Journal articles: 'Plantation vs. forest'

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Liu, Yue, Menglin Su, Jiaxin Jin, et al. "Wind-Induced Variations in Phenology Regulate Carbon Fluxes in Two Warm-Temperate Plantation Forests." Forests 15, no. 12 (2024): 2240. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122240.

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Forest phenology directly reacts to global climate change, potentially regulating greenhouse gas fluxes between ecosystems and the atmosphere. To explore this phenomenon in two plain poplar (Populus spp.) forests in eastern China, we measured CO2 fluxes and phenology at the canopy scale based on the eddy covariance and PhenoCam technology. From 2019 to 2022, poplars in a high-speed wind site (HWS) experienced shorter maturity durations (108 ± 4.9 days vs. 152 ± 1.2 days) and an earlier date of foliar senescence (day of year: 223.8 ± 2.5 vs. 259.5 ± 0.9) than those in the low-speed wind site (LWS). The annual net CO2 uptake in the HWS (689.65 ± 105.15 g C·m−2·year−1) was approximately 2.4 times higher than that in the LWS (285.65 ± 81.37 g C·m−2·year−1). Our results indicate that environmental changes like wind stress alter forest phenology that can dynamically regulate ecosystem respiration and gross primary production.

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Guo, Mishan, Guanglei Gao, Guodong Ding, and Ying Zhang. "Drivers of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community Structure Associated with Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Differ at Regional vs. Local Spatial Scales in Northern China." Forests 11, no. 3 (2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030323.

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Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, a widely planted tree species, is facing long-lasting, unresolved degradation in desertified Northern China. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are closely related to the stand status, because they substantially participate in ecological processes of terrestrial forest ecosystems. EMF may be key to solving the introduction recession. Therefore, we performed DNA sequencing of P. sylvestris root samples from plantations and natural forests as control to characterize the EMF from semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions, using ITS Illumina sequencing and conventional soil physicochemical index determination. The results indicated that (1) the dominant EMF genera were Suillus, Rhizopogon, and Wilcoxina in the Hulunbuir, Mu Us, and Horqin Sandy Lands, respectively. Their dominance retained with stand ageing. (2) Plantation EM fungal diversity differs significantly among the three sandy lands and was significantly lower than in natural forest. The diversity varied with stand age, showing distinct trends at the local scale. (3) At the regional scale, the mean annual sunshine times and the soil organic carbon content affect EMF diversity. The community composition and structure were more characterized by temperature and precipitation. At the local scale, besides the soil organic carbon content, the EM fungal community composition and structure were correlated with total nitrogen and phosphorus content (Hulunbuir), the total phosphorus content (Mu Us), and the pH and total soil porosity (Horqin). The EM fungal community composition and structure have the obvious geographical distribution variation; they were strongly correlated with the meteorological elements and soil nutrients at the regional scale. At the local scale, they were jointly driven by stand age and soil properties. This improved information contributes to increasing the understanding of the interaction between EMF and forest ecosystems and guides sustainable forest management of degraded P. sylvestris plantations.

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Vukov, Dragana, Zoran Galic, Marko Rucando, et al. "Effects of natural broadleaved regeneration vs conifer restoration on the herb layer and microclimate." Archives of Biological Sciences 68, no. 3 (2016): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs150727037v.

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This study was carried out on the Vidlic Mountain, eastern Serbia. The herb layer was surveyed in permanent plots on two localities: in a naturally regenerated beech forest and in a Douglas-fir plantation, in spring, summer and autumn 2011, 2012 and 2013. Air temperature, air humidity and soil moisture were measured. Species richness, Shannon?s diversity index and Pielou?s evenness index were calculated for each plot. Comparison of the abundances of species common to both forest stands was done using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The compositional gradient of the species data was examined using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), and the species-environment relationship was analyzed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Soil moisture and the total herb cover significantly differed in the naturally regenerated beech forest and Douglas-fir plantation. Floristic similarity between the surveyed forest stands was 28.12%. Although the dominant canopy species is known to be the strongest predictor of the herb layer, the model that includes all of the analyzed environmental factors explains the largest amount of the species variability. The species best fitted to this model are Dryopteris filix-mas, Galium odoratum, Pulmonaria officinalis, Sanicula europaea, Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus caesius. The analyzed forest stands are examples of two different post-disturbance regeneration strategies. Having in mind the limitations of this study, we can conclude that the naturally regenerated beech forest recovers faster: its herbaceous layer indicated nearly natural conditions, with only a few pioneer and disturbance-tolerant species. The herb layer in the Douglas-fir stand is still in the early seral stage, i.e. establishment.

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Pham, T. P. T., N. T. Tran, C. A. Kull, et al. "Factors influencing farmers' forestland-use changes over 15 years (2005–2020) in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam." International Forestry Review 25, no. 1 (2023): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554823836838682.

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Over the last decades, Vietnam has seen substantial shifts in forest landscape uses and associated livelihoods. We document the livelihood transformations in Nam Dong, a mountainous district of Central Vietnam, where land uses have changed from the utilisation of products from natural forests and shifting cultivation (swidden agriculture) to acacia tree-dominated plantation forestry. Forestry policies (forestland allocation, plantation development agendas), the increase in the economic value of acacia, and household livelihood assets are the primary factors driving these changes. We also found that there are differences in the access to and ownership of forestland with regard to households of different communities and between poor vs wealthy households. Therefore, careful attention needs to be paid to guide future land use policies in the area to foster social and ecological sustainability.

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Colihueque, Nelson, Víctor Vidal, Contanza Vásquez, and Alberto Gantz. "Comparing diversity of the terrestrial mammal communities inhabiting native forests and exotic plantations in southern Chile." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 18, no. 4 (2023): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.18.e110272.

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The mammal community of the Coastal Range of southern Chile has been little studied even though they inhabit an environment under severe threats due to anthropic disturbance. During the spring-summer seasons of 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, we characterized the communities of wild terrestrial mammals in a native forest (NF) and an exotic plantation of Eucalyptus (PL) of the Coastal Range of Osorno province by phototrapping. We used 1,060 camera-trap days in the NF and 960 camera-trap days in the PL to explore the effect of habitat type on wild mammal diversity in two localities (L-1 and L-2). We quantified the species richness, abundance, community similarity and daily distribution of mammal communities. Species richness was higher in the NF (7–8 spp) than in the PL (3–4 spp). Two community similarity index (CSI) was significantly higher between native forests (CSI = 0.728 ± 0.088) than between Eucalyptus plantations (CSI = 0.211 ± 0.097) (95% CI). Mean abundance was also higher in the NF than in the PL (L-1: 0.011 vs. 0.004 occurrence/camera-trap day (OCT); L-2: 0.008 vs. 0.004 OCT). In L-1, the most abundant mammals in the NF were Leopardus guigna (45.3% of relative occurrence (RO)) and Pudu puda (18.9% RO), and in the PL, they were Lycalopex culpaeus (50% RO) and L. guigna (37.5% RO). In L-2, the highest abundances in the NF were for P. puda (34.5% RO) and Puma concolor (27.6% RO), while in the PL, P. puda was predominant (66.7% RO). In NF of both localities, 22.2% of melanic L. guigna individuals were observed. The highest frequency of occurrences in both locations was between 12:00 and 23:59 hours, with 60% and 76.9% of detections, respectively. The species richness found in native forest is in accordance with studies carried out in other temperate rainforests of southern Chile. In addition, native forests support a richer and more similar community of terrestrial mammals than exotic forest plantations, which indicates that native forests are the main habitat for most mammals detected and that exotic plantations function as a complementary habitat for some species.

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Hawkins, J. W., M. W. Lankester, R. A. Lautenschlager, and F. W. Bell. "Effects of alternative conifer release treatments on terrestrial gastropods in northwestern Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 1 (1997): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73091-1.

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Changes in terrestrial gastropod species richness and density in regenerating spruce plantations following application of four conifer release treatments including two chemical herbicides (Vision® [a.i. glyphosate] and Release® [a.i. triclopyr]), cutting by mechanical means (Silvana Selective/Ford Versatile), and motor-manual cutting with brush saws are discussed. Mean gastropod density increased to a maximum of 21 m−2 over the summer of 1993 (pre-treatment) when a total of 27,396 gastropods were collected but remained fairly stable at about 10 m−2 throughout the summer of 1994 (post-treatment) when only 20,199 were collected. This difference between years was not related to the conifer release treatments, since gastropod densities on both treated and control areas were lower in 1994. The decline in 1994 was probably due to decreased population size and detectability because of less rainfall. The lack of difference following treatments was attributed to rapid re-establishment of the herbaceous layer which probably continued to provide favourable conditions for snails and slugs.Gastropod density was higher in a nine-year-old regenerating spruce plantation (15.5 ± 1.3 m−2) than in a 70-year-old mixedwood forest (9.4 ± 0.6 m−2) and species richness was also slightly greater (20 spp. vs. 18 spp.) in the plantation. These differences were attributed to the more abundant near-ground vegetation and the greater amount of deciduous litter characterizing the regenerating plantation. Key words: clearcutting, terrestrial gastropods, snails, slugs, conifer release, Fallingsnow Ecosystem Project, herbicides, spruce plantations, vegetation

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Chhin, Sophan, and Gregory Dahle. "Using Acoustic Tomography to Infer Stem Wood Quality of Pine Forests Affected by a Fungal Pathogen in Different Latitudinal Regions and Plantation Densities." Ecologies 4, no. 3 (2023): 512–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecologies4030033.

