Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plant water use

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Plant water use'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant water use"

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Sun, Hongyan, Kelly Kopp, and Roger Kjelgren. "Water-efficient Urban Landscapes: Integrating Different Water Use Categorizations and Plant Types." HortScience 47, no. 2 (February 2012): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.2.254.

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Little research has examined water requirements of entire irrigated urban landscapes integrating different types of plants. Three landscape treatments integrating different types of plants—woody, herbaceous perennial, turf—and putative water use classifications—mesic, mixed, xeric—were grown in large drainage lysimeters. Each landscape plot was divided into woody plant, turf, and perennial hydrozones and irrigated for optimum water status over 2 years and water use measured using a water balance approach. For woody plants and herbaceous perennials, canopy cover rather than plant type or water use classification was the key determinant of water use relative to reference evapotranspiration (ETo) under well-watered conditions. For turf, monthly evapotranspiration (ETa) followed a trend linearly related to ETo. Monthly plant factors (Kp) for woody plants, perennials, and turf species under well-watered conditions in this study ranged from 0.3 to 0.9, 0.2 to 0.5, and 0.5 to 1.2, respectively. Adjusted Kp for each hydrozone was calculated based on landscaped area covered by plant types as a percent of total area, and landscape factor (Kl) was calculated based on adjusted Kp for each landscape treatment. Overall, Kl relative to ETo ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 for three water use classifications.
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Dawson, Todd E. "Hydraulic lift and water use by plants: implications for water balance, performance and plant-plant interactions." Oecologia 95, no. 4 (October 1993): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00317442.

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Hall, Anthony E. "Water Use Efficiency in Plant Biology." Crop Science 45, no. 2 (March 2005): 809–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0809a.

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Helander, Jonathan D. M., Aditya S. Vaidya, and Sean R. Cutler. "Chemical manipulation of plant water use." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 24, no. 3 (February 2016): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2015.11.010.

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Nel, P. C., and J. G. Annandale. "Plant available water." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 6, no. 3 (March 17, 1987): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v6i3.953.

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The amount of water in the soil available for plant use, as well as water use efficiency, can be largely influenced by managerial practices. Field capacity is a useful arbitrary upper limit of plant available water (PAW), but factors such as redistribution of soil water, evaporative demand and root distribution may influence it. The lower limit of PAW is often referred to as the wilting coefficient, below which soil water is unavailable to plants. Yield losses occur long before the lower limit of available water is reached. Leaf water potential, transpiration, photosynthesis and various other plant processes are drastically reduced after soil water content has reached a certain threshold level. The presence of this threshold soil water content is being questioned by some researchers. Various soil, plant and climatic factors influence PAW. Laboratory measurements of PAW have a few serious shortcomings. In situ measurements are time consuming and for this reason work is still being done on streamlining laboratory methods.
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Lohr, Virginia I., and Caroline H. Pearson-Mims. "Mulching Reduces Water Use of Containerized Plants." HortTechnology 11, no. 2 (January 2001): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.2.277.

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Colorful baskets of flowering annuals are popular with home gardeners, but these containerized plants require frequent waterings. Mulching of field soils is a proven way to conserve soil moisture. This study was conducted to see if mulching would reduce the need to irrigate containerized plants. Adding either pine bark or sphagnum moss mulch to potted `Impulse Rose' impatiens (Impatiens wallerana) plants reduced the frequency of irrigations when the plants were small and had not yet reached canopy closure. Mulching had no effect on plant height or flowering.
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van Iersel, Marc. "Tactile Conditioning Increases Water Use by Tomato." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 2 (March 1997): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.2.285.

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Mechanical conditioning can be used to control the height of vegetable and ornamental transplants. Previous research indicated that brushing plants increases cuticular water loss from detached leaves, which may be an indication of decreased drought resistance. This might decrease post-transplant survival of the plants. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of brushing on growth and gas exchange by tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and quantify whole-plant water use during a slow dry-down period. Tomato plants were grown from seed in a greenhouse during Fall 1995. The brushing treatment started 11 days after seeding and consisted of 40 strokes, twice each day. After 39 days of treatment, brushing reduced height 32%, leaf area 34%, and shoot dry mass 29% compared to control plants. Brushing did not affect leaf gas exchange. Brushed plants had a higher stem water flux than control plants during the first 3 days of a 6-day dry-down period. Stem water flux was lower than that of control plants later in the cycle, presumably because brushed plants used more of the available water during the first 3 days. On the third day of the dry-down period, leaf conductance of brushed plants was 35% higher than that of control plants, resulting in a 10% higher transpiration rate per unit leaf area. Because brushed plants had less leaf area than controls, differences in whole-plant water use were small. Time to wilting was similar for the brushed and unbrushed plants (6 days after withholding water). It seems unlikely that brushing would have a major effect on drought tolerance of plants.
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Nicotra, Adrienne B., and Amy Davidson. "Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and plant water use." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 2 (2010): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09139.

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The emergence of new techniques in plant science, including molecular and phenomic tools, presents a novel opportunity to re-evaluate the way we examine the phenotype. Our increasing capacity for phenotyping means that not only can we consider increasing numbers of species or varieties, but also that we can effectively quantify the phenotypes of these different genotypes under a range of environmental conditions. The phenotypic plasticity of a given genotype, or the range of phenotypes, that can be expressed dependent upon environment becomes something we can feasibly assess. Of particular importance is phenotypic variation that increases fitness or survival – adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Here, we examine the case of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in plant water use traits and consider how taking an ecological and evolutionary perspective on plasticity in these traits might have relevance for agriculture, horticulture and the management of native and invasive plant species in an era of rapid climate change.
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Panter, Karen L. "Water Use of Container-grown Geraniums and Petunias." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 839C—839. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.839c.

