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Journal articles on the topic 'Plantation crops in Sri Lanka'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Karunarathna, Samantha C., Peter E. Mortimer, Jianchu Xu, and Kevin D. Hyde. "OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH OF MUSHROOMS IN SRI LANKA." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 40, no. 4 (December 8, 2017): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2017.4.399-403.

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According to recent estimates the mycota of Sri Lanka is highly diverse, yet it has been relatively little studied and remains poorly understood. Sri Lanka may contain up to 25,000 species of fungi, of which only a little more than 2000 are presently known, and this estimate does not take into account the large number of exotics introduced along with food, plantation, and ornamental plants. Mycological research in Sri Lanka has been limited to certain parts of the country, and the available information is widely dispersed, difficult to access, and plagued by synonymy. Commercially cultivable mushrooms were first introduced to Sri Lanka in 1985, and today both endemic and non-native species are cultivated. This paper addresses the current status of Sri Lankan mushroom research, and suggests measures which are needed to support the future development of Sri Lankan mycology.

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Tharindra, Hemajith, Gregory Daniel Brown, Kayla Stankevitz, Ashley Schoenfisch, Sarath Amarasinghe, Vijitha De Silva, L. Gayani Tillekeratne, and Truls Østbye. "Depressive Symptoms and Perceived Stress among Estate Rubber Tappers in Southern Sri Lanka." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 6, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v1i1.15379.

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Background: Rubber production is an important component of the Sri Lankan economy. Prior reports have raised concerns about poverty and poor physical and social living conditions among rubber tappers.Objective: To assess rubber tappers’ psychological health and distress.Methods and Material: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 300 rubber tappers in two large rubber plantations in southern Sri Lanka from September to November 2014. Structured questionnaires including the Peradeniya Depression Scale (PDS) and the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) were administered. The prevalences of depression and stress were calculated, including across sociodemographic and work history variables of interest.Results: Each plantation contributed 150 of the 300 participants. The majority were women (n = 183, 61%) with a median age of 47 years (range 21 to 89). Based on the PDS, 9% of the rubber tappers screened positive for depression. While on the PSS-10, 10% demonstrated a high level of perceived stress. On log-binomial regression, persons who were widowed, divorced, or separated compared to being married had a higher prevalence of depression and high stress. A higher prevalence of stress was found in Tamil versus Sinhalese as well as Christian versus Buddhist participants. A higher prevalence of depression was seen in workers with over 30 years of experience compared to less experienced counterparts.Conclusions: Depression was more common in rubber tappers in this study than among other non-plantation Sri Lankan populations. Further research is needed to elucidate factors associated with psychological distress and to foster support mechanisms for the rubber tappers.

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Jayathilaka, P. M. S., Peeyush Soni, Sylvain R. Perret, H. P. W. Jayasuriya, and Vilas M. Salokhe. "Spatial assessment of climate change effects on crop suitability for major plantation crops in Sri Lanka." Regional Environmental Change 12, no. 1 (May 25, 2011): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-011-0235-8.

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Lucas, E. O. "Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) and Crop Production in Nigeria." Outlook on Agriculture 18, no. 3 (September 1989): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708901800306.

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Siam Weed was introduced to Nigeria in 1937, through the importation of timber species from Sri Lanka. It is now a serious weed of both arable and plantation crops in the country. Efforts to control it through manual, mechanical, chemical and biological means have met with little success. At present, the weed seems uncontrollable and suggestion is made that the new research focus should be on its possible industrial and pharmaceutical uses.

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RANJITH MAHINDAPALA. "CURRENT STATUS OF COCONUT RESEARCH IN SRI LANKA." CORD 7, no. 01 (June 1, 1991): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v7i01.244.

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Coconut occupies about 410,000 ha of land in Sri Lanka, and is the largest plantation crop. The most important coconut growing area is called the "Coconut triangle" which comprises most of the districts of Puttalam. Colombo and Gampaha. Together, they account for nearly 70 per cent of the coconut lands. There are about 700,000 coconut growers, the majority of which are small‑holders. About 70‑75 per cent of the holdings are below 4 hectares.

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Muzrif, Munas M., Dinusha Perera, Kumudu Wijewardena, Berit Schei, and Katarina Swahnberg. "Domestic violence: a cross-sectional study among pregnant women in different regions of Sri Lanka." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e017745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017745.

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ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to assess the regional differences in domestic violence among pregnant women in the capital district and in the tea plantation sector of Sri Lanka, to explore potential contributory factors and to assess whether healthcare workers addressed domestic violence and disclosure among survivors.DesignA cross-sectional study was carried out using interviewer-administered Abuse Assessment Screen.SettingFifty-seven antenatal clinic centres in the capital district and 30 in the tea plantation sector.ParticipantsPregnant women between 6 and 40 weeks of gestational age. In the capital district, 1375 women were recruited from antenatal clinic centres in the urban (n=25) and in the rural areas (n=32), and 800 women from 30 centres in the tea plantation sector. The response rate in the capital district was 95.6% and 96.7% in the tea plantation sector.ResultsAmong the total sample of pregnant women (n=2088), the prevalence of ‘ever abused’ was 38.6%, and the prevalence of ‘currently abused’ was 15.9%. ‘Ever abused’ (31.5% vs 50.8%) and ‘currently abused’ (10% vs 25.8%) were significantly higher (P<0.001) among the women living in the tea plantation sector. ‘Ever abused’ was associated with living in the tea plantation sector, being employed, living far from gender-based violence care centre and of Muslim ethnicity, after adjusting for age, education and family income. Only 38.8% of all participants had been asked by healthcare workers about abuse. Living in the tea plantation sector and lower level of education were associated with not being asked. Among those who reported ‘ever abused’, only 8.7% had disclosed the experience to a healthcare worker.ConclusionDomestic violence was prevalent and highest among women in the tea plantation sector compared with the capital district. The capacity of healthcare workers in addressing domestic violence should be increased.

