal. Analyze the data of foreign and domestic literature on viruses that infect gladioli, risks for domestic agriculture, present the results of the study of viral diseases on gladioli in Ukraine. Methods. Review of information in foreign and domestic literature on viruses that infect gladioli. Visual diagnostics, transmission electron microscopy, double sandwich enzyme immunoassay (DAS-ELISA). Results. Gladioli infect viruses: cucumber mosaic virus, bean yellow mosaic virus, tobacco rattle virus, tobacco ringspot virus, which belongs to regulated pests in Ukraine. These pathogens are common on all continents where plants are grown, have a wide range of host plants and pose a potential threat to crops. In the case of a systemic reaction of a plant to a viral infection, the symptoms lead to a loss of aesthetic value by the plant, economic losses in the floriculture industry, degeneration of varieties in the collections of botanical gardens and private farms, problems in further selective selection for creating new varieties. Possible means of protection and prevention of the spread of viruses to other types of cultivated plants are considered. Conclusions. Gladiolus plants can infect 9 types of viruses, among which the most common and harmful are cucumber mosaic, yellow bean mosaic and tobacco pogrimovka viruses. A yellow bean mosaic virus and a cucumber mosaic virus have been identified in Ukraine. It is especially dangerous that these viral infections can be asymptomatic and gladioli become reservoirs for the preservation and transmission of viruses to other plant crops sensitive to pathogens.

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Ferriol, Inmaculada, Ornela Chase, María Luisa Domingo-Calap, and Juan José López-Moya. "Mixed Infections of Plant Viruses in Crops: Solo vs. Group Game." Proceedings 50, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020050094.

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Plant diseases are responsible for considerable economic losses in agriculture worldwide. Recent surveys and metagenomics approaches reveal a higher than expected incidence of complex diseases, like those caused by mixed viral infections. Particularly, frequent cases of mixed infections are co-infections or superinfections of plant viruses belonging to different genera in the families Potyviridae (Ipomovirus or Potyvirus) and Closteroviridae (Crinivirus). The outcome of such multiple infections could modify viral traits, such as host range, titer, tissue and cell tropisms, and even vector preference and transmission rates. Therefore, we believe that understanding the virus–virus, virus–host, and virus–vector interactions would be crucial for developing effective control measures. Since there is still limited knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the different interactions, and how they might contribute to specific diseases in mixed infection, we are analyzing ipomovirus–crinivirus and potyvirus–crinivirus pathosystems, to better understand single and mixed infections in selected susceptible hosts (Cucurbitaceae and Convolvulaceae plants), also incorporating in the study the interactions with insect vectors (whiteflies and aphids). Among other strategies, we are engineering new biotechnological tools, to explore the molecular biology and transmission mechanisms of several viruses implicated in complex diseases, and we are also addressing the possibility to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) through transient expression of the CP of different viruses in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, with the aim to study requirements for virion formation and determinants of transmission. Work supported by project AGL2016-75529-R and grant “Severo-Ochoa” SEV-2015-0533.

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Pinheiro, Patricia V., Jennifer R. Wilson, Yi Xu, Yi Zheng, Ana Rita Rebelo, Somayeh Fattah-Hosseini, Angela Kruse, et al. "Plant Viruses Transmitted in Two Different Modes Produce Differing Effects on Small RNA-Mediated Processes in Their Aphid Vector." Phytobiomes Journal 3, no. 1 (January 2019): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-10-18-0045-r.

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Transmission of plant viruses by aphids involves multitrophic interactions among host plants, aphid vectors, and plant viruses. Here, we used small RNA (sRNA) sequencing to visualize the sRNA response of Myzus persicae to two plant viruses that M. persicae transmits in different modes: the nonpersistent Potato virus Y (PVY) versus the persistent Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Aphids exposed to PLRV produced significantly less 22 mers aligned to the aphid genome, and an abundance of 26 to 27 mers, many of which were predicted to be piRNA. Additionally, expression of Buchnera aphidicola tRNA-derived sRNAs was influenced by PLRV and, to a lesser extent, PVY, suggesting that plant viruses alter the aphid-endosymbiont relationship. Finally, aphids exposed to PLRV-infected plants generated an abundance of unusually long sRNAs and a reduced number of 22 mers against an aphid virus, Myzus persicae densovirus (MpDNV) and had higher MpDNV titer. Expression of the PLRV silencing suppressor P0 in plants recapitulated the increase in MpDNV titer in the absence of PLRV infection. Our results show that plant viruses transmitted in two different modes cause distinct effects on their vector with regards to post-transcriptional gene regulation, symbiosis with Buchnera, and the antiviral immune response of aphids to an aphid-infecting densovirus.