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Two studies were undertaken to quantify the amount of water used by two container-grown bedding plant crops. Petunia × hybrida cv. Welby Blue and Pelargonium × hortorum cv Red Satisfaction plants were grown in 11-cm pots in a commercial greenhouse in Denver, Colo. In Expt. 1, rooted geranium cuttings and petunia seedlings were planted in Fafard #2, a growing medium containing peat, perlite, and vermiculite. Half of the plants were grown with the substrate covered. Each pot was weighed just prior to, and again 24 h, after watering. Measured amounts of water were applied to the pots. Geraniums in uncovered pots lost an average of 1.7 kg/pot over 59 days. Geraniums in covered pots lost an average of 1.6 kg/pot. Petunias, over 23 days, lost 730 g per uncovered pot and 623 g per covered pot. Experiment 2 compared water loss in growing medium amended with five different hydrophilic gels, and a control with no gel added. With geraniums, no differences were found among treatments in total water loss, initial or final plant height, or fresh or dry plant weight. With petunias, no differences occurred in initial or final height, or fresh or dry weight. There was a difference between two of the gel treatments in total amount of weight lost.
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Yang, Zhenyu, Jinghui Liu, Stefanie V. Tischer, Alexander Christmann, Wilhelm Windisch, Hans Schnyder, and Erwin Grill. "Leveraging abscisic acid receptors for efficient water use in Arabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 24 (May 31, 2016): 6791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601954113.

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Plant growth requires the influx of atmospheric CO2 through stomatal pores, and this carbon uptake for photosynthesis is inherently associated with a large efflux of water vapor. Under water deficit, plants reduce transpiration and are able to improve carbon for water exchange leading to higher water use efficiency (WUE). Whether increased WUE can be achieved without trade-offs in plant growth is debated. The signals mediating the WUE response under water deficit are not fully elucidated but involve the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). ABA is perceived by a family of related receptors known to mediate acclimation responses and to reduce transpiration. We now show that enhanced stimulation of ABA signaling via distinct ABA receptors can result in plants constitutively growing at high WUE in the model species Arabidopsis. WUE was assessed by three independent approaches involving gravimetric analyses, 13C discrimination studies of shoots and derived cellulose fractions, and by gas exchange measurements of whole plants and individual leaves. Plants expressing the ABA receptors RCAR6/PYL12 combined up to 40% increased WUE with high growth rates, i.e., are water productive. Water productivity was associated with maintenance of net carbon assimilation by compensatory increases of leaf CO2 gradients, thereby sustaining biomass acquisition. Leaf surface temperatures and growth potentials of plants growing under well-watered conditions were found to be reliable indicators for water productivity. The study shows that ABA receptors can be explored to generate more plant biomass per water transpired, which is a prime goal for a more sustainable water use in agriculture.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant water use"

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Morgado, dos Santos Ana Maria. "Plant factors influencing water use efficiency of wheat." Thesis, University of Reading, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434315.

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Clutter, Melissa, and Melissa Clutter. "The Use of Subsurface Temperature Fluctuations to Estimate Plant Water Use." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621451.

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Irrigation agriculture is the largest use of water (~80%) in the United States ('Irrigation and Water Use', 2016) A combination of irrigation and precipitation infiltrates through the Earth's subsurface and represents the primary inputs to an agricultural field's groundwater system. This water propagates down from the surface, with some of it recharging the underlying groundwater storage as return flow. The difference between the amount of irrigation water applied and the return flow to the aquifer, represents the consumptive use of the system. The alterations in the quality and distribution of water from groundwater pumping and irrigation places greater emphasis on the need to understand the connection between agricultural consumption and subsurface groundwater flux. Temperature fluctuations in the Earth's shallow subsurface are mainly governed by spatial and temporal variations in temperature at the ground surface (Hatch et al., 2006). These temperature signals at depth are primarily controlled by advection, dispersion, and thermal conduction. It has been shown for streambeds that when temperature propagates through the subsurface, it is a nonlinear function of fluid velocity, the frequency of the surface temperature variations, and the sediment and fluid thermal properties (Stallman, 1965). This information has been useful for understanding fluxes for saturated conditions such as in stream systems, but has not yet been applied to understand consumptive use in unsaturated conditions such as in agricultural systems. Temperature propagation in unsaturated conditions is different than saturated conditions due to changes in soil and thermal properties. Previous models have had difficulty estimating groundwater fluxes for some unsaturated conditions. This study experiments with the possibility of using a combination of MATLAB and HYDRUS 1D to infer unsaturated groundwater fluxes, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and saturated water content. One application of this type of flux estimation could be the inference of root water uptake and the consumptive use of an agricultural system. The method is designed to calculate root water uptake under steady-state conditions; and therefore might have limitations for quantifying consumptive use in field applications.It is beneficial to research the consumptive use in agricultural systems in order to gain understanding of the effects of irrigation on the total flux in groundwater storage. Other applications of consumptive use include: site specific farm efficiency and crop use parameters, nonpoint source pollution to estimate nutrient fluxes, irrigation efficiency, soil salinization, waste isolation, and slope stability.
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Movahedi, Mahsa. "Identifying stomatal signalling genes to improve plant water use efficiency." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4539/.

