Journal articles: 'Plant water use'

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Sun, Hongyan, Kelly Kopp, and Roger Kjelgren. "Water-efficient Urban Landscapes: Integrating Different Water Use Categorizations and Plant Types." HortScience 47, no. 2 (February 2012): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.2.254.

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Little research has examined water requirements of entire irrigated urban landscapes integrating different types of plants. Three landscape treatments integrating different types of plants—woody, herbaceous perennial, turf—and putative water use classifications—mesic, mixed, xeric—were grown in large drainage lysimeters. Each landscape plot was divided into woody plant, turf, and perennial hydrozones and irrigated for optimum water status over 2 years and water use measured using a water balance approach. For woody plants and herbaceous perennials, canopy cover rather than plant type or water use classification was the key determinant of water use relative to reference evapotranspiration (ETo) under well-watered conditions. For turf, monthly evapotranspiration (ETa) followed a trend linearly related to ETo. Monthly plant factors (Kp) for woody plants, perennials, and turf species under well-watered conditions in this study ranged from 0.3 to 0.9, 0.2 to 0.5, and 0.5 to 1.2, respectively. Adjusted Kp for each hydrozone was calculated based on landscaped area covered by plant types as a percent of total area, and landscape factor (Kl) was calculated based on adjusted Kp for each landscape treatment. Overall, Kl relative to ETo ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 for three water use classifications.

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Dawson, Todd E. "Hydraulic lift and water use by plants: implications for water balance, performance and plant-plant interactions." Oecologia 95, no. 4 (October 1993): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00317442.

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Hall, Anthony E. "Water Use Efficiency in Plant Biology." Crop Science 45, no. 2 (March 2005): 809–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0809a.

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Helander, Jonathan D. M., Aditya S. Vaidya, and Sean R. Cutler. "Chemical manipulation of plant water use." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 24, no. 3 (February 2016): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2015.11.010.

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Nel, P. C., and J. G. Annandale. "Plant available water." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 6, no. 3 (March 17, 1987): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v6i3.953.

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The amount of water in the soil available for plant use, as well as water use efficiency, can be largely influenced by managerial practices. Field capacity is a useful arbitrary upper limit of plant available water (PAW), but factors such as redistribution of soil water, evaporative demand and root distribution may influence it. The lower limit of PAW is often referred to as the wilting coefficient, below which soil water is unavailable to plants. Yield losses occur long before the lower limit of available water is reached. Leaf water potential, transpiration, photosynthesis and various other plant processes are drastically reduced after soil water content has reached a certain threshold level. The presence of this threshold soil water content is being questioned by some researchers. Various soil, plant and climatic factors influence PAW. Laboratory measurements of PAW have a few serious shortcomings. In situ measurements are time consuming and for this reason work is still being done on streamlining laboratory methods.

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Lohr, Virginia I., and Caroline H. Pearson-Mims. "Mulching Reduces Water Use of Containerized Plants." HortTechnology 11, no. 2 (January 2001): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.2.277.

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Colorful baskets of flowering annuals are popular with home gardeners, but these containerized plants require frequent waterings. Mulching of field soils is a proven way to conserve soil moisture. This study was conducted to see if mulching would reduce the need to irrigate containerized plants. Adding either pine bark or sphagnum moss mulch to potted `Impulse Rose' impatiens (Impatiens wallerana) plants reduced the frequency of irrigations when the plants were small and had not yet reached canopy closure. Mulching had no effect on plant height or flowering.

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van Iersel, Marc. "Tactile Conditioning Increases Water Use by Tomato." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 2 (March 1997): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.2.285.

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Mechanical conditioning can be used to control the height of vegetable and ornamental transplants. Previous research indicated that brushing plants increases cuticular water loss from detached leaves, which may be an indication of decreased drought resistance. This might decrease post-transplant survival of the plants. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of brushing on growth and gas exchange by tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and quantify whole-plant water use during a slow dry-down period. Tomato plants were grown from seed in a greenhouse during Fall 1995. The brushing treatment started 11 days after seeding and consisted of 40 strokes, twice each day. After 39 days of treatment, brushing reduced height 32%, leaf area 34%, and shoot dry mass 29% compared to control plants. Brushing did not affect leaf gas exchange. Brushed plants had a higher stem water flux than control plants during the first 3 days of a 6-day dry-down period. Stem water flux was lower than that of control plants later in the cycle, presumably because brushed plants used more of the available water during the first 3 days. On the third day of the dry-down period, leaf conductance of brushed plants was 35% higher than that of control plants, resulting in a 10% higher transpiration rate per unit leaf area. Because brushed plants had less leaf area than controls, differences in whole-plant water use were small. Time to wilting was similar for the brushed and unbrushed plants (6 days after withholding water). It seems unlikely that brushing would have a major effect on drought tolerance of plants.

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Nicotra, Adrienne B., and Amy Davidson. "Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and plant water use." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 2 (2010): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09139.

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The emergence of new techniques in plant science, including molecular and phenomic tools, presents a novel opportunity to re-evaluate the way we examine the phenotype. Our increasing capacity for phenotyping means that not only can we consider increasing numbers of species or varieties, but also that we can effectively quantify the phenotypes of these different genotypes under a range of environmental conditions. The phenotypic plasticity of a given genotype, or the range of phenotypes, that can be expressed dependent upon environment becomes something we can feasibly assess. Of particular importance is phenotypic variation that increases fitness or survival – adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Here, we examine the case of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in plant water use traits and consider how taking an ecological and evolutionary perspective on plasticity in these traits might have relevance for agriculture, horticulture and the management of native and invasive plant species in an era of rapid climate change.

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Panter, Karen L. "Water Use of Container-grown Geraniums and Petunias." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 839C—839. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.839c.