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van der Poorten, George, and Nancy van der Poorten. "Cephrenes trichopepla (Lower, 1908): An invasive Australian species, recorded in Sri Lanka for the first time with notes on its biology, life history and distribution (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)." Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 156, no. 1 (2013): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119434-00002021.

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Cephrenes trichopepla (Lower, 1908), an invasive Australian species, was recorded for the first time in Sri Lanka in July 2009 but it is likely to have been in the island much longer. Since then, it has been recorded in several locations in the Northwestern province, near Colombo in the Western province, and in Kandy in the Central province. Recorded larval food plants are coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, a widely cultivated plantation crop, and a species of Livistona, a cultivated garden palm (Arecaceae). The immature stages and behavior in Sri Lanka are documented for the first time.

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Galgamuwa, Lahiru S., Devika Iddawela, and Samath D. Dharmaratne. "Knowledge and practices of food hygiene among food handlers in plantation sector, Sri Lanka." International Journal of Scientific Reports 2, no. 12 (November 24, 2016): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20164307.

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Diseases related with consumption of contaminated foods are a common problem in worldwide. Food handlers play a major role in ensuring food safety and hygiene. Information about food hygiene in plantation sector of Sri Lanka is insufficient. This study was designed to assess the knowledge and practice of food hygiene among food handlers in tea plantation sector of Kandy, Sri Lanka.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">A community based cross sectional study was conducted among food handlers in tea plantations in three tea plantations from July to September 2013. Information regarding food handling practices, knowledge and attitude of food hygiene and safety and medical treatments was obtained from food handlers using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. </span><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> 375 food handlers from 18 to 63 years (mean 33.4 ± 7.2) were enrolled of which 88% of them were females. Out of total participants, 59.6% of the respondent had good knowledge of food practice and hygiene. Gender (p = 0.044), education level of food handlers (p = 0.019), and good medical practices (p < 0.05) were statistically significant with practice of food safety and hygiene.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Community - health education programs, promoting food hygiene and safety training should be implemented to improve the level of knowledge and practice of food hygiene. </span></p>

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Warsakoon, W.M.M.P.D.K. "Preliminary Study on Heavy Metals in Coconut and Coconut Products." CORD 26, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v26i1.132.

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Coconut is one of the major plantation crops which plays a pivotal role in the economy of Sri Lanka. The objective of this study is to investigate the presence of heavy metals in fresh coconut kernel and in some coconut products in Sri Lanka. Levels of lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), Aluminum (Al), Ferrous (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), and Arsenic (As) were determined in samples of fresh coconut kernel, coconut milk, coconut milk powder, and coconut cream using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) method. Fresh coconut kernel and coconut products were found to contain Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn. Fresh coconut kernels showed the highest content of these metals. Coconut cream and coconut milk samples demonstrated the lowest levels of these metals. Potentially toxic heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, As, and Al were not detected in the tested samples. The occurrence of the heavy metals in all the coconut products tested was below the permissible levels suggested by the USDA, World Health Organization, and the Quality Standards of CODEX Vol. 1 Section 6, 1991.

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L. V. K. LIYANAGE and M. DE. S. LIYANAGE. "WEED CONTROL UNDERSTORY WEED MANAGEMENT IN COCONUT LANDS." CORD 8, no. 01 (December 1, 1992): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v8i01.258.

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Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is by far the most extensively cultivated plantation crop in Sri Lanka. It is essentially a small holder crop comprising about 86% of small. holdings and homesteads and the balance belonging to the estate sector. The growth habit of the palm and its canopy structure requires a wide, spacing between palms, which permits abundant sunlight to the understory. As a result, the unutilised space beneath the plantation becomes invaded by a wide range of perennial and annual weed species. Such weeds invariably compete with coconut for soil moisture and nutrients, affecting its growth and yield and obstructing routine estate practices. Management of the understory weed growth is, therefore, considered an essential step in maintaining the plantation. In fact, the cost of weeding accounts for a substantial proportion of the total recurrent expenditure for maintenance.

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Perera, K. K. C. K., P. G. Rathnasiri, S. A. S. Senarath, A. G. T. Sugathapala, S. C. Bhattacharya, and P. Abdul Salam. "Assessment of sustainable energy potential of non-plantation biomass resources in Sri Lanka." Biomass and Bioenergy 29, no. 3 (September 2005): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.03.008.

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Katangodage, B. T., and A. W. Wijeratne. "Value-weighted price return index for plantation sector of Colombo Stock Exchange of Sri Lanka." International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 12, no. 1 (2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijarge.2016.074678.

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S.H.S. Senarathne. "Influence of Long Term Application of Green Manure on the Productivity of Coconut Cultivated in Reddish Brown Latosolic Soils in Sri Lanka." CORD 33, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v33i2.49.

