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1
Menzel, Christopher M., and Lindsay Smith. "Effect of Time of Planting and Plant Size on the Productivity of ‘Festival’ and ‘Florida Fortuna’ Strawberry Plants in a Subtropical Environment." HortTechnology 22, no. 3 (June 2012): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.3.330.
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The effect of time of planting and plant size on the performance of ‘Festival’ and ‘Florida Fortuna’ strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) plants was studied at Nambour in southeastern Queensland, Australia, over 2 years. The main objective of the work was to determine whether small plants yielded proportionally less than large plants as planting was delayed. First, bare-rooted transplants of ‘Festival’ were divided into small (crown diameters ranging from 6 to 10 mm) or large plants (10 to 17 mm) and planted in late March, mid-April, or late April. Second, transplants of ‘Florida Fortuna’ were divided into small (5 to 8 mm) or large plants (8 to 17 mm) and planted in early April, mid-April, or early May. The early planting for each cultivar corresponded with the time that the transplants are first available from commercial strawberry nurseries. Yields were generally greater in plants planted in late March/early April compared with plants planted later. Differences in yield between the small and large plants were consistent across the different times of planting, with the small plants always having lower yields. Small transplants are an issue for the productivity of strawberry fields in this environment whether they are planted early or late. Producers should consider paying a premium for large transplants delivered early in the season.
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Galletta, G. J., J. M. Enns, and J. L. Maas. "Strawberry Cultivar Responses to Variations in Planting Time, Stock, and Mulches." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 610c—610. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.610c.
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The cultivars Allstar, Honeoye, Kent, and Jewel yielded the most successful summer and subsequent spring crops when planted in mid-July from dormant, cold-stored, multiple-crowned, nursery mother plants. Summer fruit sizing during very high temperatures was a problem; fruit number and quality was not. In a second hot year, the same cultivars did not give satisfactory summer crops when planted after late July. The return spring crop was most successful following planting in July rather than August or September, though there was a significant cultivar × planting date interaction for a number of characters. Nursery mother plants were more productive than first daughter plants. `Tristar' outyielded `Seascape' on black poly-mulched beds but not on killed vetch sod beds. `Allstar' runnered freely and produced good crops on three types of raised bed killed sod mulches and on red, blue, and silver-painted black poly raised bed mulches. Compared to the summer-planted, black, poly-mulched standard, `Mohawk' had increased but later yields, when the poly was painted blue, red, or silver, and much later yields, when mulched with recycled paper or wood fiber. The silver and paper treatments depressed fruit size. The wood fiber mulch seems promising for deliberately delaying ripening by lowering soil temperatures under the mulch. Seedling and selection plantings have generally responded favorably to summer planting from potted or “plug” plant stocks on unfumigated soil, thus, shortening the selection and evaluation cycles, with accompanying savings in land, water, fertilizer, and pesticide use.
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Scheffler, Norman E. "Inherently safer latex plants." Process Safety Progress 15, no. 1 (1996): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680150107.
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Utami, Liliek, Robert G. Anderson, Robert L. Geneve, and Sharon Kester. "QUALITY AND YIELD OF AGERATUM, ASTER, CELOSIA AND GODETIA GROWN AS FIELD GROWN CUTFLOWERS." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 851b—851. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.851b.
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Warm season annual flowers were trialed as field grown cutflowers in the summer of 1989. Plants were transplanted to the field in early or late May and grown at densities of 40 plants m-2 in beds with black plastic mulch, trickle irrigation and support wires. Tall ageratum, `Horizon Blue'., plants were harvested throughout the summer with total yields of 290 stems m-2with stem lengths over 36 cm long. Stem lengths increased significantly over the summer; 40% of the stems harvested in September were over 56 cm long. Spray asters, `Matsumoto Blue', Matsumoto Red' and `Serene Red', were harvested eight weeks after transplanting with yields of 20 to 30 stems m-2; 60% of the stems were 36-45 cm long and 40% were 46-55 cm long. Tall, crested celosia, `Red Chief', `Gold Chief' and `Fire Chief', plants were harvested 8 weeks after transplanting with yields of 45 stems m-2 over 60% of the stems were 45 cm long or longer. Godetia, `Grace Red' and `Grace Salmon', plants sown March 3 and planted in the field April 10, performed well; later plantings were much less successful. Plants were planted at a density of 5 m-2 and produced 25 to 50 flower stems per plant; stem lengths were 30 to 38 cm long.
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Chercuitte, L., J. A. SulIivan, Y. D. Desjardins, and R. Bedard. "Yield Potential and Vegetative Growth of Summer-planted Strawberry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 6 (November 1991): 930–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.6.930.
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The waiting-bed (WB) system has the potential to significantly increase the length of the strawberry (Fragaria Xananassa Duch.) production season. In the WB phase of this system the plants were deblossomed and runners were removed to stimulate the production of a multiple crowned plant. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of planting date and cultivar on yield potential and vegetative growth of the strawberry plants in the WB and cropping beds (CB). Experiments were conducted in Ontario and Quebec. Early establishment of the WB favored the production of large multicrown plants. `Kent' appeared to be the best cultivar among five tested due to the many berries produced because of good fruit set. Yield potential was not realized in late-planted CB. The highest yields per plant (273 g) were obtained in Quebec with plants from the earliest WB. Yields in CB decreased with later plantings due to stress of transplanting when air and soil temperatures were high. Berry count was identified as the yield component most affected by the later planting date of the CB. The WB system has potential for season extension in strawberry, but WB must be established early in the season to encourage the development of a plant with high yield potential.
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Margaris, N. S., and D. Vokou. "Latex producing plants in Greece." Biomass 7, no. 3 (January 1985): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(85)90005-8.
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Najdenovska, Olga, and Ana Selimovska. "The influence of the runner ordering of the plants on their quality, rooting and yield of strawberries." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 119 (2010): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1019055n.
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In this work, we presented the influence of the runner ordering of the plants on their quality, percentage of root hair formation, and yield of two varieties of strawberries: Senga Sengana and Pocahontas depending on the time of planting. The runner ordering of plants and time of their planting have influence on the quality of plants, the percentage of root hair formation after the planting, and the yield. There has been established strong correlation among the diameter of the crown and the rooting when planted and the yield. Primary plants have higher quality, with bigger diameter of the crown, they take root better, and they have higher yield than secondary plants. Rosettes planted in August have higher yield than the ones planted later.
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Allen, E. J., P. J. O'Brien, and D. Firman. "An evaluation of small seed for ware-potato production." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 2 (April 1992): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600068775.