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Diplodia pinea is a fungal pathogen that causes Diplodia shoot blight in pines and is widely spread in red pine (Pinus resinosa) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests in Michigan. The objective of this study was to examine whether infection with D. pinea compromises wood quality in pine stands. Acoustic data was collected using an acoustic tomographer from the stem region at breast height (1.3 m) of red pine and jack pine trees across two categories of forest health condition (control vs. Diplodia-affected), in two latitudinal regions (Lower Peninsula vs. Upper Peninsula), and two levels of initial stand density (low vs. high). The acoustic data was used to infer the wood quality (i.e., density) in these two tree species since material of higher density generally has higher sound velocity rates. Red pine had significantly higher wood quality (i.e., higher sound velocities) in the Upper Peninsula region compared to the Lower Peninsula region. Within each latitudinal region, red pine sound velocities did not show significant differences between forest health condition or initial stand density levels. Jack pine showed no significant differences in sound velocities across the treatment categories. The results indicate that latitudinal region appears to have more impact on red pine wood quality than the influence of forest health condition (presence of Diplodia shoot blight) or initial stand density. All analyzed factors (latitudinal region, forest health condition, and stand density) did not have a significant impact on the wood quality of jack pine.

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Matisone, Ilze, Juris Katrevičs, Diāna Jansone, et al. "Ground Cover Vegetation in Differently Managed Hemiboreal Norway Spruce Stands: Plantation vs. Natural Regeneration." Diversity 16, no. 4 (2024): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16040203.

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Forest plantations, which have a simplified structure and composition, are becoming more frequent, raising concerns regarding their contribution to biological diversity in highly managed landscapes. The biological value of a stand has been related to stand age, although stand properties, which are often intercorrelated with it, yet are manageable, might be of primary importance. The relationships between stand properties (age, structure and composition) and ground cover vegetation, as a proxy for biological value, were assessed in Norway spruce stands with contrasting land use history (low-density plantations on former agricultural land, unmanaged and old-growth stands) in Latvia. The ground flora differed according to land use history of the stands. The principal gradients of ground cover vegetation were related to the degree of deciduous admixture in the tree stand, stand vertical heterogeneity (multi-layer; density and height of the understorey), light, age and site fertility. However, the plantations were more species-rich and diverse, appearing as promising in terms of biological diversity in intensively managed sites (especially periurban forests). The observed relationships between ground cover vegetation and stand characteristics suggest that diversification of the stand structures in plantations might reduce the recovery time of ground cover vegetation, contributing to the ecosystem services provided under intensifying management and disturbances.

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Jeong, Seonghun, Tomonori Kume, Yoshinori Shinohara, Moein Farahnak, and Kyoichi Otsuki. "Application of the Reformulated Gash Analytical Model for Rainfall Interception Loss to Unmanaged High-Density Coniferous Plantations Laden with Dead Branches." Forests 13, no. 5 (2022): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050657.

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Interception loss (IL) by the forest canopy removes a substantial quantity of rainwater within forested ecosystems. The large-scale unmanaged Japanese coniferous plantations with high stand density (SD) in Japan raise concerns about an additional increasing IL as a result of a new influential factor of dead branches under canopies. Thus, evaluating the usage of IL estimation models is vital to regulating the water and environment in such coniferous plantations. This study aimed to examine the applicability of the reformulated Gash analytical model (RGAM) to unmanaged coniferous plantations with high SD laden with dead branches. We established two plots (P1 and P2) laden with dead branches under the same SD of 2250 stems ha−1 but with different numbers of dead branches (56 vs. 47 branches per tree) in an unmanaged Japanese coniferous plantation. Results demonstrated that a large difference was found in canopy storage capacity (S) in P1 and P2 (3.94 vs. 3.25 mm), which was influenced by the different number of dead branches; therefore, the IL ratio to gross rainfall differed considerably (32.7% in P1 and 26.7% in P2) regardless of the SD being the same. The difference in S enables the RGAM to reflect the influence of dead branch structures on IL, leading to an acceptable RGAM performance for both P1 and P2 (“fair” IL relative errors: −20.2% vs. −16.1%) in the present study of unmanaged coniferous plantations with high SD laden with dead branches.

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Huang, Yingni, Qianlin Li, Chunmei Bai, Wendi Zhao, Diego Ismael Rodríguez-Hernández, and Xiali Guo. "Influence of Slope Aspect and Position on Xylem Formation Dynamics in Subtropical Chinese Fir Plantations." Forests 15, no. 7 (2024): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15071193.

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Recent studies on the intra-annual dynamics of trees were mainly focused on mature trees in natural forests; however, less is known about how topography (e.g., slope’s position and aspect) shape the intra-annual xylem formation dynamics of young trees in plantation forests. We monitored intra-annual xylem formation dynamics of 6-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.)) trees across two different aspects (northeast and southwest) and three different positions (upper, middle, and lower) of the slope in a planted forest in subtropical China. We found that the intra-annual xylem formation of trees on the northeast slope aspect (176.98 ± 34.52 cells) was significantly higher than that on the southwest slope aspect (140.19 ± 36.07 cells) due to the higher growth rate (0.67 ± 0.11 cells/day vs. 0.53 ± 0.10 cells/day). In the middle slope position, xylem formation (187.89 ± 19.81 cells) was also significantly higher than that of the upper (147.35 ± 29.08 cells) and lower slope positions (140.51 ± 48.36 cells), resulting from higher growth rate rather than longer growing season length. Our study demonstrated that intra-annual xylem formation dynamics of Chinese fir were altered by different topographic features and therefore encourage the implementation of management strategies that consider different slope aspects and positions to maximize forest productivity.

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Béland, Martin, Sébastien Calmels, and Yves Bergeron. "Natural regeneration of jack pine on clay soils following harvesting and site preparation: Seventh-year results." Forestry Chronicle 86, no. 4 (2010): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86423-4.

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This study examines the operational feasibility of six treatments to regenerate jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) naturally without fire following harvesting on clay soils in the southeastern boreal forest of Quebec. The experiment is a randomized complete block design. Techniques used were a final cutting in 1993 with manual on-site delimbing or roadside delimbing combined with three methods of soil scarification (WadellTM, La TaupeTM and a control) performed in the Spring of 1994 compared to an adjacent jack pine plantation established in 1994 after Wadell scarification. Seven growing seasons later, the present article compares stand composition, competing vegetation, regeneration and growth of jack pine between the different treatments as well as an adjacent plantation. Natural regeneration produced mixed stands with an adequate 52% average jack pine stocking. Roadside and on-site delimbing produced similar jack pine stocking on average. However, the plantation showed 83% stocking and better performance than natural regeneration in terms of height (2.48 m vs. 1.7 m for natural regeneration), diameter (41 mm vs. 22 mm for natural regeneration) and jack pine dominance. Therefore, if natural regeneration is desired, roadside delimbing is to be recommended since it provides sufficient seed and does avoid early jack pine growth reductions caused by slash. On clay soils, scarification seems to have been optional. Nevertheless, it slightly increased seedling growth and in this way, the treatment combining road-side delimbing and an extensive scarification can be an effective jack pine natural regeneration treatment.Key words: Pinus banksiana Lamb., natural regeneration, stocking coefficient, delimbing, scarification, boreal mixed wood, seedlings

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Cole, R. J., K. D. Holl, and R. A. Zahawi. "Seed rain under tree islands planted to restore degraded lands in a tropical agricultural landscape." Ecological Applications 20, no. 5 (2010): 1255–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13467773.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Planting native tree seedlings is the predominant restoration strategy for accelerating forest succession on degraded lands. Planting tree "islands" is less costly and labor intensive than establishing larger plantations and simulates the nucleation process of succession. Assessing the role of island size in attracting seed dispersers, the potential of islands to expand through enhanced seed deposition, and the effect of planting arrangements on seed dispersal by birds and bats informs restoration design. Determining the relative importance of local restoration approach vs. landscape‐level factors (amount of surrounding forest cover) helps prioritize methods and locations for restoration. We tested how three restoration approaches affect the arrival of forest seeds at 11 experimental sites spread across a gradient of surrounding forest cover in a 100‐km 2 area of southern Costa Rica. Each site had three 50 × 50 m treatments: (1) control (natural regeneration), (2) island (planting tree seedlings in patches of three sizes: 16 m 2 , 64 m 2 , and 144 m 2 ), and (3) plantation (planting entire area). Four tree species were used in planting ( Terminalia amazonia , Vochysia guatemalensis , Erythrina poeppigiana , and Inga edulis ). Seed rain was measured for 18 months beginning ∼2 years after planting. Plantations received the most zoochorous tree seeds (266.1 ± 64.5 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 [mean ± SE]), islands were intermediate (210.4 ± 52.7 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 ), and controls were lowest (87.1 ± 13.9 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 ). Greater tree seed deposition in the plantations was due to birds (0.51 ± 0.18 seeds·m −2 ·d −1 ), not bats (0.07 ± 0.03 seeds·m −2 ·d −1 ). Seed rain was primarily small‐seeded, early‐successional species. Large and medium islands received twice as many zoochorous tree seeds as small islands and areas away from island edges, suggesting there is a minimum island size necessary to increase seed deposition and that seed rain outside of planted areas is strongly reduced. Planting design was more important for seed deposition than amount of forest cover within the surrounding 100‐ and 500‐m radius areas. Establishing plantations and large islands facilitates the arrival of early‐successional tree seeds and represents a broadly applicable strategy for increasing seed rain on abandoned agricultural lands. However, more intensive restoration approaches may be necessary for establishment of dispersal‐limited species.