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Organic matter contributes in maintaining soil fertility in agriculture. Green leaf biomasses of Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia are high in plant nutrients and recognized as potential green manure sources for many crops. In a field experiment carried out in a coconut plantation with Reddish Brown Latosolic soil, two green manure crops were grown to study their abilities and establishment in coconut avenues and to evaluate their effect on nut yield. In situ green manuring, especially with legumes, had the most beneficial effect on soil improvement. The use of green biomass alone has improved soil properties. The biomasses of Gliricidia and Tithonia decomposed rapidly after application to the soil, and incorporated biomass would be an effective source of N, P and K for crops. Results showed that, coconut yields were significantly increased with the incorporation of green biomass of Gliricidia and Tithonia than with commercial inorganic fertilizer application. Mean nut yield for five years in the green manure applied plots was (37-46%) significantly (P < 0.05) higher, compared to that of the inorganic fertilizer applied plots towards the latter part of the experiment. Addition of green manure has significantly (P < 0.05) improved the soil parameters i.e. soil N (by 75%), organic C content (by 86%) and soil microbial activity (by 52%). Soil bulk density has been reduced by 20% which enhances the root growth. The improvement of soil moisture content by 92% is of great importance for coconut in withstanding the frequent dry spells which are on increasing trend with the present climatic change situations. There was no significant effect of green manures on soil pH and P but P content was improved with the use of green biomasses of Gliricidia and Tithonia.

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Jayasekara, AAIN, P. Weerakoon, S. Beneragama, RWKMD Rajapakshe, MSA Rizwan, WMSK Wanninayake, TA Saranga, WMSNK Nawaratna, and DACL Dalugama. "A cross sectional study on sexual practices and knowledge related to sexual health of youth in the tea plantation sector; Nuwara Eliya district, Sri Lanka." Sri Lanka Journal of Venereology 3, no. 1 (April 10, 2013): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljv.v3i1.5412.

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Jayasekara, N., P. Weerakoon, and S. Beneragama. "P2-127 A cross sectional study on sexual practices and knowledge related to sexual health of youth in the remote tea plantation sector, Sri Lanka." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 65, Suppl 1 (August 1, 2011): A255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2011.142976i.62.

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Ramasamy, Ramesh. "Sri Lanka’s Plantation Communities." South Asia Research 38, no. 3_suppl (August 23, 2018): 43S—60S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728018791696.

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Ethnic minorities, even if formally recognised as full citizens in their country of residence, may still encounter various forms of discriminatory treatment and exclusion, not only of a private nature, but also in governance, especially in public service delivery. This article combines a critical study of public service provision in Sri Lanka with a fieldwork-based assessment of the current position of the plantation communities in Sri Lanka. It highlights their continuing problems in accessing public services and encountering discriminatory practices by the Sri Lankan state. There is strong evidence that the previously stateless plantation communities remain subject to various forms of discrimination in public service delivery, though they are now citizens. In addition, evidence related to austerity measures in estate management creates further difficulties for the plantation communities.

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Silva, W. P. K., R. L. C. Wijesundera, E. H. Karunanayake, C. K. Jayasinghe, and U. M. S. Priyanka. "New Hosts of Corynespora cassiicola in Sri Lanka." Plant Disease 84, no. 2 (February 2000): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.2.202d.

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Corynespora cassiicola is the causal organism of the most devastating leaf disease of rubber in Sri Lanka. Cotton, cowpea, cucumber, eggplant, sesame, soybean, tobacco, and tomato also have been reported as hosts of C. cassiicola. In Sri Lanka, however, the fungus has been reported only on rubber, soybean, winged bean, and tomato (1). During this investigation, C. cassiicola was isolated from cocoa, tomato, papaya, winged bean, sweet potato, and manihot. The pathogenicity of each isolate on the host from which it was isolated was established by following Koch's postulates. This is the first record of Corynespora leaf disease on cocoa, papaya, sweet potato, and manihot in Sri Lanka. Using an aqueous spore suspension (5 × 104 spores per ml), rubber leaves were inoculated separately with each isolate. Inoculation studies indicated that, except for the isolate from papaya, all isolates also were pathogenic on rubber. In Sri Lanka all the host plants listed are commonly cultivated in and around rubber plantations. Therefore, the existence of C. cassiicola infections on other hosts should be taken into account when developing control measures for Corynespora infection on rubber. Reference: (1) P. Shivanathan and R. S. Y. de Silva. 1989. Plant pests of Sri Lanka. Rep. Plant Quarantine Div. 1989. Plant Quarantine Division, Peradeniya. Sri Lanka.

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Ranjith Mahindapala. "COCONUT STEM UTILIZATION IN SRI LANKA." CORD 5, no. 01 (June 1, 1989): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v5i01.221.

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In the plantation agriculture in Sri Lanka, coconut occupies the highest area of nearly 420,000 ha. It is distributed in all 24 districts. The estate sector (8 ha or more) comprises 104,000 ha (24.7%) of the area while the balance, 316,000 ha (75.3%) is categorized as small holdings

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Vijesandiran, S., and R. Ramesh. "Local Government Services and Social Margins: The Case of Plantation Community in Sri Lanka." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 10 (November 30, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n10p59.