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Water is lost from higher plants via transpiration through stomatal pores the aperture of which is regulated by pairs of guard cells. Genetic engineering of the guard cell abscisic acid (ABA) signalling network that induces stomatal closure under drought stress is a key target for improving crop water use efficiency. In this study experiments were designed to investigate whether the biochemical mechanisms associated with the N-end rule pathway of targeted proteolysis could be involved in the regulation of stomatal apertures. The results indicate that the gene encoding the plant N-recognin, PRT6 (PROTEOLYSIS6), and the N-end rule pathway, are important in regulating stomatal ABA-responses in addition to their previously described roles in germination and hypoxia. Direct measurements of stomatal apertures showed that plants lacking PRT6 exhibit hypersensitive stomatal closure in response to ABA, and IR thermal imaging revealed reduced evapotranspiration under drought-stress. Together with a reduction in stomatal density, these properties result in drought tolerant plants. Plants lacking PRT6 are able to synthesis NO but their stomata do not close in response to NO suggesting that PRT6 is required for stomatal aperture responses to NO. Double mutant studies suggested that PRT6 (and by implication the N-end rule pathway) genetically interacts with known guard cell ABA signalling components OST1 and ABI1, and that it may act either downstream in the same signalling pathway or in an independent pathway. Several other enzymatic components of the plant N-end rule pathway were also shown to be involved in controlling stomatal ABA sensitivity including arginyl transferase and methionine amino peptidase activities. These results indicate that at least one of the N-end rule protein substrates which mediates ABA sensitivity has a methionine-cysteine motif at its N-terminus. A separate set of experiments were designed to investigate whether stomatal ABA-signalling pathways could have been conserved throughout land plant evolution. Cross-genetic complementation experiments were carried out to determine whether Physcomitrella stomatal apertures are able to respond to ABA and CO2 using a similar signalling pathway to that of flowering plants. The results demonstrated involvement of OST1 and ABI1 orthologues indicating that the stomata of the moss respond to ABA and CO2 using a signalling pathway that appears to be directly comparable to that of the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Spinelli, Gerardo. "Water Stress And Water Use Of Almonds In California| Linking Plant Water Status And Canopy Transpiration." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3723733.

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Almond water use was investigated at the leaf, plant and canopy level under a range of irrigation conditions in commercial orchards in California. Understanding plant response to water stress, specifically the behavior of plant transpiration and water use during periods of water stress, has important implications for irrigation scheduling in agriculture but also for water resources management and policy making.

Leaf gas exchange measurements of stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate were performed at midday on shaded and on sunlit leaves, with midday stem water potential used to assess plant water stress. An essentially linear decline in both photosynthetic rate (from 25 to 5 μmol m-2 s-1) and stomatal conductance (from 400 to 50 mmol m -2 s-1) as stem water potential declined over the range of -0.5 to -3 MPa was observed in sunlit leaves. These data indicated a strong sensitivity of leaf-level physiological processes to water stress. However, evapotranspiration at the canopy level, measured using Eddy Covariance, did not show a reduction relative to atmospheric demand during periods of water stress. The apparent disconnect observed between leaf conductance, responsive to water stress and canopy evapotranspiration, insensitive to water stress, is the central problem investigated in this study.

When the transpiration data was analyzed in the framework of a "Big Leaf" model, decoupled conditions (i.e. a limited stomatal control of transpiration) were shown to prevail at the experimental site, contrary to previous findings reported in the literature for tall crops such as almond orchards. Low coupling implies only a moderate sensitivity of transpiration to stomatal closure. Measured coupling increased substantially with wind speed but showed a wide range of values at the low wind speeds (<1m s-1) that were observed at the site. At any wind speed however, higher canopy resistance resulted in higher coupling. The high leaf area index observed in the orchard may have been responsible for causing decoupled conditions, because when leaf area decreased as a result of harvesting operations, canopy transpiration appeared to become more sensitive to water stress.

Cumulative daily sap velocity was used as an estimate of plant transpiration. At the plant level, contrasting behaviors were observed in plant transpiration in the presence of water stress, depending on the duration and intensity of the stress. During long soil dry-down periods encompassing several weeks, plant transpiration relative to the evaporative demand of the atmosphere showed a statistically significant decline associated with a decrease in stem water potential and in stomatal closure. However, when the cycle of water stress was short (days), reductions in stem water potential seemed to be associated with an increase in cumulative sapflow velocity. The analysis of these results led to the development of a simple model that describes the theoretical interactions between three dependent variables, namely stem water potential, stomatal conductance and transpiration. The model output suggested that in wet soil, an increase in transpiration may be caused by increasing evaporative demand even if stem water potential and stomatal conductance decrease.

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Males, Jamie Oliver. "Structure-function relationships in the water-use strategies and ecological diversity of the Bromeliaceae." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267920.