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Cole, R. J., K. D. Holl, and R. A. Zahawi. "Seed rain under tree islands planted to restore degraded lands in a tropical agricultural landscape." Ecological Applications 20, no. 5 (2010): 1255–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13467773.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Planting native tree seedlings is the predominant restoration strategy for accelerating forest succession on degraded lands. Planting tree "islands" is less costly and labor intensive than establishing larger plantations and simulates the nucleation process of succession. Assessing the role of island size in attracting seed dispersers, the potential of islands to expand through enhanced seed deposition, and the effect of planting arrangements on seed dispersal by birds and bats informs restoration design. Determining the relative importance of local restoration approach vs. landscape‐level factors (amount of surrounding forest cover) helps prioritize methods and locations for restoration. We tested how three restoration approaches affect the arrival of forest seeds at 11 experimental sites spread across a gradient of surrounding forest cover in a 100‐km 2 area of southern Costa Rica. Each site had three 50 × 50 m treatments: (1) control (natural regeneration), (2) island (planting tree seedlings in patches of three sizes: 16 m 2 , 64 m 2 , and 144 m 2 ), and (3) plantation (planting entire area). Four tree species were used in planting ( Terminalia amazonia , Vochysia guatemalensis , Erythrina poeppigiana , and Inga edulis ). Seed rain was measured for 18 months beginning ∼2 years after planting. Plantations received the most zoochorous tree seeds (266.1 ± 64.5 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 [mean ± SE]), islands were intermediate (210.4 ± 52.7 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 ), and controls were lowest (87.1 ± 13.9 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 ). Greater tree seed deposition in the plantations was due to birds (0.51 ± 0.18 seeds·m −2 ·d −1 ), not bats (0.07 ± 0.03 seeds·m −2 ·d −1 ). Seed rain was primarily small‐seeded, early‐successional species. Large and medium islands received twice as many zoochorous tree seeds as small islands and areas away from island edges, suggesting there is a minimum island size necessary to increase seed deposition and that seed rain outside of planted areas is strongly reduced. Planting design was more important for seed deposition than amount of forest cover within the surrounding 100‐ and 500‐m radius areas. Establishing plantations and large islands facilitates the arrival of early‐successional tree seeds and represents a broadly applicable strategy for increasing seed rain on abandoned agricultural lands. However, more intensive restoration approaches may be necessary for establishment of dispersal‐limited species.

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Cole, R. J., K. D. Holl, and R. A. Zahawi. "Seed rain under tree islands planted to restore degraded lands in a tropical agricultural landscape." Ecological Applications 20, no. 5 (2010): 1255–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13467773.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Planting native tree seedlings is the predominant restoration strategy for accelerating forest succession on degraded lands. Planting tree "islands" is less costly and labor intensive than establishing larger plantations and simulates the nucleation process of succession. Assessing the role of island size in attracting seed dispersers, the potential of islands to expand through enhanced seed deposition, and the effect of planting arrangements on seed dispersal by birds and bats informs restoration design. Determining the relative importance of local restoration approach vs. landscape‐level factors (amount of surrounding forest cover) helps prioritize methods and locations for restoration. We tested how three restoration approaches affect the arrival of forest seeds at 11 experimental sites spread across a gradient of surrounding forest cover in a 100‐km 2 area of southern Costa Rica. Each site had three 50 × 50 m treatments: (1) control (natural regeneration), (2) island (planting tree seedlings in patches of three sizes: 16 m 2 , 64 m 2 , and 144 m 2 ), and (3) plantation (planting entire area). Four tree species were used in planting ( Terminalia amazonia , Vochysia guatemalensis , Erythrina poeppigiana , and Inga edulis ). Seed rain was measured for 18 months beginning ∼2 years after planting. Plantations received the most zoochorous tree seeds (266.1 ± 64.5 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 [mean ± SE]), islands were intermediate (210.4 ± 52.7 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 ), and controls were lowest (87.1 ± 13.9 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 ). Greater tree seed deposition in the plantations was due to birds (0.51 ± 0.18 seeds·m −2 ·d −1 ), not bats (0.07 ± 0.03 seeds·m −2 ·d −1 ). Seed rain was primarily small‐seeded, early‐successional species. Large and medium islands received twice as many zoochorous tree seeds as small islands and areas away from island edges, suggesting there is a minimum island size necessary to increase seed deposition and that seed rain outside of planted areas is strongly reduced. Planting design was more important for seed deposition than amount of forest cover within the surrounding 100‐ and 500‐m radius areas. Establishing plantations and large islands facilitates the arrival of early‐successional tree seeds and represents a broadly applicable strategy for increasing seed rain on abandoned agricultural lands. However, more intensive restoration approaches may be necessary for establishment of dispersal‐limited species.

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Cole, R. J., K. D. Holl, and R. A. Zahawi. "Seed rain under tree islands planted to restore degraded lands in a tropical agricultural landscape." Ecological Applications 20, no. 5 (2010): 1255–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13467773.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Planting native tree seedlings is the predominant restoration strategy for accelerating forest succession on degraded lands. Planting tree "islands" is less costly and labor intensive than establishing larger plantations and simulates the nucleation process of succession. Assessing the role of island size in attracting seed dispersers, the potential of islands to expand through enhanced seed deposition, and the effect of planting arrangements on seed dispersal by birds and bats informs restoration design. Determining the relative importance of local restoration approach vs. landscape‐level factors (amount of surrounding forest cover) helps prioritize methods and locations for restoration. We tested how three restoration approaches affect the arrival of forest seeds at 11 experimental sites spread across a gradient of surrounding forest cover in a 100‐km 2 area of southern Costa Rica. Each site had three 50 × 50 m treatments: (1) control (natural regeneration), (2) island (planting tree seedlings in patches of three sizes: 16 m 2 , 64 m 2 , and 144 m 2 ), and (3) plantation (planting entire area). Four tree species were used in planting ( Terminalia amazonia , Vochysia guatemalensis , Erythrina poeppigiana , and Inga edulis ). Seed rain was measured for 18 months beginning ∼2 years after planting. Plantations received the most zoochorous tree seeds (266.1 ± 64.5 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 [mean ± SE]), islands were intermediate (210.4 ± 52.7 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 ), and controls were lowest (87.1 ± 13.9 seeds·m −2 ·yr −1 ). Greater tree seed deposition in the plantations was due to birds (0.51 ± 0.18 seeds·m −2 ·d −1 ), not bats (0.07 ± 0.03 seeds·m −2 ·d −1 ). Seed rain was primarily small‐seeded, early‐successional species. Large and medium islands received twice as many zoochorous tree seeds as small islands and areas away from island edges, suggesting there is a minimum island size necessary to increase seed deposition and that seed rain outside of planted areas is strongly reduced. Planting design was more important for seed deposition than amount of forest cover within the surrounding 100‐ and 500‐m radius areas. Establishing plantations and large islands facilitates the arrival of early‐successional tree seeds and represents a broadly applicable strategy for increasing seed rain on abandoned agricultural lands. However, more intensive restoration approaches may be necessary for establishment of dispersal‐limited species.

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Serrano-León, Hernán, Anssi Ahtikoski, Johan Sonesson, et al. "From genetic gain to economic gain: simulated growth and financial performance of genetically improved Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster planted stands in France, Finland and Sweden." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 94, no. 4 (2021): 512–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpab004.

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Abstract The translation of genetic gains into economic gains is important for evaluating the impact of using genetically improved forest reproductive material (FRM) in the forest sector. However, few studies based on European forests have been published to date. Here, we analyse the stand-level wood production and financial performance of planting genetically improved FRM in even-aged planted forests focusing on four European case studies with advanced breeding programme material and different management contexts: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in southern Finland, central Sweden and central France, and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in southwestern France. The growth of improved stands was simulated using species-specific growth models by incorporating two levels of expected genetic gains (present and next generations of seed orchards, varying from 7 to 40 per cent depending on the breeding programme) into the estimated mean annual volume increment over a rotation (m3 ha−1 yr−1). For each level of genetic gain, we tested the plantation of improved FRM managed with two silvicultural scenarios (maintaining the standard baseline rotation and thinning regime vs shorter rotation through the earlier achievement of the recommended felling criteria) in comparison with the plantation of the reference unimproved material (absence of genetic gain) managed according to the standard silvicultural regime. The use of improved FRM resulted in a larger financial performance in terms of soil expectation value (SEV € ha−1, discount rate 3 per cent) than planting unimproved reference material in all case studies and silvicultural scenarios for different wood price contexts (SEV gain from +20 to +190 per cent depending on the genetic and silvicultural context). The challenges associated with the economic assessment of realized gains from genetically improved FRM are discussed. We argue that silvicultural guidelines should be adapted to the use of improved FRM in order to gain better financial performance and flexible silvicultural response of planted forests to future environmental and socio-economic changes.

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Fang, Di, Junren Xian, Guopeng Chen, et al. "Rapid Adaptation of Chimonobambusa opienensis Leaves to Crown–Thinning in Giant Panda Ecological Corridor, Niba Mountain." Plants 12, no. 11 (2023): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12112109.

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Leaf traits reflect the ecological strategy in heterogeneous contexts and are widely used to explore the adaption of plant species to environmental change. However, the knowledge of short-term effect of canopy management on understorey plant leaf traits is still limited. Here, we studied the short-term effect of crown–thinning on the leaf morphological traits of bamboo (Chimonobambusa opienensis), an important understorey plant and staple food for the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) of Niba Mountain. Our treatments were two crown–thinnings (spruce plantation, CS, and deciduous broad-leaved forest, CB) and two controls (broad-leaved forest canopy, FC, and the bamboo grove of clearcutting, BC). The results showed that: the CS enhanced the annual leaf length, width, area, and thickness, CB decreased almost all annual leaf traits, and perennial leaf traits in CS and CB were the opposite. The log-transformed allometric relationships of length vs. width, biomass vs. area were significantly positive while those of specific leaf area vs. thickness were significantly negative, which varied largely in treatments and age. The leaf traits and allometric relationships suggested that the CS created a more suitable habitat for bamboo growth. This study highlighted that the understorey bamboo leaf traits could adapt the improved light environment induced by crown–thinning rapidly.