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Two studies were undertaken to quantify the amount of water used by two container-grown bedding plant crops. Petunia × hybrida cv. Welby Blue and Pelargonium × hortorum cv Red Satisfaction plants were grown in 11-cm pots in a commercial greenhouse in Denver, Colo. In Expt. 1, rooted geranium cuttings and petunia seedlings were planted in Fafard #2, a growing medium containing peat, perlite, and vermiculite. Half of the plants were grown with the substrate covered. Each pot was weighed just prior to, and again 24 h, after watering. Measured amounts of water were applied to the pots. Geraniums in uncovered pots lost an average of 1.7 kg/pot over 59 days. Geraniums in covered pots lost an average of 1.6 kg/pot. Petunias, over 23 days, lost 730 g per uncovered pot and 623 g per covered pot. Experiment 2 compared water loss in growing medium amended with five different hydrophilic gels, and a control with no gel added. With geraniums, no differences were found among treatments in total water loss, initial or final plant height, or fresh or dry plant weight. With petunias, no differences occurred in initial or final height, or fresh or dry weight. There was a difference between two of the gel treatments in total amount of weight lost.

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Yang, Zhenyu, Jinghui Liu, Stefanie V. Tischer, Alexander Christmann, Wilhelm Windisch, Hans Schnyder, and Erwin Grill. "Leveraging abscisic acid receptors for efficient water use in Arabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 24 (May 31, 2016): 6791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601954113.

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Plant growth requires the influx of atmospheric CO2 through stomatal pores, and this carbon uptake for photosynthesis is inherently associated with a large efflux of water vapor. Under water deficit, plants reduce transpiration and are able to improve carbon for water exchange leading to higher water use efficiency (WUE). Whether increased WUE can be achieved without trade-offs in plant growth is debated. The signals mediating the WUE response under water deficit are not fully elucidated but involve the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). ABA is perceived by a family of related receptors known to mediate acclimation responses and to reduce transpiration. We now show that enhanced stimulation of ABA signaling via distinct ABA receptors can result in plants constitutively growing at high WUE in the model species Arabidopsis. WUE was assessed by three independent approaches involving gravimetric analyses, 13C discrimination studies of shoots and derived cellulose fractions, and by gas exchange measurements of whole plants and individual leaves. Plants expressing the ABA receptors RCAR6/PYL12 combined up to 40% increased WUE with high growth rates, i.e., are water productive. Water productivity was associated with maintenance of net carbon assimilation by compensatory increases of leaf CO2 gradients, thereby sustaining biomass acquisition. Leaf surface temperatures and growth potentials of plants growing under well-watered conditions were found to be reliable indicators for water productivity. The study shows that ABA receptors can be explored to generate more plant biomass per water transpired, which is a prime goal for a more sustainable water use in agriculture.

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Jia, Guodong, Xinxiao Yu, and Wenping Deng. "Seasonal water use patterns of semi-arid plants in China." Forestry Chronicle 89, no. 02 (April 2013): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-034.

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Water sources of woody plants in semi-arid or seasonally dry areas of China are little known. This study investigated the differences in water sources for plants due to seasonal changes (wet/transitional and dry seasons) in semi-arid areas. Stable isotope techniques were applied to determine plant water sources in different seasons. The results show that there is generally a switch of water sources from shallow depths in the rainy season to lower depths in the dry season. This study highlights how seasonal changes in climate in semi-arid China affect plant water uptake and suggests that further study with replicated systematic experiments are needed to better understand the responses in water use patterns to changes in environmental conditions in drought-prone areas.

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Ruggiero, Alessandra, Paola Punzo, Simone Landi, Antonello Costa, Michael Van Oosten, and Stefania Grillo. "Improving Plant Water Use Efficiency through Molecular Genetics." Horticulturae 3, no. 2 (May 3, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae3020031.

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Forster, Michael A. "Quantifying water use in a plant–fungal interaction." Fungal Ecology 5, no. 6 (December 2012): 702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2012.06.005.

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Lawson, Tracy, and Silvère Vialet-Chabrand. "Speedy stomata, photosynthesis and plant water use efficiency." New Phytologist 221, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15330.

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Boyle, Nathan J., Paul G. Biscardi, Dawn M. Guendert, and Carl W. Spangenberg. "Use Dashboards to Improve Water Treatment Plant Performance." Opflow 45, no. 11 (November 2019): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/opfl.1280.

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Manzoni, Stefano, Giulia Vico, Gabriel Katul, Sari Palmroth, and Amilcare Porporato. "Optimal plant water-use strategies under stochastic rainfall." Water Resources Research 50, no. 7 (July 2014): 5379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014wr015375.

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Davis, J. E., and J. M. Norman. "22. Effects of shelter on plant water use." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 22-23 (August 1988): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(88)90034-5.

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Righi, Ciro Abbud, Aureny Maria Pereira Lunz, Marcos Silveira Bernardes, Carlos Rodrigues Pereira, Edson Roberto Teramoto, and José Laercio Favarin. "Coffee water use in agroforestry system with rubber trees." Revista Árvore 32, no. 5 (October 2008): 781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622008000500001.

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Water uptake and use by plants are essentially energy processes that can be largely modified by percentage of soil cover, plant type; foliage area and its distribution; phenological stage and several environmental factors. Coffee trees (Coffea arabica - cv. Obatã IAC 1669-20) in Agrforestry System (AFS) spaced 3.4x0.9m apart, were planted inside and along rows of 12- year-old rubber trees (Hevea spp.) in Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (22 42'30" S, 47 38'00" W - altitude: 546m). Sap flow of one-year-old coffee plants exposed to 35; 45; 80; 95 and 100% of total solar radiation was estimated by the heat balance technique (Dynamax Inc.). Coffee plants under shade showed greater water loss per unit of incident irradiance. On the other hand, plants in monocrop (full sun) had the least water loss per unit of incident irradiance. For the evaluated positions average water use was (gH2O.m-2Leaf area.MJ-1): 64.71; 67.75; 25.89; 33.54; 27.11 in Dec./2002 and 97.14; 72.50; 40.70; 32.78; 26.13 in Feb./2003. This fact may be attributed to the higher stomata sensitivity of the coffee plants under more illuminated conditions, thus plants under full sun presented the highest water use efficiency. Express transpiration by leaf mass can be a means to access plant adaptation to the various environments, which is inaccessible when the approach is made by leaf area.