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The Bromeliaceae is one of the largest and most ecologically diverse angiosperm families in the Neotropics. In recent years, this family has begun to emerge as a model system for the study of plant evolutionary ecology and physiology, and major advances have been made in understanding the factors involved in episodes of rapid diversification and adaptive radiation in specific bromeliad lineages. However, despite a long tradition of ecophysiological research on the Bromeliaceae, an integrative, evolutionarily-contextualised synthesis of the links between anatomical) physiological, and ecological aspects of bromeliad biology has hitherto been lacking. The overarching aim of this research project was therefore to use new quantitative data representing a wide range of bromeliad taxonomic and functional groups to elucidate how variation in leaf traits connected by structure-function relationships influences ecological differentiation among bromeliad taxa. Special emphasis was placed on hydraulic and water relations traits because of fast-paced contemporary developments in these fields. The methodologies employed included an assessment of the diversity of bromeliad hydrological habitat occupancy, quantification of key anatomical and physiological traits and their correlations, investigation of the links between vascular and extra-xylary anatomy and hydraulic efficiency and vulnerability, quantification of stomatal sensitivity to leaf-air vapour pressure deficit and stomatal kinetics, and a case study of trait-mediated niche segregation among congeneric epiphytic bromeliad species on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. The results highlight how divergences in a range of continuous and categorical anatomical traits underpin differences in physiological capacities and sensitivities, which in turn determine environmental relations and ecological distinctiveness. This research project therefore provides critical insights into the mechanistic basis of evolutionary diversification in a highly ecologically important family. It also represents the most comprehensive analysis of the significance of trait variation for ecological differentiation across any major radiation of herbaceous angiosperms.
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Domenghini, Jacob Cody. "Water use and drought resistance of turfgrass and ornamental landscape plant species." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13517.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources
Dale Bremer
Greg Davis
In 2005, turfgrass was estimated to cover approximately 20 million ha of urbanized land. That area is increasing with rapid urbanization, stressing the importance of water conservation in the lawn and landscape industry. Turfgrasses have been identified for replacement by presumably more water-efficient ornamental plant species to conserve water. However, research comparing drought resistance and evapotranspiration (ET) of turfgrasses with ornamental landscape plants is limited. Two studies were conducted to evaluate water use and performance under drought stress of several ornamental and turfgrass species. An online course was developed to educate students about critical water issues related to irrigation in urbanizing watersheds. In a field study, ET was measured using lysimeters and plant water status was evaluated under deficit irrigation (100%, 60%, and 20% ET) in Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. ‘Sharps Improved’, and Ajuga reptans L. ‘Bronze Beauty’. Evapotranspiration was similar between A. reptans and F. arundinacea, and was 32 and 35% greater than ET of B. dactyloides. In a greenhouse study, the performance of one turfgrass (Poa pratensis L. ‘Apollo’) and eight landscape species (Achillea millifolium L., Ajuga reptans L. ‘Bronze Beauty’, Liriope muscari Decne., Pachysandra terminalis Siebold and Zucc., Sedum album L., Thymus serpyllum L., Vinca major L., and Vinca minor L.) was evaluated during a severe dry down and subsequent recovery. S. album, L. muscari, and P. terminalis performed the best, requiring 86 to 254 d to decline to a quality rating of one (1-9 scale: 1=dead/dormant, 9=best quality). The remaining species required 52 to 63 d. The only species to recover were P. pratensis [46% pot cover (PC) after 60 days], S. album (38% PC), and V. major (35% PC). A survey was developed to measure student learning as it relates to the level of sense and meaning present in the content of a new online course entitled “Water Issues in the Lawn and Landscape.” Survey results were compared with student learning as measured through a post-test. Post-test scores declined as the difference between sense and meaning increased (r =-0.82; P=0.03), indicating student learning is higher when both sense and meaning are present.
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Peterson, Kenton W. "Environmental effects on turfgrass growth and water use." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16222.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources
Dale J. Bremer
Jack D. Fry
Researchers and practitioners can use numerous techniques to measure or estimate evapotranspiration (ET) from turfgrass but little is known about how they compare to ET using standard lysimeters. An investigation was conducted to compare measurements of ET from lysimeters (LYS[subscript]E[subscript]T) with ET estimates from the FAO56 Penman-Monteith (PM[subscript]E[subscript]T) and Priestley-Taylor (PT[subscript]E[subscript]T) empirical models, atmometers (AT[subscript]E[subscript]T), eddy covariance (EC[subscript]E[subscript]T), and a canopy stomatal conductance model that estimates transpiration (COND[subscript]T). Methods were compared at the same site during the 2010, 2011, and 2012 growing seasons. Overall, PT[subscript]E[subscript]T and EC[subscript]E[subscript]T were not different from LYS[subscript]E[subscript]T, whereas PM[subscript]E[subscript]T, AT[subscript]E[subscript]T, and COND[subscript]T, increasingly underestimated LYS[subscript]E[subscript]T. Differences exist among ET measurement techniques and one should employ the technique that best fits their situation. An atmometer is an inexpensive tool that can be used to measure turfgrass ET within microclimates, such as those typically found in an urban home lawn. An investigation was conducted to compare AT[subscript]E[subscript]T estimates with PM[subscript]E[subscript]T estimates within a number of lawn microclimates. Home lawns in Manhattan and Wichita, KS, were selected for study during the growing seasons of 2010 and 2011. Open sward AT[subscript]E[subscript]T was 4.73 mm d[superscript]-[superscript]1, whereas PM[subscript]E[subscript]T was 5.48 mm d[superscript]-[superscript]1. Within microclimates, AT[subscript]E[subscript]T was 3.94 mm d[superscript]-[superscript]1 and PM[subscript]E[subscript]T 3.23 mm d[superscript]-[superscript]1. Atmometers can provide practitioners with reliable estimates of PM[subscript]E[subscript]T within microclimates. Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) is a common turfgrass used on home lawns and golf courses. However, poor shade tolerance and cold hardiness have limited its use in the transition zone. A study was conducted to determine changes and differences in growth and physiology among selected Zoysia over a three-year period (2010-2012) in the transition zone. The genotypes were 'Emerald' [Z. japonica × Z. pacifica], 'Zorro' [Z. matrella], 'Meyer' and Chinese Common [Z. japonica], and experimental progeny Exp1 [Z. matrella × Z. japonica], and Exp2 and Exp3 [(Z. japonica × Z. pacifica) × Z. japonica]. 'Zorro' and 'Emerald' experienced winter injury. 'Meyer', Chinese Common, and Exp1 showed poor performance over the three-years. The Exp2 and Exp3 progeny, maintained high percent cover, visual quality, and tiller density, and may provide practitioners more shade-tolerant cultivar choices in the transition zone.
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Baburai, Nagesh Aravinda Kumar. "The physiological and genetic bases of water-use efficiency in winter wheat." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11398/.