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Eshetu, Zewdu. "Historical C3-C4 vegetation pattern on forested mountain slopes: its implication for ecological rehabilitation of degraded highlands of Ethiopia by afforestation." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 5 (2002): 743–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002481.

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In Ethiopia, plantation forestry for soil conservation and wood supply is mainly based on exotic tree species harvested at 12–25-y rotation age. To evaluate if these forests truly represent ecological rehabilitation of degraded areas through the build-up of soil organic matter before harvest, relative abundances of C3 vs. C4 carbon in soils under a 25-y-old forest on Mt. Yegof have been studied based on changes in soil δ13C values due to vegetation cover changes by afforestation. At Yegof, shrub and tree leaves had δ13C value of −28.7 ± 0.4‰. The grasses showed a value of −30.7 ± 0.6‰ at 2700–3000 m asl (typical C3) and of −13.6 ± 0.3‰ at 2520 m asl (typical C4). Soil δ13C values were −21.7 ± 0.9‰ in soil at 0–5 cm and −20.7 ± 0.6‰ in soil at 30–50 cm indicating a long history of C4-dominated grass or cropland over the elevations sampled. The shifts towards lower δ13C values in soil at 0–5 cm coincide with 25 y of C3 vegetation. Carbon content in topsoil was 3.4–9.2% and in tree leaves was 45–56%. However, an estimate of new C3 carbon (54%) in 0–5 cm soil was low as compared with tropical rain-forest and savanna ecosystems suggesting a slow rate of carbon turnover at Yegof. The results suggest that degraded sites at Yegof may need further duration of forest cover longer than current rotation times of the forests to improve soil conditions and restore soil organic matter and carbon, which have been lost during the past land use. It is encouraging from the perspectives of ecological rehabilitation and soil conservation that a shift in the dominance from C4 vegetation types of agricultural and grassland ecosystems to C3 forest ecosystems could be established in less than 25 y on these highly degraded slopes of Mt. Yegof.

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McDonald, M. A., B. J. Hawkins, C. E. Prescott, and J. P. Kimmins. "Growth and foliar nutrition of western red cedar fertilized with sewage sludge, pulp sludge, fish silage, and wood ash on northern Vancouver Island." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 2 (1994): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-042.

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The fertilizer efficacy of a variety of organic wastes was tested in a 9-year-old plantation of western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don) growing on a cutover of cedar–hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) forest on northern Vancouver Island. Seven treatments were compared: municipal sewage sludge, sewage sludge plus pulp sludge, fish silage and wood ash, silage and ash plus pulp sludge, wood ash alone, ammonium nitrate with triple super phosphate, and control (untreated). Each treatment was replicated three times. Rates of application were 225 kg N•ha−1 in the inorganic fertilizer and about 500 kg N•ha−1 in the organic wastes (except wood ash). The height and diameter of the cedar trees 2 years after fertilization were greatest in the plots treated with inorganic fertilizer (average height was 274 cm, vs. 211 cm in control plots; average diameter at 30 cm was 49 mm, vs. 34 mm in control plots). Smaller but significant growth responses were achieved with sewage sludge and fish silage plus ash. Mixtures of sewage sludge or silage with pulp sludge produced smaller height growth responses, but did not affect diameter growth. Wood ash alone had no effect on tree growth. All treatments except wood ash increased the concentrations of macronutrients in foliage. Foliar N concentrations were greatest in trees treated with fish silage or inorganic fertilizer. Stagnated plantations of western red cedar appear to provide an opportunity for recycling these organic wastes.

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Boston, Tony, Albert Van Dijk, and Richard Thackway. "U-Net Convolutional Neural Network for Mapping Natural Vegetation and Forest Types from Landsat Imagery in Southeastern Australia." Journal of Imaging 10, no. 6 (2024): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060143.

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Accurate and comparable annual mapping is critical to understanding changing vegetation distribution and informing land use planning and management. A U-Net convolutional neural network (CNN) model was used to map natural vegetation and forest types based on annual Landsat geomedian reflectance composite images for a 500 km × 500 km study area in southeastern Australia. The CNN was developed using 2018 imagery. Label data were a ten-class natural vegetation and forest classification (i.e., Acacia, Callitris, Casuarina, Eucalyptus, Grassland, Mangrove, Melaleuca, Plantation, Rainforest and Non-Forest) derived by combining current best-available regional-scale maps of Australian forest types, natural vegetation and land use. The best CNN generated using six Landsat geomedian bands as input produced better results than a pixel-based random forest algorithm, with higher overall accuracy (OA) and weighted mean F1 score for all vegetation classes (93 vs. 87% in both cases) and a higher Kappa score (86 vs. 74%). The trained CNN was used to generate annual vegetation maps for 2000−2019 and evaluated for an independent test area of 100 km × 100 km using statistics describing accuracy regarding the label data and temporal stability. Seventy-six percent of pixels did not change over the 20 years (2000−2019), and year-on-year results were highly correlated (94−97% OA). The accuracy of the CNN model was further verified for the study area using 3456 independent vegetation survey plots where the species of interest had ≥ 50% crown cover. The CNN showed an 81% OA compared with the plot data. The model accuracy was also higher than the label data (76%), which suggests that imperfect training data may not be a major obstacle to CNN-based mapping. Applying the CNN to other regions would help to test the spatial transferability of these techniques and whether they can support the automated production of accurate and comparable annual maps of natural vegetation and forest types required for national reporting.

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Li, Ling, Sergios Karatzos, and Jack Saddler. "The potential of forest-derived bioenergy to contribute to China's future energy and transportation fuel requirements." Forestry Chronicle 88, no. 05 (2012): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2012-104.

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Increasing concerns of oil security, greenhouse gas emissions, and sustainability have encouraged nations to consider the contribution that agriculture/forestry for bioenergy (and biofuels in particular) could make as alternatives to current fossil-based energy and transportation fuels. Despite China's large population and geographical size, it has only relatively recently developed into a highly industrialized and energy-dependent economy. Coal is, and will remain, China's dominant energy source. However, over the last few years with China's growing middle class, increasing growth in production and sale of cars/trucks and a growing chemical based sector, oil and its derivatives are predicted to experience the fastest fossil fuel growth. China's ability to produce so-called “first-generation” or conventional biofuels from sugar, starch or vegetable oil based plants is very restricted because of “food vs. fuel” issues. Thus, biomass-based and forest-based biofuels, in particular, can form a medium-to-long-term solution that could contribute to China's national biofuels targets. Oilseed trees have been suggested as an initial forest-based biodiesel strategy with about 13 million ha of marginal land identified for possible plantation. It is also estimated that 17 million tonnes of cellulosic ethanol per annum could be derived from forest biomass that is currently available in China.

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Martins, Martinho A. S., Ana I. Machado, Dalila Serpa, et al. "Runoff and inter-rill erosion in a Maritime Pine and a Eucalypt plantation following wildfire and terracing in north-central Portugal." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 61, no. 4 (2013): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2013-0033.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess how terracing affected overland flow and associated sediment losses, at the micro-plot scale (0.25 m2), in recently burnt stands of the two principal forest types in north-central Portugal, i.e. mono-specific stands of Maritime Pine and Eucalypt. Terracing is an increasingly common practice of slope engineering in the study region but its impacts on runoff and erosion are poorly studied. Non-terraced plots at the Eucalypt and the Pine site revealed similar median runoff coefficients (rc: 20-30%) as well as comparable median sediment losses (15-25 g m-2) during the first seven months following wildfire. During the ensuing, slightly wetter 18-month period, however, non-terraced plots at the Pine site lost noticeably more sediments (in median, 90 vs. 18 g m-2), in spite the runoff response had remained basically the same (median rc: 33 vs. 28%). By contrast, terraced plots at the same Pine site lost hugely more sediments (in median, 1,200 g m-2) during this 18-month period. Terraced plots at the Eucalypt site even lost three times more sediments (in median, 3,600 g m-2). Ground cover and resistance to shear stress seemed to be key factors in the observed/inferred impacts of terracing.

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Dhruva, Atman, Robin J. L. Hartley, Todd A. N. Redpath, Honey Jane C. Estarija, David Cajes, and Peter D. Massam. "Effective UAV Photogrammetry for Forest Management: New Insights on Side Overlap and Flight Parameters." Forests 15, no. 12 (2024): 2135. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122135.

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Silvicultural operations such as planting, pruning, and thinning are vital for the forest value chain, requiring efficient monitoring to prevent value loss. While effective, traditional field plots are time-consuming, costly, spatially limited, and rely on assumptions that they adequately represent a wider area. Alternatively, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can cover large areas while keeping operators safe from hazards including steep terrain. Despite their utility, optimal flight parameters to ensure flight efficiency and data quality remain under-researched. This study evaluated the impact of forward and side overlap and flight altitude on the quality of two- and three-dimensional spatial data products from UAV photogrammetry (UAV-SfM) for assessing stand density in a recently thinned Pinus radiata D. Don plantation. A contemporaneously acquired UAV laser scanner (ULS) point cloud provided reference data. The results indicate that the optimal UAV-SfM flight parameters are 90% forward and 85% side overlap at a 120 m altitude. Flights at an 80 m altitude offered marginal resolution improvement (2.2 cm compared to 3.2 cm ground sample distance/GSD) but took longer and were more error-prone. Individual tree detection (ITD) for stand density assessment was then applied to both UAV-SfM and ULS canopy height models (CHMs). Manual cleaning of the detected ULS tree peaks provided ground truth for both methods. UAV-SfM had a lower recall (0.85 vs. 0.94) but a higher precision (0.97 vs. 0.95) compared to ULS. Overall, the F-score indicated no significant difference between a prosumer-grade photogrammetric UAV and an industrial-grade ULS for stand density assessments, demonstrating the efficacy of affordable, off-the-shelf UAV technology for forest managers. Furthermore, in addressing the knowledge gap regarding optimal UAV flight parameters for conducting operational forestry assessments, this study provides valuable insights into the importance of side overlap for orthomosaic quality in forest environments.