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Sloan*, John, and Wayne Mackay. "Increased Water Use Efficiency with a Surfactant." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 763B—763. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.763b.

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Soils exhibit a degree of hydrophobicity and can repel water rather than absorb it. Surfactants lower the surface tension of water which may increase its infiltration into the soil and adsorption to soil solids. The objective of this study was to determine if water treated with a surfactant would increase conserve soil moisture and decrease the amount of water needed to sustain healthy plant growth. Clay and sandy loam soils were placed in 15-cm greenhouse pots. Impatiens seedlings were transplanted into each pot. All pots were fertilized equally and the Impatiens flowers were allowed to grow for 8 weeks. Then the pots were treated with tap water or tap water mixed with a commercial surfactant at one times (1×) or two times (2×) the recommended rate. After applying the water treatments, pots received no additional water. Each pot was weighed twice per day and the plants were observed for signs of wilting. Upon initial signs of wilting, each plant was rated on a scale of 1 to 3 with 1 = no wilting, 2 = leaves starting to droop, and 3 = wilting leaves and stems. Addition of the surfactant at the 1× and 2× rates slowed the loss of water from both the sandy loam and the clay soils. The effects of the surfactant were apparent within 3 to 5 days in the sandy loam soil and 6 to 10 days in the clay soil. The benefits of reduced water loss from soil were manifested by reduced wilting in Impatiens plants in soils treated with 1× and 2× the recommended rate of surfactant. In the clay soil, use of the surfactant increased the amount of time before Impatiens plants began to wilt. It appears that adding a surfactant to irrigation water can conserve soil moisture and extend the time between water applications.

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Alem, Peter, Paul A. Thomas, and Marc W. van Iersel. "Use of Controlled Water Deficit to Regulate Poinsettia Stem Elongation." HortScience 50, no. 2 (February 2015): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.2.234.

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Height regulation is crucial in poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) production for both aesthetics and postharvest handling. Controlled water deficit (WD) offers a potential alternative to plant growth retardants (PGRs) for poinsettia height regulation. We have previously shown that WD can be used to regulate poinsettia stem elongation. However, it is not clear how WD can be used to achieve different plant heights and how it affects aesthetic qualities such as bract size. Our objectives were to determine whether a range of plant heights can be achieved using controlled WD and to investigate possible adverse effects of WD on shoot morphology. Rooted cuttings of poinsettia ‘Classic Red’ were transplanted into 15-cm pots filled with 80% peat:20% perlite (v/v) substrate. Three target heights (43.2, 39.4, and 35.6 cm) were set at pinching (Day 27) and height tracking curves were used to monitor plants throughout the production cycle (77 days from pinching to finish). Substrate volumetric water content (θ) was maintained at 0.40 m3·m−3 (a matric potential of ≈–5 kPa) during well-watered conditions and reduced to 0.20 m3·m−3 (≈–75 kPa) when plants were taller than desired based on the height tracking curves. Control plants were maintained at a θ of 0.40 m3·m−3 throughout the study and had a final height of 51.2 cm. Plants with the 35.6-cm target height exceeded the upper limits of the height tracking curve despite being kept at a θ of 0.20 m3·m−3 for 70 days and had a final height of 39.8 cm. The final plant heights in the 39.4- and 43.2-cm target height treatments were 41.3 and 43.5 cm, respectively, within the 2.5-cm margin of error of their respective target heights. Relative to control plants, bract area was reduced by 53%, 47%, and 31% in the 35.6-, 39.4-, and 43.2-cm target height treatments, respectively. Our results indicate that WD can be an effective method of height control, but WD may also decrease bract size.

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Warsaw, Aaron L., R. Thomas Fernandez, Bert M. Cregg, and Jeffrey A. Andresen. "Water Conservation, Growth, and Water Use Efficiency of Container-grown Woody Ornamentals Irrigated Based on Daily Water Use." HortScience 44, no. 5 (August 2009): 1308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1308.

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Irrigation scheduling based on plant daily water use (DWU) to conserve water without adversely affecting plant growth compared with a traditional irrigation rate was investigated for 25 common container-grown woody ornamentals. Ten different taxa were grown in 2006 and 2007 and five in 2008 in 10.2-L (No. 3) containers. Overhead irrigation was applied in four treatments: 1) a control irrigation rate of 19 mm (1.07 L per container) per application (control); 2) irrigation scheduled to replace 100% DWU per application (100DWU); 3) irrigation alternating every other application with 100% replacement of DWU and 75% DWU (100-75); and 4) irrigation scheduled on a three application cycle replacing 100% DWU followed by two applications of 75% DWU (100-75-75). Irrigation applications were separated by at least 24 h. Daily water use was calculated by measuring the difference in volumetric moisture content 1 h and approximately 24 h after irrigation. The three DWU treatments reduced total irrigation applied 6% to 75% compared with the control depending on treatment and species, except for Buddleja davidii ‘Guinevere’ in which total irrigation applied by the 100DWU, 100-75, and 100-75-75 treatments was 26%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, greater than the amount applied to the control. Final growth index [(plant height + width A + width B)/3] of all DWU treatments was greater than or equal to the control for all taxa. Forsythia ×intermedia ‘New Hampshire Gold’, Hydrangea arborescens ‘Dardom’, Hydrangea paniculata ‘Unique’, and Weigela florida ‘Wilma’ had higher water use efficiencies (estimated as the change in growth index per liter of water applied) at lower irrigation treatment volumes with no differences in growth index or growth index increase, indicating that further irrigation reductions may be possible without affecting growth. PourThru electrical conductivity of H. arborescens ‘Dardom’, Spiraea fritschiana ‘Wilma’, and Viburnum ×burkwoodii ‘Chenaultii’ measured in 2007 did not accumulate to damaging levels. Final plant size of all taxa under DWU treatments was the same or greater than the control and substantially less water was applied under DWU treatments except for B. davidii ‘Guinevere’.