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SUMMARYSixteen experiments over six seasons (1981–87) compared the growth and yield of up to 16 seed-tuber weights, ranging from 1–5 to 110–120 g, in one second-early and four maincrop varieties. Four of the experiments (1986–87) examined effects in seed tubers from seed crops planted in July; the remaining experiments used seed from crops planted at the normal time, April–May. Effects were similar for seed from the different planting dates. Plants from seed < 5 g (and occasionally up to 15 g) emerged slightly later and produced a smaller crop canopy that those from larger seed. The later emergence from the smallest seed was a consequence of a slower rate of sprout elongation. There were no effects of seed weight above 15 g on stem emergence or growth of the canopy. In 1982, a severe frost completely defoliated all plants in four experiments but within 2 weeks complete plant emergence was re-achieved from all seed weights except the smallest (1–5 g). The results suggest few differences between seed weights > 5 or 10 g in emergence from similar depths of planting or in recovery from frost damage.Tuber yields were little affected by seed weight > 5 or 10 g, even at constant within-row spacings. Consequently, seed rates from 0·59 to 5·4 t/ha produced similar yields and the results suggest considerable economic benefits and potential for using seed tubers of much smaller weight than may be sold under current legislation. The use of small seed tubers from late-planted crops may result in further economies in production costs and reduction in disease in seed tubers.
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Keeley, Paul E., Robert J. Thullen, and Charles H. Carter. "Influence of Planting Date on Growth of Ivyleaf Morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)." Weed Science 34, no. 6 (November 1986): 906–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500068089.
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Ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq. # IPOHE], planted in 1984 and 1985 the first of each month from April through August, began emerging in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2’) 1 week after planting. Morningglory, at a density of 1 plant/2 m of row, emerging in April and May became so competitive to cotton by harvest in September that the total crop was lost. June plantings, although less competitive than earlier plantings, still reduced yields by 11%. Later plantings did not reduce yields of cotton. Morningglory plantings that produced seed (April through July) began flowering within 7 weeks, and viable seed was collected for the first time 9 weeks after planting. Ivyleaf morningglory plants that emerged in April and May produced about 11 000 seed/plant by cotton harvest. This compared to 3000 and 93 seed/plant for morningglory that emerged in June and July, respectively. The earliest that morningglory might be expected to produce seed in cotton planted in early April would be late May to early June, and morningglory emerging as late as the first of July could produce some seed by cotton harvest.
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Bell, Neil C., Bernadine C. Strik, and Lloyd Marti. "917 PB 191 EFFECT OF DATE OF PRIMOCANE SUPPRESSION ON `MARION' TRAILING BLACKBERRY: YIELD COMPONENTS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 565e—565. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.565e.
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Primocanes were cut at ground level at one-month intervals from late April to late July 1991 and 1992. An uncut control was included. Four canes per plant were trained either in August or the following February, the others being removed and measured. Yield data were collected and yield components measured in 1992 and 1993. Cane diameter, main cane length and branch cane length per plant generally declined with later suppression date. Consequently, yield per meter of cane declined with later suppression date. However, cane number and total plant main cane length were greater for all suppression treatments and percent budbreak increased with later suppression date. As a result, April- and May-suppressed plants had increased-yields compared to control plants in both 1992 and 1993, as did June-suppressed plants in 1993. August-trained plants had significantly higher yields than February-trained in both years, primarily because of increased budbreak. The basal section of canes was the most productive, because of increased budbreak and branch cane production.
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Feng, Zhuo. "Late Palaeozoic plants." Current Biology 27, no. 17 (September 2017): R905—R909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.041.
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Oleson, J. D., J. J. McNutt, A. R. Warshaw, and J. J. Tollefson. "Corn Rootworm Larval Control in Iowa, 1993." Arthropod Management Tests 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.200a.
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Abstract Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 6 locations in 1993. Soil types were: Ames and Rhodes, silty clay loam; Nashua, loam; Newell and Waukee, clay loam; and Sutherland, silty clay. All plots were planted on areas that had been planted to trap crop (late-planted corn, heavy stand) the previous year. A RCB design, with 4 replications for the root-protection trials (registered and numbered products) and 8 replications for the yield trials (registered and EUP products) was used. All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a 4-row John Deere 7100 planter. Planting-time liquid formulations were applied with a compressed-air delivery system built directly into the planter; 8003E nozzles delivered 10 gpa at 23 psi. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring extended leaf heights on 10 consecutive plants. Rootworm larval feeding was evaluated in late Jul and Aug by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Stand counts were taken in the yield plots at harvest time. Yields were measured by hand harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).
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Pilcher, Jobeth, and Lisa Sogard. "Myelomeningocele, Avocados, and Rubber Tree Plants." Neonatal Network 24, no. 5 (September 2005): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.24.5.23.
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Infants with myelomeningocele and the nurses who care for them have something in common. Both are at higher risk than the general population for developing latex allergies. This article provides a review of the literature regarding latex production, latex allergic responses in children and adults, types of latex allergic reactions, and prevention of latex allergies.
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Sideman, Rebecca Grube, Amanda Brown, Ruth Hazzard, and Heather Bryant. "Production of Bulbing Onion Overwintered in New Hampshire with Protection by Low Tunnels." HortTechnology 24, no. 6 (December 2014): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.6.655.
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High demand for local produce year-round has led growers in the northeastern United States to experiment with fall planting of bulbing onion (Allium cepa) for spring harvest. Over two seasons, we evaluated survival, bolting, and bulbing of several cultivars of fall-planted onion in two sites in New Hampshire. Plants were seeded in August and September, and transplanted in September and October into raised beds covered with black plastic mulch. Low tunnels covered with 1.25-oz/yard2 rowcover and one layer of 6-mil-thick clear polyethylene were installed over the plants in late fall. Harvest dates ranged from 19 Apr. to 6 June in 2012, and from 22 May to 2 July in 2013. All onion cultivars showed high percentages of survival (65% to 100%). Cultivar, planting date, and the interaction between the two had a significant effect on the percentage of bolting and bulb diameter at harvest. In general, those planted later exhibited lower percentages of bolting and slightly smaller bulbs at harvest. Our work demonstrates that it is possible to harvest large bulbed onions in May and June in the northeastern United States in U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) hardiness zones 4B and 5B using low-tunnel season extension technology. This may provide additional marketing opportunities for growers in cold climates.
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Lareau, M. J., and M. Lamarre. "LATE PLANTING OF STRAWBERRIES IN THE HILL SYSTEM USING PLUG OR DORMANT BARE ROOT PLANTS." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1159a—1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1159a.
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Plug or bare root strawberry plants were planted on raised beds with black plastic mulch from mid-June to early-August. The early plantings gave the most developped and productive plants but these required several derunnerings to avoid overcrowding. Due to the unavailability of runners, it was not possible to establish plug plants before mid-July. Field losses of dormant bare root plants were high for the July planting. The use of a perforated polyethylene rowcover from October to May increased yield and fruit size.
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Duangngam, Ornuma, Dorine Desalme, Philippe Thaler, Poonpipope Kasemsap, Jate Sathornkich, Duangrat Satakhun, Chompunut Chayawat, Nicolas Angeli, Pisamai Chantuma, and Daniel Epron. "In situ 13CO2 labelling of rubber trees reveals a seasonal shift in the contribution of the carbon sources involved in latex regeneration." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 6 (March 25, 2020): 2028–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz551.