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Jemaneh, Samson Shimelse. "COMPARISON ON VEGETATION COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF EXCLOSURES VS. OPEN GRAZING LANDS IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 8 (2021): 70–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i8.2021.4154.

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This study was conducted with the objectives of study investigates, compare, and try to describe the floristic composition and structure of the vegetation of exclosures and open grazing lands. A stratified preferential sampling design technique with flexible systematic model was used for data collection. Data on vegetation and environmental parameters were gathered from 120 quadrants (90 from restorations or exclosures of different ages and 30 from adjacent open grazing lands), of 20 m x 20 m (400 m2) size. Species richness and the presence or absence of herbaceous plants were recorded like soil samples in a 2 m x 2 m (4 m2) subplot inside each main quadrant from five points, one at each corner and one at the center. A total of 142 plant species belonging to 118 genera and 52 families were identified. All exclosures displayed higher plant species richness, diversity, and aboveground standing biomass compared to the adjacent open grazing lands. Consideration of edaphic (e.g. soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, CEC, exchangeable bases, soil pH and soil texture) and site (e.g. Stoniness, Grazing) variables will help to optimize the selection of areas for the establishment of future exclosures. Moreover, our study suggests that with time exclosures may increasingly obtain an important role as refugees and species pool similar to church forests and should be protected and managed in a sustainable manner. However, economic and social impacts of exclosures should be included in feasibility studies before establishing exclosures in the future. Altitude, Grazing and some soil parameters like Mg were the major environmental factors in the division of the vegetation into plant community types. The result of the frequency distribution of woody species showed a high proportion of small-sized individuals in the lower diameter classes indicating good recruitment potential of the forest patches and the rare occurrence of large individuals. Such trend was probably caused by past disturbance of the original vegetation resulting in a succession of secondary vegetation. In addition, the analysis of species population structure indicated that some tree species had abnormal population structure with no or few individuals at lower size classes. Moreover, assessment of regeneration status on the basis of age classes indicated that significant proportion of woody species were represented by few or no seedlings, entailing that they were under threat. Substantial numbers of forest species were found to have irregular population structure and are in reduced regeneration status. To prevent local extinction of these species, present efforts of nursery establishment and plantation of indigenous species in the exclosures should be strengthened and extended.

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Julich, Stefan, Janis Kreiselmeier, Simon Scheibler, Rainer Petzold, Kai Schwärzel, and Karl-Heinz Feger. "Hydraulic Properties of Forest Soils with Stagnic Conditions." Forests 12, no. 8 (2021): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081113.

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Tree species, e.g., shallow vs. deep rooting tree species, have a distinct impact on hydrological properties and pore size distribution of soils. In our study, we determined the soil hydrologic properties and pore size distribution at three forest stands and one pasture as reference on soils with stagnant water conditions. All sites are located in the Wermsdorf Forest, where historical studies have demonstrated severe silvicultural problems associated with stagnant water in the soil. The studied stands represent different stages of forest management with a young 25-year-old oak (Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) and Red oak (Q. robur)) plantation, a 170-year-old oak stand and a 95-year-old Norway Spruce (Picea abies) stand in second rotation. We determined the infiltration rates under saturated and near-saturated conditions with a hood-infiltrometer at the topsoil as well as the saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention characteristic from undisturbed soil samples taken from the surface and 30 cm depth. We used the bi-modal Kosugi function to calculate the water retention characteristic and applied the normalized Young-Laplace equation to determine the pore size distribution of the soil samples. Our results show that the soils of the old stands have higher amounts of transmission pores, which lead to higher infiltration rates and conductance of water into the subsoil. Moreover, the air capacity under the old oak was highest at the surface and at 30 cm depth. There was also an observable difference between the spruce and oak regarding their contrasting root system architecture. Under the oak, higher hydraulic conductivities and air capacities were observed, which may indicate a higher and wider connected macropore system. Our results confirm other findings that higher infiltration rates due to higher abundance of macropores can be found in older forest stands. Our results also demonstrate that an adapted forest management is important, especially at sites affected by stagnant water conditions. However, more measurements are needed to expand the existing data base of soil hydraulic properties of forest soils in temperate climates.

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Chakraborty, Sukanya, Prasun Biswas, Smritikana Dutta, et al. "Studies on Reproductive Development and Breeding Habit of the Commercially Important Bamboo Bambusa tulda Roxb." Plants 10, no. 11 (2021): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112375.

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Compared to other grasses, flowering in bamboo is quite divergent, yet complex with respect to time to flower, number of individual culms in a population that have been induced at a time (sporadic vs. gregarious), nature of monocarpy, morphology of inflorescences (solitary spikelet vs. pseudospikelet), biology of pollen and nature of genetic compatibility. Wide diversity exists even across species and genotypes. However, due to the rarity of flowering and inaccessibility, few studies have been done to systematically analyse diverse aspects of the reproductive behaviour of bamboo. In this study, four recurrently occurring, sporadic flowering populations of Bambusa tulda have been closely observed over the last seven years. Detailed inflorescence and floral morphology and development of reproductive organs have been studied. Pollen viability was assessed by staining and in vitro germination. Self and cross pollination experiments were performed in a plantation site to assess the genetic nature of pollen-pistil interaction. The study identifies interesting reproductive features, that are not common in other grasses. A few important observations include the early appearance of a solitary spikelet vs. late appearance of a pseudospikelet in the flowering cycle, low rate of pollen germination, protandry, self-incompatibility and higher rate of seed setting by the pseudospikelet as compared to the solitary spikelet. The findings will not only be useful to understand the reproductive behaviour of this non-woody timber plant, but will also be useful for forest management and sustainable use of bamboo bioresources.

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Jaquetti, Roberto Kirmayr, José Francisco de Carvalho Gonçalves, Henrique Eduardo Mendonça Nascimento, Karen Cristina Pires da Costa, Jair Max Furtunato Maia, and Flávia Camila Schimpl. "Fertilization and seasonality influence on the photochemical performance of tree legumes in forest plantation for area recovery in the Amazon." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0243118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243118.

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N-fixing leguminous species can reach atmospheric dinitrogen gas (N2), having an advantage under N-limited degraded environments. These N-fixers are constantly used as facilitative species. Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChF) acknowledges how different species take up and use light energy during photosynthesis. These techniques assess stress and performance responses to photosynthesis and are used for the selection of species with potential for reforestation. Six Fabaceae species were selected for this study: three nonfixing species (Cenostigma tocantinum, Senna reticulata and Dipteryx odorata) and three N-fixing species (Clitoria fairchildiana, Inga edulis and Acacia spp.). Variations in chlorophyll fluorescence under high vs. low water and nutrient conditions were studied. Multivariate analysis was performed to detect the effects of seasonality and fertilization on dark-adapted ChF two years after the experiment was established. The correlation among ChF variables and growth, photosynthesis and foliar nutrient concentrations was evaluated. Under high water- and nutrient-availability conditions, plants exhibited an enhanced performance index on absorption basis values correlated with electron transport fluxes. Under drought and nutrient-poor conditions, most species exhibit increased energy dissipation as photoprotection. High interspecific variation was found; therefore, species-specific responses should be considered in future ChF studies. Corroborating the ability to colonize high-light environments, N-fixers showed an increased performance index correlated with electron transport and Zn and N foliar concentrations. Negative correlations were found between photosynthesis and trapped fluxes. Diameter growth was positively correlated with electron transport fluxes. Given the different responses among species, ChF is an effective technique to screen for seasonality, fertilization and species effects and should be considered for use during forest restoration. Finally, the addition of fertilization treatments may facilitate tropical forest restoration due to the importance of nutrients in physiological processes. N-fixers showed high photochemical performance and tolerance to abiotic stress in degraded areas and therefore should be included to support ecosystem biomass restoration.

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Pastur, Guillermo J. Martínez, Juan M. Cellini, María V. Lencinas, Yamina M. Rosas, Jonathan J. Henn, and Pablo L. Peri. "Landscape Variables Influence over Active Restoration Strategies of Nothofagus Forests Degraded by Invasive Castor canadensis in Tierra del Fuego." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147541.

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North American beavers (Castor canadensis) are responsible for the major changes in the Tierra del Fuego Archipelago, altering riparian forests for the long-term. Passive restoration of the areas affected was ineffective in the medium-term (up to 20 years), being necessary active strategies. Plantations in abandoned ponds were made with Nothofagus pumilio and N. antarctica tree species across Tierra del Fuego island (Argentina). In the first experiment, we analysed the influence of biotic and abiotic factors in three micro-habitats in the impacted areas: front and tail of ponds, and cut not-flooded forest areas. Five-years-old N. pumilio seedlings had 39% survival in front, 21% in tails, and 46% in cut areas at year-3 of the restoration experiments, being negatively influenced by plant cover and soil moisture. Lower growth was recorded during year-1 (0.7–0.9 cm yr−1), but increased on time (1.9 cm yr−1 front, 1.6 cm yr−1 tail, 4.3 cm yr−1 cut areas). A second experiment explores the alternative to substitute the tree species to face the harder conditions of the impact and climate change. For this, we conducted a new plantation at four locations across the main bioclimatic zones, where 10–40 cm N. antarctica plants attained 17% survival in meadows (front and tail) and 30% in cut areas, being higher with larger than smaller plants (25% vs. 18%), and where they are mainly influenced by rainfall (4% in sites <400 mm yr−1 and 41% in >400 mm yr−1). The main damage was detected in the above-ground biomass due to dryness, but root survival allowed the emergence of new shoots in the following growing season. It is necessary to monitor different Nothofagus species across natural environments in the landscape to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of different strategies in restoration plans, considering the selection of climate-resilient tree species.