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Rupp, Larry A., Richard M. Anderson, James Klett, Stephen L. Love, Jerry Goodspeed, and JayDee Gunnell. "Native and Adapted Plant Introduction for Low-water Landscaping." HortTechnology 28, no. 4 (August 2018): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04044-18.

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In response to a perceived need for the development and introduction of superior plant accessions for use in sustainable, low-water landscaping, land-grant universities in Colorado, Idaho, and Utah, have supported plant development programs. Each of these programs has unique characteristics and protocols for releasing plant materials and obtaining royalties to further support research and development. Colorado State University (CSU) is part of the Plant Select program, which evaluates and promotes native and non-native plants for use in low-water landscapes. Selected plants are released to commercial members who pay a membership fee and royalties for access to the selected plants. The University of Idaho focuses on selecting and evaluating native herbaceous perennials, which are then released through a contract and royalty program with a local nursery. Utah State University uses the Sego Supreme program to select, propagate, and evaluate native plants. Selected plants are released to interested growers who pay a royalty for production rights.

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Morison, J. I. L., N. R. Baker, P. M. Mullineaux, and W. J. Davies. "Improving water use in crop production." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1491 (July 25, 2007): 639–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2175.

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Globally, agriculture accounts for 80–90% of all freshwater used by humans, and most of that is in crop production. In many areas, this water use is unsustainable; water supplies are also under pressure from other users and are being affected by climate change. Much effort is being made to reduce water use by crops and produce ‘more crop per drop’. This paper examines water use by crops, taking particularly a physiological viewpoint, examining the underlying relationships between carbon uptake, growth and water loss. Key examples of recent progress in both assessing and improving crop water productivity are described. It is clear that improvements in both agronomic and physiological understanding have led to recent increases in water productivity in some crops. We believe that there is substantial potential for further improvements owing to the progress in understanding the physiological responses of plants to water supply, and there is considerable promise within the latest molecular genetic approaches, if linked to the appropriate environmental physiology. We conclude that the interactions between plant and environment require a team approach looking across the disciplines from genes to plants to crops in their particular environments to deliver improved water productivity and contribute to sustainability.

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Van Iersel, Marc W., Sue Dove, Jong-Goo Kang, and Stephanie E. Burnett. "Growth and Water Use of Petunia as Affected by Substrate Water Content and Daily Light Integral." HortScience 45, no. 2 (February 2010): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.2.277.

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More efficient irrigation practices are needed in ornamental plant production to reduce the amount of water used for production as well as runoff of fertilizers and pesticides. The objective of this study was to determine how different substrate volumetric water contents (θ) affected petunia (Petunia ×hybrida) growth and to quantify the daily water use of the plants. A soil moisture sensor-controlled irrigation system was used to maintain θ within ≈0.02 m3·m−3 of the θ threshold values for irrigation, which ranged from 0.05 to 0.40 m3·m−3. Shoot dry weight increased as the θ threshold increased from 0.05 to 0.25 m3·m−3 and was correlated with the total amount of irrigation water applied over the 3-week course of the experiment. The daily water use of the petunias grown with a θ threshold of 0.40 m3·m−3 was 12 to 44 mL/plant and was positively correlated with both plant age and daily light integral. Lower θ thresholds resulted in a decrease in both leaf water (ψ) and osmotic potential (ψS). A decrease in turgor pressure (P) at lower θ was seen at 11, but not 20 days after the start of the treatments. There were no significant effects of θ on ψ, ψS, or P on fully rehydrated plants at the end of the study. Plants were able to survive and grow at all θs, although water at a θ less than 0.20 m3·m−3 is generally considered to be unavailable to the plants. Results show that it is possible to automatically irrigate plants with the use of soil moisture sensors, and this approach to irrigation may have applications in controlling the growth of ornamental plants.

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Blankenagel, Sonja, Zhenyu Yang, Viktoriya Avramova, Chris-Carolin Schön, and Erwin Grill. "Generating Plants with Improved Water Use Efficiency." Agronomy 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8090194.

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To improve sustainability of agriculture, high yielding crop varieties with improved water use efficiency (WUE) are needed. Despite the feasibility of assessing WUE using different measurement techniques, breeding for WUE and high yield is a major challenge. Factors influencing the trait under field conditions are complex, including different scenarios of water availability. Plants with C3 photosynthesis are able to moderately increase WUE by restricting transpiration, resulting in higher intrinsic WUE (iWUE) at the leaf level. However, reduced CO2 uptake negatively influences photosynthesis and possibly growth and yield as well. The negative correlation of growth and WUE could be partly disconnected in model plant species with implications for crops. In this paper, we discuss recent insights obtained for Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) and the potential to translate the findings to C3 and C4 crops. Our data on Zea mays (L.) lines subjected to progressive drought show that there is potential for improvements in WUE of the maize line B73 at the whole plant level (WUEplant). However, changes in iWUE of B73 and Arabidopsis reduced the assimilation rate relatively more in maize. The trade-off observed in the C4 crop possibly limits the effectiveness of approaches aimed at improving iWUE but not necessarily efforts to improve WUEplant.

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Lanning, Matthew, Lixin Wang, and Kimberly A. Novick. "The importance of cuticular permeance in assessing plant water–use strategies." Tree Physiology 40, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa020.