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Arif, Mohammad. "Fungally-transmitted Rod-shaped Plant Viruses: Biology, Transmission and Molecular Pathology." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 8 (July 15, 2000): 1194–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2000.1194.1212.

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Mehle, Nataša, and Maja Ravnikar. "Plant viruses in aqueous environment – Survival, water mediated transmission and detection." Water Research 46, no. 16 (October 2012): 4902–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.027.

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van Munster, Manuella, Michel Yvon, Denis Vile, Beatriz Dader, Alberto Fereres, and Stéphane Blanc. "Water deficit enhances the transmission of plant viruses by insect vectors." PLOS ONE 12, no. 5 (May 3, 2017): e0174398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174398.

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Ng, James C. K., and Bryce W. Falk. "Virus-Vector Interactions Mediating Nonpersistent and Semipersistent Transmission of Plant Viruses." Annual Review of Phytopathology 44, no. 1 (September 2006): 183–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143325.

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Fereres, Alberto. "The role of aphid salivation in the transmission of plant viruses." Phytoparasitica 35, no. 1 (February 2007): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02981054.

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Sicard, Anne, Jean-Louis Zeddam, Michel Yvon, Yannis Michalakis, Serafin Gutiérrez, and Stéphane Blanc. "Circulative Nonpropagative Aphid Transmission of Nanoviruses: an Oversimplified View." Journal of Virology 89, no. 19 (July 15, 2015): 9719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00780-15.

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ABSTRACTPlant virus species of the familyNanoviridaehave segmented genomes with the highest known number of segments encapsidated individually. They thus likely represent the most extreme case of the so-called multipartite, or multicomponent, viruses. All species of the family are believed to be transmitted in a circulative nonpropagative manner by aphid vectors, meaning that the virus simply crosses cellular barriers within the aphid body, from the gut to the salivary glands, without replicating or even expressing any of its genes. However, this assumption is largely based on analogy with the transmission of other plant viruses, such as geminiviruses or luteoviruses, and the details of the molecular and cellular interactions between aphids and nanoviruses are poorly investigated. When comparing the relative frequencies of the eight genome segments in populations of the speciesFaba bean necrotic stunt virus(FBNSV) (genusNanovirus) within host plants and within aphid vectors fed on these plants, we unexpectedly found evidence of reproducible changes in the frequencies of some specific segments. We further show that these changes occur within the gut during early stages of the virus cycle in the aphid and not later, when the virus is translocated into the salivary glands. This peculiar observation, which was similarly confirmed in three aphid vector species,Acyrthosiphon pisum,Aphis craccivora, andMyzus persicae, calls for revisiting of the mechanisms of nanovirus transmission. It reveals an unexpected intimate interaction that may not fit the canonical circulative nonpropagative transmission.IMPORTANCEA specific mode of interaction between viruses and arthropod vectors has been extensively described in plant viruses in the three familiesLuteoviridae,Geminiviridae, andNanoviridae, but never in arboviruses of animals. This so-called circulative nonpropagative transmission contrasts with the classical biological transmission of animal arboviruses in that the corresponding viruses are thought to cross the vector cellular barriers, from the gut lumen to the hemolymph and to the salivary glands, without expressing any of their genes and without replicating. By monitoring the genetic composition of viral populations during the life cycle ofFaba bean necrotic stunt virus(FBNSV) (genusNanovirus), we demonstrate reproducible genetic changes during the transit of the virus within the body of the aphid vector. These changes do not fit the view that viruses simply traverse the bodies of their arthropod vectors and suggest more intimate interactions, calling into question the current understanding of circulative nonpropagative transmission.

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Froissart, Rémy, Yannis Michalakis, and Stéphane Blanc. "Helper Component-Transcomplementation in the Vector Transmission of Plant Viruse." Phytopathology® 92, no. 6 (June 2002): 576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.6.576.