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Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most extensive arable crop in the UK grown on about 2M ha p.a. There is a need to identify traits to ameliorate yield losses to drought which are on average about 15% per year. These losses will be exacerbated with predicted climate change. The overall objectives of the present study were to investigate the physiological and genetic bases of water-use efficiency (ratio of above-ground dry matter production to evapotranspiration; WUE) in winter wheat grown in UK conditions and to quantify relationships between WUE and yield performance under drought. The present study used a doubled haploid (DH) population of 33 lines derived from a cross between Beaver and Soissons, known from previous work to contrast for WUE. Two glasshouse experiments (2002/3 and 2003/4) and two field experiments (one at ADAS Gleadthorpe, Nottinghamshire in 2002/3 and the other at Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham in 2004/5) were conducted. In the glasshouse experiments, two irrigation treatments (with and without irrigation) were applied to four genotypes (two parents and two DH lines), and in the field two irrigation treatments (rainfed and fully irrigated) were applied to the two parents and the 33 DH lines. A range of physiological traits was measured, including developmental stages, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C), leaf gas-exchange variables, green areas and biomass at sequential samplings, and these traits were related to grain yield. Transpiration efficiency (ratio of above-ground dry matter production to transpiration; TE) was assessed using the established inverse relationship between TE and Δ13c. In the glasshouse, WUE measured as the regression slope of dry matter on water use, did not differ amongst genotypes in 2003, but did in 2004. Soissons showed higher WUE than other genotypes under irrigation, and also higher WUE than Beaver under drought. For measurements of TE according to Δ13. Soissons and line 134G showed lower Δ13C values (higher TE) than line 134E and Beaver (P<0.05) in 2004 under both irrigation and drought. Soissons and line 134G showed consistently higher TE on account of lower stomatal conductance (gs ) and sub-stomatal C02 concentration (C) values. The early developing Soissons and line 134G exhibited greater flag-leaf green area persistence under drought than the late developing Beaver. Beaver tended to use more water than Soissons under both irrigation and drought, but reductions in water use under drought were similar amongst genotypes. Lower seasonal water use for Soissons than Beaver was associated with a smaller root system. There was a tendency for dry matter of Beaver to be more depressed under drought than Soissons in both the years. Overall, it was not possible to detect significant differences in biomass responses to drought amongst the genotypes, but there were consistent genetic differences in WUE and TE observed under both irrigated and droughted conditions. In the field experiments, the onset of drought coincided broadly with anthesis. The average grain yield losses under drought were 0.5 t ha-1 in 2003 and L6 t ha-1 in 2005. Averaging across site/seasons, Δ13C correlated positively with grain yield amongst the 35 genotypes under irrigation (r--0.35; P<0.05) and under drought (r--0.54; P<0.01), indicating a negative trade off between TE and yield. A 13C decreased under drought and a higher TE was associated with a reduction in average flag-leaf gs, measured from flag leaf emergence to anthesis + 4weeks. Stomatal conductance was measured for eight of the 33 DH lines including the parents, and there was a trend for lower Δ13C (higher TE) to be associated with lower gs, The genetic differences in gs, were generally associated with corresponding decreases in Ci and net photosynthetic rate (A). Therefore results suggested that the negative relationship between TE, as indicated by Δ13C and yield was associated with corresponding reductions in seasonal water use. There was a nonsignificant irrigation x genotype interaction at Gleadthorpe in 2003 and Sutton Bonington in 2005 for Δ13C indicating that this trait was of high heritability. There was an irrigation x genotype interaction for grain yield (P<0.05). A small number of genotypes showed higher yield associated with low Δ13C and these outlier lines could potentially be identified for breaking the negative linkage between yield and delta. In summary, WUE was negatively correlated with yield under drought in this population; and season-long water use appeared to be the most important component affecting yield levels under drought. It is suggested that selecting genotypes indirectly for high Δ13C (low WUE) may be a strategy to improve grain yield under drought. In the quantitative genetic analysis, the putative QTLs identified for target physiological traits were generally different at Gleadthorpe in 2003 and Sutton Bonington in 2005. The most confident putative QTLs for Δ13C were mapped on chromosomes 3B (LOD=2.32) and 2D (LOD=1.43). The identification of QTLs as potential candidate genes on these chromosomes may be associated directly with WUE in the Beaver x Soissons DH mapping population. The Δ13C QTL on chromosome 3B was detected commonly in both the irrigation environments and the direction of allelic effects was consistent with the parental differences in Δ13C. This QTL may therefore represent a novel gene for optimising WUE. It is suggested that breeders could optimise TE by selection according to a marker for this gene involving further fine-mapping to identify a marker tightly linked to the gene. Such a marker would also provide a target for gene discovery in future work. The results suggest that water use is the most important component of Passioura's yield model for yield improvement under UK conditions. Nevertheless, WUE and harvest index and their responses under drought will also likely play a role in yield improvement through breeding in the UK targeted at drought-prone environments in future years.
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Robinson, Darren Earl. "Nitrogen and water use by jack pine and competing boreal forest plant species." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0017/NQ47408.pdf.