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Abstract Accurate understanding of plant responses to water stress is increasingly important for quantification of ecosystem carbon and water cycling under future climates. Plant water-use strategies can be characterized across a spectrum of water stress responses, from tight stomatal control (isohydric) to distinctly less stomatal control (anisohydric). A recent and popular classification method of plant water-use strategies utilizes the regression slope of predawn and midday leaf water potentials, σ, to reflect the coupling of soil water availability (predawn leaf water potential) and stomatal dynamics (daily decline in leaf water potential). This type of classification is important in predicting ecosystem drought response and resiliency. However, it fails to explain the relative stomatal responses to drought of Acer sacharrum and Quercus alba, improperly ranking them on the spectrum of isohydricity. We argue this inconsistency may be in part due to the cuticular conductance of different species. We used empirical and modeling evidence to show that plants with more permeable cuticles are more often classified as anisohydric; the σ values of those species were very well correlated with measured cuticular permeance. Furthermore, we found that midday leaf water potential in species with more permeable cuticles would continue to decrease as soils become drier, but not in those with less permeable cuticles. We devised a diagnostic parameter, Γ, to identify circumstances where the impact of cuticular conductance could cause species misclassification. The results suggest that cuticular conductance needs to be considered to better understand plant water-use strategies and to accurately predict forest responses to water stress under future climate scenarios.

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Fang, Yan, Bingcheng Xu, Neil C. Turner, and Fengmin Li. "Does root pruning increase yield and water-use efficiency of winter wheat?" Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 11 (2010): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10125.

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A pot and a field experiment were conducted to assess whether seeding density in winter wheat affects grain yield and water-use efficiency when combined with root pruning. Both experiments compared four treatments, namely (i) low (normal) plant density with no root pruning; (ii) low plant density with root pruning; (iii) high plant density (25% higher than low density) with no root pruning; and (iv) high plant density with root pruning. Roots to a depth of 25 cm were cut back to keep their length to 13 cm and to limit their lateral spread to 13 cm from the plant. In the pot experiment, two water regimes were employed from stem elongation: (i) plants maintained at 85% field capacity, and (ii) plants maintained at 55% field capacity by regular watering. Low rainfall in spring at the terminal stage of plant growth served as natural water stress in the field experiment. In the field, the higher plant density induced higher root biomass at all sample depths at anthesis. Root pruning significantly decreased the root biomass in the upper soil layer (0–40 cm) and increased the root biomass in the deep soil layer (80–120 cm). When water was limited, increasing the seeding density by 25% reduced the grain yield, but with adequate water increasing the seeding density increased the grain yield. Root pruning increased the grain yield, but there was no interaction between seeding density and root pruning on grain yield in either the pots or field. Root pruning reduced water use between stem elongation and anthesis which led to more available soil water in the field between anthesis and maturity, and increased the rate of flag leaf photosynthesis at anthesis, whereas the reverse was true of increasing seeding density. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence suggested that initially root pruning induced a stress in the plants, but that the pruned plants rapidly recovered so that by anthesis and during grain filling the level of stress was reduced. Increasing the seeding density increased the number of spikes (fertile tillers), but decreased the grain yield per spike and had no effect on the thousand-kernel weight. In contrast, root pruning reduced the number of spikes in both the field and pots, but increased the grain yield per spike and thousand-kernel weight. Under our experimental conditions, restricting the root size by root pruning increased the yield and water-use efficiency of winter wheat in water-limited environments.

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Cohen, Y., E. Adar, A. Dody, and G. Schiller. "Underground water use by." Trees 11, no. 6 (1997): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050096.

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Rouphael, Youssef, Mariateresa Cardarelli, Giuseppe Colla, and Elvira Rea. "Yield, Mineral Composition, Water Relations, and Water Use Efficiency of Grafted Mini-watermelon Plants Under Deficit Irrigation." HortScience 43, no. 3 (June 2008): 730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.3.730.

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Limited water supply in the Mediterranean region is a major problem in irrigated agriculture. Grafting may enhance drought resistance, plant water use efficiency, and plant growth. An experiment was conducted in two consecutive growing seasons to determine yield, plant growth, fruit quality, leaf gas exchange, water relations, macroelements content in fruits and leaves, and water use efficiency of mini-watermelon plants [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai cv. Ingrid], either ungrafted or grafted onto the commercial rootstock ‘PS 1313’ (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne × Cucurbita moschata Duchesne), under open field conditions. Irrigation treatments were 1.0, 0.75, and 0.5 evapotranspiration rates. In both years (2006 and 2007), marketable yield decreased linearly in response to an increase in water stress. When averaged over year and irrigation rate, the total and marketable yields were higher by 115% and 61% in grafted than in ungrafted plants, respectively. The fruit quality parameters of grafted mini-watermelons such as fruit dry matter and total soluble solids content were similar in comparison with those of ungrafted plants, whereas titratable acidity, K, and Mg concentrations improved significantly. In both grafting combinations, yield water use efficiency (WUEy) increased under water stress conditions with higher WUE values recorded in grafted than ungrafted plants. The concentration of N, K, and Mg in leaves was higher by 7.4%, 25.6%, and 38.8%, respectively, in grafted than in ungrafted plants. The net assimilation of CO2, stomatal conductance, relative water content, leaf, and osmotic potential decreased under water stress conditions. The sensitivity to water stress was similar between grafted and ungrafted plants, and the higher marketable yield from grafted plants was mainly the result of an improvement in nutritional status and higher CO2 assimilation and water uptake from the soil.

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DWYER, L. M., and D. W. STEWART. "WATER EXTRACTION PATTERNS AND DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT WATER DEFICITS IN CORN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 921–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-118.