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Abstract Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are the main source of natural rubber, extracted from latex, which exudes from the trunk after tapping. Tapped trees require large amounts of carbon (C) to regenerate the latex after its collection. Knowing the contribution of C sources involved in latex biosynthesis will help in understanding how rubber trees face this additional C demand. Whole crown 13CO2 pulse labelling was performed on 4-year-old rubber trees in June, when latex production was low, and in October, when it was high. 13C content was quantified in the foliage, phloem sap, wood, and latex. In both labelling periods, 13C was recovered in latex just after labelling, indicating that part of the carbohydrate was directly allocated to latex. However, significant amounts of 13C were still recovered in latex after 100 d and the peak was reached significantly later than in phloem sap, demonstrating the contribution of a reserve pool as a source of latex C. The contribution of new photosynthates to latex regeneration was faster and higher when latex metabolism was well established, in October, than in June. An improved understanding of C dynamics and the source–sink relationship in rubber tree is crucial to adapt tapping system practices and ensure sustainable latex production.
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Wellman, Charles H., and Jane Gray. "The microfossil record of early land plants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1398 (June 29, 2000): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0612.
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Dispersed microfossils (spores and phytodebris) provide the earliest evidence for land plants. They are first reported from the Llanvirn (Mid–Ordovician). More or less identical assemblages occur from the Llanvirn (Mid–Ordovician) to the late Llandovery (Early Silurian), suggesting a period of relative stasis some 40 Myr in duration. Various lines of evidence suggest that these early dispersed microfossils derive from parent plants that were bryophyte–like if not in fact bryophytes. In the late Llandovery (late Early Silurian) there was a major change in the nature of dispersed spore assemblages as the separated products of dyads (hilate monads) and tetrads (trilete spores) became relatively abundant. The inception of trilete spores probably represents the appearance of vascular plants or their immediate progenitors. A little later in time, in the Wenlock (early Late Silurian), the earliest unequivocal land plant megafossils occur. They are represented by rhyniophytoids. It is only from the Late Silurian onwards that the microfossil / megafossil record can be integrated and utilized in interpretation of the flora. Dispersed microfossils are preserved in vast numbers, in a variety of environments, and have a reasonable spatial and temporal fossil record. The fossil record of plant megafossils by comparison is poor and biased, with only a dozen or so known pre–Devonian assemblages. In this paper, the early land plant microfossil record, and its interpretation, are reviewed. New discoveries, novel techniques and fresh lines of inquiry are outlined and discussed.
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Ray, Jarren, Jill Schroeder, Rebecca Creamer, and Leigh Murray. "Planting date affects phenology of London rocket (Sisymbrium irio) and interaction with beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus)." Weed Science 54, no. 1 (February 2006): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-05-113r.1.
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London rocket is a common winter annual weed in southern New Mexico that can host beet curly top virus and its insect vector, the beet leafhopper. Experiments were conducted in southern New Mexico to determine if London rocket could serve as a host for overwintering beet leafhopper. Field experiments were carried out from 2002 to 2003 and from 2003 to 2004 to compare the impact of three London rocket planting dates on plant emergence and life history and leafhopper survival. Emergence was highest in October-planted London rocket, low in January/February plantings, and did not occur for August plantings. The life cycle was 185 d and 125 d for October- and January-planted London rocket, respectively, and growth of the plant (including height and rosette base diameter) was greater for London rocket that was planted in October. October-planted London rocket survived from late October through mid to late April, the period of time needed to serve as an overwintering host for beet leafhoppers. Caging the plants to assess beet leafhopper survival did not affect rate of plant growth, but it reduced the time to flowering for October-planted London rocket and increased the height and weight of plants. Beet leafhoppers were able to survive for approximately 2 mo in early winter or spring on caged London rocket plants.
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Criley, Richard A., and Jeff S. Kuehny. "(73) Is the Shorter Time to Flower for Late-planted Curcuma alismatifolia Real?" HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1014A—1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1014a.
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Several reports suggest that late-planted rhizomes of Curcuma alismatifolia produce their inflorescences in less time than those that have been planted earlier in the forcing season. Two cultivars of this ginger species were removed from the ground in late February following a lengthy dormancy period in the field. About 6 weeks later, after air drying, weekly plantings were initiated through the end of June. Five rhizomes per cultivar were planted singly in 15-cm pots in ProMix BX medium. All plants were forced outdoors under full sun conditions and an overhead spray stake irrigation system that delivered 200 ppm each of nitrogen and potassium with each watering. Cultivar differences were apparent. Plant-to-sprout days for the DP and LP cultivars ranged from 20–51 and 21–57 days, respectively, with means of 3 8 ± 9.2 and 44 ± 11.9 days, respectively, over the 10-week planting cycle. Sprout-to-flower days showed much less difference with ranges of 61–75 and 58–72 days for DP and LP and means of 69 ± 4.3 and 66 ± 4.0 days, respectively. Plant to flower times differed largely because of the length of time required for the rhizomes to sprout rather than for the amount of time spent in inflorescence initiation and development. Plant heights at flowering and inflorescence counts were not different within cultivars over the 10-week planting period. Degree days and solar integrals will be presented for the 10 growing periods.
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Gomaa, Nasr H. "Germination time influences post-germination life-history traits and progeny seed germination patterns in the desert annual Erodium laciniatum (Geraniaceae)." Botany 98, no. 10 (October 2020): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0001.
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Annual plants in arid regions germinate at different times within a growing season, from early in the season to late, and this may affect post-germination traits. For this study, I tested the effect of germination timing on post-germination life-history traits, including progeny seed germination in the desert annual Erodium laciniatum var. pulverulentum (Cav.) Boiss. Traits of November- and February-germinated individuals were studied in a field survey carried out in northwestern Saudi Arabia, and the germination of freshly matured and after-ripened seeds from both early- and late-germinated plants was assessed. Overall, E. laciniatum showed significant phenotypic plasticity in life-history traits arising from different germination times. Density, survivorship and reproductive success of early-germinated plants were all significantly greater than for those that germinated later. Late-germinated plants flowered earlier, bolted at smaller size and allocated more biomass to reproduction than did early-germinated individuals. Delayed germination shortened both flowering period and life span. Seeds produced by late-germinated plants had greater germination percentage than did seeds from early-germinated plants.
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Gan, Y., and E. H. Stobbe. "Effect of variations in seed size and planting depth on emergence, infertile plants, and grain yield of spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-098.
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Crop yield can be improved by minimizing plant-to-plant variability in seedling emergence. A study was conducted to determine the effect of variations in seed size and planting depth within a plot on emergence, proportion of infertile plants and grain yield in hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Large seed (40.8 mg kernel−1) was hand planted at 25-, 50- and 75-mm depths, creating three uniform seed size - planting depth treatments. Three other treatments consisted of repeating patterns within the same row: three large seeds and one small seed (23.4 mg kernel−1) at each of 25-, 50- and 75-mm depths. Two additional treatments consisted of 1) three seeds planted 25 mm deep and one seed planted 50 mm deep and 2) three seeds planted 25 mm deep and one seed planted 75 mm deep within the same row. Variation in seed size or planting depth within a row had no impact on percentage emergence, but nonuniform planting depth increased the proportion of infertile plants, mainly as a result of late-emerging plants. On a single-plant basis, mainstem grain yields were relatively uniform, but tiller grain yields were highly variable. When small and large seeds were planted 75 mm deep within a plot, the small-seeded plants produced 34% lower tiller grain yield than neighbouring large-seeded plants, while the large-seeded plants produced 10% higher tiller grain yield than plants from a treatment in which only large seeds were planted. Thus, the variation in seed size within a plot had no impact on total grain yield per plot. When seed was planted at variable depths within a plot, grain yield per plant produced by deep-seeded (75 mm) plants was only 20% of that produced by neighbouring shallow-seeded (25 mm) plants and was only 26% of that produced by plants where all seeds were planted deep (75 mm). Within-plot variation in planting depth increased the proportion of infertile plants (up to 158%) and decreased the grain yield. To maximize grain yield in hard red spring wheat, seed should be planted at uniform, shallow planting depth. Key words: Seed size, planting depth, emergence, fertile plants, interplant variation
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Williams, Martin M. "Planting date influences critical period of weed control in sweet corn." Weed Science 54, no. 5 (October 2006): 928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-06-005r.1.