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Steger, A. J., J. C. Silvertooth, and P. W. Brown. "Use of Leaf Water Potentials to Determine Timing of Initial Post-Plant Irrigation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209615.

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Presumably, from a physiological standpoint, early season water stress should be avoided to ensure early fruit initiation, good fruit retention, and optimum yield potential of cotton (Gossypium spp.). This study was conducted to determine the optimum timing of the initial post plant irrigation and the long term effect of postponement on subsequent plant growth patterns, fruit retention, and yield. A short - season Upland variety, (G. hirsutum L.), DPL 20, was planted on 19 April in Marana, AZ, elevation 1970 ft. , on a Pima clay loam (Typic Torrifluvent) soil. Plots (experimental units) consisted of eight 40 in. rows and extended the full length of the irrigation run (600 ft.). Experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Initial post - plant irrigations, designated T1 , 72, and T3, were applied when the midday leaf water potential (ψ) of the uppermost, fully- developed leaf reached -15, -19, and -23 bars, respectively. All treatments received the same irrigation regime following the initial post plant irrigation. Basic plant measurements were taken weekly from each experimental unit. These included plant height, number of mainstem nodes, location of first fruiting branch, fruit retention, number of nodes above the uppermost white bloom, bloom count within a 166 ft² area, and percent canopy cover. Soil -water data at seven 25 cm depth increments was collected from a total of 36 access tubes located within the field study, with three tubes per plot. Lint yields (lb. lint /acre) were 1112, 1095, and 977 for T1 , 72, and T3, respectively. Yields were significantly lower when the initial post plant irrigation was applied after ψ, dropped below -19 bars, confirming the results of a previous study conducted in 1992. Throughout the growing season, height - node ratios (HNR) of T1 and 72 plants were at or above the upper threshold established for DPL 20, while T3 HNR remained close to the expected baseline. Fruit retention was low for all three treatments due to season -long insect pressure from lygus bug. The low fruit retention data reflects the effects of high HNR. Future work will include efforts to separate changes in ψ due to day-to-day climatic variations from those caused by soil -water depletion. A second objective will be to incorporate the data obtained from the neutron moisture meter probe into the study results in an effort to better describe the complete soil-plant-atmosphere continuum as affected by the various treatment regimes employed in this study.
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Books on the topic "Plant water use"

1

Willigen, Peter de. Roots, plant production and nutrient use efficiency. Wageningen: Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen, 1987.

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American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Water Requirements of Natural Vegetation. Water use by naturally occurring vegetation: An annotated bibliography : a report. New York, N.Y: The Society, 1989.

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New York (State). Legislature. Assembly. Standing Committee on Cities. Public hearing on use of parkland for location of City of New York drinking water filtration plant. [Mineola]: EN-DE Reporting Services, 2003.

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Zhi wu guang he, zheng teng yu shui fen li yong de sheng li sheng tai xue: Ecophysiology of plant photosynthesis, transpiration, and water use. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2010.

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Bacon, Elise. Use of economic instruments for water pollution control: Mass-based wastewater discharge fees on mercury and silver loadings to Spokane's advanced wastewater treatment plant. [Olympia? Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1993.

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"Plant Nutrient Use and the Environment" Symposium (1985 Kansas City, Mo.). Summarized proceedings of the "Plant Nutrient Use and the Environment" Symposium: October 21-23, 1985, Kansas City, Missouri. Washington, D.C: Fertilizer Institute, 1985.

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Pritchard, Jackie Lee. Food chemistry, food toxicants, medicinal plant use, geophagy, and drinking behavior of feral & free-ranging primates: A selective bibliography, 1985-mid-1994. Seattle, Wash: Primate Information Center, Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, 1994.

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Shuler, Carol. Low-water-use plants: For California & the Southwest. Tucson, Ariz: Fisher Books, 1993.

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Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry. Water use and efficiency in thermal power plants. New Delhi: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, 2012.

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Desideri, Umberto, Giampaolo Manfrida, and Enrico Sciubba, eds. ECOS 2012. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-322-9.

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The 8-volume set contains the Proceedings of the 25th ECOS 2012 International Conference, Perugia, Italy, June 26th to June 29th, 2012. ECOS is an acronym for Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation (of energy conversion systems and processes), summarizing the topics covered in ECOS: Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Exergy and Second Law Analysis, Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Networks, Fluid Dynamics and Power Plant Components, Fuel Cells, Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems, Renewable Energies, Thermo-Economic Analysis and Optimisation, Combustion, Chemical Reactors, Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Building/Urban/Complex Energy Systems, Water Desalination and Use of Water Resources, Energy Systems- Environmental and Sustainability Issues, System Operation/ Control/Diagnosis and Prognosis, Industrial Ecology.
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Book chapters on the topic "Plant water use"

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Shaw, R. H., and D. R. Laing. "Moisture Stress and Plant Response." In Plant Environment and Efficient Water Use, 73–94. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1966.plantenvironment.c5.

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de Almeida Silva, Marcelo, Claudiana Moura dos Santos, Carlos Alberto Labate, Simone Guidetti-Gonzalez, Janaina de Santana Borges, Leonardo Cesar Ferreira, Rodrigo Oliveira DeLima, and Roberto Fritsche-Neto. "Breeding for Water Use Efficiency." In Plant Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 87–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30553-5_6.