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Plant viruses are most frequently transmitted from one host plant to another by vectors. In noncirculative vector transmission, the virus does not process through a cycle within the vector body. Instead, upon acquisition by the vector, viruses are retained in the mouth parts or the anterior gut; from there, they will be subsequently released in a new host plant. Two molecular strategies have been described for the virus—vector interaction. In the capsid strategy, the virus coat interacts directly with binding sites in the vector mouth parts, whereas an additional nonstructural protein, designated helper component (HC), is required in the helper strategy. The HC and virus particles can be acquired sequentially, and this property introduces the possibility that an HC acquired first by the vector assists the transmission of virus particles located in the same cell, in other cells, or even in other host plants probed by the vector. Such a phenomenon is here called HC-transcomplementation. Surprisingly, the existing definition of HC does not explicitly include the concept of HC-transcomplementation, and it is generally omitted in the literature in any consideration of the virus biology other than the molecular interaction with the vector. Here we propose an extended definition of HC and emphasize the concept of HC-transcomplementation that distinguishes the helper strategy from any other type of vector transmission and may have consequences at the level of the virus population genetics and evolution.

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Wintermantel, William M., Arturo A. Cortez, Amy G. Anchieta, Anju Gulati-Sakhuja, and Laura L. Hladky. "Co-Infection by Two Criniviruses Alters Accumulation of Each Virus in a Host-Specific Manner and Influences Efficiency of Virus Transmission." Phytopathology® 98, no. 12 (December 2008): 1340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-12-1340.

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Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), family Closteroviridae, genus Crinivirus, cause interveinal chlorosis, leaf brittleness, and limited necrotic flecking or bronzing on tomato leaves. Both viruses cause a decline in plant vigor and reduce fruit yield, and are emerging as serious production problems for field and greenhouse tomato growers in many parts of the world. The viruses have been found together in tomato, indicating that infection by one Crinivirus sp. does not prevent infection by a second. Transmission efficiency and virus persistence in the vector varies significantly among the four different whitefly vectors of ToCV; Bemisia tabaci biotypes A and B, Trialeurodes abutilonea, and T. vaporariorum. Only T. vaporariorum can transmit TICV. In order to elucidate the effects of co-infection on Crinivirus sp. accumulation and transmission efficiency, we established Physalis wrightii and Nicotiana benthamiana source plants, containing either TICV or ToCV alone or both viruses together. Vectors were allowed to feed separately on all virus sources, as well as virus-free plants, then were transferred to young plants of both host species. Plants were tested by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and results indicated host-specific differences in accumulation by TICV and ToCV and alteration of accumulation patterns during co-infection compared with single infection. In N. benthamiana, TICV titers increased during co-infection compared with levels in single infection, while ToCV titers decreased. However, in P. wrightii, titers of both TICV and ToCV decreased during mixed infection compared with single infection, although to different degrees. Vector transmission efficiency of both viruses corresponded with virus concentration in the host in both single and mixed infections. This illustrates that Crinivirus epidemiology is impacted not only by vector transmission specificity and incidence of hosts but also by interactions between viruses and efficiency of accumulation in host plants.

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German, Thomas L., Marcé D. Lorenzen, Nathaniel Grubbs, and Anna E. Whitfield. "New Technologies for Studying Negative-Strand RNA Viruses in Plant and Arthropod Hosts." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 3 (March 2020): 382–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-10-19-0281-fi.

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The plant viruses in the phylum Negarnaviricota, orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales, have common features of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes and replication in the biological vector. Due to the similarities in biology, comparative functional analysis in plant and vector hosts is helpful for understanding host–virus interactions for negative-strand RNA viruses. In this review, we will highlight recent technological advances that are breaking new ground in the study of these recalcitrant virus systems. The development of infectious clones for plant rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses is enabling unprecedented examination of gene function in plants and these advances are also being transferred to study virus biology in the vector. In addition, genome and transcriptome projects for critical nonmodel arthropods has enabled characterization of insect response to viruses and identification of interacting proteins. Functional analysis of genes using genome editing will provide future pathways for further study of the transmission cycle and new control strategies for these viruses and their vectors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant viruses – Transmission'

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