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The critical period for weed control (CPWC) identifies the phase of the crop growth cycle when weed interference results in unacceptable yield losses; however, the effect of planting date on CPWC is not well understood. Field studies were conducted in 2004 and 2005 at Urbana, IL, to determine CPWC in sweet corn for early May (EARLY) and late-June (LATE) planting dates. A quantitative series of treatments of both increasing duration of interference and length of weed-free period were imposed within each planting-date main plot. The beginning and end of the CPWC, based on 5% loss of marketable ear mass, was determined by fitting logistic and Gompertz equations to the relative yield data representing increasing duration of weed interference and weed-free periods, respectively. Weed interference stressed the crop more quickly and to a greater extent in EARLY, relative to LATE. At a 5% yield-loss level, duration of weed interference for 160 and 662 growing-degree days (GDD) from crop emergence marked the beginning of the CPWC for EARLY and LATE, respectively. When maintained weed-free for 320 and 134 GDD, weeds emerging later caused yield losses of less than 5% for EARLY and LATE, respectively. Weed densities exceeded 85 plants m−2for the duration of the experiments and predominant species included barnyardgrass, common lambsquarters, common purslane, redroot pigweed, and velvetleaf. Weed canopy height and total aboveground weed biomass were 300% and 500% higher, respectively, for EARLY compared with LATE. Interactions between planting date and CPWC indicate the need to consider planting date in the optimization of integrated weed management systems for sweet corn. In this study, weed management in mid-June–planted sweet corn could have been less intensive than early May–planted corn, reducing herbicide use and risk of herbicide carryover to sensitive rotation crops.
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Hicklenton, Peter R., and Julia Y. Reekie. "Identifying Strawberry Plant Dormancy for Optimum Digging Date." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 663b—663. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.663b.
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In northern regions, strawberry nursery plants are often dug in the late fall, packed and stored for winter, and shipped to markets in the early spring. Success depends on identifying when plants are dormant and can be safely stored. Beginning on 11 Oct., plants of Kent and Veestar were dug at weekly intervals from three fields in the Annapolis Valley, N.S., Canada. At each digging date root respiration was measured at 5, 10, 20 and 30°C. Six “first daughter” plants of each cultivar were wrapped in plastic and placed in ≈1.5°C refrigerated storage. Other plants were separated into roots and leaves for carbohydrate analysis. Fall temperatures were relatively mild with 417 crown chilling hours (8°C base) accumulated to 7 Nov. Only those plants dug on 11 Oct. did not survive when planted to the field on 1, June but vigor (number of daughters/runners) improved for plants dug later in the fall. For Kent, vigor increased through the last digging date (5 Dec.), but for Veestar, vigor did not change after 7 Nov. Early dug plants had relatively high rates of root respiration, low concentrations of leaf and root glucose, fructose, sucrose, and raffinose and high leaf starch, and low root starch concentrations. Most leaf sugar concentrations increased rapidly after 7 Nov., and root starch reached a maximum at the same date. Leaf and root carbohydrate concentrations were correlated with poststorage field vigor and may reflect the degree of plant dormancy at time of digging.
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Panetta, FD, DJ Gilbey, and MF D'Antuono. "Survival and fecundity of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) plants in relation to cropping, time of emergence and chemical control." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 3 (1988): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880385.
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During consecutive seasons, wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) seedling emergence decreased exponentially with increasing time after the emergence of lupin crops. Initial survival of seedlings was markedly reduced by pre-emergence applications of simazine at 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1. In the absence of herbicide, however, the presence of a lupin crop did not have a negative effect upon early survival. Probabilities of reproduction of wild radish plants decreased with later emergence within treatments; no plants which emerged later than 21 days after crop emergence produced seeds. Seed production by wild radish was considerably higher when lupins were sown late. Regardless of sowing date, the application of triazine herbicides reduced the amount of seeds produced to the point where grain contamination was insignificant. However, the few plants which escaped herbicide treatment produced large numbers of seeds. Virtually no seeds were produced when additional post-emergence applications of simazine (0.375 kg a.i. ha-1) were made. It is argued that the major role of post-emergence application in this crop-weed system is to prevent reproduction by plants which escape the pre-emergence application, rather than to control late-emerging plants.
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Lopez-Medina, Jose, James N. Moore, and Kyung-S. Kim. "Flower Bud Initiation in Primocane-fruiting Blackberry Germplasm." HortScience 34, no. 1 (February 1999): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.1.132.
Full textAbstract:
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) were used to study the transition of meristems from vegetative to floral phase in erect primocane-fruiting (PF) blackberries [Rubus (Tourn.) L. subgenus Rubus] developed at the Univ. of Arkansas. Dormant root cuttings of A-1836 and APF-13 blackberries were dug from the field and planted on 28 Dec. 1996 and 1 Mar. 1997 to produce plants for use in a greenhouse study. In a field study, terminal buds of field-grown A-1836, APF-13, NC194, and summer-fruiting `Arapaho' were sampled on 21 Mar 1997 (before shoot emergence from soil), and then weekly from 14 to 28 May 1997. Flower bud primordia were first observed at five and six nodes of growth in greenhouse-grown A-1836 and APF-13 plants, respectively, 35 to 42 days after root cuttings were planted (DAP). Under field conditions, floral primordia were not observed until 21 May when A-1836 and APF-13 had at least 20 nodes of growth; NC194 did not differentiate floral structures until 10 July. The developmental patterns of the vegetative apical meristem in the PF selections, both field- and greenhouse-grown plants, were similar to those of `Arapaho'. Opening of the terminal flower of the inflorescence occurred 32 to 35 days after floral initiation in APF-13, and 8 to 10 days later on A-1836. Field-grown NC194 bloomed in late August. The first fruits of greenhouse-grown APF-13 were harvested 120 DAP. These findings demonstrate that PF blackberries form flower buds after a short period of vegetative growth.
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Staab, Michael, Maria Helena Pereira-Peixoto, and Alexandra-Maria Klein. "Exotic garden plants partly substitute for native plants as resources for pollinators when native plants become seasonally scarce." Oecologia 194, no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04785-8.