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Amatya, Devendra M., Thomas M. Williams, Jami E. Nettles, Richard W. Skaggs, and Carl C. Trettin. "Comparison of Hydrology of Two Atlantic Coastal Plain Forests." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 6 (2019): 1509–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13387.

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Abstract. This article compares the short-term and long-term hydrology of two typical forests in the humid Atlantic Coastal Plain, including a relatively undisturbed forest with natural drainage in South Carolina (SC) and a drained pine plantation in North Carolina (NC), using monitoring and modeling approaches. Highly dynamic outflow (O) from both of these systems is driven by the water table (WT) position, as influenced by rainfall (R) and evapotranspiration (ET). The annual runoff coefficient (ROC) varied from 5% in dry years to 56% in wet years, depending on the soil water storage (SWS), with a significantly higher average value for the NC site despite its deeper WT, on average, than the SC site. Although both sites behaved similarly in extreme climate conditions, the change in SWS above the WT influenced the annual RO, ROC, and ET. The 17-year average annual ET of 1114 mm (R – O, assuming annual balanced SWS) for the SC site was significantly higher (p = 0.014) than the ET of the drained NC site (997 mm) despite the SC site’s lower mean annual R of 1370 mm, compared to 1520 mm for the NC site. This may be due to both the higher potential ET (PET) and soil water-holding capacity of the SC site. The SC site had higher frequency and duration of WT near the surface during winter, deeper summer WT, and higher correlation of annual ET to annual R (r2 = 0.90 vs. 0.15), suggesting that the SC site was often moisture-limited, particularly during the growing season. Most of the streamflow in these systems occurred during winter, with low ET demands. However, summer periods with tropical storms also resulted in large RO events, generally with higher frequency and longer durations at the drained NC site. These results are similar to an earlier short-term comparison with an unstable behavior period at the SC site after Hurricane Hugo (1989). This study highlighted (1) the differences in hydrology between coastal forests drained for silvicultural production and undrained natural forests managed only for restoration, (2) the importance of long-term monitoring and the effects of regeneration as well as vegetation management on flow regime, and (3) the application and limitations of two widely used models (MIKESHE and DRAINMOD) in describing the hydrology of these forests. Long-term studies can be a basis for testing new hypotheses on water yield, stormwater management, wetland hydrology, vegetation restoration, bioenergy production, and climate change, in addition to applications of proper models for assessing the eco-hydrologic impacts of land use and climate change on freshwater coastal forests linked with downstream riparian rivers and estuaries affected by tidal fluxes and sea level rise.HighlightsOutflow, driven by water table position on these forest systems, is highly variable, depending on its soil water storage.The hydrologic responses of both forest sites were similar during extreme climatic events or disturbances.Effect of forestry drainage on runoff was obscured by its large interannual differences.Long-term monitoring provides better insights on climate and vegetation management effects on flow regime and model validation Keywords: Drainage, Evapotranspiration, Hydrologic models, Pine forest, Poorly drained soils, Runoff coefficient, Water table.

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Buchmann, Nina, Thomas Baur, Susanne Burri, et al. "Forest ecosystem functioning in a changing climate: Fluxes, drivers, feedbacks at multiple scales." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 8 (May 28, 2025): e152042. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.8.e152042.

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Biogeochemical processes within and across ecosystems are core to understand the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, i.e., forests and agroecosystems, in particular under changing environmental conditions. Measurements are necessary at multiple scales, e.g., for forests at soil, forest floor, tree, canopy, and forest ecosystem scales, using methodology from many different disciplines. Data should be available in high temporal resolution, preferentially for long time periods, to quantify and understand short-term responses to environmental drivers and management, but also to detect and identify long-term responses to climate change.The SwissFluxNet is a network of six long-term research sites in Switzerland with ecosystem-scale eddy-covariance (EC) measurements of biosphere-atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange (i.e., CO2, H2O vapor, CH4, N2O; Fig. 1).The Swiss FluxNet offers exactly these opportunities, namely long-term, high-temporal resolution GHG flux data and serves as a research platform for many other studies and research programs. It covers the major land-use types in Switzerland: forest (mixed deciduous: Lägeren, CH-Lae; evergreen: Davos, CH-Dav), grassland (Chamau, CH-Cha; Früebüel, CH-Fru; Alp Weissenstein, CH-Aws), and cropland (Oensingen, Ch-Oe2), and is complemented by project-based flux stations which run for 2-4 years (currently, two below-canopy stations in the two forest sites, one young forest plantation, and two cropland sites). Thus, including data of 2024, we provide 129 site-years of continuous GHG flux measurements to the scientific community (19-28 years per site, and continuously growing…), since all data are open access and have been downloaded from FLUXNET and ICOS over 35'250 times between November 2016 and December 2024.In the talk, we will focus on the two forest sites, Davos and Lägeren. At Davos, above-canopy EC flux measurements of CO2 and H2O vapor started in 1997; measurements of above-canopy CH4 and N2O fluxes were carried out between 2016 and 2023 and complemented by below-canopy flux measurements of CO2 and H2O vapor (since 2021) as well as of CH4 (since 2023). Data on forest floor CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes, measured automatically by chambers, tree phenology, sap flow and stem diameter changes are available for many years as well. Since 2019, Davos is an ICOS RI Class 1 Ecosystem station, where highest standards apply. At Lägeren, EC flux measurements of CO2 and H2O vapor are available since 2004, complemented by below-canopy flux measurements of CO2 and H2O vapor since 2014 as well as by phenology, soil respiration and tree ecophysiology measurements. At both sites, meteorological (above and within the canopy) as well as soil climate variables (soil profiles, 0 to 60/80 cm soil depth) are recorded continuously as well. Thus, measurements from multiple scales for long time periods allow studying short- and long-term responses to changing environments at both forest sites.We will provide selected highlights from almost 50 site-years of measurements, about the short-term responses of forests to weather extremes such as drought and heatwaves as well as about the long-term carbon sink behaviour of both forests and their vulnerability. Results based on machine learning approaches about the environmental and biological drivers of GHG fluxes at multiple scales will be presented along with their temporal contributions within and across years. Disentangling the role of climate vs. nitrogen (N) deposition for water-use efficiency of both tree species beech and spruce as well as linking tree to forest responses across scales will be discussed. Our experiences clearly demonstrate that using long-term, highly equipped EC sites as research platforms for additional research projects, nesting research programs within large-scale research infrastructure networks, and sharing data openly following FAIR principles, pays out, for one's own curiosity, for career development of the next generation scientists, for policy advice and science at large!

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Hua, Lei, Penglong Chen, Jun Luo, et al. "The Impact of Long-Term Dry-Season Irrigation on Eucalyptus Tree Height Growth: Insights from Leaf Photosynthesis and Water Conduction." Forests 14, no. 10 (2023): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14102017.

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Tree height is a crucial characteristic of plant ecological strategies and plantation productivity. Investigating the influence of dry-season irrigation on the tree height growth in Eucalyptus plantations contributes to a deeper understanding of precise improvement and sustainable development in such plantations. We conducted a field experiment in a Eucalyptus plantation with three-year fertilization and five-year dry-season irrigation to compare their effects on height growth rate during wet vs. dry seasons. Our findings revealed that long-term dry-season irrigation significantly increased the height growth rate of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis by improving leaf hydraulic conductivity and photosynthetic rate during the dry season. However, in the wet season, the tree height growth rate in the fertilization treatment outperformed the other treatments significantly. Interestingly, we also found that leaf photosynthetic capacity contributed more to accelerating height growth than water conduction within the leaves. By examining the differences in leaf structural and functional traits, our results shed light on the impact of long-term dry-season irrigation on the height growth of E. urophylla × E. grandis plantations. Furthermore, this research provides both theoretical and empirical evidence supporting the application of dry-season irrigation and the potential for further enhancing plantation productivity in seasonally arid areas.

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Li, P., J. Zhu, H. Hu, et al. "The relative contributions of forest growth and areal expansion to forest biomass carbon." Biogeosciences 13, no. 2 (2016): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-375-2016.

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Abstract. Forests play a leading role in regional and global terrestrial carbon (C) cycles. Changes in C sequestration within forests can be attributed to areal expansion (increase in forest area) and forest growth (increase in biomass density). Detailed assessment of the relative contributions of areal expansion and forest growth to C sinks is crucial to reveal the mechanisms that control forest C sinks and it is helpful for developing sustainable forest management policies in the face of climate change. Using the Forest Identity concept and forest inventory data, this study quantified the spatial and temporal changes in the relative contributions of forest areal expansion and increased biomass growth to China's forest biomass C sinks from 1977 to 2008. Over the last 30 years, the areal expansion of forests has been a larger contributor to C sinks than forest growth for planted forests in China (62.2 % vs. 37.8 %). However, for natural forests, forest growth has made a larger contribution than areal expansion (60.4 % vs. 39.6 %). For all forests (planted and natural forests), growth in area and density has contributed equally to the total C sinks of forest biomass in China (50.4 % vs. 49.6 %).The relative contribution of forest growth of planted forests showed an increasing trend from an initial 25.3 % to 61.0 % in the later period of 1998 to 2003, but for natural forests, the relative contributions were variable without clear trends, owing to the drastic changes in forest area and biomass density over the last 30 years. Our findings suggest that afforestation will continue to increase the C sink of China's forests in the future, subject to sustainable forest growth after the establishment of plantations.