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Water extraction patterns and plant water deficits for corn (Zea mays L.) were measured and related to development of aboveground biomass, leaf area and root density under different irrigation schedules in controlled chambers. A multi-layer transpiration model, based on an Ohm’s Law analogy, simulated the water uptake processes and predicted leaf water potential and soil water content through time. Comparison of measurements and model predictions of plant and soil water status tested our understanding of the principles involved in plant water use which resulted in growth differences. The experiment involved 48 planted cylinders plus controls; half were well-watered and maintained at or above field capacity and half were allowed to dry to near the wilting point. Over 6 wk, water stress reduced above-ground biomass and leaf area, but enhanced root growth over that of well-watered plants. This reflected the preferential allocation of photosynthate to the root when soil water became limiting. Measured leaf water potentials fell below the level for stomatal closure of the chamber population. The model also predicted a degree of water stress (midday leaf water potential of −1.48 MPa) that would increase stomatal resistance and restrict transpiration and photosynthesis. Measurements and predictions of soil water content over time were generally in good agreement. The model is therefore considered useful in describing water use patterns under controlled conditions.Key words: Zea mays L., transpiration, water use modelling, plant water stress, dry matter partitioning

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Poussade, Y., F. Vince, and C. Robillot. "Energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions from the use of alternative water sources in South East Queensland." Water Supply 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.042.

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Between 1999 and 2007, several successive years of severe drought put South East Queensland's water supply under immense pressure. The decision was taken in 2005 to build a seawater desalination plant and three water recycling advanced treatment plants as part of a large investment plan to secure the region's potable water supply. The infrastructure built and commissioned in the past 3 years has a combined capacity producing more than 350,000 m3 per day of very high quality water that can be used either directly (seawater desalination) or indirectly (recycled water) for supplying drinking water. All the plants primarily rely on reverse osmosis membranes for water purification which is an effective and reliable barrier to contaminants, but also requires high energy consumption and a high level of pre-treatment and chemicals. In this paper, the actual energy consumption of two of the plants (the seawater desalination plant and one water recycling plant) was investigated with the perspective of drinking water production over the July 2009–June 2010 period. Eolia™ Potable Water, a Life Cycle Analysis tool developed by Veolia Environnement Research & Innovation, was used to model the processes and estimate the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from both plants. As expected, the energy requirement of the desalination was higher (approximately 2.2 times) than the water recycling plant. The plants were found to be significantly more energy efficient when operated at higher flow. In both cases, the purchase of electrical energy represented by far the major contribution to GHG emissions. Indirect GHG emissions from chemical consumption could be reduced at the water recycling plant by optimising the dose of ferric chloride used at the plant and sourcing the chemical from a less distant supplier.

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Lira, Raquele M., Ênio FF Silva, Gerônimo F. Silva, Hammady R. Soares, and Lilia G. Willadino. "Growth, water consumption and mineral composition of watercress under hydroponic system with brackish water." Horticultura Brasileira 36, no. 1 (March 2018): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620180103.

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ABSTRACT The underground water reserves in the semi-arid region present high salinity levels. However, the scarcity of the resource compels the use of this water for several human activities, including agriculture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of brackish water for watercress cultivation (Nasturtium officinale) in a hydroponic NFT system (laminar flow of nutrients) and effects on water consumption, growth, yield and nutrient extraction by the plant. We studied six levels of salinity (0.2; 1.2; 2.2; 3.2; 4.2 and 5.2 dS m-1), in a completely randomized experimental design, with four replicates. Salinity was obtained by the addition of NaCl into the local water supply, being these waters used to prepare the nutrient solution and to replace the evapotranspirated water volume. We noticed a reduction in leaf area, fresh and dry mass of shoot, K content in plant and water consumption of the crop and, increased contents of P, Na, Cl in the plants, with increasing salinity of the solution. The use of brackish water for watercress cultivation in hydroponics is possible as an alternative for producers who have availability of brackish water and restricted possibility of fresh water. A reduction in dry mass of plants was observed with increasing electrical conductivity.

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Baldocchi, Dennis D., Shashi B. Verma, and Norman J. Rosenberg. "Water use efficiency in a soybean field: influence of plant water stress." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 34, no. 1 (February 1985): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(85)90054-1.

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Le, Tuan, Zoltán Pék, Sándor Takács, András Neményi, and Lajos Helyes. "The effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on yield, water use efficiency and Brix Degree of processing tomato." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 11 (November 1, 2018): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/818/2017-pse.

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Open field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Phylazonit MC®) as a biofertilizer on processing tomato cultivar var. Uno Rosso F1, grown under three different regimes of water supply. Field effectiveness of rhizobacteria inoculation on total biomass production, yield and water use efficiency, were examined in 2015 and 2016. Seedlings were inoculated with 1% liquid solution of Phylazonit MC® (Pseudomonas putida, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus circulans, B. megaterium; colony-forming unit: 109 CFU/mL) at sowing and planting out by irrigation. There were three different regimes of water supply: rain-fed control (RF); deficit water supply (WS50) and optimum water supply (WS100); the latter was supplied according to the daily evapotranspiration by drip irrigation. Total aboveground biomass (shoot and total yield) and red fruits yield were measured at harvest in August, in both years. Total biomass changed between 32.5 t/ha and 165.7 t/ha, the marketable yield from 14.7 t/ha to 119.8 t/ha and water use efficiency (WUE) between 18.5 kg/m3 to 32.0 kg/m3. The average soluble solids content of the treatment combinations ranged from 3.0 to 8.4°Brix. Seasonal effects were significant between the two years with different precipitation, which manifested in total biomass and marketable yield production. PGPR increased WUE only in WS50 in both years, while under drought stress and higher water supply, the effect was not clear. The effect of PGPR treatment on marketable yield, total biomass and WUE was positive in both years when deficit irrigation was applied and only in the drier season in the case of optimum water supply.

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Heinänen, J., P. Jokela, and T. Ala-Peijari. "Use of dissolved air flotation in potable water treatment in Finland." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1995): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0532.

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The basic concepts of treating humic waters with dissolved air flotation are discussed emphasizing the important role of zeta potential in the forming of floc-air-bubble-agglomerates. Then practical experiences from Finnish drinking water treatment plants are presented. When surface water is used as a raw water, it is more or less humic. Thirty-six such plants have dissolved air flotation as a clarification process, the oldest one dating from 1965. They serve about one million people. All of them are working well proving that dissolved air flotation is a suitable method in humic water treatment. Some special cases are discussed in detail. These are cases where sufficient data about design, operation and costs are available and which it is hoped can help other designers. The last plant referred to is an example of an advanced treatment process where dissolved air flotation is an integrated unit process.