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Abstract Urban green spaces such as gardens often consist of native and exotic plant species, which provide pollen and nectar for flower-visiting insects. Although some exotic plants are readily visited by pollinators, it is unknown if and at which time of the season exotic garden plants may supplement or substitute for flower resources provided by native plants. To investigate if seasonal changes in flower availability from native vs. exotic plants affect flower visits, diversity and particularly plant–pollinator interaction networks, we studied flower-visiting insects over a whole growing season in 20 urban residential gardens in Germany. Over the course of the season, visits to native plants decreased, the proportion of flower visits to exotics increased, and flower-visitor species richness decreased. Yet, the decline in flower-visitor richness over the season was slowed in gardens with a relatively higher proportion of flowering exotic plants. This compensation was more positively linked to the proportion of exotic plant species than to the proportion of exotic flower cover. Plant–pollinator interaction networks were moderately specialized. Interactions were more complex in high summer, but interaction diversity, linkage density, and specialisation were not influenced by the proportion of exotic species. Thus, later in the season when few native plants flowered, exotic garden plants partly substituted for native flower resources without apparent influence on plant–pollinator network structure. Late-flowering garden plants support pollinator diversity in cities. If appropriately managed, and risk of naturalisation is minimized, late-flowering exotic plants may provide floral resources to support native pollinators when native plants are scarce.
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Marquardt, Paul T., and William G. Johnson. "Influence of Clethodim Application Timing on Control of Volunteer Corn in Soybean." Weed Technology 27, no. 4 (December 2013): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00188.1.
Full textAbstract:
Herbicide options for management of volunteer corn in soybean include a variety of acetyl CoA carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides, yet often, applications of acetyl CoA carboxylase herbicides are delayed until the weed is visible above the soybean canopy. Volunteer corn growing above the soybean canopy is a highly competitive weed, and herbicides applied at this point can kill the weed, yet soybean yield loss is still a concern. Our objective was to compare the effect of controlling various densities of volunteer corn growing in soybean EARLY (≤ 30 cm) versus LATE (≈ 90 cm) on percent control and soybean yield. Seven volunteer corn densities (0, 0.5, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 plants m−2) were hand planted into 19-cm row soybean. Clethodim 79 g ai ha−1was tank-mixed with glyphosate at 840 g ae ha−1and applied to the volunteer corn EARLY and LATE. The EARLY application provided higher and less variable control of volunteer corn 14 d after treatment (DAT) compared to LATE applications at all volunteer corn densities. There was no difference in control at 28 DAT for both the EARLY and LATE applications. Soybean yield was not affected by either application timing. Although no yield reduction was seen with the LATE treatments, later-season applications of clethodim to control volunteer corn may offer more variable control and could allow for additional Bt selection pressure on targeted insect pests.
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Finn, Chad E., Michele R. Warmund, and Chris J. Starbuck. "VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF THREE TYPES OF MICROPROPAGATED RED RASPBERRY NURSERY STOCKS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 636e—636. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.636e.
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The growth and fruiting of 3 types of micropropagated red raspberry plants were compared. The 3 types of nursery material included: 1) Stage 4 (S-4) - 10-15 cm tall, actively growing plants; 2) dormant Stage 4 (DS-4); and 3) nursery matured (NM) - S-4 plants that are grown for 8-12 weeks in the field. On 1 Apr. 1991, `Redwing' plants of each type were planted 0.6 m apart in ridged, drip-irrigated, and straw-mulched rows spaced 3 m apart. Fruit harvest began on 16 Aug. and continued until 28 Oct. On 12 Nov., the above ground portion of each plant was harvested for measurements of plant growth. The S-4 and NM plants had the highest fruit yields (number and weight), and the S-4 plants had the largest fruit size. NM plants had the first ripe fruit followed 4 days later by S-4 plants and 10 days later by DS-4 plants. The NM and S-4 plants had the greatest cane lengths and diameters. The S-4 and DS-4 plants had the largest above ground dry weights. The DS-4 plants produced the largest number of canes.
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Menzel, C. M., and A. Toldi. "An Evaluation of Containerized Plants for Strawberries Growing in a Subtropical Environment." HortTechnology 20, no. 4 (August 2010): 786–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.4.786.
Full textAbstract:
The productivity of containerized and bare-rooted plants of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) was investigated over 4 years in southeastern Queensland, Australia. In the first experiment, plants in small, 75-cm3 cells were compared with bare-rooted plants of ‘Festival’ and ‘Sugarbaby’. A similar experiment was conducted in year 2 with these two cultivars, plus ‘Rubygem’. In year 3, plants in large, 125-cm3 cells were compared with small and large bare-rooted plants of ‘Festival’ and ‘Rubygem’. Treatments in each of these experiments were planted on the same date. In the final experiment, plants in large cells and bare-rooted plants of ‘Festival’ were planted in late March, early April, mid-April, or early May. The plants grown in small cells produced 60% to 85% of the yields of the bare-rooted plants, whereas the yield of plants in large cells was equal to that of the bare-rooted plants. Containerized plants are twice as expensive as bare-rooted plants (A$0.60 vs. A$0.32) (A$ = Australian dollar), and gave only similar or lower returns than the bare-rooted plants (A$0.54 to A$3.73 vs. A$1.40 to A$4.09). It can be concluded that containerized strawberry plants are not economically viable in subtropical Queensland under the current price structure and growing system. There was a strong relationship between yield and average plant dry weight (leaves, crowns, and roots) in ‘Festival’ in the last three experiments, where harvesting continued to late September or early October. Productivity increased by about 18 g for each gram increase in plant dry weight, indicating the dependence of fruit production on vegetative growth in this environment.
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McPherson, R. M., K. Bondari, M. G. Stephenson, R. F. Severson, and D. M. Jackson. "Influence of Planting Date on the Seasonal Abundance of Tobacco Budworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Tobacco Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco." Journal of Entomological Science 28, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-28.2.156.
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The influence of planting date of flue-cured tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., on the seasonal abundance of tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), and tobacco aphids, Myzus nicotianae Blackman, was examined in field plots in Georgia during 1987–89. Tobacco aphid population densities (aphids per plant) were influenced by yearly effects; however, tobacco budworm populations (budworms per 10 plants) were similar among the three years. A planting date (PD) effect (late March, mid-April, late April) was observed for tobacco aphids only in 1989, when higher population densities occurred in the late-planted tobacco. Planting date influenced tobacco budworm population densities in two of the three years. Significant differences in tobacco aphid populations were detected between PD's in all three years for the weekly samples in June and July, the period when seasonal aphid densities were the highest. Population peaks were higher in the mid-and late planting dates, except in 1987 when high aphid densities (3000 per plant) occurred only during the early planting date. Weekly differences in tobacco budworm populations also were detected among planting dates on many sampling dates throughout the season in all three years. Tobacco budworms occurred earliest in the early-planted tobacco, but peak densities were highest in the late-planted tobacco. Both tobacco budworm and tobacco aphid populations declined after the plants were topped (terminal floral branch removed) and a fatty alcohol sucker control was applied.
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Braunberger, P. G., L. K. Abbott, and A. D. Robson. "Early vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in soil collected from an annual clover-based pasture in a Mediterranean environment: soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 1 (1997): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96049.