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Decentralization and local governance have been perceived as an effective tool for efficient, accountable, responsive and impartial public service delivery to all segments of citizens irrespective of ethnicity, race, gender, caste, language, social groupings etc. This paper, thus, throws more light on local government service delivery in the minority regions, especially looking at the status of plantation community in the local governance structures in Sri Lanka. The study finds that although Sri Lanka has adopted decentralized local government system at different levels, it has often been failed to effectively accommodate and address interests of ethno-linguistic minorities –Plantation Tamils. Exclusion of the plantation community in the service delivery of local government authorities has been a significant flaw of local government system which fundamentally challenges the notion of inclusive state, quality of government and democracy. The study particularly explores major factors that preclude plantation community from enjoying local government services. This issue, thus, stems a critical question about their status of citizenship rights and quality of governance in Sri Lanka. This study also may be a reflection of the plight of minorities in other multi-ethnic nations where discriminatory laws and policies affect right to access local governance and democracy.

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Ngoc, Hoang Thi Huyen, Tran Thi Thuy Van, Nguyen Manh Ha, Nguyen Quoc Binh, and Mai Thanh Tan. "Bioclimatic assessments for tea cultivation in Western Nghe An." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 41, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/41/1/13586.

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Bioclimatology is applied for growing tea in the West of Nghe An province, where the tea is considered as a high economic efficient plant to be priorly cultivated for reducing poverty and getting rich. Based on the bioclimatic characteristics of tea plant and regional climatic data from 1980 to 2014, the bioclimatic diagrams are built and the tea cultivability is mapped in term of annual average temperature and total precipitation, for this region with regarding its district of Con Cuong as an analytical key. The climate, including both temperature and precipitation, in Con Cuong is relatively suitable for the tea plantation. The Western Nghe An, a land of approx. 1.4 million ha, could be classified in five areas with different suitability for tea plant. The unfavorable area occupies only 1% of total region and the four favorable rests account for 99% of total, in which, the most favorable area is largest with about 746,355 ha, i.e. over 50% of whole region. The three other areas are cultivable but they are less favorable in terms of either temperature or precipitation. Growing tea in Western Nghe An, even in favorable areas, it should be taken into account of the weather disadvantages in certain moments of the year such as extreme dry, cold, hot and rainy events.ReferencesAhmed S., 2014. Tea and the taste of climate change, www.herbalgram.org, issue, 103, 44–51.Ahmed S., Stepp J.R., Orians C., Griffin T., Matyas C., 2014. Effects of extreme climate events on tea (Camellia sinensis) functional quality validate indigenous farmer knowledge and sensory preferences in tropical China. PloS one, 9(10), e109126.Bhagat R.M., Deb Baruah R., Safique S., 2010. climate and tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze] Production with Special Reference to North Eastern India: A Review. Journal of Environmental Research And Development, 4(4), 1017–1028.Carr M., 1972. The Climatic Requirements of the Tea Plant: A Review. Experimental Agriculture, 8(01), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700023449.Carr M.K.V., Stephen W., 1992. Climate, weather and the yield of tea. In: Tea Cultivation to consumtpion. K.C. Wilson and M.N. Clifford (Eds). Chapman and Hall, 87–135.Daleen Lotter, David le Maitre, 2014. Modeling the distribution of Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos tea): implications of climate change for livelihoods dependent on both cultivation and harvesting from the wild. Ecology and Evolution, 4(8), 1209–1221.Ducan J.M.A., Saikia S.D., Gupta N., Biggs E.M., 2016. Observing climate impacts on tea yield in Assam, India. Applied Geogr., 77, 64–71.Institute of Geography, 2016. Department of Climatically Geography. The precipitation and temperature data at meteorological measuring stations in the West of Nghe An Province between 1984 and 2014. Data stored at Department of Climatically Geography, Institute of Geography, Ha Noi, 46p.Gaussen H., 1954. 8 ème Congrès international de Botanique. Section 7 et 3. Paris.Hadfield W., 1976. The effect of high temperature on some aspects of the physiology and cultivation of tea bush (Camellia sinensis) in North East India. In: Light as an Ecological factor. G.C. Evans, R. Bainbridge and O. Rackham (Eds.) Blackwel Sci. Publ., London, 477–495.Hoang Luu Thu Thuy, 2012. The comprehensive assessment of natural, socio-economic and environmental conditions for environmental protection planning in Nghe An Province. Doctoral Thesis. Institude of Geography, Hanoi, 150p.Huang Shoubo, 1989. Meteorology of tea plants in China: a review. Agri. Forest Meteorol., 47, 19–30.Huang Shoubo, 1991. A study on the ecological climates of some famous tea growing areas in high mountainous regions of China. Chinese Geographical Science, 1(2), 121–128.International Center for Tropical Agriculture, 2017. Identification of suitable tea growing areas in Malawi under climate change scenarios. Ciat report, Cali, Colombia, 39p.Kabir S.E., 2001. A study on Ecophysiology of Tea (Camellia sinensis) with special reference to the influence of climatic factors on physiology of a few selected Tea clones of Darjeering. International Journal of Tea Science, 1(4), 1–9.Kandiah S., Thevadasan T., 1980. Quantification of weather parameters to predict tea yields. Tea Q., Srilanka, 49(1), 25–33.Kaye L., 2014. Climate change threatens Sri Lanka’s tea industry. Triple Pundit: People, Planet, Profit. Available at: www.triplepundit.com/2014/06/climate-changethreatens-sri-lanka-tea-industry. Accessed July 25, 2014.Nakayama A., Harada S., 1962. Studies on the effect on the growth of tea plant. IV. The effect of temperature on the growth of young plants in summer. Bull. Tea Res. Station, Japan, 1, 28–40.Nguyen Bao Ve, 2005. The syllabus of industrial trees. Hanoi Argricultural Publishing House, 224p.Nguyen Dai Khanh, 2003. The assessment of agricultural climatic conditions for tea’s growth in major tea regions of Vietnam. Doctoral Thesis. Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, 149p.Nguyen Khanh Van, Nguyen Thi Hien, Phan Ke Loc, Nguyen Tien Hiep, 2000. The bioclimatic diagrams of Vietnam. Vietnam National University Publishing House, Ha Noi, 126p.Nguyen Van Hong, 2017. Analyzing, assessing landscape for agriculture, forestry development and biodiversity conservation in the southwestern border districts in Nghe An province. Doctoral thesis. Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 150p.Nguyen Van Tao (ed.), 2004. Completing the asexual propagation process of LDP1 and LDP2 cultivars by cuttings in order to transfer to production. State Project of production pilot, coded KC.06.DA.09.NN. Institute of Tea Research, Phu Tho, 50p.Nkomwa E.C., Joshua M.K., Ngongondo C., Monjerezi M., Chipungu F., 2014. Assessing indigenous knowledge systems and climate change adaptation strategies in agriculture: A case study of Chagaka Village, Chikhwawa, Southern Malawi. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 67–69, 164–172.Pham Hoang Ho, 2003. An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam, 2, 430–434. Youth Publishing House, 952p.Rebecca Boehm, Sean B. Cash, Bruce T. Anderson, Selena Ahmed, Timothy S. Grifﬁn, Albert Robbat Jr., John Richard Stepp, Wenyan Han, Matt Hazel and Colin M. Orians, 2016. Association between Empirically Estimated Monsoon Dynamics and Other Weather Factors and Historical Tea Yields in China: Results from a Yield Response Model. Climate, 4, 20; doi:10.3390/cli4020020. www.mdpi.com/journal/climate.Schepp K., 2014. Strategy to adapt to climate change for Michimikuru tea farmers in Kenya. Adap CC Report. 2008. Available at: www.adapcc.org/en/kenya.htm. Accessed July 25, 2014.Sen A.R., Biswas A.K., Sanyal D.K., 1966. The Influence of Climatic Factors on the Yield of Tea in the Assam Valley, J. App. Meteo., 5(6), 789–800.Statistics Office of Nghe An Province, 2016. The annual abstracts of statistics 2015. Nghe An Publishing House, Nghe An, 453p.Tanton T.W., 1982. Environmental factors affecting yield of tea (camellia sinensis). Effect of air temperature. Expl. Agri., 18, 47–52.The People’s Committee of Nghe An Province, 2013. The Decision No. 448/QĐ-UBND dated 31/01/2013 to approve the hi-tech agriculture planning on the production of tea in Nghe An Province.The People’s Committee of Nghe An Province, 2013. The Decision No. 6290/QĐ-UBND dated 24/12/2013 to approve the adjustments and supplements for the development of Nghe An tea Industrial zone planning in 2013–2020.Walter H, Lieth, 1967. Klimadiagram - Weltatlas. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena.Wijeratne M.A., 1996. Vulnerability of Sri Lanka tea production to global climate change. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 92(1-2), 87–94.Wijeratne M.A., Anandacoomaraswamy A., Amarathunga M., Ratnasiri J., 2007. Assessment of impact of climate change on productivity of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantations in Sri Lanka, 119–126.http://nghean.gov.vn, 05/06/2015. Many crops are withered in Con Cuong.http://baonghean.vn, 25/03/2013. Drought threaten rice and tea in Con Cuong. http://baonghean.vn/con-cuong-han-han-de-doa-lua-che-44581.html.