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McGourty, Glenn, David Lewis, Josh Metz, John Harper, Rachel Elkins, Juliet Christian-Smith, Prahlada Papper, Larry Schwankl, and Terry Prichard. "Agricultural water use accounting provides path for surface water use solutions." California Agriculture 74, no. 1 (March 2020): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.2020a0003.

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Radwan, A. A., M. N. El Awady, M. M. Hegazy, and S. A. Mohamed. "DETERMINING PLANT WATER USE AND LANDSCAPE COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED NURSERY AND LANDSCAPE PLANTS." Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2010.105840.

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Timofeev, K. L., A. B. Lebed, and A. J. Malyutin. "Deep Treatment of Copper Plant Waste Water Streams with Water Recycling." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.937.

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Reducing the negative environmental impact and securing the efficient use of water resources are key factors in the mining-metallurgical industry. At the enterprises of non-ferrous metallurgy the residual waters contaminated by a substantial amount of ions of heavy metals, sulphates and other impurities are formed. A promising way of their deep treatment consists in membrane technologies. This paper presents the results of pilot testing of ultrafiltration, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis and ion exchange technologies for purification residual waters of metallurgical enterprise of the Middle Ural. The possibility of using these technologies to achieve the final result – obtaining treated water, that meets the standards for fishery water bodies, is presented. It is reasonable to use the resulting water for the technical needs of the enterprise, which will significantly reduce the fresh water consumption and the environmental load, providing the ecological and economic benefits.

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Gochis, David J., and Richard H. Cuenca. "Plant Water Use and Crop Curves for Hybrid Poplars." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 126, no. 4 (July 2000): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2000)126:4(206).

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Stanton, Daniel E., Jackelyn Huallpa Chávez, Luis Villegas, Francisco Villasante, Juan Armesto, Lars O. Hedin, and Henry Horn. "Epiphytes improve host plant water use by microenvironment modification." Functional Ecology 28, no. 5 (March 8, 2014): 1274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12249.

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Hatton, T. J., E. A. Catchpole, and R. A. Vertessy. "Integration of sapflow velocity to estimate plant water use." Tree Physiology 6, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/6.2.201.

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Cernusak, L. A. "Gas exchange and water‐use efficiency in plant canopies." Plant Biology 22, S1 (December 19, 2018): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12939.

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Gagliano, Monica, Mavra Grimonprez, Martial Depczynski, and Michael Renton. "Tuned in: plant roots use sound to locate water." Oecologia 184, no. 1 (April 5, 2017): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-017-3862-z.

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McCormick, Erica L., David N. Dralle, W. Jesse Hahm, Alison K. Tune, Logan M. Schmidt, K. Dana Chadwick, and Daniella M. Rempe. "Widespread woody plant use of water stored in bedrock." Nature 597, no. 7875 (September 8, 2021): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03761-3.

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Pereyra-Irujo, Gustavo A., Emmanuel D. Gasco, Laura S. Peirone, and Luis A. N. Aguirrezábal. "GlyPh: a low-cost platform for phenotyping plant growth and water use." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 11 (2012): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12052.

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Breeding drought-tolerant crop varieties with higher water use efficiency could help maintain food supply to a growing population and save valuable water resources. Fast and accurate phenotyping is currently a bottleneck in the process towards attaining this goal, as available plant phenotyping platforms have an excessive cost for many research institutes or breeding companies. Here we describe a simple and low-cost, automatic platform for high-throughput measurement of plant water use and growth and present its utilisation to assess the drought tolerance of two soybean genotypes. The platform allows the evaluation of up to 120 plants growing in individual pots. A cart moving in only one direction carries the measuring and watering devices. Watering and measurement routines allow the simulation of multiple water regimes for each plant individually and indicate the timing of measurement of soil water content and image capture for growth estimation. Water use, growth and water use efficiency were measured in two experiments with different water scenarios. Differences in water use efficiency between genotypes were detected only in some treatments, emphasising the importance of phenotyping platforms to evaluate a genotype’s phenotype under a broad range of conditions in order to capture valuable differences, minimising the chance of artefacts and increasing precision of measurements.

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Irmak, Suat, Dorota Z. Haman, Thomas H. Yeager, and Claudia Larsen. "Seasonal Irrigation Water Use Efficiency of Multi-Pot Box System." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-19.1.4.

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Abstract A Multi-Pot Box System (MPBS) was tested during three growing seasons (Fall 1996, Fall 1997, and Fall 1998) for efficient use of irrigation and rainfall in container-grown landscape plant production. This system was compared to a conventional (control) system consisting of black containers spaced on 30 cm (1 ft) centers. Results showed that the MPBS was successful in improving efficient use of irrigation and rainfall for Viburnum odoratissimum, Ker-Gawl. (sweet viburnum). Significant portions of the total rainfall were captured during the Fall 1996 (71.3%) and Fall 1997 (54%) seasons and later supplied to plants increasing rainfall effectiveness and irrigation water use efficiency. Thus, the need for the irrigation applications was significantly reduced for the plants grown in the MPBS. The seasonal irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was significantly higher for the MPBS compared to the control system in all seasons, demonstrating that significantly less irrigation water was necessary to produce the same amount or greater plant dry mass (shoot and root). Growth indices [(average width + height) / 2)] and shoot and root dry weights were usually significantly higher in all seasons (with exception of the shoot dry weight in Fall 1997) for the plants grown in the MPBS. Results indicate a potential opportunity for using the MPBS for efficient irrigation and water savings for container-grown landscape plants

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Welsh, Douglas F., Jayne M. Zajicek, and Calvin G. Lyons. "Effect of Seasons and Irrigation Regimes on Plant Growth and Water-Use of Container-Grown Photinia × fraseri." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 9, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-9.2.79.