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The results of 2 experiments investigating the early stages of the formation of vesicular- arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas in response to both soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains are reported for a Mediterranean environment in the south-west of Western Australia. In Expt 1, treatments including an early break, a late break, and a false break followed by a late break were applied to a mixed and sieved field soil collected dry in the summer and placed in pots in a glasshouse. In each break, pots were watered to field capacity and planted with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) or capeweed (Arctotheca calendula). In early and false breaks, both initiated on the same day in early autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 30°C, and in the late break, initiated 50 days later in autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 18°C. In both early and late breaks, pots were watered to field capacity for either 21 or 42 days when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In a false break, pots were watered to field capacity for 7 days after which the soil was allowed to dry and newly emerged plants died. These pots were then rewatered and replanted at the same time as pots receiving a late break, and subjected to the same soil temperature (18°C). In Expt 2 performed the following year, soil temperature was maintained at 31 or 18°C in both early and late breaks. Pots were planted with clover and watered to field capacity for 21 or 42 days, when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In Expt 1, VA mycorrhizal colonisation of both clover and capeweed was initially low in an early break compared with levels observed in a late break. Only mycorrhizas formed by Glomus spp. were observed in the early break, whereas mycorrhizas of Glomus, Acaulospora, and Scutellospora spp. and fine endophytes were observed in the late break. Colonisation was decreased by a false break, predominantly because of a decrease in formation of mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. In Expt 2, mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. predominated in warm soil in both early and late breaks and mycorrhizas of Acaulospora spp., Scutellospora spp., and fine endophytes were observed in greater abundance in cool soil in early and late breaks. These experiments indicate that soil temperature at the time of the break will have a large impact on both the overall levels of VA mycorrhizal colonisation of pasture plants and colonisation by different fungi. In addition, fungi that remain quiescent in warm soil may avoid damage in a false break.
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Reddy, B. B., B. C. Ghosh, and M. D. Reddy. "Effect of Transplanting Date and Seedling Age on Stand Establishment and Grain Yield of Rice in Rainfed Lowland (Intermediate Deep-Water) Conditions." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 2 (April 1987): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700016999.
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SummaryWater depth at or shortly after planting is critical for the establishment and subsequent tolerance of excess water in rice. A crop transplanted early in the season produced twice as much grain as a later planted crop. A semi-dwarf variety (CR 1018) and a taller variety (CR 1030) performed similarly after early transplanting, but the tall variety performed better when planted late under excess water. Seedling age did not greatly alter the yields when crops were transplanted early, but after late planting 45-day-old seedlings were best.
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Taylor, R. T., and E. A. Borchers. "Comparison of Flower Stalk Development in `Premier' and `Squire' Kale Cultivars." HortScience 27, no. 9 (September 1992): 1028–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.9.1028.
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`Squire' Scotch kale (Brassica oleracea L.) (n = 9) and `Premier' smooth-leaved kale (B. napus L.) (n = 19) were planted in a field study to compare the onset and rate of flower stalk elongation after overwintering. Flower stalk elongation began 28 days later in `Premier' than in `Squire`; `Premier' plants remained marketable 24 days longer. In spite of the delay in the onset of stalk elongation, siliques of `Premier' were only 3 days later maturing.
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Kapczyńska, Anna. "Effect of planting time and supplemental irradiation on growth and flowering of Lachenalia ‘Romaud’." Horticultural Science 46, No. 2 (June 28, 2019): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/203/2017-hortsci.
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Growth and flowering of lachenalia ‘Romaud’ was studied with reference to its commercial potential as pot plant and the need to obtain flowering plants at a specific time. The experiment was carried out in a heated glasshouse. Lachenalia bulbs were planted in November, December, January and February. The plants were exposed to two lighting regimes, natural lighting and natural lighting with supplemental irradiation (HPS lamps). The later the planting date was, the faster the bulbs flowered, and they produced thicker inflorescence stems with greater number of florets. Depending on the bulb planting date and light conditions, the plants flowered from February to May. The leaves obtained from the bulbs planted in November and December were longer than those produced by the bulbs planted in January and February. Compared with control, supplemental irradiation accelerated flowering by 10–13 days and positively affected plant features by promoting the growth of thicker inflorescence stems with more abundant and longer florets. The leaves of irradiated bulbs were shorter (apart from the bulbs planted in February) and were characterised by a higher content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids as compared with control. Plants grown under HPS light also had the higher dry weight of bulbs, leaves and stems.
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Spaunhorst, Douglas J., Pratap Devkota, William G. Johnson, Reid J. Smeda, Christopher J. Meyer, and Jason K. Norsworthy. "Phenology of Five Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Populations Grown in Northern Indiana and Arkansas." Weed Science 66, no. 4 (March 27, 2018): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.12.
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AbstractPalmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Watson) is a problematic weed encountered in U.S. cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] production, with infestations spreading northward. This research investigated the influence of planting date (early, mid-, and late season) and population (AR, IN, MO, MS, NE, and TN) onA. palmerigrowth and reproduction at two locations. All populations planted early or midseason at Throckmorton Purdue Agricultural Center (TPAC) and Arkansas Agriculture Research and Extension Center (AAREC) measured 196 and 141 cm or more, respectively. Amaranthus palmeriheight did not exceed 168 and 134 cm when planted late season at TPAC and AAREC, respectively. Early season plantedA. palmerifrom NE grew to 50% of maximum height 8 to 13 d earlier than all other populations under TPAC conditions. In addition, the NE population planted early, mid-, and late season achieved 50% inflorescence emergence 5, 4, and 6 d earlier than all other populations, respectively. All populations established at TPAC produced fewer than 100,000 seeds plant−1. No population planted at TPAC and AAREC produced more than 740 and 1,520 g plant−1of biomass at 17 and 19 wk after planting, respectively. Planting date influenced the distribution of male and female plants at TPAC, but not at AAREC. Amaranthus palmerifrom IN and MS planted late season had male-to-female plant ratios of 1.3:1 and 1.7:1, respectively. Amaranthus palmeriintroduced to TPAC from NE can produce up to 7,500 seeds plant−1if emergence occurs in mid-July. An NEA. palmeripopulation exhibited biological characteristics allowing it to be highly competitive if introduced to TPAC due to a similar latitudinal range, but was least competitive when introduced to AAREC. AlthoughA. palmerioriginating from different locations can vary biologically, plants exhibited environmental plasticity and could complete their life cycle and contribute to spreading populations.
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Blackshaw, Robert E., and K. Neil Harker. "Redstem Filaree (Erodium cicutarium) Development and Productivity Under Noncompetitive Conditions." Weed Technology 12, no. 4 (December 1998): 590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00044420.
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Redstem filaree is becoming widespread and abundant on the Canadian prairies. A field study was conducted to determine the growth, development, and seed yield response of redstem filaree when grown under noncropped conditions and planted at various dates throughout the growing season in Alberta. Redstem filaree emerged within 7 to 13 d of planting with an accumulated 57 to 134 growing degree days (GDD). Flowering occurred within 46 to 65 d (327 to 779 GDD) of planting. Plants that emerged in August or later did not flower in that season and survived as winter annuals. Spring-emerging redstem filaree plants matured within 79 to 100 d (729 to 1,193 GDD). Plants that emerged in May and June attained more biomass and produced threefold more seeds than plants that emerged in July or later. Redstem filaree seed production ranged from 2,400 to 9,900 seeds/plant depending on emergence date and environmental conditions. Information from this study will assist in developing integrated management strategies for this increasingly important weed.