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Thavanayagam, Mathiventhan, and Jayasingam Thangamuthu. "Impact of Flood on Rhizophora Plantation in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka." Journal of Medical and Bioengineering 3, no. 2 (2014): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12720/jomb.3.2.117-121.

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Galgamuwa, G. L., W. M. Iddawela, and S. D. Dharmarathne. "Nutritional status of school children in plantation sector, Sri Lanka." Annals of Global Health 82, no. 3 (August 20, 2016): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.04.069.

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Ananthacumaraswamy, S., L. S. K. Hettiarachchi, and S. M. Dissanayake. "Soil and Foliar Sulfur Status in Some Tea Plantations of Sri Lanka." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 34, no. 11-12 (May 2003): 1481–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/css-120021291.

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Weerakoon, Shyama R. "Introducing Herbicide Resistant Crops to Sri Lanka: A Review." OUSL Journal 7 (April 3, 2015): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/ouslj.v7i0.7310.

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KOHMOTO, Daichi. "Pictorial 1: Current State of Tea Plantation Estates in Sri Lanka." Chigaku Zasshi (Jounal of Geography) 117, no. 3 (2008): xiii—xiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.117.xiii.

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26

Gunawardana, PJ, and WG Somaratne. "Non-Plantation Agricultural Economy of Sri Lanka: Trends, Issues and Prospects." Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Economics 3 (August 26, 2011): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sjae.v3i0.3490.