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Bertrand, Anson R. "Water Conservation Through Improved Practices." In Plant Environment and Efficient Water Use, 207–35. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1966.plantenvironment.c10.

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Hendricks, Sterling B. "Nutrient Transfer and Plant Absorption Mechanisms." In Plant Environment and Efficient Water Use, 150–76. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1966.plantenvironment.c8.

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Gardner, W. R. "Soil Water Movement and Root Absorption." In Plant Environment and Efficient Water Use, 127–49. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1966.plantenvironment.c7.

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Pendleton, J. W. "Increasing Water Use Efficiency by Crop Management." In Plant Environment and Efficient Water Use, 236–58. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1966.plantenvironment.c11.

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Viets, Frank G. "Increasing Water Use Efficiency by Soil Management." In Plant Environment and Efficient Water Use, 259–74. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1966.plantenvironment.c12.

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Renne, Roland. "A Proper Perspective of Water in Agriculture." In Plant Environment and Efficient Water Use, 20–27. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1966.plantenvironment.c2.

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Wadleigh, C. H., W. A. Raney, and D. M. Hershfield. "The Moisture Problem." In Plant Environment and Efficient Water Use, 1–19. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1966.plantenvironment.c1.

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Smith, Meredith E., and Thomas J. Army. "Commercial Application of Soil Moisture and Climatological Research." In Plant Environment and Efficient Water Use, 275–88. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1966.plantenvironment.c13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plant water use"

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BARI, A., G. AYAD, A. MARTIN, J. L. GONZALEZ-ANDUJAR, M. NACHIT, and I. ELOUAFI. "FRACTALS AND PLANT WATER USE EFFICIENCY." In Fractals and Related Phenomena in Nature. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702746_0029.

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Els, L. A., R. Pelzer, and A. J. Schutte. "Load management on a municipal water treatment plant." In 2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icue.2015.7280267.

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Demakos, Peter G. "Improving Plant Efficiency While Optimizing Water Use in Simple and Combined Cycle Power Plants." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60062.

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Closed-loop, evaporative cooling systems (Wet Surface Air Coolers) are a cost-effective heat transfer technology (for cooling and condensing) in simple and combined cycle power plants that also optimize use of scarce water resources. In addition to providing lower outlet temperatures and requiring less space and horsepower (HP), the WSAC can use poor quality water as spray makeup.
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Ng, Kit Y., and Ping K. Wan. "Water Use Management Challenges in Power Generation." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16393.

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Shrinking fresh water resources and increasing competing demands for water among other users have been a growing concern in many parts of the world, which compels the challenges in water use management faced by both operating and new power generation facilities. For new plants in the planning stage, the ability to demonstrate the availability of water and develop practical and achievable water use management strategies to support the long-term operation of the proposed facility in a sustainable manner has become one of the key elements in the site selection process. The water demands of particular concerns for the power industry come primarily from cooling water needs, which traditionally constitute the majority of plant water use during the operation phase. This paper examines the water use management challenges confronted by new nuclear power plants in site selection and licensing stages as well as by existing plants in the operating stage in the United States. Using an example, it discusses the types of adaptive approaches on the selection of the heat dissipation systems and designs of cooling water systems that can be adopted by new plants to mitigate the declining water availability, and the related environmental and regulatory challenges. The use of modeling tools to estimate cooling water consumptions and availability and predict environmental impacts in the development of sustainable water management strategies are also illustrated.
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Rutberg, Michael J., Anna Delgado, Howard J. Herzog, and Ahmed F. Ghoniem. "A System-Level Generic Model of Water Use at Power Plants and its Application to Regional Water Use Estimation." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63786.

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The withdrawal and consumption of water at electricity generation plants, mainly for cooling purposes, is a significant component of the energy water nexus in the US. The existing field data on US power plant water use, however, is of limited granularity and poor quality, hampering efforts to track industry trends and project future scenarios. Furthermore, there is a need for a common quantitative framework on which to evaluate the potential of the many technologies that have been proposed to reduce water use at power plants. To address these deficiencies, we have created a system-level generic model (S-GEM) of water use at power plants that applies to fossil, nuclear, geothermal and solar thermal plants, using either steam or combined cycles. The S-GEM is a computationally inexpensive analytical model that approximately reflects the physics of the key processes involved and requires a small number of input parameters; the outputs are water withdrawal and consumption intensity in liters per kilowatt-hour. Data from multiple sources are combined to characterize value distributions of S-GEM input parameters across the US, resulting in refined estimates of water use with quantified uncertainties. These estimates are then validated against typical values from the literature and against an existing field data set. By adjusting S-GEM input values or value distributions, any number of hypothetical scenarios can be rapidly evaluated. As an example, we focus here on technology evaluation, expressing proposed technological improvements in terms of S-GEM input parameters, then comparing their projected effects on overall water withdrawal and consumption intensities.
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Williams, R. L., and A. Harris. "Use of Scrubber Waste as an Oxygen Scavenger in Thermal Water Plant Operations." In SPE California Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/16368-ms.

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Abel, Shannon L., Matthew D. Brandes, Lonnie J. Corley, Joseph L. Fortman, Thomas M. Musto, and James O’Sullivan. "Use of HDPE Piping in the Callaway Nuclear Plant Essential Service Water System." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77434.