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Fitch, Maureen M. M., Paul H. Moore, Terryl C. W. Leong, Leslie Ann Y. Akashi, Aileen K. F. Yeh, Susan A. White, Amy S. Dela Cruz, Lance T. Santo, Stephen A. Ferreira, and Leslie J. Poland. "Clonally Propagated and Seed-derived Papaya Orchards: I. Plant Production and Field Growth." HortScience 40, no. 5 (August 2005): 1283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1283.
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Papaya seedlings segregate for sex expression as females or hermaphrodites. Typically only hermaphrodite fruit are marketed in Hawaii. The agronomic practice of growing multiple seedlings that are later thinned to a single hermaphrodite tree is wasteful of seed, labor, and resources, especially when seed is costly. We compared growth of plants propagated by the clonal methods of micropropagation or rooting vegetative cuttings versus plants initiated as seedlings and transplanted. The seedlings were either single-planted hermaphrodites as identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or multiple-planted, thinned seedlings. The experiments were carried out in three different locations on two islands in Hawaii. Clonally propagated plants were significantly shorter than seedlings and bore flowers earlier and lower on the trunk at all locations. Stem diameter differences were not significant even though plant size was different at planting time. Percentage of trees in bud varied significantly in the third month after transplanting when about 90% of the rooted cuttings and large micropropagated plants had formed flower buds while only one multiple-planted seedling developed a bud. Overall, the clonally propagated plants were more vigorous and earlier bearing than were the seedling plants. There is good potential for adoption of clonal propagation when production becomes efficient enough to compete in price with the current practice of over planting and thinning.
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Reed, Sandra M. "Japanese Snowbell Exhibits Variability for Time of Vegetative Budbreak and Susceptibility to Spring Freeze Damage." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.542.
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Japanese snowbell (Styrax japonicus Sieb. & Zucc.) is an outstanding small ornamental tree that is underused in the U.S. One of the reasons this Asian native is not more widely planted is that it is subject to spring freeze damage. The objectives of this study were to determine if there was variability within S. japonicus for time of budbreak and if this variability could be used for selecting plants better adapted to areas of the country that frequently experience late spring freezes. During Spring 1999 and 2000, budbreak was evaluated weekly in 224 open-pollinated seedlings. While weather conditions varied greatly between the 2 years, there was good consistency between 1999 and 2000 data. There was a 4-week difference between the earliest and latest plants to break dormancy. Based on the 1999 and 2000 data, 28 plants were selected and propagated. A replicated trial involving these selections and three cultivars was carried out in 2002, 2003 and 2004. All of the selections broke bud later and suffered less freeze damage than the cultivars `Emerald Pagoda' and `Carillon', but many performed similarly to `Pink Chimes'. Variation in height, width, caliper and canopy shape was observed among the selections. There is an opportunity to utilize the genetic variability in S. japonicus for developing cultivars with reduced susceptibility to spring freeze damage.
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Nicklow, Clark W., and Bruce Wenning. "TOMATO MATURITY IN RELATION TO PRUNING AND CULTURE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1119G—1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1119.
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Three different cultural methods were utilized in the evaluation of 150 indeterminate tomato hybrids. This study was conducted over a two year period. The hybrids were planted in the field through 1.52 m wide black plastic; (1) 30.5 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to one growing point (1gp); (2) 91.4 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to three growing points (3gp); and (3) 91.4 cm apart in rows end permitted to grow prostrate end unpruned (up). Accumulated total harvest patterns were different: August 5 (early yield) of the first year, the yield of all ripe or turning fruit was 2.43, 0.36 and 0.24 kg/m2 respectively; the yield resulting from pruning to 1gp was 6.75 X the yield of the plants with 3gp. Yields of plants with 1gp were 3.6 X and 2.6 X the yield of plants with 3gp, 20 and 40 days later respectively. The yield of the plants up were the lowest in early maturity but 40 days later surpassed the yield from plants with 1gp by 2.6 kg/m2.
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Nicklow, Clark W., and Bruce Wenning. "TOMATO MATURITY IN RELATION TO PRUNING AND CULTURE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1119g—1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1119g.
Full textAbstract:
Three different cultural methods were utilized in the evaluation of 150 indeterminate tomato hybrids. This study was conducted over a two year period. The hybrids were planted in the field through 1.52 m wide black plastic; (1) 30.5 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to one growing point (1gp); (2) 91.4 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to three growing points (3gp); and (3) 91.4 cm apart in rows end permitted to grow prostrate end unpruned (up). Accumulated total harvest patterns were different: August 5 (early yield) of the first year, the yield of all ripe or turning fruit was 2.43, 0.36 and 0.24 kg/m2 respectively; the yield resulting from pruning to 1gp was 6.75 X the yield of the plants with 3gp. Yields of plants with 1gp were 3.6 X and 2.6 X the yield of plants with 3gp, 20 and 40 days later respectively. The yield of the plants up were the lowest in early maturity but 40 days later surpassed the yield from plants with 1gp by 2.6 kg/m2.
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Zidianakis, Goammos, George Iliopoulos, Avraam Zelilidis, and Johanna Kovar-Eder. "Myrica from the plant assemblage of Pitsidia (Crete, late Miocene): putting the puzzle together." Palaeontographica Abteilung B 293, no. 1-6 (December 18, 2015): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/palb/293/2015/149.
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Bell, Neil C., Bernadine C. Strik, and Lloyd W. Martin. "Effect of Primocane Suppression Date on `Marion' Trailing Blackberry. I. Yield Components." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 1 (January 1995): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.1.21.
Full textAbstract:
Primocanes of `Marion' trailing blackberry plants (Rubus spp.) were suppressed by cutting them off at ground level in either late April, May, June, or July 1991 and 1992. A control was included in which primocanes were not cut. Four canes per plant were trained in either August or February, with all other canes being removed and measured. Yield data were collected in 1992 and 1993, after which yield components were measured. Cane diameter was greatest for unsuppressed plants and declined with later primocane removal date. Cane length was greatest for unsuppressed and April-suppressed plants. Internode length decreased and main cane percent budbreak increased with later suppression date. Cane number and total main cane length per plant were increased in April-, May-, and June-suppressed plants in 1992 and for April- and June-suppressed plants in 1993. Consequently, yield of April-suppressed plants exceeded that of unsuppressed plants in 1992. Yield of April-, May-, and June-suppressed plants exceeded that of unsuppressed plants in 1993. August-trained plants yielded 46% more than February-trained plants, primarily because of higher percent budbreak on main canes. August-trained plants also produced longer canes with more nodes and a greater number of fruit per main cane lateral.