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Periyasamy, Nithershini. "Update on the health status of plantation community in Sri Lanka." Journal of the College of Community Physicians of Sri Lanka 23, no. 4 (April 19, 2018): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jccpsl.v23i4.8135.

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Jeewanthi, D. G. M., and A. A. Shantha. "The Technical Efficiency of Small-scale Tea Plantation in Sri Lanka." Asian Journal of Management Studies 1, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/ajms.v1i1.30.

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29

Alahakoon, Pradeepa W., and Averil E. Brown. "Host range ofColletotrichum gloeosporioideson tropical fruit crops in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Pest Management 40, no. 1 (January 1994): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670879409371848.

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Wickramaratne, Siri Nimal, Susumu Hayashi, and Jayatissa Kumara Herath. "Plantation Forestry of Sri Lanka : Its Development History and the Present State." Journal of Forest Planning 2, no. 2 (1996): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20659/jfp.2.2_107.

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31

de Silva, L. Dilip R., and T. M. Sunethra Atukorala. "Micronutrient Status of Plantation Workers in Sri Lanka during Pregnancy and Postpartum." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 22, no. 3 (June 1996): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0756.1996.tb00973.x.

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32

Jegathesan, Mythri. "Deficient realities: expertise and uncertainty among tea plantation workers in Sri Lanka." Dialectical Anthropology 39, no. 3 (April 23, 2015): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10624-015-9386-1.

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33

Chaiklin, Martha. "IVORY IN EARLY MODERN CEYLON: A CASE STUDY IN WHAT DOCUMENTS DON’T REVEAL." International Journal of Asian Studies 6, no. 1 (January 2009): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591409000023.

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In Sri Lanka elephants are endangered and ivory carving, as an art, is dead. Sri Lanka was once famous for the number and quality of its elephants, whose tusks were carved and exported since ancient times. Although Sri Lanka became, successively, a pivotal outpost for the Portuguese, Dutch and English, details about the Ceylonese ivory trade appear in trade documents only rarely. And yet, if information is not to be found there, does that mean ivory trade did not occur? Trade documents, after all, do not tell the whole story. Smugglers, illegal traders, big game hunters and plantation owners all played a part in the disappearance of elephants and its corollary, the ivory trade. When archival evidence is viewed in combination with physical evidence and the anecdotes of visitors and residents, it becomes evident that ivory remained an integral part of trade and crafts in Ceylon well into the last century.

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34

Dias, Ratnayake K. S., and Hetti A. W. S. Peiris. "Ground-dwelling ant assemblages (Family: Formicidae) in six coconut (Cocos nucifera L. 1753) plantations in Sri Lanka." Journal of Insect Biodiversity 3, no. 14 (September 23, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2015.3.14.

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The contribution of six well-established coconut plantations to the conservation of biodiversity, specifically of ants, was investigated using soil sifting, timed hand collection and honey baiting along five, 100 m transects established in each plantation. Twenty honey-baited pitfall traps were set throughout each sampling area of each plantation. Collected worker ants were preserved in 70% ethanol and sorted and identified to the furthest possible taxonomic levels under a low-power stereo-microscope. The ant species observed at the five transects in each plantation were tabulated and species richness and proportional abundance of each species at each plantation were recorded. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity index for the ant assemblage at each plantation was calculated. Air and soil temperature, soil humidity and soil pH at each locality were also measured. A diverse ant assemblage occurred at each plantation, where between 19 and 29 species in 4 or 5 subfamilies were recorded; the Shannon-Wiener diversity index values were determined. Higher proportions of formicines and myrmicines than those of other subfamilies were observed. Two or more species in higher proportions than the rest of the ants occurred in each assemblage. Also, the six plantations shared three species and five plantations shared nine species in common. The considerable diversity of ants indicated a healthy environment and provided insight into the presence of other animals in the well-established coconut plantations.

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Kumari, M. K. N., Kazuhito Sakai, Sho Kimura, Kozue Yuge, and M. H. J. P. Gunarathna. "Classification of Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation in the Ulagalla Tank Cascade Landscape by GIS and the Analytic Hierarchy Process." Agronomy 9, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070351.

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The tank cascade system (TCS) has been used for over 2000 years for water management in Sri Lanka. Since surface water is limited in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, agricultural production, especially of upland crops, relies on groundwater for irrigation. We sampled 29 wells in the Ulagalla cascade, a prominent TCS near Anuradhapura city in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, in Yala (dry) and Maha (wet) seasons, the two main cropping seasons in Sri Lanka. We evaluated the suitability of groundwater for irrigation using the analytic hierarchy process and geographical information system. Water quality did not vary notably between seasons. However, it deteriorated with the onset of high intensity heavy rain, especially during the Maha season. A water quality zoning map indicated that groundwater in 4% and 96% of the study area is suitable and moderately suitable for irrigation, respectively. Irrigation water quality in tank cascade landscapes and similar environments can be assessed using this methodology and our results.

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Blahová, Jana, and Zdeňka Svobodová. "Assessment of Coumarin Levels in Ground Cinnamon Available in the Czech Retail Market." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/263851.