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Korpela, Ed J., Steven D. Tesch, and R. Lewis. "Plantations vs. Advance Regeneration: Height Growth Comparisons for Southwestern Oregon." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 2 (1992): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/7.2.44.

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Abstract Model projections of newly planted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings grown under three competition regimes were compared across three site classes with growth of three height classes of Douglas-fir and white fir (Abies concolor) advance regeneration for 20 years following overstory removal. Plantations growing without competition were projected to grow about as fast as advance regeneration on the best sites and slower on the poorer sites. However, over the 20-year period, the projected height of planted trees exceeded only that of released small white fir. Competing vegetation reduced projected plantation growth, thus increasing the height advantage of advance regeneration over planted trees after 20 years. Comparisons such as these are influenced by the time required to establish new plantations, competition faced by released and planted trees, and the species composition, vigor, and initial height of the advance regeneration. These results suggest that managing advance regeneration may be a viable reforestation alternative in southwestern Oregon, particularly on poorer sites. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):44-47

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Kouadio Julien, N'dri, and Kévin Kouadio N’Guessan. "Modification of Topsoil Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Macroinvertebrates Structure Consecutive to the Conversion of Secondary Forests into Rubber Plantations in Grand-Lahou, Côte d’Ivoire." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 8 (March 13, 2018): 1235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v8i1.7101.

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The objective of this investigation was to assess the modifications of topsoil physico-chemical characteristics and macroinvertebrates structure consecutive to the conversion of secondary forests into rubber plantations and how these change with the aging of the plantations and the season. The sampling design was constituted of four treatments: secondary forest referred to as baseline land use, 7-, 12- and 25 year old rubber plantations. Three replications per land use type were randomly established in each of the selected treatments, thus totaling 12 sampling areas. On each sampling area, a 40 m transect was established. The litter dwelling and topsoil (0-10 cm) macroinvertebrates were sampled, respectively, by using the pitfall traps and monoliths (50 cm × 50 cm × 10 cm) following the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility method. The soil physical and chemical parameters were measured along the 40 m transect. The results showed that the conversion of secondary forest into plantations was characterized by a modification of the density of soil macroinvertebrates (dry season: -50 and -24% vs. rainy season: -61 and +32%), taxonomic richness of soil macroinvertebrates (dry season: +7 and -14% vs. rainy season: -21 and -14%), water content (dry season: -41 and -5% vs. rainy season: -62 and -31%), bulk density (dry season: +6 and -3% vs. rainy season: +33 and +29%), soil organic carbon (dry season: -73 and -59% vs. rainy season: -67 and -51%) and total nitrogen (dry season: -68 and -58% vs. rainy season: -64 and -52%), respectively, after about 7 and 25 years of conversion. The restoration processes did not cause significant changes in the soil physico-chemical and biological characteristics after 25 years of forests conversion. However, the study highlighted the improvement in the soil ecological quality due to a reduction in soil degradation, and an increase in the density of macroinvertebrates (+235%), taxono mic richness (+9%), water content (+84%), soil organic carbon (+50%) and total nitrogen (+33%) in the 25 year old plantations compared to the 7 year old plantations.

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Pandey, Sanjay Kumar. "Species composition and diversity of legumes in sal plantations of north-eastern Uttar Pradesh, India." Annals of Plant Sciences 6, no. 9 (2017): 1668. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2017.9.1.

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The present study aims to compare the composition, diversity and distribution pattern of legumes vs. non- legumes in the regional sal forest of north- eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. In order to show pattern of change in different phytosociological data, the species of similar habits were sorted into different habit groups. In addition to usual regeneration through seeds, a number of legumes also showed non- seed regeneration strategy. As many as 57% of the total legume individuals were of ramet origin but belonged only to 5% of the legumes of forest. The presence of legumes with 41 species (out of 246 in regional forest) sharing 17.7% of importance value (IVI) in sal forest was noticeable. About one third total individuals in forest were herbaceous. Mean density for legume trees was >6 per ha while it was > 6000 per ha for legume shrubs. Moghania chappar, M. lineata, M. bracteata and Desmodium gangeticum were most abundant legume shrubs in regional sal forest. The general rank- abundance curve for regional sal forests was quite steep and close to log normal curve. The legume diversity is crucial for nutritional status of forest soil and legumes are known to heal the disturbed forest. Besides information on the present status of common leguminous vs. non- leguminous species, the results provide clues for the management option in these forests and for the maintenance of legume diversity in such stochastic environment.

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Gaveau, David L. A., Bruno Locatelli, Mohammad A. Salim, et al. "Slowing deforestation in Indonesia follows declining oil palm expansion and lower oil prices." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (2022): e0266178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266178.

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Much concern about tropical deforestation focuses on oil palm plantations, but their impacts remain poorly quantified. Using nation-wide interpretation of satellite imagery, and sample-based error calibration, we estimated the impact of large-scale (industrial) and smallholder oil palm plantations on natural old-growth (“primary”) forests from 2001 to 2019 in Indonesia, the world’s largest palm oil producer. Over nineteen years, the area mapped under oil palm doubled, reaching 16.24 Mha in 2019 (64% industrial; 36% smallholder), more than the official estimates of 14.72 Mha. The forest area declined by 11% (9.79 Mha), including 32% (3.09 Mha) ultimately converted into oil palm, and 29% (2.85 Mha) cleared and converted in the same year. Industrial plantations replaced more forest than detected smallholder plantings (2.13 Mha vs 0.72 Mha). New plantations peaked in 2009 and 2012 and declined thereafter. Expansion of industrial plantations and forest loss were correlated with palm oil prices. A price decline of 1% was associated with a 1.08% decrease in new industrial plantations and with a 0.68% decrease of forest loss. Deforestation fell below pre-2004 levels in 2017–2019 providing an opportunity to focus on sustainable management. As the price of palm oil has doubled since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, effective regulation is key to minimising future forest conversion.

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Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., Chase D. Mendenhall, Federico Oviedo-Brenes, Joshua J. Horns, Paul R. Ehrlich, and Gretchen C. Daily. "Long-term declines in bird populations in tropical agricultural countryside." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 20 (2019): 9903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802732116.

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Tropical agriculture is a major driver of biodiversity loss, yet it can provide conservation opportunities, especially where protected areas are inadequate. To investigate the long-term biodiversity capacity of agricultural countryside, we quantified bird population trends in Costa Rica by mist netting 57,255 birds of 265 species between 1999 and 2010 in sun coffee plantations, riparian corridors, secondary forests, forest fragments, and primary forest reserves. More bird populations (69) were declining than were stable (39) or increasing (4). Declines were common in resident, insectivorous, and more specialized species. There was no relationship between the species richness of a habitat and its conservation value. High-value forest bird communities were characterized by their distinct species composition and habitat and dietary functional signatures. While 49% of bird species preferred forest to coffee, 39% preferred coffee to forest and 12% used both habitats, indicating that coffee plantations have some conservation value. Coffee plantations, although lacking most of the forest specialists, hosted 185 bird species, had the highest capture rates, and supported increasing numbers of some forest species. Coffee plantations with higher tree cover (7% vs. 13%) had more species with increasing capture rates, twice as many forest specialists, and half as many nonforest species. Costa Rican countryside habitats, especially those with greater tree cover, host many bird species and are critical for connecting bird populations in forest remnants. Diversified agricultural landscapes can enhance the biodiversity capacity of tropical countryside, but, for the long-term persistence of all forest bird species, large (>1,000 ha) protected areas are essential.

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Donoso, Pablo J., Ariel A. Muñoz, Oscar Thiers, Daniel P. Soto, and Claudio Donoso. "Effects of aspect and type of competition on the early performance of Nothofagus dombeyi and Nothofagus nervosa in a mixed plantation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 5 (2011): 1075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-019.

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In the Andes of Chile, two valuable Nothofagus tree species coexist (Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. and Nothofagus nervosa (Phil.) Krasser). They could provide an opportunity for mixed plantations because of their ecological differences. In a mixed plantation with a checkerboard design on a good site where the two species naturally coexist, we evaluated their performance according to aspect and type of competition. Nothofagus dombeyi had a greater survivorship (90% vs. 65%) and growth (twice in diameter and 20% greater in height). Forking was significantly lower in N. nervosa (23% vs. 70%). Aspect did not significantly affect the performance of N. dombeyi. The north aspect had a significant negative effect on survivorship of N. nervosa, but aspect did not significantly affect growth or forking of this species. The aspect – type of competition interaction was only significant for N. nervosa in diameter and marginally significant in height. The checkerboard design allowed for a clear separation of interspecific and intraspecific competition in this mixed plantation. Interspecific competition favored growth of N. nervosa on the north aspect (facilitation) and was detrimental to N. nervosa on the south aspect (competition). These results have a direct application when planting mixtures of species of complementary ecological characteristics that can increase the value of the plantation.

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Ulma, Riri Oktari, Elita Rahmi, Fitria Fitria, and Cholillah Suci Pratiwi. "LEGAL SOCIOLOGY OF LAND CONFLICT VS ORANG RIMBA’S LAND CONFLICT IN JAMBI PROVINCE." Communale Journal 1, no. 2 (2023): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/communale.v1i2.28796.