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Callaway Nuclear Plant is the first nuclear plant in the United States to utilize high density polyethylene (HDPE) piping in a nuclear safety-related application. HDPE is being installed in buried sections of the plant’s ASME Section III, Class 3 Essential Service Water (ESW) system. Due to its resistance to erosion, corrosion and microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC), HDPE is well suited to raw water system applications. As with any other first of a kind project, the use of HDPE piping in the Callaway ESW system has presented challenges in all phases of the project. Design, qualification and installation considerations for thermally-fused HDPE in an ASME Class 3 system differ significantly from those for traditional metallic materials. This paper will examine the challenges and lessons learned in the design, qualification testing, installation, examination and pressure testing of the HDPE piping at Callaway Nuclear Plant.
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Meldrum, James R., Kristen B. Averyt, Jordan E. Macknick, Robin L. Newmark, John Rogers, Nadia Madden, and Jeremy I. Fisher. "Sensitivities of Recent Electricity Generation Water Use Findings to Data Updates and Variability." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98227.

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Electricity generating technologies require substantial amounts of water for cooling in steam cycle processes and for other operational processes [1,2]. This study expands on recent research [3,4] that uses estimates of operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies, collected from published primary literature [1,5], and power plant statistics provided by the Energy Information Administration (EIA), to calculate and understand the water use by thermoelectric power plants in the United States.
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Maulbetsch, John S. "Cost/Performance Comparisons of Water Conserving Power Plant Cooling Systems." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63135.

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This paper documents the results of a study of alternative cooling systems for electric power generating plants to understand the tradeoffs between wet, dry and hybrid cooling technologies. Results are presented through case studies of a 500 MW coal plant, a 600 MW nuclear plant and a 500 MW gas-fired combined-cycle plant, each at five different sites. Alternative cooling systems are configured and optimized for each site. For optimized designs under nearly all conditions, wet cooling systems are not only the least expensive but result in the highest plant output and efficiency. For both all-dry and hybrid systems, the system using indirect dry cooling has higher capital and operating costs than one using the direct system. The use of either dry or hybrid cooling can result in a large reduction in the amount of water used by a plant. The savings cost approximately $7 to $10 million per year for plants of the specified size, depending on the plant and site implying a breakeven water cost of $3 to $6 per thousand gallons.
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Lutz, Robert J., James H. Scobel, Richard G. Anderson, and Terry Schulz. "Use of PRA in the Design of the Westinghouse AP1000 Plant." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75408.

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Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) has been an integral part of the Westinghouse AP1000, and the former AP600, development programs from its inception. The design of the AP1000 plant is based on engineering solutions to reduce or eliminate many of the dominant risk contributors found in the existing generation of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). Additional risk reduction features were identified from insights gained from the AP1000 PRA as it evolved with the design of the plant. These engineered solutions include severe accident prevention features that resulted in a significant reduction in the predicted core damage frequency. Examples include the removal of dependencies on electric power (both offsite power and diesel generators) and cooling water (service water and component cooling water), removal of common cause dependencies by using diverse components on parallel trains and reducing dependence on operator actions for key accident scenarios. Engineered solutions to severe accident consequence mitigation were also used in the AP1000 design based on PRA insights. Examples include in-vessel retention of molten core debris to eliminate the potential for ex-vessel phenomena challenges to containment integrity and passive containment heat removal through the containment shell to eliminate the potential for containment failure due to steam overpressure. Additionally, because the accident prevention and mitigation features of the AP1000 are engineered solutions, the traditional uncertainties associated with the core damage and release frequency are directly addressed.
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Reports on the topic "Plant water use"

1

Veil, J. A. Use of reclaimed water for power plant cooling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/919332.

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Veil, J. A., J. M. Kupar, and M. G. Puder. USE of mine pool water for power plant cooling. US: ANL, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/898534.

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Apfelbaum, Steven L., Kenneth W. Duvall, Theresa M. Nelson, Douglas M. Mensing, Harlan H. Bengtson, John Eppich, Clayton Penhallegon, and Ry L. Thompson. Wetland Water Cooling Partnership: The Use of Constructed Wetlands to Enhance Thermoelectric Power Plant Cooling and Mitigate the Demand of Surface Water Use. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1121759.

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Collins, C. M. USING AN INTEGRATED HYDROLOGY MODEL TO ELUCIDATE PLANT WATER USE IN A HEADWATERS RESEARCH CATCHMENT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1470706.

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Theodore C. Hsiao. Interactive effects of elevated CO{sub 2}, drought and high temperature on plant water use efficiency. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/751959.

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Dzombak, David, Radisav Vidic, and Amy Landis. Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater as Power Plant Cooling System Makeup Water: Tertiary Treatment versus Expanded Chemical Regimen for Recirculating Water Quality Management. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1063876.

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Wijsman, J. W. M., and A. C. Smaal. The use of shellfish for pre-filtration of marine intake water in a reverse electro dialysis energy plant : Inventory of potential shellfish species and design of conceptual filtration systems. Yerseke: Wageningen Marine Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/424555.

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Noble, Russell, K. Dombrowski, M. Bernau, D. Morett, A. Maxson, and S. Hume. Development of a Field Demonstration for Cost-Effective Low-Grade Heat Recovery and Use Technology Designed to Improve Efficiency and Reduce Water Usage Rates for a Coal-Fired Power Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1332489.

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Ehleringer, J. R. Water use, productivity and interactions among desert plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10191973.

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Ehleringer, J. R. Water use, productivity and interactions among desert plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7014955.

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