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The objective of this study was to determine the coumarin content of ground cinnamon purchased from retail markets in the Czech Republic. No sample was labelled with information on the botanical source, but, in some cases, the countries of origin were specified. For comparison, a single cinnamon sample imported directly from a plantation in Sri Lanka that came fromCinnamomum verumwas analyzed. Results from 60 ground cinnamon samples comprising twelve brands confirmed a high content of coumarin, with mean levels ranging from 2 650 to 7 017 mg · kg−1. The high coumarin content confirmed that these cinnamon samples obtained from cassia cinnamon were in contrast to the sample from Sri Lanka, which was coumarin-free.

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Jayawardhane, J., and AMTA Gunaratne. "RESTORATION SUCCESS EVALUATION OF A THINNED AND ENRICHED PINE PLANTATION IN SRI LANKA." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL FOREST SCIENCE 32, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26525/jtfs2020.32.4.402.

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Hollup, O. "Caste Identity and Cultural Continuity Among Tamil Plantation Workers in Sri Lanka 1." Journal of Asian and African Studies 28, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1993): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002190969302800105.

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39

Hapuarachchi, S. P., and S. S. Kariyawasam. "An Evaluation of National Housing Policy Related to Plantation Housing in Sri Lanka." Cities People Places : An International Journal on Urban Environments 5, no. 1 (August 12, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cpp.v5i1.55.

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40

Sirisena, U. G. A. I., G. W. Watson, K. S. Hemachandra, and H. N. P. Wijayagunasekara. "Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) species on economically important fruit crops in Sri Lanka." Tropical Agricultural Research 25, no. 1 (September 17, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v25i1.8031.

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41

Loskutova, N. P., and T. M. Ozerskaya. "MOBILIZATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FROM THE TERRITORIES OF INDONESIA, SRI LANKA (CEYLON) AND NEPAL." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 180, no. 2 (October 13, 2019): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2019-2-124-132.

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The article is dedicated to the mobilization of plant genetic resources from the territories of Indonesia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Nepal to VIR’s collection by means of collecting explorations, germplasm requests and the exchange of accessions. The first, the longest and the only pre-war expedition to Indonesia and Ceylon was undertaken by Prof. V. V. Markovich; it lasted three years (1926–1928). He explored Java, Singapore and Ceylon, where he collected 772 germplasm samples. In 1957, D. V. Ter-Avanesyan, who worked as an agricultural attaché at the USSR Embassy in India, familiarized himself in every detail with plant resources and agriculture in Nepal. The late 1960s were marked by intensification of plant genetic resources introduction and new opportunities to organize regular collecting missions. In the period from 1960 to 1991, there were five plant exploration trips to Indonesia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Nepal. In 1960, D. V. Ter-Avanesyan visited scientific institutions in Java, got acquainted with the main trends in agriculture, and collected 302 plant samples. In 1974, A. G. Lyakhovkin took part in a specialized collecting mission launched to study and collect wild forms and cultivars of rice and various other crops from Nepal. The team visited 16 experiment stations and farms and collected 1170 accessions. In 1985, an expedition team led by E. F. Molchanov collected and studied wild and cultivated forms of subtropical plants in Sri Lanka. The team visited 5 institutes and experiment stations, 3 botanical gardens, and collected 370 accessions. In 1988, another collecting team led by L. A. Burmistrov, whose task was to study the system of nation-wide projects on crop improvement, traveled over four provinces, visited 11 scientific and academic institutions of Nepal, and collected 766 germplasm samples. The last collecting trip to Indonesia was led by N. G. Musatenko in 1991. The team collected 95 varieties and wild forms. In total, the Institute’s collecting and exploration activities in Indonesia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Nepal added 3496 accessions to its collections. In addition to direct collecting in Indonesia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Nepal, VIR has always been replenishing its holdings by seed requests. During the whole pre-war period, from 1925 through 1941, 256 germplasm accessions were added. All in all, from 1948 through 2018, 104 accessions were introduced from Indonesia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Nepal. The greatest number of accessions received by the Institute represented groat crops (over 1400), followed by wheat and barley (458), and industrial crops (627). In total, during the whole period of its existence, the Institute has mobilized 3843 accessions, representing 377 plant species.

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42

Herath, H. M. W. A. "Poverty and Agricultural Productivity Growth Nexus in the Non-Plantation Agriculture in Sri Lanka." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 9, no. 2 (August 29, 2018): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v9i2.2380.

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Not only there is a close relationship between poverty and agriculture productivity but also agriculture is considered as a significant means of plummeting poverty in the long-term and in the shortterm. While agriculture may not be central as the driver of economic growth in current global neo-liberal economic context it is generally accepted that the food security and livelihood development aspects for all still warrants developing agriculture, a situation that holds true for Sri Lanka too. Productivity in agriculture is determined by conditions in both the natural, socioeconomic and community factors. The productivity in the countryâ€™s agriculture sector is rooted in the farming system, namely, the farm and the farmer/farm operator. These two units are in an interacting whole which makes property of one a quality of another. Small plot size, the existing tenure system, low levels of education and skills of farm operators and behavior of two patrons (government and traders) in the sector are the major backward determinants affecting to place in the farmer into a vicious cycle of poverty. This background does not help to generate a dynamic, risk bearing and enterprising farmers for the economy and this leads to low productivity and then the continuation of poverty of farmers. The lack of attentiveness of overall situation and lack of holistic approach to problems providing appropriate solutions to individuals are constraints in agriculture development. Solution is the hallmark of policies and interventions in agriculture. Present focus is also on subsistence-based model and the approach is piecemeal.