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Abstract Water-use and plant growth of Fraser photinia (Photinia × fraseri Dress) were studied under varying irrigation regimes during 2 different growing seasons, winter and summer. Rooted cuttings were transplanted into 7.57 1 (2 gal) plastic containers containing Metro-mix 500 and greenhouse-grown under 2 irrigation frequencies (3.5 or 7-day intervals) and 3 replacement amounts (100%, 75% or 50% replacement of actual water-use). Increased irrigation frequency significantly reduced plant growth parameters of winter-grown plants, including shoot growth, leaf number, leaf area and shot dry weight. Decreased irrigation amount significantly increased root dry weight. Significant differences were not detected in growth measurements of summer-grown plants suggesting differences between experiments are seasonal in nature. Frequent irrigation resulted in poor plant pelformance under winter growing conditions of lower evapotranspiration (ET); however under summer growing conditions, frequent irrigation did not significantly affect plant growth. Decreased irrigation frequency significantly increased total water-use for winter-grown plants due to increased plant performance. No significant differences in water-use due to frequency in summer-grown plants was found.

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Wilson, Jonathan P., Joseph D. White, William A. Dimichele, Michael T. Hren, Christopher J. Poulsen, Jennifer C. McElwain, and Isabel P. Montañez. "Reconstructing Extinct Plant Water Use for Understanding Vegetation–Climate Feedbacks: Methods, Synthesis, and a Case Study Using the Paleozoic-Era Medullosan Seed Ferns." Paleontological Society Papers 21 (October 2015): 167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600003004.

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Vegetation affects feedbacks in Earth's hydrologic system, but is constrained by physiological adaptations. In extant ecosystems, the mechanisms controlling plant water used can be measured experimentally; for extinct plants in the recent geological past, water use can be inferred from nearest living relatives, assuming minimal evolutionary change. In deep time, where no close living relatives exist, fossil material provides the only information for inferring plant water use. However, mechanistic models for extinct plant water use must be built on first principles and tested on extant plants. Plants serve as a conduit for water movement from the soil to the atmosphere, constrained by tissue-level construction and gross architecture. No single feature, such as stomata or veins, encompasses enough of the complexity underpinning water-use physiology to serve as the basis of a model of functional water use in all (or perhaps any) extinct plants. Rather, a “functional whole plant” model must be used. To understand the interplay between plant and atmosphere, water use in relation to environmental conditions is investigated in an extinct plant, the seed fernMedullosa((Division Pteridospermatophyta), by reviewing methods for reconstructing physiological variables such as leaf and stem hydraulic capacity, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and albedo. Medullosans had the potential for extremely high photosynthetic and assimilation rates, water transport, stomatal conductance, and transpiration—rates comparable to later angiosperms. When these high growth and gas exchange rates of medullosans are combined with the unique atmospheric gas composition of the late Paleozoic atmosphere, complex vegetation-environmental feedbacks are expected despite their basal phylogenetic position relative to post-Paleozoic seed plants.

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Zuccarini, Paolo, Alejandro Galindo, Arturo Torrecillas, Alberto Pardossi, and Brent Clothier. "Hydraulic Relations and Water Use of Mediterranean Ornamental Shrubs in Containers." Journal of Horticultural Research 28, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2020-0009.

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AbstractA detailed, species-specific comprehension of plant water behavior can be a central tool to improve water management in nursery production and irrigated landscapes. Potted plants of Nerium oleander, Pittosporum tobira, and Ligustrum japonicum ‘Texanum’ were exposed to controlled increasing drought conditions in greenhouse. Water use, gas exchange, and foliar thermoregulation were monitored along the trial. N. oleander showed the most efficient response to increasing water stress, maintaining high levels of gas exchange and evapotranspiration rate during the whole trial, whereas L. japonicum emerged as the most sensitive species, with a significant drop in physiological performances already from the second day. The more aggressive water behavior of N. oleander can be compared to the one of anisohydric plants, whereas L. japonicum displays an isohydric strategy. P. tobira showed intermediate characteristics between the two other species. This work comes to provide useful tools for the management of irrigation in plant nursery and for decision making in the use of ornamental shrubs for landscape applications.

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Wang, Xueni, R. Thomas Fernandez, Bert M. Cregg, Rafael Auras, Amy Fulcher, Diana R. Cochran, Genhua Niu, et al. "Multistate Evaluation of Plant Growth and Water Use in Plastic and Alternative Nursery Containers." HortTechnology 25, no. 1 (February 2015): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.1.42.

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Containers made from natural fiber and recycled plastic are marketed as sustainable substitutes for traditional plastic containers in the nursery industry. However, growers’ acceptance of alternative containers is limited by the lack of information on how alternative containers impact plant growth and water use (WU). We conducted experiments in Michigan, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Texas to test plant growth and WU in five different alternative containers under nursery condition. In 2011, ‘Roemertwo’ wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) were planted in three types of #1 (≈1 gal) containers 1) black plastic (plastic), 2) wood pulp (WP), and 3) recycled paper (KF). In 2012, ‘Green Velvet’ boxwood (Buxus sempervirens × B. microphylla siebold var. koreana) was evaluated in 1) plastic, 2) WP, 3) fabric (FB), and 4) keratin (KT). In 2013, ‘Dark Knight’ bluebeard (Caryopteris ×clandonensis) was evaluated in 1) plastic, 2) WP, and 3) coir fiber (Coir). Plants grown in alternative containers generally had similar plant growth as plastic containers. ‘Roemertwo’ wintercreeper had high mortality while overwintering in alternative containers with no irrigation. Results from different states generally show plants grown in fiber containers such as WP, FB, and Coir used more water than those in plastic containers. Water use efficiency of plants grown in alternative containers vs. plastic containers depended on plant variety, container type, and climate.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant water use'

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