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The sociology of Orang Rimba Law, which portrays the issue of land conflict versus land conflict, is a crucial legal issue, even though so far, the Orang Rimba (Suku Anak Dalam) has been part of a beneficial symbiosis between Natural Resources and Human Resources (HR), because between the factors of mutual care between humans and nature, but in legal reality, land and land tenure in Indonesia, The existence of the Orang Rimba institution as the original entity of the Malay tribe is a problem, because its living entity has been displaced by the laws of outsiders, namely the state and government, especially since the rolling of the issue of forest utilization through Forest Tenure Rights (HPH) and the use of forest products through legal entities whose ownership is by forest outsiders, plus natural disasters (forest fires) outsiders as people whom people have long feared as eating creatures human. The purpose of the study is to know the law in reality, especially society. Conclusion The Orang Rimba, as an indigenous entity in Jambi Province, must be brought to the attention of the local government. The right to life and other social rights, namely distinctive economic and cultural rights, must be fostered continuously so that their customary rights are protected from land grabs under the guise of plantations and forestry based on state approval of forests and non-forests and ignore the history of the Orang Rimba struggle which always maintains the forest ecosystem and its distinctive land and culture such as ritual rituals between man and nature to dispel nature's various kinds of anger against humans in the form of disasters, wrath, and even climate change, cultural mantras and dialects were developed by them, but have not been seen by Indonesian law as genuine and distinctive legal institutions.

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Lacy, Shaw, Fernando Ugalde, and Luca Mao. "Invasive Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Are Not Affected by Different Land Uses in a Multi-Use, Mediterranean Climate Landscape." Fishes 3, no. 4 (2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040037.

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Land use carries implications for freshwater fish conservation. Plantation forestry practices have been shown to have negative impacts on resident fish fauna, but little work has been conducted to assess these impacts on invasive vs. native fish populations. Ten headwater catchments in the Mediterranean climate zone of Chile were used to assess the impacts of land use (pine plantations vs. native forests) on fish condition (length-weight relationship) and abundance (catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE)) of the invasive trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the threatened native catfish Nematogenys inermis. Negative impacts on trout condition were associated with a lack of canopy cover and river topology. The presence of N. inermis was associated with catchment factors less favourable to trout. Current environmental regulations and forestry management practices do not appear to create negative pressures on invasive trout from land use practices, despite expectations from the literature. Assessing how land use management regulations impact invasive and native fishes should be a part of species conservation and territorial planning.

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Pook, EW, and AM Gill. "Variation of Live and Dead Fine Fuel Moisture in Pinus radiata Plantations of the Australian-Capital-Territory." International Journal of Wildland Fire 3, no. 3 (1993): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9930155.

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A study was made of the variation in moisture content of fine dead fuel (FFM) in relation to 1) differences of fuel type (needles, leaves, twigs, bark), 2) different fuel locations (dead canopy and surface litter), 3) contrasting management of plantations (unthinned-unpruned vs thinned-pruned) and 4) environmental factors (air temperature (T) and relative humidity (H); moisture content of duff (D) and topsoil (S)). The variation of live (green needle) fine fuel moisture content (LFMC) in relation to needle age, canopy location (shaded vs unshaded) and season was also studied in Pinus radiata D. Don plantations over 2 years. Mean differences of moisture content between the several types of fuel exposed to the same atmospheric conditions were generally significant and ranged from 0.6% (pine twigs vs eucalypt twigs) up to 2.8% oven dry weight (ODW) (eucalypt bark vs recently cast pine needles). T and H were highly correlated between study sites in pine plantations and an official meteorological station at Canberra airport, 15 km away. In the pine plantations, mid afternoon moisture contents of pine needle litter (litter FFMs) were mostly higher than moisture contents of dead needles in canopies (aerial FFMs); the mean differences between litter FFMs and aerial FFMs were statistically significant. FFMs in the unthinned-unpruned plantation were also generally higher than those in the thinned-pruned plantations. Regression analyses of relationships between FFM and environmental variables showed that T and H in combination explained a large proportion of the variation in aerial FFM but much less of the variation in litter FFM. However, the inclusion of either D or S in multiple regression models accounted for significant amounts of the variation in litter FFM. LFMC decreased with needle age and, for full-grown needles, was up to 25% (ODW) higher in shaded compared to unshaded canopy locations. Seasonal patterns of change in LFMC of full-grown needles were not well defined. Variation in the parameters and the precision of FFM regression relationships between fuel locations and stands with contrasting management demonstrate the site specificity and limitations of empirical FFM models. The results suggest that for prediction of aerial FFM, models based on a combination of T and H are most appropriate; while, models that include a soil moisture variable may predict FFM of litter fuels more accurately. However, the intrinsic variation in FFM revealed in this study indicates that such models, although providing a useful guide, may not predict FFM with the accuracy required for fire behaviour models during high fire danger weather - when fuel moistures are low.

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Solórzano, Jonathan V., Jean François Mas, Yan Gao, and José Alberto Gallardo-Cruz. "Land Use Land Cover Classification with U-Net: Advantages of Combining Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Imagery." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (2021): 3600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183600.

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The U-net is nowadays among the most popular deep learning algorithms for land use/land cover (LULC) mapping; nevertheless, it has rarely been used with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and multispectral (MS) imagery. On the other hand, the discrimination between plantations and forests in LULC maps has been emphasized, especially for tropical areas, due to their differences in biodiversity and ecosystem services provision. In this study, we trained a U-net using different imagery inputs from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites, MS, SAR and a combination of both (MS + SAR); while a random forests algorithm (RF) with the MS + SAR input was also trained to evaluate the difference in algorithm selection. The classification system included ten classes, including old-growth and secondary forests, as well as old-growth and young plantations. The most accurate results were obtained with the MS + SAR U-net, where the highest overall accuracy (0.76) and average F1-score (0.58) were achieved. Although MS + SAR and MS U-nets gave similar results for almost all of the classes, for old-growth plantations and secondary forest, the addition of the SAR band caused an F1-score increment of 0.08–0.11 (0.62 vs. 0.54 and 0.45 vs. 0.34, respectively). Consecutively, in comparison with the MS + SAR RF, the MS + SAR U-net obtained higher F1-scores for almost all the classes. Our results show that using the U-net with a combined input of SAR and MS images enabled a higher F1-score and accuracy for a detailed LULC map, in comparison with other evaluated methods.

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Stibig, H. J., F. Achard, S. Carboni, R. Raši, and J. Miettinen. "Change in tropical forest cover of Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2010." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (2013): 12625–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-12625-2013.

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Abstract. The study assesses the extent and trends of forest cover in Southeast Asia for the period 1990–2000–2010 and provides an overview on the main drivers of forest cover change. A systematic sample of 418 sites (10 km × 10 km size) located at the one-degree geographical confluence points and covered with satellite imagery of 30 m resolution is used for the assessment. Techniques of image segmentation and automated classification are combined with visual satellite image interpretation and quality control, involving forestry experts from Southeast Asian countries. The accuracy of our results is assessed through an independent consistency assessment, performed from a subsample of 1572 mapping units and resulting in an overall agreement of > 85% for the general differentiation of forest cover vs. non-forest cover. The total forest cover of Southeast Asia is estimated at 268 Mha in 1990, dropping to 236 Mha in 2010, with annual change rates of 1.75 Mha (~0.67% and 1.45 Mha (~0.59%) for the periods 1990–2000 and 2000–2010, respectively. The vast majority of forest cover loss (~2/3 for 2000–2010) occurred in insular Southeast Asia. Combining the change patterns visible from satellite imagery with the output of an expert consultation on the main drivers of forest change highlights the high pressure on the region's remaining forests. The conversion of forest cover to cash crop plantations (e.g. oil palm) is ranked as the dominant driver of forest change in Southeast Asia, followed by selective logging and the establishment of tree plantations.

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Referowska-Chodak, Ewa, and Bożena Kornatowska. "Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Ecosystem Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests." Forests 14, no. 9 (2023): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14091739.

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This paper presents the results of an analysis of the effects of Poland’s forest management evolution over the last 75 years on forest biodiversity at the ecosystem level. Forest biodiversity changes in the two politically and economically different eras (socialism and democracy) are interpreted based on four indicators used in assessments of forest stands (naturalness; habitat diversity; forest management system; forest stand age structure). In the era of socialism (1945–1989), there were dynamic increases in the area of semi-natural forests as well as in the proportion of the most fertile habitats, whilst the proportion of the poorest habitats decreased quite dynamically. Then, the clearcutting management system was regularly implemented, with adverse impacts on forest spatial structure diversity. The proportion of old/mature tree stands and the stand average age increased at relatively slow rates. In the era of democracy (1990–2020), there were comparatively more dynamic increases observed in the area of forests undisturbed by man, as well as in the proportions of mixed broadleaved and wetland forest habitats. At the same time, the proportion of old/mature stands and stand average age kept increasing at relatively fast rates. The area of forests managed with the use of the shelterwood system increased and the area of forest plantations substantially decreased. On the other hand, irrespective of the era under study, there occurred a noticeable not-so-favourable decreasing trend in the proportion of the youngest forest stands. All in all, during the analysed period of more than seven decades, the evolution of forest management practice implemented in Poland’s forests by State Forests National Forest Holding led to the restoration of/an increase in biodiversity at the ecosystem level. Yet, there have remained unsolved issues, as regards the following aspects: organisational (the assurance of further reconstruction of forest stands, and the restoration of water profiles), political (a lack of up-to-date national forest policy), and financial (the costs of protecting/restoring biodiversity vs. State Forests’ self-financing), as well as conceptual (old-growth stands in managed forests, and controversy over clearcutting) and natural/anthropogenic (climate change, and the eutrophication of forest habitats) issues. The solutions may require measures outside the limits of Poland’s forestry, if not far beyond national borders.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plantation vs. forest'

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