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43

Ranawana, K. B., T. M. Reed, and W. G. S. Yasarathne. "Seedling establishment and regeneration in a harvested Eucalyptus plantation at Maragamuwa, Naula, Sri Lanka." Ceylon Journal of Science 46, no. 1 (March 22, 2017): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v46i1.7422.

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44

Kularatne, Jagath S., and Hiroyuki Takeya. "Privatization of the Plantation Sector in Sri Lanka: financial, economic and some environmental aspects." Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka 86 (April 19, 2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jrrisl.v86i0.1803.

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45

Gunasekera, NDSR, SC Thushara, and DN Ranashinghe. "Effectiveness of the Privatization Process on the Government Coconut Plantation Companies in Sri Lanka." Kelaniya Journal of Management 1, no. 2 (February 4, 2014): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/kjm.v1i2.6528.

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46

SENARATHNE, S. H. S., A. D. SAMARAJEEWA, and K. C. P. PERERA. "Comparison of different weed management systems and their effects on yield of coconut plantations in Sri Lanka." Weed Biology and Management 3, no. 3 (August 26, 2003): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1445-6664.2003.00100.x.

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47

Sachitra, Vilani, and Siong-Choy Chong. "Resources, capabilities and competitive advantage of minor export crops farms in Sri Lanka." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 5 (October 15, 2018): 478–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-01-2017-0004.

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Purpose The agribusiness sector has long been acknowledged as a major source of livelihood to many people in developing countries. Hence, determining the resources and capabilities influencing farm-level competitive advantage are vital to better understand and formulate appropriate strategies to increase the competitiveness ofminor export crops farms. This study aims to understand of the link between resources-capabilities-competitive advantage for appropriate measures to be recommended to enhance the competitive position of the smallholding farms. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts the resource-based view in combination with dynamic capabilities. The scope comprises owners of farms who possess experience in commercial cultivation of minor export crops in Sri Lanka. A self-administrated structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Findings Based on the responses from 456 farm owners, results of the multiple regression analysis indicate that variables representing resources such as human assets, physical assets, financial assets, institutional capital, collective action and entrepreneurial identity; and dynamic capabilities such as organisational learning, relationship building, quality management and marketing are significantly associated with competitive advantage of the minor export crops farms. Reputation and farm process management capability are the only two insignificant variables. Taken together, the resources and dynamic capabilities investigated explain 89.3 per cent of the variation in competitive advantage, in which 82 per cent is contributed by resources. Originality/value The findings provide useful insights not only in terms of understanding the link between resources, dynamic capabilities and competitive advantage but also how resources and capabilities can be channelled and leveraged to bring about competitive advantage to the minor export crops farms. Theoretical and practical implications as well as future research directions are provided.

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48

Lowe, Oariona, and Dawn McClellan. "Oral health status of children in rural communities of Sri Lanka." Journal of Global Oral Health 4 (June 25, 2021): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jgoh_52_2020.

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Social determinants of health are affected by socioeconomic status, level of education attained, living conditions, and access to healthcare. Access to oral health care is impacted by the environment, in which one resides and the knowledge and benefits of good oral healthcare and prevention, most of which is influenced by parental knowledge and habits. Oral health status was reported on two populations of Sri Lankan children; one group residing in a tea plantation and the other in Mullaithivu, the northernmost area of Sri Lanka. Tea estate dwellers represent an impoverished group, where the education level attained is less than half of the national average. The decay rate in this population of children is high, many of them with early childhood caries. In Mullaithivu, children make up one-third of the population. Children between the ages of 6 and 19 were observed to have a large number of caries. Access to dental care in these remote areas is limited. Developing an oral health program to serve these populations would be beneficial to assist in healthy living.

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Senarathne, Sumith H. S., Anjana J. Atapattu, Thilina Raveendra, Sylvanus Mensah, and Kithsiri B. Dassanayake. "Biomass allocation and growth performance of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray in coconut plantations in Sri Lanka." Agroforestry Systems 93, no. 5 (September 4, 2018): 1865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0290-y.

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50

MUNASINGHE, E. S., V. H. L. RODRIGO, and U. A. D. P. GUNAWARDENA. "MODUS OPERANDIIN ASSESSING BIOMASS AND CARBON IN RUBBER PLANTATIONS UNDER VARYING CLIMATIC CONDITIONS." Experimental Agriculture 50, no. 1 (September 9, 2013): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000410.

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SUMMARYIn addition to latex and timber, the rubber tree is useful in the alleviation of rural poverty and also in the mitigation of climate change through fixing atmospheric CO2as biomass. For developing any rubber-based carbon projects, protocols for quantifying biomass and carbon fixed are required. In this context, the present study was aimed at building up allometric models using simple growth indicators (i.e. tree diameter and total height) to assess the timber, biomass and carbon in rubber trees and also to quantify their ontogenetic variation under average growth conditions in two major climatic regimes (i.e. wet and intermediate) of Sri Lanka. All models developed were in the accuracy level of over 88%. The mean absolute percentage error in the validation of allometric models was only 12.9% for timber and less than 5% for biomass and carbon. Under average growth conditions, 1 ha of rubber could produce 208 m3timber, 191 MT biomass and fix 78 MT carbon during its 30-year lifespan in the wet zone and ca. 16% lesser values in the intermediate zone. The applicability of the findings in carbon trading is discussed.

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