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Gondek, K., and B. Filipek-Mazur. "Biomass yields of shoots and roots of plants cultivated in soil amended by vermicomposts based on tannery sludge and content of heavy metals in plant tissues." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 9 (December 10, 2011): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4144-pse.
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Sewage sludge application in agriculture is the simplest method of its management. Its content of organic and inorganic toxic components is a barrier to such management. Particular attention should be paid to the content of heavy metals whose presence in sewage sludge and later in soil poses hazard for plants, animals and people. The investigations aimed to determine the effect of vermicomposts obtained from tannery sludge on development of the root system and biomass of shoots as well as heavy metal concentrations in these organs. In the first year after the vermicomposts application their effect on the maize biomass increase was equal to the farmyard manure treatment but significantly worse than the mineral fertilization. The consecutive fertilizer effect of vermicomposts of tannery sludge ted on the increase in biomass of the shoots and roots of winter rape, sunflower and oats was comparable with the farmyard manure effect but notably better than the mineral fertilization. Heavy metal concentrations in individual plants were diversified; in the plants from vermicompost treatment they were as a rule lower than in the plants from mineral or farmyard manure treatment. Absorbed heavy metals accumulated primarily in the root systems, whereas the extremely high chromium content in vermicomposts did not cause its excessive accumulation in the cultivated plants.
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Salamon, Mariusz A., Philippe Gerrienne, Philippe Steemans, Przemysław Gorzelak, Paweł Filipiak, Alain Le Hérissé, Florentin Paris, et al. "Putative Late Ordovician land plants." New Phytologist 218, no. 4 (March 15, 2018): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15091.
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Guillemin, Jean-Philippe, Silvio Gianinazzi, Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson, and Jean Marchal. "Control by arbuscular endomycorrhizae of Pratylenchus brachyurus in pineapple microplants." Agricultural and Food Science 3, no. 3 (May 1, 1994): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72703.
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Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filip & Schurr-Steekh. has been reported in association with pineapple roots and is considered as an important pathogen on pineapple. Microplants of Queen Tahiti, Smooth Cayenne and Spanish varieties were inoculated with Glomus sp. (LPA21) and/or P. brachyurus at transplanting from axenic conditions or one month later. The presence of the nematode did not affect shoot growth of endomycorrhizal plants. Late P. brachyurus inoculation did not influence growth of nonmycorrhizal plants while early pathogen application caused reductions in nonmycorrhizal plant growth. Nematode number per g of root was significantly decreased for endomycorrhizal plants when pathogen was introduced at outplanting or one month later. Nematode inoculation affected endomycorrhizal colonization estimated by non vital staining for the Queen Tahiti and Spanish varieties but did not alter development of metabolically active arbuscules in roots of the three varieties. P concentration of endomycorrhizal shoots was higher for all treatments and P. brachyurus tended to decrease mineral concentration of nonmycorrhizal plants with early nematode application.
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Dole, John M. "Interaction of Shoot Emergence Date and Long Days after Controlled-temperature forcing of `Nellie White' Easter Lilies." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 6 (November 1993): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.6.741.
Full textAbstract:
`Nellie White' Easter lily bulbs (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were given 6 weeks of 5.5C, placed in the greenhouse, and divided into groups based on number of days to emergence: 0 to 6, 7 to 13, 14 to 20, or 21 to 27 days. At emergence, the shoots received 0, 1, 2, or 3 weeks of long days (LDs). The experiment was repeated for 3 consecutive years. Late-emerging plants had fewer days from emergence to visible bud and anthesis than early-emerging plants. Consequently, late-emerging plants flowered within 3 to 11 days of early emerging plants despite 16 to 22 days difference in emergence time. Late-emerging plants were tallest, while plants emerging in the second week had the most leaves. Flower count was not influenced by emergence date in Year 1. In Year 2, flower count decreased curvilinearly with later emergence. In Year 3, flower count was highest in plants emerging in the second week and lowest in the last week. Increasing LDs decreased the number of days from emergence to visible bud and anthesis but increased plant height. LDs did not affect leaf count in any year or flower count in Years 1 and 2. In Year 3, flower count increased with increasing weeks of LDs. LD × emergence date interactions existed, but varied from year to year.
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Patterson, W. K. "INFLUENCE OF PLANTING DATE ON `CHANDLER' STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION." HortScience 30, no. 3 (June 1995): 436a—436. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.436a.
Full textAbstract:
`Chandler' strawberries were planted on four dates to ascertain optimum planting time under central Arkansas conditions. Greenhouse-rooted plugs were planted in four replications in a randomized complete-block design. Each replication was planted in double rows 6 m long on beds with 1.4-m centers. Plots were established on 9/28, 10/7, 10/26, and 11/5. Number of branch crowns, yield, and number of runners/plant indicated that the earliest planting date was too late, and thus, the optimum date was missed. Equivalent yields of 16,173 kg·ha–1 were obtained from the earliest date, dropping to 8539 kg·ha–1 when planted 10 days later.
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Pfeiffer, T. W. "Selection for Late‐Planted Soybean Yield in Full‐Season and Late‐Planted Environments 1." Crop Science 27, no. 5 (September 1987): 963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1987.0011183x002700050027x.
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Sweeden, M. B., and Paul J. McLeod. "Seasonal Occurrence of Thrips (Thysanoptera) on Cowpeas in Western Arkansas and Northeast Oklahoma." Journal of Entomological Science 28, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-28.4.427.
Full textAbstract:
Three thrips species were commonly found in western Arkansas and northeast Oklahoma cowpea fields during the 1991 and 1992 growing seasons. These were the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), the flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), and the soybean thrips, Sericothrips variabilis (Beach). Earlier planted cowpea fields in each area had higher thrips numbers than later planted fields. Tobacco thrips numbers tended to be higher during the early stages of the crop when the plants were small. As plants began to produce blooms, flower thrips numbers increased considerably. Peak flower thrips numbers typically occurred around two weeks after first bloom. Soybean thrips abundance was generally lower than the other common species and had no apparent pattern. Chirothrips crassus Hinds and Chirothrips spiniceps Hood also were found, but were uncommon.
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Orijemie, Emuobosa Akpo. "Late Holocene Palaeoenvironment of TSE Dura, a Later Stone Age (Lsa) Rock Shelter, North-Central Nigeria." Studia Quaternaria 35, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/squa-2018-0003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Palynological and archaeobotanical analyses were conducted on excavated sediments from Tse Dura, a Later Stone Age rock shelter in north-central Nigeria with the aim of reconstructing the environment conditions at the site within the last millennium. From 933 ± 29 BP to 802 ± 29 BP, the environment alternated between Guinea savanna with dry conditions, and secondary and riverine forests with humid conditions. During these periods of environmental fluctuations, the LSA populations engaged in the management of economic plants the most significant of which included Dioscorea spp. Pennisetum glaucum and Elaeis guineensis, and exploited wild plants such as Pavetta crassipes, Sarcocephalus latifolius and Lophira cf. lanceolata for dietary and ethnomedicinal purposes. Around 310 ± 30 BP cal, the environment became very wet after which it was succeeded by a drier period. It was during this period that Sorghum bicolor became prominent, and the environment attained its current status dominated by Guinea savanna elements and secondary forests.